2000-2020 PROGRESS ON HOUSEHOLD DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE - FIVE YEARS INTO THE SDGs

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2000-2020 PROGRESS ON HOUSEHOLD DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE - FIVE YEARS INTO THE SDGs
PROGRESS ON HOUSEHOLD
                     DRINKING WATER,
                     SANITATION AND HYGIENE

                     2000-2020                       FIVE YEARS
                                                     INTO THE SDGs

WHO/UNICEF JOINT MONITORING PROGRAMME FOR WATER SUPPLY, SANITATION AND HYGIENE
2000-2020 PROGRESS ON HOUSEHOLD DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE - FIVE YEARS INTO THE SDGs
Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000-2020: Five years into the SDGs
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                                                                                                                                                                PROGRESS ON HOUSEHOLD
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2000-2020 PROGRESS ON HOUSEHOLD DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE - FIVE YEARS INTO THE SDGs
Table of contents

HIGHLIGHTS                 8    01      INTRODUCTION                  12   02         DRINKING WATER
                                                                                      SERVICES
                                                                                                             28    03      SANITATION SERVICES       48
                                                                                                                                                           04        HYGIENE SERVICES          68
                                                                                                                                                                                                      05       MENSTRUAL HEALTH          82

Five years into the SDGs    8   Five years into the SDGs              12   Safely managed drinking water     31    Safely managed sanitation services 50   Basic hygiene services               70    Data coverage                       84
Drinking water             10   The challenge of assessing progress   14   services                          40    Basic sanitation services         59    Leaving no one behind                75    Awareness                           85
Sanitation                 11   The impact of COVID-19 on WASH        17   Basic drinking water services     40    Leaving no one behind             61    Data coverage and progression       79     Materials                           87
Hygiene                    12   Fragile contexts and vulnerable       22   Leaving no one behind             42    Data coverage and progression     66                                               Private place to wash and change    90
Menstrual Health           13   populations                                Data coverage and progression     47                                                                                       Participation                       92
                                                                                                                                                                                                      Leaving no one behind               96

                                                                                                                   06      ANNEXES                                                                                                       98

                                                                                                                   1. Methods                        98    4. National sanitation estimates    126    8. Regional and global             158
                                                                                                                   2. Regional groupings            104    5. National hygiene estimates       146       drinking water estimates
                                                                                                                   3. National drinking water       106    6. National menstrual health data 150      9. Regional and global             160
                                                                                                                      estimates                                                                          sanitation estimates
                                                                                                                                                           7. Inequalities in basic services   152
                                                                                                                                                                                                     10. Regional and global             162
                                                                                                                                                                                                         hygiene estimates

  4    WHO | UNICEF JMP                   PROGRESS ON HOUSEHOLD DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE 2000-2020   TABLE OF CONTENTS                                                                                                     5
2000-2020 PROGRESS ON HOUSEHOLD DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE - FIVE YEARS INTO THE SDGs
Achieving SDG WASH targets by 2030 will require a quadrupling of current rates of progress

                                                                                                                                               DRINKING WATER                                          SANITATION                                                HYGIENE

                                                                                                                                   100                                                 100                                          >99           100
                                                                                                                                                                                                                       1x
                                                                                                                                                                2x
                                                                                                                                                                             98
                                                                                                                                                                                                        94             2x
                                                                                                                                                   91           4x
                                                                                                                                         88                                               90                                              90                               4x

                                                                                                                                    80                                       81         80                            4x                           80
                                                                                                                                                                                                        78                                                                       78
                                                                                                                                                   74
                                                                                                                                                                                          73                                                                     71
                                                                                                                                         70
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        67
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          67
                                                                                                                                    60                                                  60                                                         60

                                                                                                                 Ppopulation (%)
                                                                                                                                                                                                        54

                                                                                                                                                                                          47

                                                                                                                                    40                                                  40                                                         40

                                                                                                                                    20                                                  20                                                         20

                                                                                                                                     0                                                   0                                                          0
                                                                                                                                     2015         2020         2025        2030           2015         2020           2025           2030           2015        2020   2025     2030

                       Highlights                                                                                                                              Basic     Safely managed          No open defecation         Basic          Safely managed    Basic

                                                                                                                      FIGURE 1                Global coverage of WASH services, 2015-2020 (%), and acceleration required to meet targets by 2030

                       Five years into the SDGs
                                                                                                                 Five years into the SDGs, the world
                       The World Health Organization and          The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable                is not on track to achieve SDG
                       United Nations Children’s Fund (WHO/       Development called for ‘ensuring               targets 6.1 and 6.2. Achieving
                       UNICEF) Joint Monitoring Programme         availability and sustainable management        universal coverage by 2030 will
                       for Water Supply, Sanitation and           of water and sanitation for all’ under         require a quadrupling of current
                       Hygiene (JMP) produces internationally     SDG6, and established ambitious                rates of progress in safely managed
                       comparable estimates of progress           indicators for WASH services under             drinking water services, safely
                       on drinking water, sanitation and          targets 6.1 and 6.2. While the number of       managed sanitation services, and
                       hygiene (WASH) and is responsible for      countries with estimates available for the     basic hygiene services (Figure 1).
                       global monitoring of the Sustainable       new SDG global indicators has increased        Least developed countries (LDCs)
                       Development Goal (SDG) targets related     with each JMP progress update, many            have the furthest to go and it
                       to WASH. In 2020, the JMP released         still only have a small number of data         will be especially challenging to
                       updated estimates for WASH in schools      points making it difficult to assess trends.   accelerate progress in fragile
                       and WASH in health care facilities         However we now have enough data                contexts1. Many more countries
                       (2000-2019). This report presents          to begin to assess the prospects for           are facing challenges in extending
                       updated national, regional and global      achieving the SDG targets. This report         services to rural areas and to poor
                       estimates for WASH in households for       extrapolates estimates based on existing       and vulnerable populations who are
                       the period 2000 to 2020 and takes          trends to illustrate current trajectories      most at risk of being left behind.
                       stock of progress five years into the      and the acceleration required to achieve
                       SDG period (2015-2020).                    universal coverage by 2030.                    1
                                                                                                                   As of May 2021, the OECD States of Fragility series
                                                                                                                 identifies 57 fragile contexts, including 13 which are
                                                                                                                 classified as extremely fragile. Source: 

6   WHO | UNICEF JMP                  PROGRESS ON HOUSEHOLD DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE 2000-2020      HIGHLIGHTS                                                                                                                                                     7
2000-2020 PROGRESS ON HOUSEHOLD DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE - FIVE YEARS INTO THE SDGs
DRINKING WATER                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    SANITATION

