2012 Transport Strategy PLANNING FOR FUTURE GROWTH FINAL DRAFT MARCH 2012 - City of Melbourne

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Attachment 3
                       Page 67 of 192               Agenda Item 5.1
                                        Future Melbourne Committee
                                                     13 March 2012

        Transport Strategy              2012
        PLANNING FOR FUTURE GROWTH
        FINAL DRAFT MARCH 2012

melbourne.vic.gov.au/futuregrowth
Page 68 of 192

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Acknowledgments
                                                                                                                                                                                                      RD

The City of Melbourne would like to thank:
 • the Department of Transport
 • the Department of Planning and Community Development
 • VicRoads
 • Places Victoria
The City of Melbourne would also like to thank all representatives who
contributed to the Transport Stakeholder consultation workshops.

The Transport Strategy has been prepared by the City of Melbourne.

Disclaimer
This report is provided for information and it does not purport to be complete. While care has been
taken to ensure the content in the report is accurate, we cannot guarantee that the report is without
flaw of any kind, there may be errors and omissions or may not be wholly appropriate for your particular
purposes. In addition, the publication is a snapshot in time based on historic information which is liable
to change. The City of Melbourne accepts no responsibility and disclaims all liability for any error, loss
or other consequence which may arise from you relying on any information contained in this report.
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                                Page 69 of 192

     i.    Foreword                                          4
     ii.   Executive Summary                                 6
     1.    Preface                                           12
     2.    Introduction: Making Melbourne a connected city   20

Flexible and adaptable private transport
      3.   Walking city                                      34
      4.   Cycling city                                      40
      5.   City driving                                      48

Effective and integrated public transport                    64
     6.    Train                                             70
     7.    Tram                                              74
     8.    Bus                                               82
     9.    Taxi                                              88
     10. Car share                                           90
     11.   Bike share                                        92
     12. Transport information                               94
     13. Regional and global transport connections           96

Efficient urban freight
      14. Port freight and logistics                         102   CITY OF MELBOURNE, TRANSPORT STRATEGY - 2012

      15. Central city freight and delivery                  104

Key directions, actions and implementation
     16. Key directions                                      114
     17.   Summary of actions                                120

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                                                                                             Page 70 of 192

                                                  i     Foreword

                                                Us arum iliquodit                  Ibus molorecus, qui tectota assit
                                                                                   dios natur aligendi imi, cuptat qui
                                                perum conet as imilla              cusam et erum serum ne vendae
                                                di odis ut lab ipsamus             sapitate explis ame net eici omnis
                                                                                   aut eum antur, ut utectaquiste
                                                sunt, est, as magnietum            sunt andam ante nonemquas
                                                ipitemp orumque                    dolor ad eos sequiatem quossit
                                                niscien ihitati dolupta            quiae suntemquide paria ducias
                                                                                   ipsapedio te nis et pellaut que
                                                tionsed itibus minciae             paribusanis volorit, velitatur, is ne
                                                plias rem eatur alit eos           num fugitius, sendit, con et dolene
                                                idelluptamus cuptat                prate nosaecestis est laboraecum
                                                                                   quatempos cum fugit, seribusam
                                                enit et laboribus esti             facepel et atis arciunt et endisquae
                                                sitis velis doles cone             sus simodit aut quasit, sande nis et
                                                nos plisinu llestius!              lab in con nulparchil id que reheniti
                                                                                   doluptatiae volut et alit ut fuga.
                                                                                   Nam re ex eat volorio quiam sandis
                                                                                   aces que consed qui sed molor
                                                                                   minvel ipiet maio. Itaepel esequae
                                                                                   ra quias molende autem fugiatur?
                                                                                   Nis acerum dolutae laborem
                                                                                   facest di cus rerro ento minit arci
                                                                                   doloriandis earchil iquame volor
                                                                                   solorum fugit, num quiandelent,
                                                                                   as volorep edipsam aribea volupta
                                                                                   tiorestius dolendit estiisi utendae
                                                                                   dolorum quis sint ilit accatincim re
                                                                                   sitate inullat ernatur, eturibus ente
                                                                                   pore, omnihic te quiaepe ribus.
CITY OF MELBOURNE - TRANSPORT STRATEGY - 2012

                                                                                   Nam dolupic itatet omni ulparum
                                                                                   vellentor molut renihilitae late
                                                                                   repe ea nonesti as aut harum
                                                                                   cusam litatem quos asperem
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                                                                                   menimoluptae periamus, que
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                                                                                   ea doluptassit rero moloratem.
                                                                                   dolorita nosam venditius dero

                                                                                   Lord Mayor Robert Doyle and
                                                                                   Cr Kevin Louey, Chair of
                                                                                   Council’s Connected City
                                                                                   Portfolio.

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                                                              CITY OF MELBOURNE, TRANSPORT STRATEGY, 2011

Pedestrians cross Spencer Street from
Southern Cross station
                                                                       5
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                                                                                            Page 72 of 192

                                                 ii Executive summary

                                                This strategy sets new             Purpose of the strategy                 Key directions
                                                key directions and                 The strategy has five goals:             The key directions summarise
                                                                                                                           the most important aspects
                                                policy targets which                1. To coordinate the City of
                                                                                                                           of this strategy and represent
                                                                                       Melbourne’s transport
                                                take into account the                  initiatives: plans, programs,       the areas in which the City of
                                                significant changes in                  research and five-year capital       Melbourne’s advocacy and
                                                                                                                           actions will be concentrated.
                                                transport policy and                   works program.
                                                                                    2. To coordinate the City of           The six key directions are:
                                                strong growth in public                Melbourne’s strategic land use       1. Integrate transport and land
                                                transport use, cycling                 development policy.                     use planning.
                                                and walking since the               3. To advocate the City of              2. Go anywhere, anytime public
                                                2006 transport                         Melbourne’s position on                 transport for inner Melbourne.
                                                                                       transport and related land use       3. Support public transport,
                                                strategy, Moving                       policy to State Government.             walking and cycling as the
                                                People and Freight.                 4. To enable alignment between             dominant modes of transport
                                                                                       City of Melbourne and State             in inner Melbourne.
                                                                                       Government investment in             4. Develop high-mobility
                                                                                       transport infrastructure,               pedestrian and public transport
                                                                                       service improvements,                   streets in the central city.
                                                                                       programs and research.
                                                                                                                            5. Make Melbourne a true cycling
                                                                                    5. To enable alignment between             city.
                                                                                       the City of Melbourne and its
                                                                                                                            6. Foster innovative, low-impact
                                                                                       many stakeholders including
                                                                                                                               freight and delivery in central
                                                                                       traders, businesses, universities
                                                                                                                               Melbourne.
                                                                                       and neighbours.
CITY OF MELBOURNE - TRANSPORT STRATEGY - 2012

