4Clicks Introduction to RSMeans Estimating
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4Clicks Online Virtual Training 4Clicks Introduction to RSMeans Estimating 4Clicks Solutions, LLC This Training Guide has been specifically developed to provide training in Unit Cost Estimating. Some names, contracts, contractors, customers, companies, and other data used in examples herein are fictitious unless otherwise noted.
4Clicks Introduction to RSMeans Estimating
Copyright © 2001 - 2015 by 4Clicks Solutions, LLC. All Right Reserved.
The information found in this document is subject to change without notice and does not represent a commitment on the part of 4Clicks Solutions, LLC (4Clicks).
Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this document, 4Clicks assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions. Nor is any liability
assumed for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. Companies, names, and all other data used in examples herein are fictitious
unless otherwise noted.
Microsoft and Windows are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation, Inc.®.
Adobe PDF is a registered trademark of Adobe Systems, Inc. ®.
RSMeans is a registered trademark and product of RSMeans Company, LLC® and The Gordian Group®.
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All other brand and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies and owners.
4Clicks Solutions, LLC
Post Office Box 20635, Cheyenne, WY 82003, USA
Corporate Office 719.574.7721 or 866.438.4254 Facsimile 719.466.6494
www.4Clicks.com
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4Clicks Introduction to RSMeans Estimating Page 2 of 76 4Clicks Solutions, LLC
Welcome Congratulations on your decision to enroll in our 4Clicks Introduction to RSMeans Estimating class! You’ll find this course to be an enormous help to become familiar with RSMeans Cost Data for construction cost estimating. Portions of the class will be lecture format with segments including hands-on exercises. Our e4Clicks software and other tools will also be used during the presentation. 4Clicks Introduction to RSMeans Estimating is designed to provide you with a baseline knowledge base you can build on. Wouldn’t it be nice to estimate your own projects and not have to wait on sub-contractors quotes? The vast majority of our clients are doing just that! Did you know 4Clicks is developing other estimating classes? 4Clicks will offer multiple Unit Line Item Cost Estimating Classes. These classes will challenge the young intern or even the seasoned estimator and will range from: Architectural - 02 Day Class Civil, Introduction - 01 Day Class Civil, Paving - 01 Day Class Electrical, Introduction - 01 Day Class Electrical, Intermediate - 01 Day Class Fire Protection, Introduction - 01 Day Class Mechanical, Introduction - 01 Day Class Mechanical, Intermediate - 01 Day Class Painting, Introduction - 01 Day Class Roofing, Introduction - 01 Day Class Some estimators estimate single, multiple or all trades; others reach-out for estimating support. Our estimating classes will give you the knowledge to perform Unit Cost Estimating in-house. No more waiting on Sub-Contractor quotes, you’re in control! Please let us know if there is anything else we can do to help you and your team reach your goals. Some companies say “we listen.” We don’t say it; we just do it! This might be one of the reasons we have earn the trust and business of over 85% of the Air Force. We continue to expand with other Department of Defense (DOD) and non-DOD agencies, and their supporting contractors, subs, and AEs. We take comments from new and seasoned users and integrate them into our training and software. Many of our new training materials and software features are based on customer requests and or suggestions on how to make their jobs easier and more productive. On behalf of the 4Clicks team we thank you for your business and wish everyone the best! Michael, Belinda, Amanda, Amy, Bruce, Chelsi, Courtney, Dave, Greg, Jeff, Jesse, Josh, Katie, Peter, Ryan, Sharon, and Tom 4Clicks Introduction to RSMeans Estimating Page 3 of 76 4Clicks Solutions, LLC
Objectives The objective of this course is to introduce RSMeans Cost Data and unit cost estimating. There are many people in the industry that have heard of RSMeans but have never pursued unit cost estimating. This course will enlighten you to another way to estimate. 4Clicks Introduction to RSMeans Estimating Page 4 of 76 4Clicks Solutions, LLC
Table of Contents 4Clicks Introduction to RSMeans Estimating Page 5 of 76 4Clicks Solutions, LLC
Table of Contents
4Clicks Introduction to RSMeans Estimating ...................................................................................................................................... 1
Welcome .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................3
Objectives.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................4
Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................................................................. 5
Table of Contents ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................6
Description & Requirements ................................................................................................................................................................ 8
Description .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................9
Requirements .................................................................................................................................................................................................................9
Introductions 4Clicks and RSMeans .................................................................................................................................................. 10
4Clicks Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................................................11
RSMeans Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................................12
RSMeans Cost Data Books, References, Tips, and Cost City Index ................................................................................................ 13
RSMeans Cost Data Books ........................................................................................................................................................................................14
RSMeans References ..................................................................................................................................................................................................17
RSMeans Estimating Tips ..........................................................................................................................................................................................23
RSMeans Illustrated Construction Dictionary .........................................................................................................................................................44
RSMeans Cost City Index ...........................................................................................................................................................................................45
Unit Cost .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 48
Unit Cost Pricing with RSMeans................................................................................................................................................................................49
4Clicks Introduction to RSMeans Estimating Page 6 of 76 4Clicks Solutions, LLC
Estimate Format .................................................................................................................................................................................. 58