                                                                                                                                                                                                         One in four people lacked                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Nearly half the world’s population
      From 2015 to 2020                                                                                              In 2020                                                                                                                                            From 2015 to 2020                                                                             In 2020
                                                                                                                                                                                                         safely managed drinking                                                                                                                                                                                                                           lacked safely managed sanitation
      • The proportion of the global population using safely                                                         • 2 billion people lacked safely managed services,                                  water services in 2020                                         • The proportion of the global population using safely                                        • 3.6 billion people lacked safely managed                                           services in 2020
        managed services increased from 70% to 74%, urban                                                              including 1.2 billion people with basic services,                                                                                                  managed services increased from 47% to 54%, rural                                             services, including 1.9 billion people with basic
        coverage increased from 85% to 86%, and rural                                                                  282 million with limited services, 367 million using                                                                                               coverage increased from 36% to 44%, and urban                                                 services, 580 million with limited services, 616                                     100
        coverage increased from 53% to 60%.                                                                            unimproved sources, and 122 million drinking                                      100             2       2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Surface water              coverage increased from 57% to 62%.                                                           million using unimproved facilities, and 494                                                     10              6         Open defecation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                         6       5
                                                                                                                       surface water.                                                                                            4                                      • The population practising open defecation decreased                                           million practising open defecation.                                                                              8         Unimproved
      • The number of people without safely managed services                                                                                                                                                             3                     Unimproved                                                                                                                                                                                                                10
        decreased by 193 million, decreasing by 225 million in                                                       • 138 countries and five out of eight SDG regions had                                                                     Limited                    by a third, from 739 million people to 494 million.                                         • 120 countries and seven out of eight SDG                                                 80                      7         Limited
                                                                                                                                                                                                             80                  16                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      7
        rural areas but increasing by 32 million in urban areas.                                                       estimates for safely managed services, representing                                               18                                               85% of this drop occurred in rural areas.                                                     regions had estimates for safely managed                                                                                   Basic
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Basic
                                                                                                                       45% of the global population.                                                                                                                    • The number of countries with estimates available                                              services, representing 81% of the global                                                                                   Safely managed
      • The number of countries with estimates available for                                                                                                                                                                                   Safely managed                                                                                                                                                                                                                        24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          for safely managed services increased from 84 to                                              population.                                                                              60      26
        SDG 6.1.1 increased from 96 to 138, and the proportion                                                       • 84 countries had achieved universal (>99%) access                                     60
        of the global population with data available increased                                                         to at least basic services, including 30 countries that                                                                                            120, and the global population with data available                                          • 62 countries had achieved universal (>99%)
        from 34% to 45%. Latin America and the Caribbean                                                               had achieved universal access to safely managed                                                                                                    increased from 48% to 81%.                                                                    access to at least basic services, including eight
        recorded the biggest increase in data coverage.                                                                services.                                                                                                                                        • On average, use of safely managed services increased                                          countries that had achieved universal access to                                          40
                                                                                                                                                                                                             40                                                                                                                                                         safely managed services.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 74                                       by 1.27 percentage points per year (% pts/yr) at the
      • On average, use of safely managed services increased                                                         • 16 countries are on track to reach universal access                                               70
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          national level, 1.48 % pts/yr in rural areas, and 0.84                                      • 8 countries are on track to reach universal access                                               47          54
        by 0.63 percentage points per year (% pts/yr) at the                                                           to safely managed services, and 34 countries are
        national level, 0.89 % pts/yr in rural areas and 0.06 %                                                        on track to reach universal access to at least basic                                                                                               % pts/yr in urban areas.                                                                      to safely managed services, and 26 countries are                                         20
                                                                                                                                                                                                             20
        pts/yr in urban areas.                                                                                         drinking water between 2020 and 2030.                                                                                                            • Achieving universal access to safely managed                                                  on track to reach universal access to at least basic
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          services by 2030 will require a 4x increase in current                                        services between 2020 and 2030.
      • Achieving universal access to safely managed services                                                        • People living in fragile contexts were twice as likely
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          rates of progress (15x in least developed countries                                         • Two thirds of people who still lacked even basic                                          0
        by 2030 will require a 4x increase in current rates of                                                         to lack safely managed services as those living in                                     0                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2015              2020
        progress (10x in least developed countries and 23x in                                                          non-fragile contexts.                                                                      2015           2020                                     and 9x in fragile contexts).                                                                  services lived in rural areas. Nearly half of them
        fragile contexts).                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • At current rates of progress, the world will only                                             lived in sub-Saharan Africa.
                                                                                                                     • Eight out of ten people who still lacked even basic
      • At current rates of progress, the world will only reach                                                        services lived in rural areas. Around half of them                                                                                                 reach 67% coverage by 2030, leaving 2.8 billion                                             • 92% of the population practising open                                                FIGURE 5
                                                                                                                                                                                                             FIGURE 2
        81% coverage by 2030, leaving 1.6 billion people                                                               lived in least developed countries (LDCs).                                                                                                         people without safely managed services.                                                       defecation lived in rural areas.
        without safely managed services.                                                                                                                                                                     Global drinking water coverage,                                                                                                                                                                                                               Global sanitation coverage,
                                                                                                                                                                                                             2015-2020 (%)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 2015-2020 (%)

Five SDG regions had estimates for safely managed drinking water services in 2020                                                                                                                                                                                 Seven SDG regions had estimates for safely managed sanitation services in 2020
                                                                                         0       0
                                                       1           1                     1       0
100                              1                1                      1         1     0       0                            1         1                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              0       0
                                                  4    2           1               1                                                    4                                4                                                                                        100                                    2                                          3        2       0           0     2       2
                                                                         3                       4                                                                                                                 5         5            Surface water
           10              7     6
                                                  4    1           0
                                                                         5
                                                                                   6     4                                    6         1                        7             8       6     7           5                                                                                    3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         5
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                4         3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          6                                  4                         1       1                                                                           8       8            Open defecation
                                                                                                                              1                                                                                                                                                               6                                                     9
                                 4                                                                                   23                                                                                            9         9                                                                                  6               23 12                        3                                        14 15                        16             16        16 13
                     16                                21        22              13
                                                                                                       26
                                                                                                                                                                 16
                                                                                                                                                                        13            14     13     11             3         3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Unimproved                        22       18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                4         3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    4                         24              20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              20             21                                                 Unimproved
                                                                                                                                                                               17                                                                                                                                                            5                       29                21                                                                                  15 15
                                                                         13
 80        18
                                            29
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Limited                  80                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Limited
                                                                                                                                                                        15                   9           9                                                                                                                      7         12
                     13          31
                                                                                                                     18                                          13
                                                                                                                                                                                      13                                                  Basic                                                                                                             31                                                                                                   24        9       9            Basic
                                                                                                                                                                               12                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 30        25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    35                                                                             31
           12                                                                                          17                                                                                                                                 Safely managed                             31                                 47      11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              32             28                                                 Safely managed
 60                                                                                                                   2                                                                                                                                                     31                         55       49                                                                                    47 46
                                                                                                       2                      92      94                                                            32                                                             60
                                                                                         95     96                                                                                           30                                                                                               58                                          25                                                                                                                     15
                                                                                                                                                                        32            30                                                                                                                                        21                                                                                                                          14
                     35                                                          79                                                           100 100            31            29                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 11
                                                                         77                                                                                                                                        83     83                                                                                                                                                                                                       16        10
 40        33                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      40                19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            18                                                                                                                78                              15                                 15
                                                       75        75                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           76       76              4             5                             12       14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     71                                                                      12                            68 68
                                            62                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     11
                                 58                                                                                  57                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     60                                                                10
                                                                                                       55                                                                                    41     43                                                                               12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            11                                                            47        49
 20                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                20                                                   42
                                                                                                                                                                        35            37                                                                                                               34       37              38                                                                     35 35
                     30                                                                                                                                          33            33                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  31       31 33
           27                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 28                                                                                                                                             29
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     21                                                                                                                                       24 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            19
  0                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 0
          2015       2020       2015        2020      2015      2020    2015     2020   2015   2020   2015           2020   2015      2020   2015        2020   2015   2020   2015   2020   2015    2020       2015       2020                                            2015       2020    2015      2020    2015     2020   2015        2020   2015      2020   2015        2020   2015    2020   2015            2020   2015    2020   2015    2020   2015    2020   2015     2020
            Sub-Saharan
                  Africa

                                    Central and
                                  Southern Asia

                                                                                         Europe and
                                                                                           Northern

                                                                                                           Oceania
                                                       Latin America
                                                              and the
                                                           Caribbean

                                                                            Northern
                                                                           Africa and
                                                                         Western Asia

                                                                                            America

                                                                                                                               Eastern and
                                                                                                                             South-Eastern
                                                                                                                                      Asia

                                                                                                                                               Australia and
                                                                                                                                               New Zealand

                                                                                                                                                                 Landlocked
                                                                                                                                                                 Developing
                                                                                                                                                                  Countries

                                                                                                                                                                                    Least
                                                                                                                                                                               Developed
                                                                                                                                                                                Countries

                                                                                                                                                                                               Fragile
                                                                                                                                                                                              contexts

                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Small Island
                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Developing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        States

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Sub-Saharan
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Africa

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Latin America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     and the
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Caribbean

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Northern
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Africa and
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Western Asia

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Central and
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Southern Asia

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     Eastern and
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   South-Eastern
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Asia

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     Australia and
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     New Zealand

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Northern

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Oceania
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          America

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Least
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             Developed
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Countries

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Landlocked
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Developing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             Countries

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             Fragile
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            contexts

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Small Island
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Developing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                States
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Europe and
 FIGURE 3                      Regional drinking water coverage, 2015-2020 (%)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   FIGURE 6                Regional sanitation coverage, 2015-2020 (%)

In 2020, 138 countries2 had estimates for safely managed drinking water services2 •                                                                                                                                                                               In 2020, 120 countries had estimates for safely managed sanitation services

2                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         0-25                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  0-25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          25-50                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 25-50
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          50-75                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 50-75
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          75-99                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 75-99
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          >99                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   > 99
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Insufficient data                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     Insufficient data
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Not applicable                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Not applicable

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        The JMP produces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      internationally
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      comparable estimates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      for 234 countries,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      areas and territories,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      including all United
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Nations Member States.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Statistics in this report
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      refer to countries, areas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      and territories.