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                                               Page 73 of 192

Reason for the update                 Process for the update
This transport strategy has           This strategy update aligns the
been updated due to:                  City of Melbourne’s transport
 • significant changes in the state    policy with its review of the
   of transport activity and policy   Melbourne Planning Scheme. It
                                      complements City of Melbourne’s
 • changes in the City of
                                      new Municipal Strategic
   Melbourne’s position on various
                                      Statement (MSS) and together
   aspects of transport policy
                                      they provide an integration of
 • changes in the City of             land use and transport policy. It
   Melbourne’s strategic land use     maintains the general direction
   policy                             of Moving People and Freight
 • the need to coordinate with the    2006-2030 but incorporates
   State Government’s new             the many advances in transport
   metropolitan strategy on           and land use development that
   transport and land use             have occurred since 2006.
 • the need to refresh the            Extensive community and
   priorities for the next four       stakeholder engagement has
   years.                             informed the update. This has
                                      included various stakeholder,
                                      industry and community workshops
                                      and briefings. A draft strategy was
                                      published in May 2011, with public
                                      input shaping the final strategy.
                                      This strategy update contains an
                                      implementation program, which
                                      will be coordinated with the
                                      State Government to ensure that
                                      projects such as new tram stops
                                      and rail tunnels also contribute     CITY OF MELBOURNE, TRANSPORT STRATEGY - 2012
                                      to creating great streets.
                                      An annual implementation report
                                      will be presented to the City of
                                      Melbourne to track the strategy’s
                                      achievements. The strategy will
                                      be reviewed again in 2016.

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                                                                                            Page 74 of 192

                                                The major                           The City of Melbourne                 The City of Melbourne
                                                                                    will:                                 will work with others
                                                implementation                       • improve the municipality’s         to:
                                                actions for                            walking environment to and          • increase the capacity for more
                                                                                       around rail, tram and bus
                                                2012-2016                              stations and stops
                                                                                                                             rail trips into the city,
                                                                                                                             particularly through
                                                The actions identified in the         • upgrade the cycling network in        constructing a new Footscray
                                                strategy are listed at the end         the central city, and                 to Caulfield underground line
                                                of the document in Section 16.       • develop options for central city    • optimise the city’s streets as
                                                Various actions contribute to          freight delivery.                     ‘high-mobility streets’ for the
                                                the following six lead activities
                                                                                                                             new generation of tram
                                                which the City of Melbourne will
                                                                                                                             services, and
                                                work towards in 2012-2016.
                                                                                                                           • develop a road Network
                                                                                                                             Operating Plan for the
                                                                                                                             municipality that will enable
                                                                                                                             future mobility growth to be
                                                                                                                             serviced mainly through tram,
                                                                                                                             bus, walking and cycling.
CITY OF MELBOURNE - TRANSPORT STRATEGY - 2012

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                                     Page 75 of 192

Strategic Framework

                                     Future Melbourne
                                       2008 - 2020
                                                                Vision

                                        Council Plan
                                        2008 - 2012
                                                                Strategy
Also links to structure plans
  and the planning scheme
                                Municipal Strategic Statement

                                     Transport Strategy
      Update previous plan
                                        2012 - 2030

Implementation                                                  Action Plans
                                                                               CITY OF MELBOURNE, TRANSPORT STRATEGY - 2012

                   New plan            Pedestrian Plan

      Update previous plan                Bike Plan

                   New plan             Car Share Plan

      Update previous plan               Parking Plan

                                                                                       9
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                                                Introduction
CITY OF MELBOURNE - TRANSPORT STRATEGY - 2011

                                                Little Collins Street is open to pedestrians between Swanston and Elizabeth Street
                                                from 12-2pm each weekday to cater to busy lunchtime crowds.
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                                                       CITY OF MELBOURNE, TRANSPORT STRATEGY, 2011

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                                                  1 Introduction

                                                The achievements of                   new Victorian State Government
                                                                                      transport policy and legislation,
                                                Moving People and                     and the implementation of major
                                                Freight 2006-2020                     new transport infrastructure.
                                                The City of Melbourne adopted         This update of Moving People and         CBD to arrive by public transport,
                                                Moving People and Freight             Freight 2006-2020 is a response to       cycling or walking in 2020 — up
                                                2006-2020 as its transport            these new transport developments         from 72 per cent in 2006.
                                                strategy in 2006. The vision of       and it extends the horizon of the
                                                the strategy was for an integrated    strategy to 2030. The update also        Council Plan 2008-2013
                                                and sustainable transport             aligns with the City of Melbourne’s      Council has adopted many of
                                                system for getting people to          new strategic urban growth and           the Future Melbourne goals in
                                                and around the city, and for          development perspective set out          its Council Plan 2008-2013.
                                                freight and commercial travel.        in its Municipal Strategic Statement
                                                                                      (draft 2011) and associated              Council policies and strategies
                                                The strategy proposed major
                                                infrastructure ideas such as an       structure plans for the urban            A range of council policies and
                                                early version of the Melbourne        renewal areas of the municipality.       strategies and plans are in place.
                                                Metro rail tunnel and the                                                      These have all been developed
                                                Melbourne bike share scheme.
                                                                                      City of Melbourne                        within the framework of Future
                                                Both of these have won State and      policy                                   Melbourne since 2008.
                                                Federal Government support.
                                                                                      Future Melbourne 2008                    Municipal Strategic Statement
                                                It launched planning and capital                                               - draft 2011
                                                works by the City of Melbourne        Future Melbourne (2008) was
                                                                                      developed as the community’s plan        The City of Melbourne’s new
                                                including the new bus lanes on
                                                                                      for Melbourne. Its overall vision was    Municipal Strategic Statement
                                                Queen and Lonsdale Streets, an
                                                                                      for Melbourne to grow as a global        is a plan for the growth and
                                                amendment to the Melbourne
                                                                                      city, and as one of the top ten most     development of the municipality
                                                Planning Scheme to enable lower
                                                                                      liveable and sustainable cities in       over the next 20 to 30 years. This
                                                rates of car parking provision in
                                                                                      the world. To realise this vision it     growth will see significant increases
                                                new residential developments,
                                                                                      set out a framework of objectives        in resident, worker and visitor
                                                better management of on-street
                                                                                      grouped under six main goals:            populations in the municipality.
                                                resident parking, expanded car
                                                                                                                               The plan identifies the need to
CITY OF MELBOURNE - TRANSPORT STRATEGY - 2012