Estimate Format ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................59
Organizing an Estimate ....................................................................................................................................................................... 64
Organizing an Estimate ..............................................................................................................................................................................................65
Provide Pre-Engineered Building ....................................................................................................................................................... 67
Provide Pre-Engineered Building - Building 405 .....................................................................................................................................................68
Attachment A: Schedule ...................................................................................................................................................................A-1
Personal Introductions ............................................................................................................................................................................................. A-2
4Clicks Introduction to RSMeans Estimating – Syllabus ..................................................................................................................................... A-3
Attachment B: Exercises ..................................................................................................................................................................B-1
Practice Exercise - Remove and Replace Vinyl Composite Tile in Room 102 ................................................................................................... B-2
Exercise One - Provide Finishes in Building 405, Room 100............................................................................................................................... B-3
Attachment C: RSMeans Index & RSMeans Facilities Data ............................................................................................................C-1
Attachment D: Estimate Worksheets ...............................................................................................................................................D-1
Attachment E: Exercise Drawings.................................................................................................................................................... E-1
4Clicks Introduction to RSMeans Estimating Page 7 of 76 4Clicks Solutions, LLC
Description & Requirements 4Clicks Introduction to RSMeans Estimating Page 8 of 76 4Clicks Solutions, LLC
Description This is an introductory construction cost estimating course designed for those who wish to learn the basics of how to efficiently use RSMeans Cost Data and to create detailed line item estimates for: renovation, repair (maintainability/sustainability), and minor and new construction. Our class will be lecture format with segments including hands-on exercises. Requirements Attendees should have a basic understanding of buildings, systems, components, and construction. Attendees are not required to use computers. A calculator is recommended. 4Clicks Introduction to RSMeans Estimating Page 9 of 76 4Clicks Solutions, LLC
Introductions 4Clicks and RSMeans 4Clicks Introduction to RSMeans Estimating Page 10 of 76 4Clicks Solutions, LLC
4Clicks Introduction 4Clicks Solutions, LLC (4Clicks) is a veteran-owned small business specializing in the development and maintenance of premier cost estimating and project management software. e4Clicks Project Estimator is specifically designed to estimate at any design level (square footage, assembly, or line item) as well as manage projects, contracts, and even complete owner construction programs. We all understand the importance of producing truly accurate estimates in a timely fashion. Our experienced and dedicated staff has focused our programming and training approach to provide our government and commercial estimators with reliable and accurate estimating and project management tools. We also believe it’s important to do everything we can, to increase knowledge and understanding to develop accurate estimates. Our product provides estimators with the tools to develop a complete punch-list line item estimate. We define a punch-list line item estimate as an audible estimate. Since 1989 the 4Clicks Team has developed remarkably powerful cost engineering software. We are the leading software providers for Department of Defense (DoD) contracts. Our software has managed hundreds of Simplified Acquisition for Base Engineering Requirements (SABER), Job Order Contracting (JOC), and Indefinite Delivery, Indefinite Quantity (IDIQ) contracts totaling billions of dollars’ worth of work, in the DoD alone. This background has provided a vast array of experience, enabling us to truly understand the government’s unique requirements as well as provide accurate cost data throughout the DoD. We quickly saw the need to not only provide estimating tools but also project management features. The estimate is only one piece of the whole management effort. Your Project Estimator has incorporated (and continues to evolve and improve) many tools you need to manage every portion of your project. In fact your entire contract or even multiple contracts can be managed through your Project Estimator. In addition to providing a robust and complete estimating and project management program, we firmly believe that it should be easy to use and increase efficiency. Our new tools help generate quality detailed estimates quickly and effectively. e4Clicks software includes functionality for detailed quantity take-offs using various pricing guides (including but not limited to RSMeans). You now also have the ability to quickly report project costs in various forms and format as well as produce project or contract reports in a matter of clicks. 4Clicks is a strategic partner of RSMeans. This allows us to enhance the RSMeans cost data base. We’ve increased about 80,000 line items to about 400,000. In laymen’s terms we incorporated the main line items with the modifiers. Estimators no longer have to look for line item modifiers; they are now at the line item level. RSMeans is North America’s leading supplier of construction cost information. As a member of the Reed Construction Data, RSMeans provides accurate and up- to-date cost information that helps owners, architects, engineers, contractors, and others to carefully and precisely project and control the cost of both new building construction and renovation projects. 4Clicks has an exclusive agreement with them to present the electronic data in the same format as the in the written books, including all references, images and line items. This partnership has brought enormous benefits to the information that you now have at your fingertips. eTakeoff is a tool we provide with our software that produces the most powerful virtual quantifying tools available. They have taken electronic tracing of digital drawings and created industry-evolving tools, including customizable extensions and quantity worksheets. All of these strengths benefit facility owners and contractors alike. Increased efficiency benefits everyone. The information from RSMeans ensures that each project can be win-win. Contractors can be ensured that they can account for everything they need to provide facility owners with the complete final product that they desire, and owners will see that they are paying a fair price. This common tool also allows you to share information extremely quickly without the threat of losing any information. In fact, much of the information can become paperless while maintaining its integrity. 4Clicks Introduction to RSMeans Estimating Page 11 of 76 4Clicks Solutions, LLC