 FIGURE 4                      Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services, 2020 (%)                                                                                                                                                     FIGURE 7                Proportion of population using safely managed sanitation services, 2020 (%)

      8          WHO | UNICEF JMP                                                                                           PROGRESS ON HOUSEHOLD DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE 2000-2020                                                                HIGHLIGHS                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  9
2000-2020 PROGRESS ON HOUSEHOLD DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE - FIVE YEARS INTO THE SDGs
HYGIENE                                                                                                                                                                                                             MENSTRUAL HEALTH

   From 2015 to 2020                                                                                                        In 2020                                                                                                                               Emerging data and indicators on menstrual health

   • The proportion of the global population with basic handwashing facilities with                                         • 71% of the global population had basic handwashing facilities with                                                                  • SDG target 6.2 calls for ‘special attention to the needs of women and girls’ and                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • National data on these menstrual health indicators have been collected
     soap and water at home increased from 67% to 71%.                                                                        soap and water at home.                                                                                                               WASH programmes are increasingly monitoring menstrual health related needs.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 from 42 countries, 29 of which had some information on at least three of
   • The number of people lacking basic services decreased from 2.4 billion to 2.3                                          • 2.3 billion people lacked basic services, including 670 million                                                                       The JMP has expanded its global database to include emerging national data on                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               the indicators.
     billion.                                                                                                                 people with no handwashing facilities at all. Over half of these                                                                      menstrual health.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         • Nearly half (19) of the 42 countries with national data on the menstrual
                                                                                                                              people (374 million) live in fragile contexts.                                                                                      • New indicators related to menstrual health and associated WASH service needs                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                health indicators are in the sub-Saharan Africa region, and the majority
   • The population with basic services increased by an average of 0.69 percentage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    have been progressively included in household survey questionnaires for women                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               are either low-income (13) or lower-middle-income countries (18). No
     points per year (% pts/yr). The rate of increase was greater in rural areas, at 1.08                                   • 79 countries and four out of eight SDG regions had estimates for
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    and girls age 15 to 49, and can be grouped as follows:                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      high-income countries had national data on any of the four menstrual
     % pts/yr. There were not enough data to make global estimates for urban areas.                                           basic services, representing 50% of the global population.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     › Awareness of menstruation before menarche (first menstruation).                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          health indicators.
   • The number of countries with estimates available for basic services increased                                          • 4 countries had already achieved universal (>99%) access to basic
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     › Use of menstrual materials to capture and contain menstrual blood, such as                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             • Only two countries had national data on awareness of menstruation before
     from 70 to 79, and the proportion of the global population with data available                                           services, and 6 countries were on track to reach universal access
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     pads, cloths, tampons or cups. These can also be grouped into single-use and                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               menarche; 32% and 66% of girls were aware of menstruation before their
     increased from 30% to 50%. Central and Southern Asia recorded the biggest                                                between 2020 and 2030.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     reusable materials.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        first period in Bangladesh and Egypt, respectively.
     increase in data coverage, followed by Oceania.                                                                        • Most high-income countries lacked data on the availability of
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     › Access to a private place to wash and change while at home.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Emerging data show in many countries a significant proportion of women
   • Achieving universal access to basic services by 2030 will require a 4x increase                                          handwashing facilities with soap and water at home.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                and girls do not have the services they need for menstrual health and
     in current rates of progress (7x in least developed countries and 5x in fragile                                        • In 16 countries, the gap in basic hygiene coverage between urban                                                                       › Participation in activities during menstruation, such as school, work and social
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                there are often substantial disparities between population sub-groups,
     contexts).                                                                                                               and rural areas was more than 20% pts and in 12 countries, the                                                                         activities.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                particularly between sub-national regions and for women and girls with
   • At current rates of progress, the world will only reach 78% coverage in 2030,                                            gap between highest and lowest subnational region was more than                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   and without disabilities.
     leaving 1.9 billion people without basic services.                                                                       50 % pts.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                    In 2020, 42 countries had nationally representative data on at least one menstrual health indicator
Seven out of ten people had                               Four SDG regions had estimates for basic hygiene services in 2020
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   1 indicator
basic hygiene services in 2020
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   2 indicators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   3 indicators
 100                                                      100                                                           3                  3
         9      9             No Service                                                                    4                     6                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                4 indicators
                                                                                                                                           7
                              Limited                                                                                             10                                                 23 21           23 20                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Insufficient data
                                                                                                                                                       29 27          28 28
               21             Basic                                35        34         35 36               31
                                                                                                                     28                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Not applicable
  80     23                                                80

                                                                                                                                                                                           31        24 28
  60                                                       60                                                                                                                        34
                                                                                                                                                            36        37 37
                                                                                        29 28                                                          39
                                                                   40        40                                                          91
  40                                                       40                                                                     84
         67    71
                                                                                                            65 69
                                                                                                                                                                                                     53 52
                                                                                                                                                                                           48
  20                                                       20                                                                                                                        43
                                                                                        36 36                                                               37        35 35
                                                                                                                                                       32
                                                                   25        26

   0                                                        0
       2015     2020                                             2015        2020     2015         2020   2015        2020      2015     2020        2015    2020   2015    2020   2015    2020    2015     2020
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    FIGURE 11                                                             Numbers of indicators of menstrual health, by country, 2020
                                                                    Sub-Saharan
                                                                          Africa

                                                                                         Oceania

                                                                                                              Central and
                                                                                                            Southern Asia

                                                                                                                                    Northern
                                                                                                                                   Africa and
                                                                                                                                 Western Asia

                                                                                                                                                           Least
                                                                                                                                                      Developed
                                                                                                                                                       Countries

                                                                                                                                                                     Landlocked
                                                                                                                                                                     Developing
                                                                                                                                                                      Countries

                                                                                                                                                                                      Fragile
                                                                                                                                                                                     contexts

                                                                                                                                                                                                    Small Island
                                                                                                                                                                                                     Developing
                                                                                                                                                                                                          States    Use
FIGURE 8                                                                                                                                                                                                             Figof menstrual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                         12.           materials is high, but some women lack a private place to wash and change
                                                                                                                                                                                                                             Private place
Global handwashing                                         FIGURE 9                Regional handwashing coverage, 2015-2020 (%)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Use of materials                                                                     Private place
coverage, 2015-2020 (%)
                                                          Note: For Northern Africa and Western Asia, limited and no service levels for 2020 were projected based on 2018 estimates.                                                                              100   100  99                                  99 99 99                             99 99 99 99 99           99 98
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          97                                                                                        98 9897 98       96
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        98                                                                                                          98               98             98            97                    97 97 97                                96             96              96                                                                                                                                                                      96
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              95                            95                                                                                                                95                 95              95                    95                95                 95              94              94                                                         94
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            93                               94                               93                                       93               92                                                                                                    93                                                                               93
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       92                                                                                                              91                         91                 91
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       89                                                                                        90                  90                                                                     89
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               89
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     87                                                                                87

                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Proportion of women and girls age 15-49 (%)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            83                    82 81 81 81
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       81
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       80                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     79                                                                                                                                                                                      80
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   80
In 2020, 79 countries had estimates for basic hygiene services                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     74

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   60                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   56
                                                                                                                                                                                                0-25
                                                                                                                                                                                                25-50
                                                                                                                                                                                                50-75                                                              40
                                                                                                                                                                                                75-99
                                                                                                                                                                                                > 99
                                                                                                                                                                                                Insufficient data                                                  20
                                                                                                                                                                                                Not applicable

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Zimbabwe (2019)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Sao Tome and
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Côte d'Ivoire (2018)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Turkmenistan (2019)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Kenya (2016)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Costa Rica (2018)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     North Macedonia (2019)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Bangladesh (2019)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Serbia (2019)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Gambia (2018)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Kiribati (2019)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Lesotho (2018)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     Ghana (2018)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Cuba (2019)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Tunisia (2018)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Iraq (2018)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             Nigeria (2018)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Central African
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Republic (2019)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Guinea-Bissau (2019)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     Burkina Faso (2019)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Ethiopia (2017)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             Lao People's Democratic
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Republic (2017)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Samoa (2020)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Sierra Leone (2017)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Montenegro (2019)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Kyrgyzstan (2018)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Togo (2017)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Chad (2019)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     Democratic Republic
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        of Congo (2018)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Algeria (2019)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Nepal (2019)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Madagascar (2018)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Suriname (2018)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Mongolia (2018)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Principe (2019)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Democratic People’s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Republic of Korea (2017)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                    FIGURE 12                                                                  Proportion of women and girls age 15-49 who use menstrual materials, and have a private place to wash and change during menstruation,
FIGURE 10     Proportion of population with basic handwashing facilities at home, 2020 (%)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               selected countries, 2016-2020