                                                sharing facilities, improved cycle     • a city for people
                                                                                                                               expand and upgrade transport
                                                times for pedestrians at traffic       • a creative city                       to service the city’s future urban
                                                signals in the Hoddle Grid area
                                                                                       • a prosperous city                     renewal areas, central city growth
                                                and extension of bicycle lanes
                                                                                       • a city of knowledge                   and links to the inner west and
                                                including dedicated lanes.
                                                                                                                               Footscray central activities area.
                                                                                       • an eco-city
                                                Melbourne’s changing                   • a connected city.                     Planning for urban renewal
                                                transport environment                 This review and update of Moving         Structure plans for urban renewal
                                                In 2011 the vision of Moving People   People and Freight 2006-                 are being developed in line with
                                                and Freight 2006-2020 and             2020 incorporates the Future             the Municipal Strategic Statement.
                                                its strategic directions remains      Melbourne’s connected city goal:         The City of Melbourne has recently
                                                relevant. In the five years since      for all people to be able to move        developed plans for Southbank,
                                                its adoption, however, there have     about freely, to communicate             City North (south Parkville area)
                                                been significant developments in       and trade locally, regionally            and Arden-Macaulay (industrial
                                                transport in Melbourne — stronger     and globally, without sacrificing         land in North Melbourne/
                                                than expected growth in public        essential social or ecological values.   Kensington). State Government
                                                transport use, walking and cycling,   The Future Melbourne’s Connected         is leading comparable planning
                                                the increasing costs of congestion    City target is for 90 per cent of        for urban renewal in Docklands,
                                                on both road and public transport,    people working in the Melbourne          E-Gate and Port Melbourne. All

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                                               Page 79 of 192

of these plans have identified         Victorian State                        The Act prescribes principles
new transport directions and                                                 that support integrated
developments in these areas.          Government policy and                  decision-making including;
Another area which will see           legislation                             • triple bottom line assessment
significant growth is the Hoddle       Key policies and strategies from        • social equity
Grid area of the central city. Here   the previous State Government
                                                                              • a user perspective of the
one of the major new directions       included the East West Link
                                                                                transport system
has been the City of Melbourne’s      Needs Assessment (2008), the
redevelopment of Swanston             Victorian Transport Plan (2009)         • a precautionary approach
Street to accommodate the high        and Shaping Melbourne’s Freight         • stakeholder engagement
levels of tram, pedestrian and        Future (2010). Based on these, a        • community participation and
bicycle activity in the street.       number of major transport projects
                                                                              • transparency.
                                      have been planned, including the
Inner Melbourne Action Plan           Melbourne Metro Rail, the Regional     The City of Melbourne’s transport
The Inner Melbourne Action Plan       Rail Link (under construction),        and land use policies align with
was adopted by its members            WestLink and planning for              these principles and objectives
(the cities of Melbourne, Yarra,      the Port of Melbourne and the          and the City of Melbourne will
Port Phillip and Stonnington          Melbourne Freight Terminal.            use them when making transport
and VicUrban) in 2005,                                                       and land use decisions.
                                      The previous government also
with a 10-year plan to make           updated its Metropolitan Strategy      There have been other legislative
Melbourne more liveable. Since        with Melbourne @ 5 million (2008),     changes since 2006 which will
then its strategies include:          and developed the Victorian            continue to have an impact
 • linking and improving transport    Cycling Strategy (2009) and the        on the planning and delivery
   routes                             Pedestrian Access Strategy (2010).     of transport services and
                                                                             infrastructure in Victoria, such as
 • minimising traffic congestion      Under the current State
                                                                             the Climate Change Act (2010).
   and increasing public transport    Government a new metropolitan
   use                                strategy is expected in 2012-2013.     Victoria’s submission to
 • supporting planned residential                                            Infrastructure Australia
   growth and housing choice
                                      The Victorian Transport
                                      Integration Act (2010)                 The November 2011 Victorian
 • developing the inner city’s                                               Government submission to               CITY OF MELBOURNE, TRANSPORT STRATEGY - 2012
                                      The new Transport Integration
   distinctive activity centres                                              Infrastructure Australia represents
                                      Act (2010) requires the transport
 • business investment and                                                   the most complete view of the
                                      system to be planned as a single
   tourism; and                                                              current State government priorities
                                      system performing multiple
                                                                             in transport. It was developed in
 • linking regional open spaces.      tasks rather than as separate
                                                                             the context of increasing demand
                                      transport modes. Its core focus
                                                                             on our transport networks, a
                                      is integration and sustainability.
                                                                             growing freight task, declining
                                      The City of Melbourne is required      productivity growth across the
                                      to have regard for the objectives      economy, escalating construction
                                      and decision-making principles         costs and a tight fiscal environment.
                                      of the Act. The transport system
                                                                             The submission presents current
                                      objectives of the Act are to achieve
                                                                             State Government priority
                                      social and economic inclusion,
                                                                             projects on the following topics:
                                      economic prosperity, environmental
                                      sustainability, integration of          • strategic city-shaping projects
                                      transport and land use, efficiency,       that would increase the
                                      coordination and reliability,             capacity at the core of the
                                      safety, health and wellbeing.             transport network

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CITY OF MELBOURNE > TRANSPORT STRATEGY > INTRODUCTION
                                                                                              Page 80 of 192