RSMeans Introduction RSMeans was founded by Robert Snow Means in 1942 and was built on the principal to “always deliver a quality product.” Maintaining that high level of commitment to quality, RSMeans provides up-to-date, regionally-customizable data that reflects costs in more than 930 locations within the United States and Canada. Based on a recent independent study, RSMeans has been identified as the clear market leader for construction cost data, outranking the competition five- to-one! It continues to offer dependable cost data that is locally relevant, accurate, and up-to-date. RSMeans tools are designed to help owners, developers, architects, engineers, and contractors estimate and control construction costs. For over 70 years, RSMeans has provided clients with the most detailed, trusted construction cost data. They are North America's leading supplier of construction cost information. A product line of Reed Construction Data, RSMeans provides accurate and up-to-date cost information that helps about 80% of JOC owners, developers, architects, engineers, estimators, contractors and others to carefully and precisely estimate the cost of both new building construction and renovation projects. Here are some additional facts about RSMeans: 1942 – Published its first cost book, Building Construction Cost Data, the first of 20 cost data titles 1978 – Conducted its first training seminar, based on Building Construction Cost Data book 1980 – Published its first reference publication, Means Scheduling Manual, the first of 60 professional reference titles 1995 – Formed Business Solutions group, offering consulting expertise in cost engineering, research and database management In addition to its collection of annual construction cost data books, RSMeans also offers electronic cost databases and reference books. RSMeans has a number of product solutions for construction professionals who focus on construction in Canada, Mexico, and Russia. RSMeans provides localized construction costs for all 50 states and Guam and Canada. They developed average Construction Cost City Indexes for over 731 U.S. and Canadian Cities covering over 930 three-digit zip code locations. 4Clicks Introduction to RSMeans Estimating Page 12 of 76 4Clicks Solutions, LLC
RSMeans Cost Data Books, References,
Tips, and Cost City Index
4Clicks Introduction to RSMeans Estimating Page 13 of 76 4Clicks Solutions, LLCRSMeans Cost Data Books As we mentioned earlier, unit cost pricing enables the most accurate estimates you can develop. Unit cost pricing is based on very detailed cost data that is updated annually. RSMeans construction cost research is based on a methodology that produces the most widely recognized and utilized pricing guides in North America. It is understood and used daily by: contractors, AE’s, owners, and oversight groups. RSMeans cost research is conducted first hand by a staff of 15 professional Architects, Engineers, and Cost Researchers. Over 5,500 hours are invested annually in cost research and productivity rates for its pricing guides. This cost engineering process constantly crosschecks national and local pricing to increase accuracy. RSMeans organizes their Cost Data under the latest variations of the Construction Specifications Institute (CSI) numbering systems (UniFormat II and MasterFormat 04). The following is a list of RSMeans cost data books: 4Clicks Introduction to RSMeans Estimating Page 14 of 76 4Clicks Solutions, LLC
Assemblies Cost Data This book provides thousands of building assemblies and component costs. Building Construction Cost Data This was the first RSMeans book to be published; in 1942 this book was aimed primarily at commercial and industrial projects or large multi-family projects costing $3.5 million and up. For civil engineering structures such as bridges, dams, highways, etc., refer to RSMeans Heavy Construction Cost Data. Commercial Renovation Cost Data Create accurate repair and remodeling estimates anywhere in the country. Concrete & Masonry Cost Data This book contains a complete concrete and masonry guide with very accurate line items. Electrical Change Order Cost Data This book contains more than 20,000 unit cost entries for use in estimating electrical change orders. Electrical Cost Data This book includes a complete database of electrical data – exterior high voltage to residential and low voltage. Facilities Construction Cost Data This book is devoted to the needs of professionals for the maintenance, construction, and renovation of commercial, industrial, municipal, and institutional projects. (It is often used in JOC and SABER contracts.) Facilities Maintenance & Repair Cost Data This first-ever publication to address the cost of all aspects of maintaining your facility: maintenance and repair, preventive maintenance, general maintenance, and complete details about the cost and repair frequencies of thousands of work items. Green Building Cost Data This books helps construction professionals estimate, plan, and budget the costs of green construction, both new commercial construction and renovation. 4Clicks Introduction to RSMeans Estimating Page 15 of 76 4Clicks Solutions, LLC
Heavy Construction Cost Data RSMeans Heavy Construction Costs Data is used for all types of heavy construction: highways, bridges, utilities, rails, marine projects, sanitary and storm sewer projects. Interior Cost Data The Interior Cost Data provides over 14,000 unit costs including: productivity data for new facilities, upgrades, renovation projects, and even down-sizing. Labor Rates for the Construction Industry The Labor Rates Cost Data Book provides a quick convenient way to obtain current union wage rates for every major metropolitan area, includes United States and Canada. Light Commercial Cost Data The book includes all aspects of light commercial construction pricing for a variety of building types. This data does not use union wages. Mechanical Cost Data The Mechanical Cost Data book includes every type of mechanical estimating. Open Shop Building Construction Cost Data The Open Shop is a great reference for materials, equipment, and labor costs to develop reliable cost estimates for even the most complex construction projects. This data does not use union wages. Plumbing Cost Data This book provides reliable plumbing and Fire Suppression budgets, estimates, and cost comparisons. Residential Cost Data The Residential Cost Data book organizes every aspect of residential construction pricing into four major estimating sections: square foot costs, assemblies, unit cost, and location factors. This book uses residential wages not union wages. Site Work & Landscape Cost Data This book provides you with planning, budgeting, and estimate site work construction with 100% confidence. 4Clicks Introduction to RSMeans Estimating Page 16 of 76 4Clicks Solutions, LLC
Square Foot Costs This book provides rapid budget cost estimates. Architects, design-build contractors, real estate developers, planners, appraisers, and assessors find this a valuable, time-saving tool. Master Composite Cost Data The Master Composite Cost data book includes the following RSMeans data: Building Construction, Concrete & Masonry, Electrical, Heavy Construction, Interior, Mechanical, Plumbing, Site Work & Landscape, and Green Cost Data. This is a fantastic tool for IDIQ Contracts and may be used for SABER or JOC Contract. 4Clicks Introduction to RSMeans Estimating Page 17 of 76 4Clicks Solutions, LLC
RSMeans References
RSMeans has several different types of references: General Information, Tips, and References.