 10      WHO | UNICEF JMP                                                     PROGRESS ON HOUSEHOLD DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE 2000-2020                                                                HIGHLIGHS                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           11
2000-2020 PROGRESS ON HOUSEHOLD DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE - FIVE YEARS INTO THE SDGs
SDG6 global targets SDG6 global indicators                                                                          Custodian agencies3
                                                                                                                                           6.1 Drinking water              6.1.1 Safely managed drinking water services                                        WHO, UNICEF
                                                                                                                                           6.2 Sanitation and              6.2.1a Safely managed sanitation services
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               WHO, UNICEF
                                                                                                                                           hygiene                         6.2.1b Basic handwashing services
                                                                                                                                           6.3 Wastewater                  6.3.1 Wastewater safely treated                                                     WHO, UN-Habitat, UNSD
                                                                                                                                           and water quality               6.3.2 Good ambient water quality                                                    UNEP
                                                                                                                                           6.4 Water use and               6.4.1 Water use efficiency                                                          FAO
                                                                                                                                           water scarcity                  6.4.2 Level of water stress                                                         FAO
                                                                                                                                           6.5 Water resources             6.5.1 Integrated water resources management                                         UNEP
                                                                                                                                           management                      6.5.2 Transboundary basin area with water cooperation                               UNECE, UNESCO-IHP
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               UNEP, Ramsar
                                                                                                                                           6.6 Water ecosystems            6.6.1 Water-related ecosystems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Convention
                                                                                                                                                                           6.a. Water and sanitation-related official development
                                                                                                                                           6.a Cooperation                                                                                                     WHO, OECD
                                                                                                                                                                           assistance
                                                                                                                                                                           6.b. Participation of local communities in water and
                                                                                                                                           6.b. Participation                                                                                                  WHO, OECD
                                                                                                                                                                           sanitation management

                                                                                                                     FIGURE 13   SDG6 global targets and indicators

                                                                                                                 3
                                                                                                                   Coordinated by the UN-Water Integrated Monitoring Initiative for SDG6 (IMI-SDG6), including the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), United Nations Human Settlements
                                                                                                                 Programme (UN-Habitat), United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
                                                                                                                 (UNECE), United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), World Health Organization (WHO) and World Meteorological Organization (WMO).

01.
                                                                                                                 Since 2015, the JMP has expanded                             and global estimates of progress on                          documents inequalities in drinking
                                                                                                                 its global databases to incorporate                          WASH in households for the period                            water, sanitation and hygiene (and

                        Introduction
                                                                                                                 the latest available national data                           2000 to 2020.                                                menstrual health) between and
                                                                                                                 related to the new SDG indicators.                                                                                        within countries, and highlights the
                                                                                                                 The JMP produces internationally                             The report takes stock of progress                           particular challenges faced by those
                                                                                                                 comparable estimates for 234                                 over the first five years of the SDG                         living in fragile contexts4, which
                        Five years into the SDGs                                                                 countries, areas and territories,                            period. It assesses the status of                            often have much lower coverage
                                                                                                                 and has produced estimates                                   WASH services in 2020 and progress                           and rates of progress on WASH
                        Transforming our world: The 2030            the UN-Water Integrated Monitoring           disaggregated by wealth quintile and                         made since 2015, and analyses the                            services and will need to be a major
                        Agenda for Sustainable Development is       Initiative for SDG6 (IMI-SDG6). The          sub-national region for over 100                             acceleration required to meet the                            focus of efforts to build back better
                        a plan of action for people, planet and     JMP also contributes to monitoring           countries. The JMP published a                               SDG targets by 2030. It also reviews                         after the pandemic and accelerate
                        prosperity, comprising 17 Sustainable       WASH indicators related to SDG targets       global baseline report on WASH in                            global trends in the availability of                         progress towards the 2030 targets.
                        Development Goals (SDGs) and                on poverty (1.4.1), health (3.8.1) and       households in 2017, and a progress                           data for monitoring the SDG WASH
                        169 global targets. Goal 6 aims to          education (4.a.1).                           update with a special focus on                               indicators and presents emerging                             4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             As of May 2021, the OECD States of Fragility series
                        ‘ensure availability and sustainable                                                     inequalities in 2019. This report                            data on new indicators related                               identifies 57 fragile contexts, including 13 classified as
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           extremely fragile. 

                        for all’ and includes eight targets that    universal access to WASH services by
                        address drinking water, sanitation and      2030 and establish ambitious indicators
                        hygiene (WASH) services, wastewater         that go beyond the types of facilities
                        treatment, water quality, water use,        people use and introduce additional
                        water management, transboundary             criteria related to the level of service
                        cooperation, water-related ecosystems,      provided (see Chapters 2 to 4). The
                        official development assistance and         2030 Agenda also seeks to progressively
                        participation of local communities          reduce inequalities between and within
                        (Figure 13). The WHO/UNICEF Joint           countries and specifies that ‘SDG
                        Monitoring Programme for Water,             indicators should be disaggregated
                        Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (JMP)        where relevant by income, sex, age,
                        is responsible for monitoring SDG           race, ethnicity, migratory status,
                        targets 6.1 and 6.2, and collaborates       disability and geographic location or
                        with other custodian agencies through       other characteristics’.

                                                                    3

12   WHO | UNICEF JMP                   PROGRESS ON HOUSEHOLD DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE 2000-2020   INTRODUCTION                                                                                                                                                                   13
2000-2020 PROGRESS ON HOUSEHOLD DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE - FIVE YEARS INTO THE SDGs
The challenge of assessing progress                                                                                                Global availability of data on SDG WASH indicators is improving

During the first five years of the SDG   sanitation services) has also           improved. However, it remains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 6.1.1 SAFELY MANAGED DRINKING WATER
period, there has been a steady          improved, rising from 84 countries      challenging to assess trends and
improvement in the availability          to 120 countries (rising from 48%       rates of progress for countries                                                                                      National                                            Rural                                           Urban
                                                                                                                                                                         100                                                                                                                                                        150
of data for monitoring the SDG           to 81% of the population). More         lacking recent data or having only                                                                                                  138

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Number of countries able to report on the indicators
global indicators for WASH. Both         countries have gained estimates for     a small number of data points

                                                                                                                                   Proportion of global population with data
                                                                                                                                                                                                         117
the total number of countries,           safely managed sanitation in rural      available. If a country has only                                                              80

areas and territories with estimates     (45) than in urban (30) areas. By       one data point or two data points                                                                         96                                                                                                                                       100
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          87
and the proportion of the global         contrast, there has been a relatively   less than five years apart, the JMP                                                           60
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          56
population for which estimates are       small increase in the number of         creates estimates using a simple                                                                                                                                                      55
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            49
available have increased with each       countries with data available for       average, which is extended for four                                                           40                                     45                                   47          65
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                44
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              40                                                            55
JMP progress update on WASH in           SDG indicator 6.2.1b (basic hygiene     years beyond the most recent data                                                                         34
                                                                                                                                                                                                         38
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                42
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    50

households (Figure 14).                  services), rising from 70 countries     point. If there are two or more                                                                                                                                           34
                                                                                                                                                                               20
                                         in the 2017 baseline report to 79       data points, covering a span of at                                                                                                                            20

The number of countries with             countries in this 2021 progress         least five years, the JMP applies
national estimates available for SDG     update. While population coverage       linear regression with extrapolation                                                           0                                                                                                                                                   0
                                                                                                                                                                                          2017          2019        2021                     2017         2019        2021                     2017        2019        2021
indicator 6.1.1 (safely managed          has increased from 30% to 50%,          for up to two years forwards and
drinking water services) has             this has mainly been driven by the      backwards from the last data point,
increased from 96 to 138, resulting      addition of estimates for populous      and extends estimates for up to four                                                                                                               6.2.1a SAFELY MANAGED SANITATION
in a growth in population coverage       countries.                              more years. This means to generate
from 34% to 45%. There has been                                                  estimates for 2020, countries must                                                                                   National                                            Rural                                           Urban
                                                                                                                                                                               100                                                                                                                                                  150

a three-fold increase in the number      While previous JMP updates on           have new data points available

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Number of countries able to report on the indicators
of countries with rural estimates        WASH in households have presented       from 2014 onwards, or from 2016                                                                                                     120

                                                                                                                                   Proportion of global population with data
                                                                                                                                                                               80                                                                                                                                         98
(from 20 to 65) and a more than          estimates up to the current year        onwards if only one data point or                                                                                                    81
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          75
two-fold increase in the number of       minus two, this report presents         two closely-spaced data points are                                                                                      94
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       73
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             75
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    100

countries with urban estimates (from     estimates up to the current year        available5.                                                                                   60          84
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           62          77
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                68
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            56
                                                                                                                                                                                                          55
42 to 87). Data availability for SDG     minus one (2020). Therefore,                                                                                                                                                                          55                                               53
                                                                                 5
                                                                                  For further details on the JMP methodology see                                                           48
indicator 6.2.1a (safely managed         timeliness has been significantly       Annex 1.                                                                                      40