                                                 • maximising the efficient use of    • Upgrade Regional Passenger          Transport patterns in
                                                   existing infrastructure              Lines
                                                 • unlocking opportunities for        • Metropolitan Intermodal
                                                                                                                            Melbourne
                                                   integrated urban renewal in          System                              This strategy sets targets for
                                                   Melbourne                                                                the movement of people in
                                                                                      • Truck Action Plan
                                                                                                                            Melbourne. The targets are for:
                                                The centrepiece of the submission
                                                is the Melbourne Metro project, a    Australian Government                   • Trips to the City of Melbourne
                                                rail tunnel from South Kensington    policy and legislation                  • Trips from the City of
                                                to South Yarra. It includes an                                                 Melbourne
                                                additional pair of tracks through    Infrastructure Australia                • Trips within the City of
                                                central Melbourne in a 9km           The Australian Government                 Melbourne
                                                tunnel and five new stations at       established Infrastructure Australia   According to the Victorian
                                                Arden, Parkville, CBD North,         in 2008 and the Major Cities           Integrated Survey of Travel and
                                                CBD South and Domain.                Unit under the Department of           Activity, in 2009 there were around
                                                The following projects are           Infrastructure and Transport to        2.1 million trips per day to, from
                                                included in the submission, many     raise the profile and improve the       and within the City of Melbourne.
                                                of which are of significance          coordination of Australian city        This number is predicted to
                                                to the City of Melbourne and         planning and development.              increase to around 3.3 million trips
                                                contribute to achieving the          The Major Cities Unit is setting       by 2030 as more people come to
                                                vision outlined in this strategy.    out the Australian Government’s        live, work and play in the city.
                                                                                     new framework for transport and        The following graph shows the
                                                Planning and development
                                                                                     land use planning. Infrastructure      modes by which those trips
                                                 • East West Link                    Australia advises the Government       were made in 2009 and the
                                                 • Port of Hastings                  on Australia’s current and future      mode share targets for 2030.
                                                 • Dandenong Rail Capacity           infrastructure needs; mechanisms
                                                   program                           for financing infrastructure
                                                                                     investments; policy, pricing and
                                                 • Avalon Airport Rail Link
                                                                                     regulation and their impacts on
                                                 • High Capacity Signalling          investment, and on the efficiency of
                                                 • Removing Level Crossings          the delivery, operation and use of
CITY OF MELBOURNE - TRANSPORT STRATEGY - 2012

                                                 • Western Interstate Freight        national infrastructure networks.
                                                   Terminal
                                                                                     Clean Energy Futures, carbon
                                                 • Integrated Urban Renewal          price and transport
                                                Delivery                             In July 2011, the Federal
                                                                                     Government released the Clean
                                                 • Melbourne Metro
                                                                                     Energy Future Plan including the
                                                 • National Managed Motorways        introduction of a carbon price
                                                 • Tram Route 86                     from 1 July 2012. Emissions from
                                                 • Green Triangle Freight            domestic aviation, shipping and
                                                   Transport program                 rail transport will be covered
                                                                                     however, the carbon price will not
                                                Further work                         apply to fuel used by households
                                                 • Doncaster Rail Link Study         in private cars and light on-
                                                                                     road commercial vehicles.
                                                 • Rowville Rail Link Study
                                                                                     The Government will seek to
                                                 • Melbourne Airport Rail Link       expand the coverage of the
                                                   Study                             carbon price to include heavy on-
                                                 • Rail Revival Study                road vehicles from 1 July 2014.

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                                    +                               +                                  =
              Trips to                         Trips within                        Trips from                 Trips to, within & from
         the City of Melbourne              the City of Melbourne              the City of Melbourne              the City of Melbourne

             Total trips to, within & from the City of Melbourne
                                   Weekday current, forecast growth and target mode share
Current                                                                                                            Forecast Growth
Figure            4,000,000                                                                                          &Target Share

                  3,500,000

                                                                                                                         Walking
                  3,000,000
                                                                                                                  30% (1,001,766)

           2,500,000                                                                                                       Cycling
Walking
20% (400,598)                                                                                                        10% (333,922)
                  2,000,000
                                                                                                                                          CITY OF MELBOURNE, TRANSPORT STRATEGY - 2012
                                                                                                                       Private Car
Cycling     1,500,000                                                                                               20% (667,844)
4% (81,534)
Private Car 1,000,000
39% (833,729)                                                                                                     Public Transport
                     500,000                                                                                      40% (1,335,688)
Public Transport
36% (756,276)

                                 2009           2015                2020                  2025             2030

Figure 1.1

Source: 2009 Trips and mode share, Victorian Integrated Survey of Travel and
Activity, Department of Transport

Weekday 2010 & 2030 population, Central City User Survey, daily population
estimates and forecasts model, 2011, City of Melbourne City research branch

2030 amount of trips is based on current level of trips per person per day
                                                                                                                                             15
CITY OF MELBOURNE > TRANSPORT STRATEGY > INTRODUCTION
                                                                                                  Page 82 of 192

                                                                                        Pedestrians
                                                High level policy                         • Pedestrians account for six per
                                                targets                                     cent of trips to the municipality
                                                                                            — the VISTA 2009 figure was
                                                By 2020                                     2.6 per cent — and 80 per cent
                                                 • 90 per cent of all commuter              of all trips within the
                                                   trips to the CBD are by public           municipality — the Vista 2009
                                                   transport, cycling or walking            figure was 65.6 per cent.
                                                   — the 2006 journey to work             • Master plans are completed to
                                                   census figure was 72 per cent.            maximise pedestrian access to
                                                                                            key public transport nodes
                                                By 2030                                     including all City Loop and
                                                 • 80 per cent of all trips to the          Melbourne Metro 1 stations,
                                                   City of Melbourne are made by            and key trams stops.
                                                   public transport, cycling or                                                                     Trips to
                                                                                          • Pedestrians are given priority                      City of Melbourne
                                                   walking — the latest Victorian           in traffic signal operation at all
                                                   Integrated Survey of Travel and          key intersections in the Central
                                                   Activity (VISTA) 2009 figure is           City.
                                                   50.9 per cent.
                                                                                          • Pedestrian death or major
                                                 • 95 per cent of all trips within          trauma from road accidents is
                                                   the municipality are made by             reduced by 25 per cent.
                                                   public transport cycling and
                                                   walking — the latest VISTA           Cars
                                                   2009 figure is 84 per cent.
                                                                                          • Maximum off-street parking
                                                                                            rate for all land-uses in the
                                                Policy targets                              municipality is implemented via
                                                By 2016 (the term of the 2012-              a planning scheme
                                                2016 Melbourne City Council):               amendment.
                                                Bicycles                                  • A minimum of 300 on-street
CITY OF MELBOURNE - TRANSPORT STRATEGY - 2012

                                                                                            car share spaces are installed in
                                                 • Bicycles account for six per
                                                                                            the City of Melbourne, of which
                                                   cent of trips to the municipality
                                                                                            50 are in the Hoddle Grid.
                                                   and six per cent of all trips
                                                   within the municipality — the          • 40 kph is implemented as the
                                                   latest VISTA 2009 figure for              speed limit in central
                                                   each was four per cent.                  Melbourne.
                                                 • Planning scheme is amended             • New network operating plan is
                                                   to increase provision of off-            approved and 50 per cent of
                                                   street bicycle parking in inner          Hoddle Grid signals are                               Trips within
                                                                                            changed to prioritise efficient                     City of Melbourne
                                                   Melbourne.
                                                                                            transport modes.
                                                 • 30 new on-street bicycle
                                                   parking corrals are installed.
                                                                                                                                                       Figure 1.2 & 1.3 (right)
                                                 • Two fully-connected east-west
                                                   and two north-south separated       Source: 2009 Trips and mode share, Victorian Integrated Survey of Travel and Activity,
                                                   bicycle routes are constructed                                                                  Department of Transport
                                                   in the Hoddle Grid.
                                                                                       Weekday 2010 & 2030 population, Central City User Survey, daily population estimates
                                                 • A map of the quality of the
                                                                                                         and forecasts model, 2011, City of Melbourne City research branch
                                                   inner Melbourne bicycle
                                                   network is published regularly.                 2030 amount of trips is based on current level of trips per person per day
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                             Weekday trips to the Municipality
                               Current, forecast growth and target mode share
Current                                                                                        Forecast Growth
Figure        1,400,000                                                                           Target Share