RSMeans General Information RSMeans Tips
Residential Location Factors RSMeans Division 01 General Requirements Tips
Abbreviations RSMeans Division 01-53-33 Rental Equipment Tips
Absolute Essentials for a Quick Start RSMeans Division 02 Existing Conditions Tips
Change Orders RSMeans Division 03 Concrete Tips
City Cost Indexes RSMeans Division 04 Masonry Tips
Crews – Metric RSMeans Division 05 Metals Tips
Crews - Open Shop RSMeans Division 06 Wood, Plastics, & Composites Tips
Crews - R&R RSMeans Division 07 Thermal & Moisture Protection Tips
Crews – Residential RSMeans Division 08 Openings Tips
Crews – Standard RSMeans Division 09 Finishes Tips
Equipment Rental Tips RSMeans Division 10 Specialties Tips
Estimating with RSMeans Unit Price Cost Data RSMeans Division 11 Equipment Tips
Foreword RSMeans Division 12 Furnishings Tips
Historical Cost Indexes RSMeans Division 13 Special Construction Tips
How the Book Is Built An Overview RSMeans Division 14 Conveying Systems Tips
How to Use the Book The Details RSMeans Division 17 Square Foot & Cubic Foot Costs Tips
How to Use the City Cost Indexes RSMeans Division 21 Fire Suppression Tips
How to Use the Unit Price Pages RSMeans Division 22 Plumbing Tips
Installing Contractor's Overhead & Profit - Open Shop RSMeans Division 23 Heating, Ventilating, & Air Conditioning
Installing Contractor's Overhead & Profit - R&R RSMeans Division 26 Electrical Tips
Installing Contractor's Overhead & Profit – Residential RSMeans Division 27 Communications Tips
Installing Contractor's Overhead & Profit – Standard RSMeans Division 28 Electronic Safety & Security Tips
Location Factors RSMeans Division 31 Earthwork Tips
RSMeans Division 32 Exterior Improvements Tips
RSMeans Division 33 Utilities Tips
RSMeans Division 34 Transportation Tips
RSMeans Division 35 Waterway & Marine Tips
RSMeans Division 41 Material Processing & Handling Equipment Tips
RSMeans Division 44 Pollution Control Equipment Tips
RSMeans Division 46 Waste and Wastewater Equipment Tips
RSMeans Division 48 Electrical Power Generation Tips
RSMeans Division 50 Square Foot Tips
4Clicks Introduction to RSMeans Estimating Page 18 of 76 4Clicks Solutions, LLCRSMeans References R011105-05 Tips for Accurate Estimating R011105-10 Unit Gross Area Requirements R011105-20 Floor Area Ratios R011105-30 Occupancy Determinations R011105-40 Weather Data and Design Conditions R011105-50 Metric Conversion Factors R011105-60 Weights and Measures R011110-10 Architectural Fees R011110-30 Engineering Fees R012153-10 Repair and Remodeling R012157-20 Construction Time Requirements R012909-80 Sales Tax by State R012909-85 Unemployment Taxes and Social Security Taxes R012909-90 Overtime R013113-40 Builder’s Risk Insurance R013113-50 General Contractors Overhead R013113-60 Workers Compensation Insurance Rates by Trade R013113-80 Performance Bond R015113-65 Temporary Power Equipment R015423-10 Steel Tubular Scaffolding R015423-20 Pump Staging R015433-10 Contractor Equipment R015433-15 Heavy Lifting Hydraulic Climbing Jacks R019313-10 Facility Maintenance - Frequency Table R019313-20 Facilities Maintenance Labor-Hours R019313-30 A Review of Major Building Materials R024119-10 Demolition Defined R026510-20 Underground Storage Tank Removal R028213-20 Asbestos Removal Process R028319-60 Lead Paint Remediation Methods R031113-10 Wall Form Materials R031113-30 Slipforms R031113-40 Forms for Reinforced Concrete R031113-60 Formwork Labor-Hours R032110-10 Reinforcing Steel Weights and Measures R032110-20 Metric Rebar Specification - ASTM A615-81 R032110-25 Comparison of U.S. Customary Units and SI Units R032110-40 Weight of Steel Reinforcing Per Square of Wall R032110-50 Minimum Wall Reinforcement Weight (PSF) R032110-70 Bend, Place and Tie Reinforcing R032110-80 Shop-Fabricated Reinforcing Steel R032205-30 Common Stock Styles of Welded Wire Fabric R033053-10 Spread Footings R033053-50 Industrial Chimneys R033053-60 Maximum Depth of Frost Penetration in Inches R033105-10 Proportionate Quantities R033105-20 Materials for One C.Y. of Concrete R033105-30 Metric Equivalents of Cement Content R033105-40 Metric Equivalents of Common Concrete Strengths R033105-50 Quantities of Cement, Sand and Stone R033105-65 Field-Mix Concrete R033105-70 Placing Ready-Mixed Concrete R033105-80 Slab on Grade R033105-85 Lift Slabs R034105-30 Prestressed Precast Concrete Structural Units R034136-90 Prestressed Concrete, Post-tensioned R034513-10 Precast Concrete Wall Panels R034713-20 Tilt Up Concrete Panels R035216-10 Lightweight Concrete R040130-10 Cleaning Face Brick R040513-10 Cement Mortar (material only) R040519-50 Masonry Reinforcing R042110-10 Economy in Bricklaying R042110-20 Common and Face Brick R042110-50 Brick, Block & Mortar Quantities R042210-20 Concrete Block R042210-30 Fully Grouted Reinforced Masonry Wall Capacities R050516-30 Coating Structural Steel R050521-20 Welded Structural Steel R050523-10 High Strength Bolts 4Clicks Introduction to RSMeans Estimating Page 19 of 76 4Clicks Solutions, LLC
RSMeans References
R051223-10 Structural Steel R051223-15 Structural Steel Estimating for Repair and Remodeling
Projects
R051223-20 Steel Estimating Quantities R051223-25 Common Structural Steel Specifications
R051223-30 High Strength Steels R051223-35 Common Steel Sections
R051223-45 Installation Time for Structural Steel Bldg Components R051223-50 Subpurlins
R051223-80 Dimensions and Weights of Sheet Steel R&R R053100-10 Decking Descriptions
R061110-30 Lumber Product Material Prices R061636-20 Plywood
R073126-20 Roof Slate R075113-20 Built-Up Roofing
R075213-30 Modified Bitumen Roofing R078413-30 Firestopping
R081313-20 Steel Door Selection Guide R085123-10 Steel Sash
R085216-10 Window Estimates R085313-20 Replacement Windows
R087120-10 Hinges R088110-10 Glazing Productivity
R092000-50 Lath, Plaster and Gypsum Board R092910-10 Levels of Gypsum Drywall Finish
R096613-10 Terrazzo Floor R097223-10 Terrazzo Floor
R099100-20 Painting R131113-20 Swimming Pools
R133113-10 Air Supported Structures R133113-90 Seismic Bracing
R133419-10 Pre-engineered Steel Buildings R133423-30 Dome Structures
R142000-10 Freight Elevators R142000-20 Elevator Selective Costs
R142000-30 Passenger Elevators R142000-40 Elevator Cost Development