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           44                                                                       50

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               32
                                                                                                                                                                               20

                                                                                                                                                                                0                                                                                                                                                   0

                                                                                                                                                                                          2017          2019        2021                     2017         2019        2021                     2017        2019        2021

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             6.2.1b BASIC HYGIENE

                                                                                                                                                                                                      National                                            Rural                                           Urban
                                                                                                                                                                         100                                                                                                                                                        150

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Number of countries able to report on the indicators
                                                                                                                                   Proportion of global population with data
                                                                                                                                                                               80
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           67          67

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    100
                                                                                                                                                                               60                         52          50                                                                                                  76
                                                                                                                                                                                                          78          79                                   77          78                                   76
                                                                                                                                                                                           70                                                 70                                                70
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            39
                                                                                                                                                                               40                                                              36                                                                         37
                                                                                                                                                                                           30                                                                                                                                       50

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                24
                                                                                                                                                                               20

                                                                                                                                                                                0                                                                                                                                                   0
                                                                                                                                                                                          2017          2019        2021                     2017         2019        2021                    2017         2019        2021

                                                                                                                                                                                     Proportion of the global       Number of countries     High-income     Upper-middle-income     Lower-middle-income      Low-income        Unclassified
                                                                                                                                                                                     population with data

                                                                                                                                            FIGURE 14                                           Proportion of population and number of countries with national, rural and urban estimates for SDG WASH indicators in JMP progress
                                                                                                                                                                                                updates, 2017-2021

 14    WHO | UNICEF JMP                          PROGRESS ON HOUSEHOLD DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE 2000-2020            INTRODUCTION                                                                                                                                                                                           15
2000-2020 PROGRESS ON HOUSEHOLD DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE - FIVE YEARS INTO THE SDGs
Despite improvements in data                                   between SDG regions and there                               America and the Caribbean (93%).                   Data availability for elements of       The impact of COVID-19                                   Disruption of routine data
availability, many countries6 still                            are still big gaps, particularly for                        By contrast, population coverage for               safely managed drinking water           on WASH                                                  collection
lacked estimates for SDG indicators                            elements of safely managed services.                        basic hygiene estimates ranged from                services varied widely between
6.1.1, 6.2.1a and 6.2.1b in 2020.                              By 2020, estimates for basic drinking                       0% in Australia and New Zealand                    regions. While data coverage for        The COVID-19 pandemic has                                COVID-19 has posed severe
Table 1 shows that data coverage for                           water, open defecation, and basic                           and in Europe and Northern America                 accessibility was universal (>99%) in   plunged the global economy into                          challenges to the collection and
global WASH indicators varies widely                           sanitation services were available                          (no data available) to 92% in Central              all SDG regions, data coverage for      recession, with an additional 119                        production of data at all levels, which
                                                               for >95% of the population in                               and Southern Asia and 93% in sub-                  availability ranged from just 43% in    to 124 million people pushed into                        will have a long-term impact on
  The JMP produces internationally comparable                  all SDG regions, except for Latin                           Saharan Africa.                                    Europe and Northern America to                                                                   national and global monitoring of all
6

estimates for 234 countries, areas and territories,                                                                                                                                                                   extreme poverty during 20207.
including all United Nations Member States.                                                                                                                                   84% in Australia and New Zealand,       Measures taken by governments to                         key development indicators. At the
                                                                                                                                                                              and data coverage for quality           contain and mitigate the pandemic                        same time it has increased demand
                                                                                                                                                                              ranged from 100% in Europe and          have led to widespread disruption                        for new data on emerging issues
Five years into the SDGs, data coverage for WASH indicators varies widely between regions                                                                                     Northern America to just 17%            in the provision and financing of                        and for ‘real-time’ information to
                                                                                                                                                                              in Oceania. But the biggest data        essential services, including WASH.                      evaluate the impact of the outbreak
 % of population                           DRINKING WATER                                                          SANITATION                                     HYGIENE     gaps were observed for elements         The global response has had a                            and the effectiveness of responses.
 (# countries,
 areas and
                                                                                                                                                                              of safely managed sanitation            strong focus on promoting hand
                                                            Available                                                        Safely
 territories)           Basic
                                   Safely  Accessible
                                  managed on premises
                                                              when
                                                                          Free from     Open
                                                                        contamination defecation
                                                                                                     Basic
                                                                                                                Safely
                                                                                                               managed
                                                                                                                            disposed
                                                                                                                                          Emptied
                                                                                                                                         and treated
                                                                                                                                                     Wastewater
                                                                                                                                                      treated
                                                                                                                                                                    Basic     services. While estimates for           hygiene and strengthening infection                      In May 2020, the United Nations
 in 2020                                                     needed                                                         of in situ
                                                                                                                                                                              centralized wastewater treatment        prevention and control (IPC), and                        Statistics Division (UNSD) and the
World (234)           99% (211) 45% (138)       99% (210)   81% (121)     56% (138)    97% (198)   99% (202)   81% (120)    65% (20)       1% (7)    91% (103)     50% (79)   were available for >50% of the          governments have introduced a                            World Bank launched a global
                                                                                                                                                                              relevant population in all regions,     range of measures designed to keep                       survey to assess the impact of
Rural                 98% (164)   55% (65)      98% (163)   86% (91)      55% (65)     97% (159)   98% (161)   73% (77)     69% (61)       0% (2)     83% (68)     67% (78)
                                                                                                                                                                              except for sub-Saharan Africa           WASH services running, including                         COVID-19 on statistical operations
Urban                 93% (175)   56% (87)      93% (173)   74% (108)     56% (87)     94% (172)   94% (172)   75% (98)     60% (53)       0% (1)     80% (77)     37% (76)   (8%), population coverage for safe      emergency financial support to                           at country level9. It found that the
                                                                                                                                                                              management of on-site systems           utilities and vulnerable households8.                    pandemic has caused widespread
 SDG regions
                                                                                                                                                                              was much lower. Only three regions      While it is clear the pandemic will                      disruption to routine data collection
Australia and         100% (2)     16% (1)      100% (2)     84% (1)       73% (1)     100% (2)    100% (2)    100% (2)      0% (0)        0% (0)     100% (2)      0% (0)
                                                                                                                                                                              (Central and Southern Asia, Eastern     have far reaching effects on levels                      and led to delays, interruptions,
New Zealand (2)
                                                                                                                                                                              and South-Eastern Asia, and sub-        of public and private investment in                      diversion of funding, and, in some
Central and
Southern Asia (14)    100% (14)   30% (11)      100% (14)   92% (10)      73% (11)     96% (13)    100% (14)    78% (5)      82% (0)       0% (0)     70% (5)      92% (10)   Saharan Africa) had estimates for       WASH services, it remains too early                      cases, cancellation of planned
                                                                                                                                                                              safe disposal in situ for >50% of       to assess the medium and long-term                       censuses and household surveys.
Eastern and South- 100% (18)      19% (12)      100% (17)   88% (10)      49% (12)     99% (16)    99% (16)    81% (11)      62% (2)       3% (2)     94% (7)      27% (9)
Eastern Asia (18)                                                                                                                                                             the relevant population. Only two       impact on progress towards the                           The final assessment in December
Europe and                                                                                                                                                                    SDG regions had estimates for the       SDG WASH targets.                                        2020 showed that many National
Northern America      100% (50) 100% (48)       100% (50)   43% (16)      100% (48)    100% (48)   100% (48)   99% (44)     19% (16)       9% (5)    100% (46)      0% (2)
(53)                                                                                                                                                                          population using on-site systems                                                                 Statistical Offices (NSOs) have been
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        World Bank, Updated estimates of the impact of
Latin America and
the Caribbean (50)    93% (36)    77% (18)      94% (36)    91% (24)      77% (18)     93% (34)    93% (35)    82% (14)      13% (0)       0% (0)     91% (15)     19% (10)   emptied and treated off-site;           COVID-19 on global poverty: Looking back at 2020 and     forced to close for long periods.
                                                                                                                                                                              Europe and Northern America had         the outlook for 2021               data collection had been partially
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      8
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        UNICEF & SIWI 2020 Overview of Water, Sanitation,
                                                                                                                                                                              population, while data coverage in      and Hygiene (WASH) COVID-19 Responses from               or fully suspended, and most were
Oceania (21)          99% (20)    11% (11)      99% (20)    84% (10)      17% (11)     97% (16)    98% (17)     3% (3)       10% (1)       0% (0)     58% (2)      76% (5)                                            Governments, Regulators, Utilities and other
                                                                                                                                                                              Eastern and South-Eastern Asia was      Stakeholders in 84 Countries                resume. Many NSOs reported
(51)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               exploring remote methods of data
 Other regional groupings                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      collection to fill data gaps, but
Landlocked
Developing            100% (32)   74% (22)      100% (32)   78% (23)      74% (22)     98% (31)    98% (31)    54% (17)      54% (0)       0% (0)     59% (11)     85% (26)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               highlighted the need for further
Countries (32)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 capacity building in this area.
Least Developed       100% (44)   61% (21)      100% (44)   89% (34)      63% (21)     100% (43)   100% (43)   68% (25)      71% (0)       0% (0)     25% (5)      92% (36)
Countries (46)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Emergence of new data sources
Small Island
Developing States     97% (39)    19% (16)      97% (39)    80% (23)      20% (16)     94% (33)    95% (35)     33% (9)      15% (1)       0% (0)     79% (6)      69% (14)
(53)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               During the pandemic, many NSOs
Fragile contexts (57) 100% (54)   71% (28)      100% (54)   87% (43)      74% (28)     94% (52)    100% (54)   54% (26)      57% (0)       0% (0)     38% (13)     85% (39)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               have switched from face-to-face
 Income groupings                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              surveys to alternative means of data
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               collection to track responses to
Low-income (29)       99% (28)    59% (14)      99% (28)    87% (23)      56% (14)     97% (27)    99% (28)    56% (14)      57% (0)       0% (0)     22% (2)      84% (23)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               COVID-19 and its socio-economic
Lower-middle-                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  impacts, including increased use
                      100% (48)   37% (26)      100% (48)   94% (36)      69% (26)     100% (48)   100% (48)   80% (26)      78% (0)       0% (0)     74% (20)     94% (34)
income (50)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               of phone surveys, and computer-
Upper-middle-
income (55)           98% (50)    30% (30)      98% (50)    85% (36)      50% (30)     94% (45)    97% (46)    80% (28)      51% (1)       0% (0)     93% (27)     19% (21)                                                                                                    assisted telephone interviewing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               (CATI) and short message service
High-income (82)     100% (71)    93% (58)      100% (70)   47% (24)      93% (58)     100% (65)   100% (66)   98% (52)     37% (19)      28% (7)     99% (54)      0% (1)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               (SMS) surveys.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 UNSD and World Bank, Survey of National Statistics
           >50% coverage             0-49% coverage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Offices during COVID-19, World Bank and UNSD,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               December 2020 