                                                                                                      Walking
              1,200,000                                                                           8% (99,220)
                                                                                                      Cycling
                                                                                                12% (148,830)
Walking     1,000,000
3% (19,858)                                                                                      Private Car
Cycling                                                                                        20% (248,051)
              800,000
4% (32,134)

Private Car 600,000
47% (373,967)
                                                                                              Public Transport
               400,000
                                                                                                60% (744,152)

               200,000
Public Transport
46% (336,104)

                      2009          2015           2020            2025               2030
                                                                                Figure 1.2

                          Weekday trips within the Municipality
                               Current, forecast growth and target mode share
Current                                                                                        Forecast Growth
Figure         900,000                                                                            Target Share
                                                                                                                 CITY OF MELBOURNE, TRANSPORT STRATEGY - 2012

               800,000

               700,000
                                                                                                     Walking
               600,000                                                                          69% (589,132)

Walking     500,000
66% (359,958)
               400,000

Cycling        300,000                                                                                 Cycling
3% (16,932)                                                                                       8% (68,305)
               200,000                                                                             Private Car
Private Car                                                                                        5% (42,691)
15% (81,114) 100,000
                                                                                              Public Transport
Public Transport
                                                                                                18% (153,687)
16% (91,107)
                      2009          2015            2020            2025               2030
                                                                                Figure 1.3                           17
CITY OF MELBOURNE > TRANSPORT STRATEGY > FLEXIBLE AND ADAPTABLE PRIVATE TRANSPORT > WALKING CITY
                                                                                              Page 84 of 192

                                                 • A major State Government              VicRoads, the City of
                                                   study into road management            Melbourne and others.
                                                   and pricing is complete.            • A program of enforcement is
                                                                                         improving the operation of
                                                Trains
                                                                                         on-road public transport in
                                                 • Construction has commenced            Melbourne.
                                                   on the Melbourne Metro line.
                                                 • Regional Rail Link is complete     Data
                                                   and operating.                      • A Melbourne Transport
                                                 • Peak hour (peak direction)            Account is published regularly,
                                                   train frequency is increased by       indicating progress towards
                                                   more than 50 per cent from the        strategic transport goals for
                                                   current 115 services.                 central Melbourne.

                                                Trams                                 Communications
                                                 • 90 per cent of tram stops in        • A coordinated communications
                                                   the municipality are level            campaign is informing
                                                   access stops.                         travellers about appropriate
                                                                                         travel choices and behaviours
                                                 • Average tram speeds in the
                                                                                         in Melbourne.
                                                   municipality are increased by
                                                   20 per cent and reliability is
                                                   improved due to signal priority,
                                                   level access stops and tram
                                                   lanes.
                                                 • Tram frequency is increased to
                                                   a minimum of 10 minute
                                                   frequencies, where these levels
                                                   are not currently met.

                                                Buses
CITY OF MELBOURNE - TRANSPORT STRATEGY - 2012

                                                 • Queen Street and Lonsdale
                                                   Street are optimised to reduce
                                                   bus travel times by 30 per cent
                                                   in the city and improve
                                                   reliability.
                                                 • Blue Orbital (inner
                                                   metropolitan) SmartBus route
                                                   is operating.

                                                Governance
                                                 • Transport and land use systems
                                                   in central Melbourne are being
                                                   planned and managed in a
                                                   transparent and integrated
                                                   manner, with the participation
                                                   of key agencies including the
                                                   Department of Transport,
                                                   Department of Planning and
                                                   Community Development,

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                                                       CITY OF MELBOURNE, TRANSPORT STRATEGY - 2012

                                                         19
CITY OF MELBOURNE > TRANSPORT STRATEGY > MAKING MELBOURNE A CONNECTED CITY
                                                                                                 Page 86 of 192

                                                 2 Making Melbourne a
                                                          connected city

                                                Planning for
                                                future growth
                                                                                                                           3
                                                The metropolitan growth trend
                                                in the west
                                                Metropolitan Melbourne is a                                              Epping
                                                sprawling metropolis of 7,700                                       Broadmeadows
                                                                                               Sydenham
                                                square kilometres with a population
                                                of just over four million. There                                                                   4
                                                are five outer metropolitan                        2
                                                                                                       Footscray
                                                economic sub-regions surrounding                                       1                Ringwood
                                                the inner metropolitan region.                                             Box Hill
                                                The inner region includes the             Werribee
                                                municipality of Melbourne, the
                                                area immediately outside the
                                                municipality and the middle                                                            Dandenong
                                                eastern and southern suburbs.
                                                Metropolitan growth has been
                                                                                                                                                   5
                                                skewed to the east and south east
                                                                                                                   Frankston
                                                of the central city.1 The highest
                                                concentration of jobs is along the
                                                inner south eastern corridor from
                                                the central city to approximately
                                                Clayton. This concentration of jobs                                            6
                                                is enabled by a rich infrastructure
                                                of roads, rail and tram which
                                                provides businesses with a
                                                high degree of accessibility.
                                                Metropolitan Melbourne’s growth
CITY OF MELBOURNE - TRANSPORT STRATEGY - 2012