R143110-10 Escalators R143210-20 Moving Ramps and Walks
R211226-10 Standpipe Systems R211226-20 NFPA 14 Basic Standpipe Design
R211313-10 Fire Suppression Sprinkler Systems (Automatic) R211313-20 Fire Suppression System Classification
R211313-30 Sprinkler Quantities for Various Sizes R211313-40 Adjustment for Sprinkler/Standpipe Installations
R220105-10 Demolition Selective vs. Removal for Replacement R220523-80 Valve Materials
R220523-90 Valve Selection Considerations R221113-40 Plumbing Approximations for Quick Estimating
R221113-50 Pipe Material Considerations R221113-70 Piping to 10 High
R221316-10 Drainage Requirements R221316-20 Allowable Fixture Units for Branches and Stacks
R224000-10 Hot Water Consumption Rates R224000-20 Fixture Demands in Gallons Per Fixture Per Hour
R224000-30 Minimum Plumbing Fixture Requirements R224000-40 Plumbing Fixture Installation Time
R224000-50 Water Cooler Application R230500-10 Subcontractors
R233100-10 Loudness Levels for Moving Air R233100-20 Ductwork
R233100-30 Duct Fabrication/Installation R233100-40 Sheet Metal Calculator
R233100-50 Ductwork Packages (per Ton of Cooling) R233400-10 Recommended Ventilation Air Changes
R233700-60 Diffuser Evaluation R235000-10 Heating Systems
R235000-20 Heating Approximations for Quick Estimating R235000-30 The Basics of a Heating System
R235000-35 Heating (42° degrees latitude) R235000-50 Factor for Determining Heat Loss
R235000-70 Transmission of Heat R235000-80 Transmission of Heat (Low Rate)
4Clicks Introduction to RSMeans Estimating Page 20 of 76 4Clicks Solutions, LLCRSMeans References R235616-60 Solar Heating (Space and Hot Water) R236000-10 Air Conditioning R236000-20 Air Conditioning Requirements R236000-30 Psychrometric Table R236000-90 Quality/Complexity Adjustment for AC R238313-10 Heat Trace Systems R238313-20 Spiral-Wrapped Heat Trace Cable (Pitch Table) R260105-30 Electrical Demolition (Removal for Replacement) R260519-20 Armored Cable R260519-80 Undercarpet Systems R260519-90 Wire R260519-91 Maximum Circuit Length R260519-92 Minimum Copper and Aluminum Wire Size R260519-93 Metric Equivalent, Wire R260519-94 Size Required and Weight R260526-80 Grounding R260533-20 Conduit To 15 High R260533-21 Hangers R260533-22 Conductors in Conduit R260533-23 Metric Equivalent, Conduit R260533-24 Conduit Weight Comparisons Lbs./100' Empty R260533-25 Conduit Weight Comparisons Lbs./100' Cable fill R260533-60 Wireway R260533-65 Outlet Boxes R260533-70 Pull Boxes and Cabinets R260533-75 Weight Comparisons of Common Size Cast Boxes R260536-10 Cable Tray R260536-11 Cable Tray R260539-30 Conduit In Concrete Slab R260539-40 Conduit In Trench R260543-50 Underfloor Duct R260580-75 Motor Connections R260590-05 Typical Overhead Service Entrance R260913-80 Switchboard Instruments R262213-10 Electric Circuit Voltages R262213-11 3 Wire, 1 Phase, 120/240 Volt System R262213-12 4 Wire, 3 Phase, 208Y/120 Volt System R262213-13 3 Wire, 3 Phase, 240 Volt System R262213-14 4 Wire, 3 Phase, 240/120 Volt System R262213-15 3 Wire, 3 Phase, 480 Volt System R262213-16 4 Wire, 3 Phase, 480Y/277 Volt System R262213-17 3 Wire, 3 Phase, 600 Volt System R262213-17 3 Wire, 3 Phase, 600 Volt System R262213-20 kW Value/Cost Determination R262213-25 kVA Value/Cost Determination R262213-26 Multiplier Values for kVA to Amperes R262213-27 Central Air Conditioning Watts per S.F. R262213-60 Oil Filled Transformers R262213-65 Transformer Weight (Lbs.) by kVA R262416-50 Load Centers and Panelboards R262419-60 Motor Control Centers R262419-65 Motor Starters and Controls R262419-80 Distribution Section R262419-82 Feeder Section R262419-84 Switchgear R262513-10 Aluminum Bus Duct R262513-15 Weight (Lbs./L.F.) of 4 Pole Aluminum and Copper R262716-40 Standard Electrical Enclosure Types R262726-90 Wiring Devices R262816-80 Safety Switches R263213-45 Generator Weight (Lbs.) by kW R263353-80 Uninterruptible Power Supply Systems R263413-30 HP Value/Cost Determination R263413-31 Ampere Values Determined by HP R263413-32 Worksheet for Motor Circuits R263413-33 Maximum Horsepower for Starter Size R263623-60 Automatic Transfer Switches R265113-40 Interior Lighting Fixtures R265723-05 Comparison - Operation of HID Lamps R265723-10 For Other than Regular Cool White (CW) Lamps R265723-20 Lamp Comparison Chart R265723-25 Energy Efficiency Rating for Luminaires R271323-40 Fiber Optics R271513-75 High Performance Cable 4Clicks Introduction to RSMeans Estimating Page 21 of 76 4Clicks Solutions, LLC
RSMeans References R312316-40 Excavating R312316-45 Excavating Equipment R312319-90 Wellpoints R312323-30 Compacting Backfill R314116-40 Wood Sheet Piling R314116-45 Steel Sheet Piling R314513-90 Vibroflotation and Vibro Replacement Soil Compact R316000-20 Pile Caps, Piles and Caissons R316326-60 Caissons R317100-10 Tunnel Excavation R320113-70 Pavement Maintenance R329219-50 Seeding R329343-10 Plant Spacing Chart R329343-20 Trees and Plants by Environment and Purposes R329343-30 Zones of Plant Hardiness R331113-80 Piping Designations R337116-60 Average Transmission Line Material Requirements R337119-30 Concrete for Conduit Encasement R347216-10 Single Track R.R. Siding R347216-20 Single Track, Steel Ties, Concrete Bed 4Clicks Introduction to RSMeans Estimating Page 22 of 76 4Clicks Solutions, LLC
RSMeans Estimating Tips Much of the information in this section is taken from the excellent information provided in the RSMeans Estimating Handbook, Third Edition. 4Clicks Introduction to RSMeans Estimating Page 23 of 76 4Clicks Solutions, LLC