  16       WHO | UNICEF JMP                                                PROGRESS ON HOUSEHOLD DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE 2000-2020                             INTRODUCTION                                                                                                                                       17
2000-2020 PROGRESS ON HOUSEHOLD DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE - FIVE YEARS INTO THE SDGs
SMS consumer surveys indicate significant disruption to drinking water services due to COVID-19

 50
                                                                                                                                                               Urban          Rural

 40

 30

 20

 10
            n=363

                       n=137

                                          n=300

                                                     n=200

                                                                        n=189

                                                                                    n=311

                                                                                                       n=318

                                                                                                                   n=182

                                                                                                                                     n=159

                                                                                                                                               n=391

                                                                                                                                                                  n=277

                                                                                                                                                                             n=223
  0
       Democratic Republic                   Ghana                          Kenya                     Mozambique                        Rwanda                       Senegal
          of the Congo

 FIGURE 15      Proportion of respondents answering ‘Yes’ to the question ‘Has COVID-19 made it more difficult to get your drinking water?’ (%), August-
                October, 2020

Source: USAID 2020 Synthesis Report: Assessing the effects of COVID-19 on access to water, sanitation, and hygiene in USAID high priority and strategy-aligned countries .

For example, the World Bank                                     SMS consumer surveys use large                                  Big data is another potential new
Living Standards Measurement                                    mobile subscriber databases to                                  source of data on WASH services.
Study (LSMS) has supported high-                                generate nationally representative                              In early 2020, Facebook launched a
frequency phone surveys comprising                              samples of users who are then                                   series of surveys related to COVID-
monthly interviews over a 12-month                              asked to complete short surveys                                 1913. With more than 2 billion
period with a sub-sample of                                     using basic feature phones (non-                                users in more than 200 countries,
households interviewed during                                   smartphones)12. During 2020,                                    Facebook’s surveys have the
previous household surveys10. The                               the United States Agency for                                    potential to reach large segments
                                                                                                                                                                                         Between April and July 2020,             the reporting period. The data       countries, but in most cases it did
UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster                               International Development (USAID)                               of the global population. Each
                                                                                                                                                                                         respondents were asked how often         suggest a gradual improvement        not change significantly during the
Surveys (MICS) programme has                                    commissioned cross-sectional                                    day, a new sample of Facebook
                                                                                                                                                                                         they had washed their hands after        in Uzbekistan, although big gaps     reporting period (Figure 17). In
also started conducting follow                                  SMS surveys on the effects of                                   users in each country are invited
                                                                                                                                                                                         being in public in the past seven        remain between urban and rural,      Australia and New Zealand, more
up telephone interviews with a                                  COVID-19 on WASH services for                                   to participate in surveys about
                                                                                                                                                                                         days (‘all of the time’, ‘most of the    whereas in Albania the gap between   than nine out of ten people reported
sub-sample of respondents to                                    more than 3,000 randomly selected                               symptoms, beliefs and behaviours
                                                                                                                                                                                         time’, ‘about half of the time’, ‘some   urban and rural has been gradually   washing their hands at least three
accumulate longitudinal data on                                 individuals in six African countries.                           related to COVID-19. Daily,
                                                                                                                                                                                         of the time’ or ‘none of the time’).     reduced. In Australia, New Zealand   times per day throughout the
responses to crises (MICS Plus)11.                              Respondents indicated significant                               weekly and monthly data are
                                                                                                                                                                                         Compliance with recommended              and the Netherlands, there is has    assessment period. But in Viet Nam,
These phone surveys often include                               disruption to WASH services, with                               then aggregated for public health
                                                                                                                                                                                         hand hygiene measures varied             been a gradual deterioration in      Yemen, Haiti and Tanzania, around
a small number of questions                                     around one in four people reporting                             researchers and decision makers,
                                                                                                                                                                                         widely between countries but was         hand hygiene behaviour during the    one in five people reported washing
on WASH services and whether                                    that COVID-19 had made it more                                  using analytic weights to adjust for
                                                                                                                                                                                         generally higher in urban than rural     reporting period.                    their hands fewer than three times
households had sufficient water to                              difficult to access drinking water,                             non-response and coverage biases.
                                                                                                                                                                                         areas (Figure 16). Less than half                                             per day. Yemen had the largest
drink or soap to wash hands with in                             while in most of the countries there
                                                                                                                                                                                         the population in Brazil, Pakistan,      Between July 2020 and May            proportion reporting washing their
the last week or month.                                         are more pandemic-related water                                 13
                                                                                                                                  The World Symptoms Survey was developed in
                                                                                                                                collaboration with University of Maryland and Carnegie   the United Republic of Tanzania,         2021, users were asked about the     hands ‘zero times’ (20%) and the
                                                                access problems reported in rural
   https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/lsms/brief/
                                                                                                                                Mellon University and the COVID-19 Preventive Health
                                                                                                                                                                                         Thailand, Tunisia, Viet Nam and          frequency of handwashing with soap   smallest proportion washing their
                                                                than urban areas (Figure 15).                                   Survey and the COVID-19 Beliefs, Behaviors & Norms
10

lsms-launches-high-frequency-phone-surveys-on-
covid-19
                                                                                                                                Survey were developed in collaboration with the          Yemen reported washing their hands       and water or hand sanitizer over     hands ‘7+ times’ (17%).
                                                                                                                                Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Johns
11
    https://mics.unicef.org/mics-plus/methodology-and-use       12
                                                                   While cell phone coverage is growing rapidly, cell phone     Hopkins University (JHU), with advice from the WHO       ‘all of the time’ and no country         the last 24 hours. The frequency
                                                                ownership and the technical ability to complete surveys are     and the Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network
                                                                potential sources of bias in SMS survey samples.                (GOARN) .      achieved >75% compliance during          of handwashing varied between

  18      WHO | UNICEF JMP                                                      PROGRESS ON HOUSEHOLD DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE 2000-2020                                   INTRODUCTION                                                                                                  19
Population (%)                                                                                           Population (%)                                                                                                          Population (%)                                                                                 Population (%)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                               0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          40
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  60
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            80
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      100
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   40
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           60
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     80
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           100
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           40
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  60
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            80
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 100
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           40
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  60
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           80
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                100

     20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2020-w17                                                                                                 2020-w17                                                                                                                2020-w17                                                                                        2020-w17