                                                by one million people by 2030 is
                                                expected to occur mainly in the        Fig 2.1 Self contained employment regions. Source: SGS Economics
                                                western half of the metropolis.
                                                                                       use activity centres at Footscray,          Growth in the municipality of
                                                One of the key challenges
                                                                                       Sunshine, Sydenham and Werribee.            Melbourne
                                                for metropolitan planning is
                                                matching this residential growth       Business growth in these urban              The City of Melbourne has an area
                                                with jobs growth in the west.          centres will require improved               of 37.7 square kilometres and a
                                                                                       transport connections, particularly         residential population of 100,000. It
                                                Traditionally jobs in the west have
                                                                                       to provide high levels of                   is the economic and cultural heart
                                                been in manufacturing but this
                                                                                       accessibility to the employment             of metropolitan Melbourne. Each
                                                sector has been in relative decline
                                                                                       centre in the central and inner             workday about 780,000 people
                                                and is unlikely to be a major source
                                                                                       eastern areas. These connections            travel into the municipality to
                                                of future jobs growth. The current
                                                                                       will also give residents in the             work, study and visit. Most come
                                                and future jobs growth is in the
                                                                                       west better access to jobs in the           into the central city, an intensive
                                                knowledge/service sector. In the
                                                                                       centre and inner east. Because              activity area of 15 square km.
                                                west this sector will be fostered by
                                                                                       much of this improved east-                 Over the last 20 years this area
                                                intensive development of the mixed
                                                                                       west connectivity would be to,              has expanded from the Hoddle
                                                                                       and through, the municipality               Grid area (the traditional CBD) to
                                                1 The metropolitan population          of Melbourne, it is also an                 include Southbank and Docklands.
                                                is centred 10km south east of          important focus of this strategy.
                                                the Central City at Glen Iris.
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The growth surge in the                                                                          City of Melbourne jobs growth
municipality which began in                                                                                                  1980 to 2020
the 1980s is predicted to see           600,000                                                                                                                  Continuing jobs growth
                                                                                                                                                                  requires efficient high
a doubling of the residential                                                                                                                                   capacity transport system

population to 180,000, and an           500,000
                                                                                                                               Strong jobs growth and
increase of more than 110,000 jobs                                                                                             increased use of public
                                                                                                                                transport, and cycling                                       City of
(currently 400,000) by 2030. The        400,000
                                                                                                                                                                                             Melbourne
number of people coming into
                                                                                       No jobs growth, Council
the municipality each weekday           300,000
                                                                                      policies support car access
for work, recreation, education,
                                         200,000
and other purposes is expected
                                                                                                                                                                                             Central
to grow from 780,000 in 2011 to                                                                                                                                                              City
                                                100,000
over 1.2 million per day by 2030.
The City of Melbourne is planning                                          0
for much of this growth to be                                                  1980       1985        1990          1995        2000            2005           2010          2015        2020
accommodated by intensified
development of urban renewal
                                      Fig 2.2 City of Melbourne jobs growth 1980-2020
areas within the municipality.
These areas will need to be           was an estimated $45 billion,                                                                      growth of its new knowledge/
serviced by efficient and             approximately 24 per cent of the                                                                   service economy.
effective transport locally and       gross state product (GSP) of the                                                                   Knowledge/service sector
to the wider metropolitan and         Melbourne Statistical Division and                                                                 businesses seek to agglomerate
inner metropolitan regions.           18.5 per cent of Victoria’s GSP.                                                                   in dense urban locations, enabled
The aim of this strategy is to                                                                                                           by high levels of transport
ensure that access and mobility       The knowledge/services
                                                                                                                                         accessibility, because this results
to and around the City of             economy enabled by excellent
                                                                                                                                         in greater economies of operation,
Melbourne meets future demands,       transport
                                                                                                                                         increased rates of knowledge
while improving prosperity,           Melbourne’s decline in                                                                             transfer and innovation, and
sustainability and liveability.       manufacturing competitiveness                                                                      higher levels of specialisation.
                                      has been compensated by the                                                                        This is why the municipality is an
Economic prosperity                                                                                                                      attractive location for this sector.                            CITY OF MELBOURNE, TRANSPORT STRATEGY - 2012

The economic importance of
the municipality of Melbourne
                                                                                                   Total Metropolitan Patronage
                                                                                                          80% Forecast increase in the next decade
The City of Melbourne is Victoria’s                                     1000
capital city municipality and                                           900                                                                                                up 83%
primary business and activity                                                                                                                                              2010-11 to 2030
                                        Passenger Boarding (Millions)

                                                                        800
destination. Twenty one per cent
                                                                        700
of Victorian jobs, are located
in the municipality, and 40 per                                         600                                                                               up 40%
                                                                                                             2010-11 Level                                from 2004-05
cent in inner Melbourne. The                                            500
municipality is an international                                                                                                         up 63%
                                                                        400                                                              from 1998-99
hub for trade, business, retailing,                                                                                                                                          Forecast 6.0%      p.a.
                                                                        300
education, science, arts, culture,
                                                                        200
freight logistics and industry.                                                                                              ~2.5%               ~1.7%          5.7%
                                                                         100                                                 per year            per year       per year
The municipality’s productivity
is essential for the prosperity                                           0
                                                                           1950           1960         1970           1980              1990            2000          2010          2020          2030
of Melbourne, Victoria and the
nation. In 2008, the gross local                                                                                                               Source: Market analysis unit, Department of Transport

product of the municipality           Fig 2.3 Department of Transport total metropolitan public transport patronage
                                                                                                                                                                                                            21
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                                                Melbourne’s central city is the hub
                                                of Victoria’s knowledge/services                                          Melbourne as a 24 hour City
                                                economy with finance, insurance,
                                                personal, property and business                                   Night                      Day                     Evening
                                                services. Jobs in these areas are
                                                forecast to grow and the central
                                                city footprint must expand to
                                                accommodate this growth.
                                                                                         Activity

                                                Transport enabled agglomeration
                                                can be measured by Effective Job
                                                Density (EJD)2 . EJD maps the
                                                density of businesses and their
                                                degree of connectedness to other                     Bars and             Cleaning          Daytime              Evening
                                                businesses and the labour market                    night clubs           and rest         commerce           entertainment

                                                pool. Metropolitan Melbourne’s
                                                highest EJD area is in the inner
                                                                                                            3am                      9am   Time       3pm              9pm
                                                metropolitan region, with the peak
                                                in the municipality of Melbourne.      Fig 2.4 City of Melbourne 24-hour city rhythms.
                                                This high EJD is achieved by the       location in which to live,                           Most residents in the municipality
                                                accessibility afforded to businesses   work, visit and socialise.                           have access to tram, train and
                                                by the private and public transport                                                         bus services that provide them
                                                services in these areas.               Melbourne’s vibrant night-time
                                                                                       economy is a major contributor                       with above average public
                                                In past decades, the car has           to its status as a world leading                     transport accessibility and
                                                been the dominant enabler of           cultural city. However, as the                       69 per cent of all trips in the
                                                this accessibility. Train and tram     city stays awake longer, there                       municipality are by walking.
                                                services and walking however, are      is a need to make policy and                         A very high proportion of
                                                growing in importance because          operational decisions to manage                      apartment residents in the
                                                they are better at servicing this      the competing demands of the                         municipality’s two main urban
                                                high density agglomeration.            groups who visit the city, as well                   renewal areas walk to work – 34 per
                                                These modes are also needed to         as those who live and work there.                    cent in Docklands and 48 per cent
CITY OF MELBOURNE - TRANSPORT STRATEGY - 2012