Division 1 – General Requirements When figuring general requirements, you should not include the salaries of the project managers or any other personnel who are not directly site-related. Their wages are included in the "Main Office" expenses. Always allow for cleanup in the estimate. No matter how clean a subcontractor leaves an area, it’s almost always necessary to clean the area again. In locations where snow is likely, allow for the expense of snowplowing if the project begins, ends, or works through the winter season. Another consideration is melting snow, which inevitably ends up in trenches, pits, or other low areas. Consequently, pumping costs should also be carried. Always visit the proposed site. Don’t rely on someone else's judgment unless statements in the contract require it. Check for Site Access--Can loaded trucks move into and out of the site easily? Is the site in/near a residential area? Are there height/weight restrictions? How far away are the utilities that can be hooked into for temporary power? Site Drainage--Is the area marshy? Will there be water problems when it rains? Do any utilities need to be relocated? Will any adjacent structures be affected? The associated costs of the following must be estimated and included in the project bid/estimate. The cost for temporary utilities, especially lighting, may be included in the specifications for the respective trades. Check this out to avoid adding unnecessary cost to the estimate. Division 2 – Existing Conditions Subsurface Investigations Many companies, eager to get started on their projects, shortchange the site investigation process. For the relatively short time and small amount of money involved, it isn’t a good idea to skimp on this important item. The untimely discovery of even one subsurface "abnormality" can be a painful lesson. An example is finding that the site was unknowingly used "way back when" as a spoils site for the rest of the industrial park and that there are ten feet of bad soils to excavate from under the stiff clay cap you assumed you would build on. Investigate the site thoroughly! Demolition and Structure Moving The costs shown for selective demolition don’t include rubbish handling or disposal. These items should be estimated separately using RSMeans data or other sources. Historic preservation often requires that the contractor remove material from the existing structure rehab them, and replace them. The estimator must be aware of any related measures and precautions that must be taken when doing selective demolition and cutting and patching. Requirements mat include special handling and storage, as well as security. In addition to subdivision 02 41 00, you can find selective demolition items at the beginning of each division. 4Clicks Introduction to RSMeans Estimating Page 24 of 76 4Clicks Solutions, LLC
Building Deconstruction The section provides cost for the careful dismantling and recycling of most low-rise building materials. Containment of Hazardous Waste This subdivision includes information on hazardous waste handling, asbestos, remediation, lead remediation, and mold remediation. See reference R028213-20 and R028319-60 for further guidance in these unit price lines. Monitoring Chemical Sampling, Testing Analysis This section provides cost for on-site sampling and testing hazardous waste. Division 3 – Concrete Concrete Block-outs When estimating quantities of concrete for floor slabs or walls; don’t bother to deduct small areas (two square feet or so) unless there are a large number of these areas. Small areas can take up more estimating time than the areas are worth. Also remember that you will be adding approximately 3% to the total volume for waste, thereby making these small areas even less significant. Reinforcing Steel Adds When estimating the amount of reinforcing steel, either bar or mesh, if no lap specifications are given, add 10% to your quantities for lapping, splices, and waste. Check All Plans It can’t be stressed enough that all plans for concrete must be checked. Concrete has been known to show up in all sections of construction drawings in various forms and uses (e.g., equipment pads location only on mechanical or electrical drawings, grouting requirements on steel drawings, etc.). Assuming all concrete requirements are indicated on the structural and architectural drawings can be a very costly error. Cold Weather Pouring of Footings When placing concrete in cold weather, it may not always be necessary to use heating devices to keep concrete warm while it cures. In many cases, insulating blankets and straw are all that is needed. Each situation must be evaluated individually, a worthwhile exercise in view of the considerable expense that can be saved. Concrete Placement – Direct Chute When estimating the placement of concrete by direct chute, the forms available generally determine the volume of concrete placed per hour. The more you have available, the more concrete can be placed in the course of a day. 4Clicks Introduction to RSMeans Estimating Page 25 of 76 4Clicks Solutions, LLC
Form Uses When estimating the number of forms and reuses for a job, remember to have enough forms on hand to keep the forming crew(s) busy while the previously poured concrete sets and starts to cure. Concrete Placement – Bucket, Pump, or Conveyor When placing concrete by methods involving a bucket and crane, pumping system, conveyor belt system, or other mechanical system, set up enough forms to keep the system productive for the entire day. Usually the cost for the use of the equipment for a full day will be charged to you even if you only use it for part of a day. Sequencing the Pour During the estimating phase of the project, whatever method or sequence you envision for placing concrete, document it thoroughly. The main reasons for complete documentation are that it lets the field know how you arrived at the estimated cost, manpower, and equipment costs as well as what methods they should use or try to out-do (in terms of cost effectiveness). Another reason for detailed documentation is that during the documenting process, it may become evident that you can’t place the concrete as you planned or that you can do it differently, more efficiently, or at less cost. Testing Concrete When estimating the amount of concrete compression testing that will be necessary for a project, figure on a minimum of ten tests per pour on smaller pours and a minimum of one test for each fifty yards of concrete placed. Each test should consist of taking a set of three cylinders minimum. Finishing Concrete A rule of thumb for finishing concrete is to allow one person for each 1,000 square feet of slab. Drilling Anchor Bolts Consider drilling anchor bolts into the concrete to save time, manpower, and materials on layout and templates during the pour. Division 4 – Masonry Masonry Wall Block-outs When estimating quantities for masonry walls, you should not deduct areas less than two square feet in area. They will more than likely use cut whole block and should be figured as such. 4Clicks Introduction to RSMeans Estimating Page 26 of 76 4Clicks Solutions, LLC