                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2020-w18                                                                                                 2020-w18                                                                                                                2020-w18                                                                                        2020-w18

                                                                              FIGURE 16
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2020-w19                                                                                                 2020-w19                                                                                                                2020-w19                                                                                        2020-w19

                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2020-w20                                                                                                 2020-w20                                                                                                                2020-w20                                                                                        2020-w20

                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2020-w21                                                                                                 2020-w21                                                                                                                2020-w21                                                                                        2020-w21

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Tunisia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2020-w22                                                                                                 2020-w22                                                                                                                2020-w22                                                                                        2020-w22

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Albania
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Thailand
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Australia

                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2020-w23                                                                                                 2020-w23                                                                                                                2020-w23                                                                                        2020-w23

WHO | UNICEF JMP
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2020-w24                                                                                                 2020-w24                                                                                                                2020-w24                                                                                        2020-w24

                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2020-w25                                                                                                 2020-w25                                                                                                                2020-w25                                                                                        2020-w25

                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2020-w26                                                                                                 2020-w26                                                                                                                2020-w26                                                                                        2020-w26

                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2020-w17                                                                                                 2020-w17                                                                                                                2020-w17                                                                                        2020-w17

                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2020-w18                                                                                                 2020-w18                                                                                                                2020-w18                                                                                        2020-w18

                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2020-w19                                                                                                 2020-w19                                                                                                                2020-w19                                                                                        2020-w19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     Australia and New Zealand

                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2020-w20                                                                                                 2020-w20                                                                                                                2020-w20                                                                                        2020-w20

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Europe and Northern America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Eastern and South-Eastern Asia

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Northern Africa and Western Asia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2020-w21                                                                                                 2020-w21                                                                                                                2020-w21                                                                                        2020-w21

                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2020-w22                                                                                                 2020-w22                                                                                                                2020-w22                                                                                        2020-w22

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Yemen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Viet Nam

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Netherlands
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       New Zealand

                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2020-w23                                                                                                 2020-w23                                                                                                                2020-w23                                                                                        2020-w23

                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2020-w24                                                                                                 2020-w24                                                                                                                2020-w24                                                                                        2020-w24

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2020-w26                                                                                                 2020-w26                                                                                                                2020-w26                                                                                        2020-w26

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Population (%)                                                                                                          Population (%)                                                                                 Population (%)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   40
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           60
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     80
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           100
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           40
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  60
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           80
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                100

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             2020-w17                                                                                                                2020-w17                                                                                        2020-w17

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             2020-w18                                                                                                                2020-w18                                                                                        2020-w18

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Rural
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Urban
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             2020-w19                                                                                                                2020-w19                                                                                        2020-w19

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    National
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             2020-w20                                                                                                                2020-w20                                                                                        2020-w20

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             2020-w21                                                                                                                2020-w21                                                                                        2020-w21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Brazil

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             2020-w22                                                                                                                2020-w22                                                                                        2020-w22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Pakistan

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Madagascar
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             2020-w23                                                                                                                2020-w23                                                                                        2020-w23

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             2020-w24                                                                                                                2020-w24                                                                                        2020-w24

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             2020-w25                                                                                                                2020-w25                                                                                        2020-w25

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             2020-w26                                                                                                                2020-w26                                                                                        2020-w26

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             2020-w17                                                                                                                2020-w17                                                                                        2020-w17

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             2020-w18                                                                                                                2020-w18                                                                                        2020-w18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Big data show wide variations in adoption of hand hygiene measures in response to COVID-19

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Sub-Saharan Africa

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             2020-w19                                                                                                                2020-w19                                                                                        2020-w19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     Central and Southern Asia

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             2020-w20                                                                                                                2020-w20                                                                                        2020-w20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Latin America and the Caribbean

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             2020-w21                                                                                                                2020-w21                                                                                        2020-w21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Haiti

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             2020-w22                                                                                                                2020-w22                                                                                        2020-w22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Uzbekistan

                                                                         Proportion of population reporting washing hands ‘all of the time’ after being in public in the last seven days, selected countries (%)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             2020-w23                                                                                                                2020-w23                                                                                        2020-w23

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             2020-w24                                                                                                                2020-w24                                                                                        2020-w24

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             2020-w25                                                                                                                2020-w25                                                                                        2020-w25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       United Republic of Tanzania

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             2020-w26                                                                                                                2020-w26                                                                                        2020-w26

PROGRESS ON HOUSEHOLD DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE 2000-2020
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Cumulated coverage (%)                                                                                   Cumulated coverage (%)                                                                                                  Cumulated coverage (%)                                                                          Cumulated coverage (%)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                              0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         40
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 60
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           80
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     100
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  40
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         60
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    80
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          100
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          40
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 60
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            80
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 100
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          40
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  60
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           80
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                100

                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2020-m7                                                                                                  2020-m7                                                                                                                  2020-m7                                                                                         2020-m7

                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2020-m8                                                                                                  2020-m8                                                                                                                  2020-m8                                                                                         2020-m8

                                                                              FIGURE 17
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2020-m9                                                                                                  2020-m9                                                                                                                  2020-m9                                                                                         2020-m9

INTRODUCTION
                                                                                                                                                                                                                   2020-m10                                                                                                 2020-m10                                                                                                                 2020-m10                                                                                        2020-m10

                                                                                                                                                                                                                   2020-m11                                                                                                 2020-m11                                                                                                                 2020-m11                                                                                        2020-m11

                                                                                                                                                                                                                   2020-m12                                                                                                 2020-m12                                                                                                                 2020-m12                                                                                        2020-m12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Tunisia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Albania
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Thailand
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Australia

                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2021-m1                                                                                                  2021-m1                                                                                                                  2021-m1                                                                                         2021-m1

                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2021-m2                                                                                                  2021-m2                                                                                                                  2021-m2                                                                                         2021-m2

                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2021-m3                                                                                                  2021-m3                                                                                                                  2021-m3                                                                                         2021-m3

                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2021-m4                                                                                                  2021-m4                                                                                                                  2021-m4                                                                                         2021-m4

                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2020-m7                                                                                                  2020-m7                                                                                                                  2020-m7                                                                                         2020-m7

                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2020-m8                                                                                                  2020-m8                                                                                                                  2020-m8                                                                                         2020-m8

                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2020-m9                                                                                                  2020-m9                                                                                                                  2020-m9                                                                                         2020-m9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     Australia and New Zealand

                                                                                                                                                                                                                   2020-m10                                                                                                 2020-m10                                                                                                                 2020-m10                                                                                        2020-m10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     Europe and Northern America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Eastern and South-Eastern Asia

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Northern Africa and Western Asia

                                                                                                                                                                                                                   2020-m11                                                                                                 2020-m11                                                                                                                 2020-m11                                                                                        2020-m11

                                                                                                                                                                                                                   2020-m12                                                                                                 2020-m12                                                                                                                 2020-m12                                                                                        2020-m12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Yemen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Viet Nam

                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2021-m1                                                                                                  2021-m1                                                                                                                  2021-m1                                                                                         2021-m1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Netherlands
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      New Zealand

                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2021-m2                                                                                                  2021-m2                                                                                                                  2021-m2                                                                                         2021-m2

                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2021-m3                                                                                                  2021-m3                                                                                                                  2021-m3                                                                                         2021-m3

                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2021-m4                                                                                                  2021-m4                                                                                                                  2021-m4                                                                                         2021-m4

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Cumulated coverage (%)                                                                                                  Cumulated coverage (%)                                                                          Cumulated coverage (%)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  40
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         60
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    80
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          100
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          40
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 60
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            80
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 100
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          40
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  60
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           80
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                100

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             2020-m7                                                                                                                  2020-m7                                                                                         2020-m7

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             2020-m8                                                                                                                  2020-m8                                                                                         2020-m8

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             2020-m9                                                                                                                  2020-m9                                                                                         2020-m9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  0 times

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  7+ times
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  3-6 times
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1-2 times

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2020-m10                                                                                                                 2020-m10                                                                                        2020-m10

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2020-m11                                                                                                                 2020-m11                                                                                        2020-m11

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2020-m12                                                                                                                 2020-m12                                                                                        2020-m12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Brazil

                                                                         Frequency of handwashing with soap and water or use of hand sanitizer in the last 24 hours
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Pakistan

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Madagascar

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             2021-m1                                                                                                                  2021-m1                                                                                         2021-m1

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             2021-m2                                                                                                                  2021-m2                                                                                         2021-m2

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             2021-m3                                                                                                                  2021-m3                                                                                         2021-m3

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             2021-m4                                                                                                                  2021-m4                                                                                         2021-m4