                                                underpin the expansion of the                                                               in Southbank. Future urban renewal
                                                central city to the inner west of      Liveability and social                               will be designed to provide similar
                                                the municipality, the Footscray
                                                Central Activities Area and            inclusion                                            or better levels of access by public
                                                                                                                                            transport, walking and cycling.
                                                subsidiary centres in the west.        Since the 1990s, 30,000 new
                                                                                       residents have come to live in                       Disability access
                                                Melbourne as a 24-hour city            the municipality. Most of this
                                                                                                                                            Approximately 18 per cent
                                                Over the past decade the city          new residential population is
                                                                                                                                            of the Victorian population
                                                has attracted a diverse and            living in high density apartment
                                                                                                                                            has some form of disability.
                                                vibrant mix of residents, visitors     dwellings, 20,000 in the central
                                                                                                                                            This strategy incorporates
                                                and business using the city 24         city. These residents are attracted
                                                                                                                                            the City of Melbourne’s policy
                                                hours a day, seven days a week.        to live in the city for many of the
                                                                                                                                            commitments3 to ensure access
                                                This has underpinned economic          same reasons as business – close
                                                                                                                                            to the municipality’s publicly
                                                and cultural development and           access to a very wide range of
                                                                                                                                            accessible spaces and places
                                                has seen the city develop into         employment, social, entertainment,
                                                                                                                                            for all abilities and ages.
                                                an internationally recognised          shopping, cultural, recreational
                                                                                       and transport opportunities and                      The Disability Discrimination Act
                                                                                       services. Residents of public                        (DDA) requires 90 per cent of
                                                2 SGS Economics & Planning
                                                (2010) Employment Land Study;          housing make up 10 per cent of
                                                Kensington North Melbourne,            dwellings in the municipality.                       3 City of Melbourne – Children’s Plan
                                                for the City of Melbourne                                                                   (2010) and Disability Action Plan
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 Effective Jobs Density
 Inner City, all transport modes
            Very High

               High

             Moderate

               Low

             Very Low

               1km

                                                                                                                                 CITY OF MELBOURNE, TRANSPORT STRATEGY - 2012

 Effective Jobs Density               Effective Jobs Density
Metropolitan, public transport only   Metropolitan, all transport modes
               1km                                  5km

                                                                          Fig 2.5 Effective Jobs Density Source: SGS Economics   23
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                                                                                                 Page 90 of 192

                                                the public transport system to be
                                                compliant with the act by 2017.                    Transport emissions in 2009
                                                This strategy incorporates these
                                                objectives to ensure those with
                                                disabilities can access train, trams                        Railways        Domestic aviation
                                                and buses. DDA compliant access
                                                                                                     Domestic
                                                also means quicker and easier
                                                                                                     shipping
                                                access for able bodied users and
                                                for users with pushers and trolleys.
                                                                                                Light
                                                Equitable access to the central            commercial
                                                city
                                                                                              vehicles
                                                Residents and businesses in                                                         Passenger
                                                Melbourne’s inner and middle                                                        cars
                                                eastern suburbs have above                 Motorcycles
                                                average to very good access to the                 Buses
                                                municipality and central city. With
                                                most metropolitan growth likely                                     Trucks
                                                to occur in the west, significantly
                                                improved transport connections
                                                from the west to the central city
                                                and to the inner and middle east are
                                                needed to provide residents and
                                                businesses in the west with more                      Source: Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency
                                                                                       Fig 2.6 Transport emissions
                                                equitable access to the high density
                                                of jobs and services in those areas.
                                                                                       infrastructure is a key step in           the precursors to photochemical
                                                                                       addressing these issues.                  smog in Australian capital cities.4
                                                Transport and health
                                                Transport consequences for human       Air quality                               Environmental
                                                health are varied and range from
                                                direct effects like noise and air
                                                                                       Transport is a major source of urban      sustainability
CITY OF MELBOURNE - TRANSPORT STRATEGY - 2012