Masonry Accessories Remember to include miscellaneous items in your masonry estimate; they tend to get overlooked. These items include but are not limited to: flashing, reinforcing, anchors, wall ties, inserts, bearing plates, lintels, support angles and channels, allowance for joist pockets, waterproofing, cleanup, final cleaning and pointing, steam cleaning, acid or power wash, color for mortar, and control joints. Site Cleanup If the plan at the time of the estimate is to erect masonry walls after concrete slabs have been poured, keep in mind that the masonry contractor will be responsible for cleaning the dropped mortar off the concrete slab. Allow for this cleanup. Bracing Bracing is a commonly overlooked item in masonry estimating. Allow an allowance for bracing walls; until the structural system is tied into the masonry wall systems, the wall can be blown over relatively easily. Panelization Plan ahead; your next project, which is not scheduled to start until later, may be built with pre-assembled panels. If you have the manpower available today, it might be economical to have the contractor pre-build the walls in panelized sections in their yard then deliver and quickly erect them at the site. This could save quite a bit of time on the project. Special Brick When a project calls for special brick such as utility sized for glazed. Remember that these (especially glazed) more than likely will be special order. The order and manufacture time can be surprisingly long. Paying a premium or extra charges may be the only way to ensure faster "on-time" delivery. Split Face Block Split face block will take longer than common block to set. This is due to the fact that these blocks have a somewhat irregular depth dimension (on account of the splitting process). They don’t look "right" if set by lining up the squared corners. Adjustments must be made to have them line up properly. Bricklaying Productivity The national average productivity for laying brick ranges from 400 bricks per day (considered "low productivity") to 600 bricks per day (considered "high productivity"). Economy in Bricklaying The following guidelines may be used to obtain economy in bricklaying. Plan to have adequate supervision. Be sure bricklayers are always supplied with materials; so there is no waiting. Place the best bricklayers at corners and openings. Use only screened sand for mortar. Otherwise, labor time will be wasted picking out pebbles. Use seamless metal tubs for mortar; they do not leak or catch trowel. Locate stack and mortar for easy wheeling. Have brick delivered for 4Clicks Introduction to RSMeans Estimating Page 27 of 76 4Clicks Solutions, LLC
stacking. This makes for faster handling, reduces chipping and breakage, and requires less storage space. This affords quick handling with a crane or forklift, and easy tonging in units of ten, which reduces waste. Use wider brick for one wythe wall construction. Keep scaffolding away from walls to allow mortar to fall clean and not stain walls. On large jobs, develop specialized crews for each type of masonry unit. Consider designing for prefabricated panel construction on high-rise projects. Avoid excessive corners or openings. Each opening adds about 50% to the labor cost for the area of the opening. Bolting stone panels and using window frames as stops reduces labor costs and speeds up erection. Anti-graffiti Products If not specified, consider adding as an option the application for one of the various anti-graffiti or vandalism products. These coatings are rolled, brushed, or spray- applied to close the pores of the brick; thereby preventing permanent damage. Remember that graffiti and vandalism are present in all cities and towns, not just the major metropolitan areas. Division 5 – Metals Plates and Connections When estimating the total tonnage of structural steel, as a rule of thumb, add 10% to the total weight to allow for plates, connections, and waste. Shop-Applied Finish Paint When the specifications call for the finish coat of paint to be applied prior to installation, allow considerable time for touching up the paint. Every time you lift, move, weld, bolt, or alter the position of a piece of steel, you will need to touch up the finish. Joist Bridging It generally costs less to install joist systems that can utilize horizontal bridging (as opposed to cross or other types of bridging). Division 6 – Wood & Plastics Items Listed Note that on construction documents not all rough carpentry items are listed or noted. Protective treads, inserts, and rails are examples of necessary but not listed items that the contractor must provide. Item Search The search for carpentry items must include roof sections, wall sections, and all detail drawings. 4Clicks Introduction to RSMeans Estimating Page 28 of 76 4Clicks Solutions, LLC
Temporary Construction Temporary construction should be included in Division 01, though it may sometimes be listed in Division 06. Check to assure that you are not double-pricing these items. Treated Lumber Treated lumber should always be used when the lumber will come in direct contact with concrete, masonry, or the earth. Bridging even when bridging is not shown on joist drawings, always include it, as it helps to distribute concentrated loads to the adjacent joists. Blocking One of the most overlooked areas of wood blocking is at roof edges. Almost always, a built-up roof or membrane roof system will require some sort of blocking and or cant strip system. Millwork When budgeting millwork, a rule of thumb is the total cost of millwork items will be two to three times the cost of the materials required; don’t overlook adding protection to all millwork, especially if the work is by others. Pricing Do not rely on yesterday's material quotes. Due to pricing, possible shortages in lumber, and the resultant fluctuations in the market, caution is warranted. Estimating Help Short of time? Many lumber yards retain competent estimators who will provide material lists/estimates from your plans for little or no cost. This is also a good method for checking your own takeoff. Division 7 – Thermal & Moisture Protection Roof Walkways When estimating the installation of a membrane roof, be sure to include the cost for walkway pavers to create a path to roof-mounted mechanical equipment. You will more than likely be required to install these in order to obtain a warranty. Single Ply Roofing Sources In many locations, manufacturers make their materials available through one distributor/contractor franchise. If only one type of roofing is specified, you may not have much choice as far as acquiring costs or quotes. 4Clicks Introduction to RSMeans Estimating Page 29 of 76 4Clicks Solutions, LLC