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             2020-m7                                                                                                                  2020-m7                                                                                         2020-m7

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             2020-m8                                                                                                                  2020-m8                                                                                         2020-m8
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Big data confirm that daily frequency of handwashing varies widely across countries and over time

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     Sub-Saharan Africa

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             2020-m9                                                                                                                  2020-m9                                                                                         2020-m9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     Central and Southern Asia

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2020-m10                                                                                                                 2020-m10                                                                                        2020-m10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Latin America and the Caribbean

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2020-m11                                                                                                                 2020-m11                                                                                        2020-m11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Haiti

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2020-m12                                                                                                                 2020-m12                                                                                        2020-m12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Uzbekistan

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             2021-m1                                                                                                                  2021-m1                                                                                         2021-m1

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             2021-m2                                                                                                                  2021-m2                                                                                         2021-m2

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             2021-m3                                                                                                                  2021-m3                                                                                         2021-m3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 United Republic of Tanzania

     21

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             2021-m4                                                                                                                  2021-m4                                                                                         2021-m4
Fragile contexts and vulnerable populations                                                                                                                            have safely managed drinking water                                               disparities between fragile and                                          services, compared with one third in
                                                                                                                                                                       (43% vs 82%) and safely managed                                                  non-fragile contexts in each SDG                                         non-fragile contexts. Latin America
Fragility poses a major threat to                                   Over the first five years of the                     to at least basic sanitation will             sanitation services (33% vs 60%)                                                 region. In Oceania, there was a                                          and the Caribbean has the biggest
the achievement of the SDGs.                                        SDG period, basic drinking water                     require a 7x increase, and achieving          (Figure 19). They were five times                                                47 % pt gap in coverage of basic                                         coverage gaps for safely managed
Fragile contexts were home to                                       coverage in fragile contexts has                     universal access to safely managed            as likely to lack even basic drinking                                            drinking water and a 66 % pt gap                                         drinking water (32 % pts) and
23% of the world’s population (1.8                                  increased from 71% in 2015 to                        services will require a 9x increase.          water (26% vs 5%), four times as                                                 in basic sanitation coverage. While                                      Eastern and South-Eastern Asia has
billion people) and more than three                                 74% in 2020. However, achieving                      Coverage of basic hygiene services            likely to lack basic sanitation (52%                                             there was no difference in Central                                       the biggest disparities in coverage
quarters of those living in extreme                                 universal access to at least basic                   has increased from 43% in 2015 to             vs 13%) and three times as likely                                                and Southern Asia, in sub-Saharan                                        of safely managed sanitation
poverty in 2020. This report                                        drinking water will require a                        48% in 2020, but at current rates of          to practise open defecation (13%                                                 Africa only a quarter of those in                                        services (19% pts).
highlights the challenges faced by                                  4x increase in current rates of                      progress only 58% of the population           vs 4%). There were also significant                                              fragile contexts used basic hygiene
including separate estimates for                                    progress, while achieving universal                  living in fragile contexts will have
this group of countries in many                                     access to safely managed drinking                    access by 2030. Achieving the SDG
of the figures and in the statistical                               water will require a 23x increase                    target for hygiene in fragile contexts
annexes. People living in fragile                                   (Figure 18). Open defecation in                      will require a 5x increase in current         People living in fragile contexts have much lower service levels in all regions
contexts often have much lower                                      fragile contexts has been reduced                    rates of progress.
WASH service levels and will need                                   from 16% in 2015 to 13% in 2020,
                                                                                                                                                                                                            BASIC DRINKING WATER                                                      BASIC SANITATION                                                  BASIC HYGIENE
to be a major focus of efforts to                                   but rates of progress will need to                   In 2020, people living in fragile
accelerate progress towards the                                     double to achieve elimination by                     contexts were half as likely as those
2030 SDG targets.                                                   2030. Achieving universal access                     living in non-fragile contexts to                                                                                                                            48                                                                48
                                                                                                                                                                                WORLD                   74                                                95                                                               87
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        *

                                                                                                                                                                        Latin America and
                                                                                                                                                                            the Caribbean          89                                                     98                    76                                          91
Achieving SDG targets in fragile contexts will require a dramatic acceleration in current rates of progress
                                                                                                                                                                          Northern Africa              78                                                 97                    69                                                           91
                                                                                                                                                                        and Western Asia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            96                                          *

                                                                                                                                                                             Eastern and
                            DRINKING WATER                                             SANITATION                                          HYGIENE                     South-eastern Asia               68                                               95                     76                                          92                    76                    *

                 100                                                    100                                                 100                                                  Oceania                         47                                      94                                     20                         86                                30         *
                                                                                                    2x          94                                                            Central and
                                                                                                                                                                            Southern Asia         92                                                     91                      67                                   73                          69                                  69
                                               4x
                                                                                         87
                                                                              84                                                                                       Sub-Saharan Africa                   61                                          84                                  29                   53                                            25           31
                 80                                         78           80                                                  80
                                                                                                    7x                                                   5x
                                    74        23x                                                                                                                                           100   80    60    40       20        0       20   40   60    80    100   100   80    60   40    20       0     20    40   60    80   100   100   80    60   40   20     0       20   40   60   80   100

                       71                                                                           9x

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Fragile
                                                                                                                                                                                                  SAFELY MANAGED DRINKING WATER                                            SAFELY MANAGED SANITATION
                 60                                                      60                                                  60                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Non-fragile
                                                                                                                                                                58
Population (%)

                                                                                                                55
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              * Insufficient   data

                                                                                                                                                                                   WORLD                          43                                82                                      33                   60
                                                                                         48                                                48
                                                            45                45
                                                                                                                                  43
                                    43
                 40 41                                                   40                                     40           40
                                                                                                                                                                          Latin America and
                                                                                                                                                                              the Caribbean                      48                                 80                                           15        36
                                                                                         33
                                                                              31                                                                                            Northern Africa
                                                                                                                                                                          and Western Asia                   58                                     79                                          31              50

                                                                                                                                                                           Eastern Asia and
                 20                                                      20                                                  20                                                                              55                      *                                                     43                    60
                                                                                                                                                                         South-eastern Asia

                                                                                                                                                                                   Oceania                                   *                     71
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     * *

                                                                                                                                                                           Central Asia and
                                                                                                                                                                             Southern Asia                    53                     *                                                     48               47

                  0                                                       0                                                   0
                                                                                                                                                                        Sub-Saharan Africa                              25                    54                                                 21 *
                       2015       2020         2025         2030              2015      2020       2025        2030               2015    2020           2025   2030

                                 Basic     Safely managed                 No open defecation     Basic     Safely managed                            Basic                                  100   80    60    40       20        0       20   40   60    80    100   100   80    60   40    20       0     20    40   60    80   100

 FIGURE 18                    Progress on WASH in fragile contexts, 2015-2020 (%), and acceleration required to achieve universal coverage by 2030                     FIGURE 19     Proportion of population with at least basic and safely managed services in fragile and non-fragile contexts, 2020 (%)

      22               WHO | UNICEF JMP                                            PROGRESS ON HOUSEHOLD DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE 2000-2020              INTRODUCTION                                                                                                                                                                                                        23
People living in fragile contexts are                   services alongside MSNA sub-            vulnerable populations, refugees          Displaced populations in fragile contexts are least likely to have basic sanitation services
more likely to suffer from political,                   national estimates for vulnerable       (32%) were least likely to use basic
economic and environmental                              populations in Afghanistan. In          sanitation services.
                                                                                                                                                                   Global           Regions            Fragile contexts (n=57)                           Urban/Rural           Vulnerable population
crises and national systems for                         2020, global coverage of basic
monitoring WASH services in                             sanitation services was 78% but         Similar surveys in Burkina Faso and                        100                                                 >99 Iraq
such contexts are often weak. The                       it was far lower among the 44           the Central African Republic showed
REACH-supported Multi-Sector                            countries listed as fragile (49%)       that displaced populations were also
Needs Assessments (MSNAs)14 aim                         and the 13 countries listed as          far less likely to have basic water
to inform humanitarian planning by                      extremely fragile (42%) by OECD.        and sanitation services than the rest
                                                                                                                                                            80
providing comparable data across                        National coverage among these 57        of the population (Figure 21). The                                 78 World
all relevant sectors on disaster                        fragile contexts varied widely, from    JMP estimates 47% of the population
and crisis-affected areas and                           universal (>99%) in Iraq to just 9%     of Burkina Faso had basic drinking                                                                                                                          67 Urban

vulnerable populations. MSNAs                           in Ethiopia, with most countries        water services by 2020, but coverage
                                                                                                                                                            60
were conducted in 12 countries                          (35) having
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