                                                                                       air pollution which in turn imposes
                                                pollution to less direct effects                                                 The transport integration act
                                                                                       significant health impacts on the
                                                such as more sedentary lifestyles.                                               requires that the transport system
                                                                                       community. Human health effects
                                                The benefits of addressing these                                                  actively contribute to environmental
                                                                                       range from mild respiratory effects,
                                                issues are spread across health,                                                 sustainability by protecting the
                                                                                       through to asthma, cardiovascular
                                                environment and transport                                                        natural environment, minimising
                                                                                       conditions and premature mortality.
                                                which create a challenge for                                                     harm to the broader environment,
                                                                                       Despite substantial reductions
                                                integrated and coordinated                                                       promoting more sustainable
                                                                                       in the levels of many ambient air
                                                responses from government.                                                       modes of transport and improving
                                                                                       pollutants, several remain of policy
                                                                                                                                 the environmental performance
                                                                                       concern. These are particulates and
                                                Physical activity                                                                of all modes of transport.
                                                                                       the precursors to photochemical
                                                There are significant benefits           smog—nitrogen oxides and                  This can be achieved by:
                                                to increased physical activity         volatile organic compounds. Motor           • adapting the transport system
                                                and transport provides a major         vehicles are the major source of              to a changing climate
                                                opportunity to increase physical
                                                activity through increased levels
                                                of walking and cycling. Creating
                                                                                                                                 4 Bureau of Transport and Regional
                                                the conditions in which healthy
                                                                                                                                 Economics (2005). Health impacts
                                                lifestyles become embedded                                                       of transport emissions in Australia:
                                                in our social and physical                                                       economic costs. Canberra, Department
                                                                                                                                 of Transport and Regional Services.
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 • ensuring transport                  source of passenger transport           on petrol for fuel. The higher costs
   infrastructure practices are        emission reduction in the short-        of electric vehicles are expected
   resource-efficient and              to medium-term (and which the           to reduce over the next 10 to 20
   environmentally friendly            City of Melbourne can reasonably        years. Hybrid and fully electric
 • reducing travel distances           influence) are policies and actions      freight vehicles are also expected
                                       to facilitate a mode shift away         to play a significant role in the
 • increasing the use of
                                       from cars to public transport,          future reducing the pollution and
   environmentally sustainable
                                       cycling and pedestrian options.         amenity impacts of urban freight.
   transport
                                                                               Electric vehicles appear likely to
 • ensuring all forms of transport     Carbon price and transport
                                                                               become more prolific over the
   are more resource efficient and     The federal government’s Clean          next 20 years. This increase will
   environmentally friendly.           Energy Future Plan (CEF) includes       reduce noise and air pollution,
                                       a carbon price from 1 July 2012.        however, it will not change the
Transport emissions
                                       Emissions from domestic aviation,       transport characteristics of driving
Transport emissions are the            shipping and rail transport will        and it will not lower greenhouse
result of the quantity and type        be covered however, the carbon          gas emissions while Victoria’s
of transport being used. There         price will not apply to fuel use        electricity come from burning
are many kinds of emissions that       by households for transport             brown coal. A combination of
have a significant effect on human      and light on-road commercial            train, tram, walking, cycling and
health and the environment.            vehicles. Insulating private vehicle    reducing the overall need for
Substantial growth in the demand       travel from the carbon price,           travel through land use policies
for travel in Victoria is predicted    while applying it to other more         will remain intrinsically more
over the coming decades. This          sustainable transport, like public      energy and logistically efficient for
growth must be accompanied by          transport, may have a negative          the city’s core transport tasks.
a shift to low emissions modes of      effect on achieving the mode share
transport and an improvement in        targets outlined in this strategy. It   Energy cost vulnerability
vehicle fuel efficiency to prevent a   remains vitally important to begin      CSIRO predictions of oil price
significant increase in emissions.      moving to low carbon forms of           rises indicate that petrol prices in
                                       transport sooner rather than later.     Australia could be between $2 and
Greenhouse emissions
                                       The relative impact that the CEF        $8 per litre if there is a near-term
A framework for reducing
                                       will have on the cost of driving        peak in international oil production,       CITY OF MELBOURNE, TRANSPORT STRATEGY - 2012
greenhouse gas emissions
                                       and public transport needs to           resulting in declining future oil
(GHG) associated with the
                                       understood and accounted for.           supplies5. A significant factor
municipality is set out in the City
                                       However the combination of a            behind the surge in public transport
of Melbourne’s Zero Net Emissions
                                       carbon price and volatility in the      patronage during 2006 and 2008
by 2020 (Update 2008).
                                       global price of oil means that          was the rise in petrol prices.
Transport emissions associated         transport emissions are likely to       Large residential areas of
with the municipality of Melbourne     become an economic issue as             metropolitan Melbourne are
accounted for 20 per cent of           much as an environmental one.           dependant on car access and
all GHG emissions in 2005–06
                                                                               are therefore vulnerable to oil
and this is predicted to grow by       Electric cars
                                                                               price rises6. This strategy and the
61 per cent by 2020. Passenger         Passenger cars are the largest
transport (road and rail) accounts     source of GHG emissions in the
for 12 per cent of total emissions,                                            5 CSIRO (2008) Fuel for thought: The
                                       transport sector, accounting for        future of transport fuels: challenges and
with freight at 8 per cent.            almost half of transport emissions in   opportunities. CSIRO Corporate Centre
The focus of transport solutions in    2009. These emissions are primarily
the Zero Net Emissions strategy is     related to vehicle kilometres           6 Vampire index, from Dodson, J. &
                                                                               Sipe, N. (2008) Unsettling Suburbia: The
on passenger transport. Passenger      travelled and the fuel efficiency of    New Landscape of Oil and Mortgage
cars are the largest contributors to   the vehicle fleet. Electric cars have    Vulnerability in Australian Cities.
transport emissions. The primary       lower emissions and are not reliant     Griffith University Urban Research
                                                                               Program, Research Paper No. 17
                                                                                                                           25
CITY OF MELBOURNE > TRANSPORT STRATEGY > MAKING MELBOURNE A CONNECTED CITY
                                                                                               Page 92 of 192

                                                Municipal Strategic Statement
                                                will increase the provision of
                                                urban development that is
                                                efficiently serviced by good
                                                public transport, and will reduce
                                                Melbourne’s vulnerability to
                                                transport energy cost increases

                                                Climate change adaptation
                                                The City of Melbourne developed
                                                its Climate Change Adaptation
                                                Strategy in 2009. The strategy
                                                identifies key risks to the City of
                                                Melbourne, several of which have
                                                implications for our transport
                                                system. They include consideration
                                                of the impact of the transport
                                                system on the environment as
                                                well as how a changing climate
                                                will impact on the functioning
                                                of the transport system.
                                                Of the key adaptation risks to the
                                                City of Melbourne, heat waves,
                                                intense rainfall and wind storm
                                                events are the most likely to
                                                impact our transport systems              Central City Growth
                                                and are expected increase in                       2011
                                                intensity and frequency,                           2030
                                                                                                   Urban Renewal
                                                Extreme heat can severely impact
                                                train and tram networks due to
CITY OF MELBOURNE - TRANSPORT STRATEGY - 2012

                                                rail infrastructure vulnerability
                                                and power supply issues.             Fig 2.7 Central city growth scenario and urban renewal areas.

                                                The train system is highly           premature death and the risk                heat absorption and emission from
                                                interdependent. Failures at one      of anti-social behaviour. City              the built environment. During the
                                                location can quickly impact the      of Melbourne Climate Change                 daytime, the street tree canopy also
                                                whole network. Heat stress can       Adaptation Strategy (2009)                  improves human thermal comfort
                                                also lead to passenger illness       predicts an increasingly hotter             in the street for pedestrians
                                                causing significant train delays.     and drier climate for Melbourne             and cyclists, and reduces air
                                                Mitigating the urban heat island     and identifies this effect as one            conditioning loads in vehicles. In
                                                effect                               of the key associated risks.                this context, street trees play a
                                                                                     The most effective means                    part in the effectiveness and fuel
                                                Many dense urban environments                                                    efficiency of the municipality’s
                                                suffer from the urban heat island    of mitigating the effect is by
                                                                                     building a functioning healthy              transport system. The City of
                                                effect due to the build up and                                                   Melbourne’s approach to managing
                                                retention of heat in buildings and   urban street tree canopy to
                                                                                     provide shade and cooling (by               its urban forests is outlined in its
                                                pavements during summer. This                                                    Urban Forest Strategy 2012-2032.
                                                effect increases the temperatures    evapotranspiration)7 to reduce
                                                of hot summer nights in the city
                                                by as much as four degrees. It       7 City of Melbourne (2011) draft
                                                                                     Urban Forest Strategy; Making
                                                increases air conditioning loads,    a Greener City 2012-2032
26
                                                       FINAL DRAFT 6 MARCH 2012, NOT YET ADOPTED BY COUNCIL
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