Estimating the Specified System Even though it may be less expensive to use a "suitable substitute," the system that is specified is the one that should be estimated. If you include as part of your estimate a non-specified system and get the job, you may be required to furnish the originally specified, more expensive roof system. Sheet Metal Work Don’t assume that all sheet metal items are "off-the-shelf" items. Gutters and downspouts as well as termite shields, gravel stops, expansion joints, and reglets may need to be shop-fabricated. Checking into information catalogs could save time and money. Division 8 – Doors and Windows Interior Door Ratings For walls to be considered fire-rated, any doors in those walls must be fire-rated. Most plans don’t spell out which interior partitions are to be considered fire-rated. In commercial applications, a rule of thumb is that all partitions that have drywall (or masonry) from the floor to the above structure and few, if any, penetrations should be considered fire-rated. Door Schedule If the drawings don’t include a door schedule, it may be worth the estimator's time to develop one, especially if the project is large or complicated. The schedule should include the opening number, door type, size, material, glass or louver requirements, and remarks. The door schedule should include a frame schedule listing the frame material, type, and jamb, head, and sill details. Hardware requirements should be listed on the door schedule as well. Keep in mind the fact that hardware can, in some instances, be more costly than the door itself. Handicap Access While the drawings may not show it, local codes may require special hardware and opening systems to allow a structure to be accessible to the handicapped. Contact the local authorities for their codes and requirements. Special Doors Special attention should be given to any oversized or unusual type of doors. The costs of special doors can skyrocket, especially if they involve exotic woods, special finishes, or special attention (which usually means higher labor costs). Special doors may require a considerable amount of lead time for ordering and shipping. Window Schedule As with all doors to be included in the project, all windows should be listed on the drawings in a window schedule. If none is included, it may be well worth the time to create one. The schedule should contain the opening number, window type, window size, glass type, frame material and details, and required accessories and hardware. 4Clicks Introduction to RSMeans Estimating Page 30 of 76 4Clicks Solutions, LLC
Building Hardware As a rule of thumb, building hardware for an average quality building can be expected to run in the neighborhood of 2% of the entire building cost. Division 9 – Finishes General Note on Finishes If, during the course of a project, the owner decides to cut back on costs, this is not a good area in which to do it. When a project is finished and the owner and prospective tenants walk through, they will not be able to see a complicated foundation, nor the marvelously engineered subsystems. What they will see are the finishes. If the project is "cheapened" at this point; it will show and may dull the luster of an otherwise shining project. Room Finish Schedule A complete set of plans should contain a room finish schedule. If one is not available, it would be well worth the time and effort to put one together. A room finish schedule should contain the room number, room name (for clarity), floor materials, base materials, wainscot materials, wainscot height, wall materials (for each wall), ceiling materials, and special instructions. It’s handy and easier to work out a room finish schedule on a grid system. Plaster Allowances Deductions for openings in plaster partitions vary by the preference and experience of the estimator, from 0% for openings of less than 2 square feet to 50% for openings greater than 2 square feet. For curved walls with a radius less than 6 feet, allow twice as much plaster. Pricing a plaster and lath job depends on the quality of work desired. A first class project will have variations in the wall level of less than 1/16" in ten feet. An ordinary plaster job (or commercial grade) may have waves of 1/8" to 3/16" in ten feet. Overall, labor for first class work is approximately 20% higher than ordinary or commercial grade work. Drywall Deductions A rule of thumb when estimating materials for drywall is to not deduct for door or window openings of less than 32 square feet. Wallcoverings A single roll of wallpaper will cover approximately 36 square feet. Allow approximately 6 square feet per roll for waste. This means take the total square foot area to be covered and divide by 30 to determine the number of rolls needed. For vinyl and grass cloth coverings with no patterns to match, allow approximately 10% (three square feet per roll) for waste. For patterns requiring matching, allow up to 25% to 30%. Waste can run as high as 50% to 60% for coverings with large, bold, or intricate patterns. Always specify wallcoverings from the same batch with identical batch numbers. This will help to ensure that the colors and patterns will match. Surplus Finishes Review the specifications to determine if there is any requirement to provide certain amounts of extra floor tile, ceiling pads, paint, wallcoverings, etc. In some cases, the owner may require a substantial amount of materials, especially if it is a special order or long lead time item. 4Clicks Introduction to RSMeans Estimating Page 31 of 76 4Clicks Solutions, LLC
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