A smart city concept in the Arctic - from a post-industrial to liveable city
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2019 ARCTIC FRONTIERS
SMART ARCTIC
TROMSØ NORWAY 20 - 24 JANUARY
A smart city concept in the Arctic - from a post-industrial
to liveable city
Opportunities for and challenges to urban development and social cohesion in Russia's
Arctic under climate change impacts
Nikolai Bobylev1, Veli-Pekka Tykynnen2, Marian Paschke3,
Alexander Sergunin1
1Saint Petersburg State University, Russia
2University of Helsinki, Finland
3Universität Hamburg, Germany
E-mails: n.bobylev@spbu.ru
1
project outline
• “Opportunities of and challenges to urban development
and social cohesion in Russia’s Arctic under climate
change impact” financed by
• Era.Net RUS (RUS_ST2017-527) and Russian
Foundation for Basic Research (№18-55-76003).
• Funder ERA.NET Plus with Russia – strengthening STI
links between Russia and the European Research Area
• http://www.eranet-rus.eu
2
smart cities
Smart city – a city that uses IT systems widely to optimise
performance of infrastructure, services, and citizens’
lifestyles. A smart city possesses real time data, and adapts
quickly, smoothly, and efficiently to changing internal and
external factors with minimum human involvement (the
ambition).
A smart city includes:
- smart systems (infrastructure)
- smart citizens (users).
Elements of a smart city:
Transport networks; Variety of electric networks (smart
grids); Social networks.
3
Institutionalizing smart cities
"Implementing SDG11 by connecting
sustainability policies and urban
planning practices through ICTs"
has been developed within the
framework of the United for Smart
Sustainable Cities (U4SSC)
initiative.
A study of the advantages of using
ICTs to support the implementation of
the Sustainable Development Goals,
in particular SDG 11,
by facilitating the missing linkages
that exist
between sustainability policies and
urban-planning practices through
digitally-enabled urban actions.
(???) 4
smart cities
Cool buzz cities now:
- Smart
- Compact
- Sustainable
- Resilient
- Climate neutral
- Low carbon (infrastructure)
- Liveable
- (Ecological)
5
smart city solutions 1
Citizens’ control their (home) appliances via IT (mobile)
devices, e.g. switching on heating just before coming home.
– Energy efficient lifestyle;
- Tailored high quality services provisioning.
Opportunities to implement smart grids and IT systems in
houses, buildings, and wider housing and infrastructure
sector.
6
smart city solutions 2
A problem of urban water runoff after heavy rain
Conventional solutions:
Reduce runoff (trees, green zones);
Increase capacity of drainage infrastructure.
Smart city solutions:
Manage runoff between city areas (valves, barriers,
automated water management (smart grids)).
Inform citizens to temporary cut domestic water use (e.g. for
one-two hours). A storm water storage tank (right)
adjacent to a sewer (left).
Critical infrastructure: G-Cans, Tokyo is an underground Source: Berliner Wasserbetriebe
infrastructure for prevention of flooding during rainy and Department of Urban Water
season Management, Berlin Institute of 7
Source: G-Cans project, Tokyo (http://www.g-cans.jp/) Technology.
smart city solutions 3 the Crystal, a sustainable cities initiative by Siemens https://www.thecrystal.org/ The Crystal in London is home to the world's largest exhibition on the future of cities, as well as one of the world's most sustainable buildings and events venues.
Liveable cities
Media
The world's most liveable cities in 2018 | CNN Travel -
CNN.com
Community
!
https://www.liv ablecity.org/
Science
http://liveablecities.org.uk/updates/liveable-cities-final-
outcomes
9
Liveable cities
‘Liveable Cities’ is a relatively new concept and, as such, liveability can be a
loaded phrase with numerous definitions and expectations. Moreover, there
will always be the push back of ‘liveable to whom…?’ and ‘what is liveable to
one city dweller may not be to another’.
Marianna Cavada, Dexter Hunt and Chris Rogers (2017) The Little Book of
SMART CITIES ISBN 978-0-70442-949-9
MOIR, E., MOONEN, T. & CLARK, G. 2014 What are future future cities? Meanings and uses In: SCIENCE,
G. O. F. (ed.). London Foresight
10Liveable cities
Data Article
Leach et al (2017) Dataset of the livability performance of the city of
Birmingham, UK, as measured by its citizen wellbeing, resource
security, resource efficiency and carbon emissions. Data in Brief 15
(2017) 691–695
The livability of spaces: Performance and/or resilience? Reflections
on the effects of spatial heterogeneity in transport and energy
systems and the implications on urban environmental quality
(International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment (2017) 6, 1–8)
Unexploited opportunities in understanding liveable and biodiverse
cities. A review on urban biodiversity perception and valuation (Global
Environmental Change 39 (2016) 220–233)
Quality of city life multiple criteria analysis (Cities 72 (2018) 82–93)
11Liveable cities
Walkable Environment in Increasing the Liveability of a City (AcE-Bs
2012 Bangkok ASEAN Conference on Environment-Behaviour Studies,
Bangkok, Thailand, 16-18 July 2012)
More than this: Liveable Melbourne meets liveable Vancouver (Cities
31 (2013) 444–453)
12Russian Arctic Towns
AZRF cities
Russian Arctic cities of
Severodvinsk (top left),
Murmansk (top right) and
Vorkuta. Photos by Y. Ageeva.Russian Arctic Towns Challenges – Aging infrastructure Accumulated environmental damage Climate change uncertainties Research agenda – Spatial structure (densities & services provisioning) Institutions (strategic planning in municipalities) Social structure
Sustainability and resilience goals in urban development
Elements of resilience and sustainability related to urban development, Bobylev 2016
Urban challenges (liveability Resilience Synergy or conflict; strong Sustainability
improvement) or moderate
Utility services provisioning Reliable provisioning of infrastructure Moderate conflict Frugal resource use, reduced utility services
services, backup infrastructure consumption, saving energy while
infrastructure operation
Infrastructure spatial arrangement Wide, ample space for each infrastructure Strong conflict Tight, aimed at saving space, energy, and
element to avoid disturbance in case of the materials
other failure
Housing Safe, adapted to withstand disasters Moderate conflict Liveable and energy efficient
Public spaces Designed to have additional capacity for Moderate conflict Designed to encourage sustainable lifestyles
disaster response and reduction
Transport Reliable transport links, designed to Strong conflict Minimal, aimed at consuming minimal energy
withstand variety of stresses while
maintaining services
Green and recreational areas Ample, to adsorb disaster shocks and Strong synergy Ample, to provide quality of life
provide refuge
Optimal urban form Polycentric, to diversify risks Moderate synergy Compact, to save energy
Society Coherent and informed Strong synergy Coherent and informed
Population and building stock densities Optimal, not too low to be able to organize Unknown/specific to location Optimal, not too low to save land and energy
common protection (flood management) and not too high to enable quality of life
and not too high to enable disaster response
(proximity of emergency services)
15
Climate change Increase industrial activities to be able to Strong conflict Decrease industrial activities to reduceResearch frameworks-paradigms-concepts to address challenges Geosystem services concept C.C.D.F. van Ree a,b, P.J.H. van Beukering, J. Boekestijn (2017) Geosystem services: A hidden link in ecosystem management. Ecosystem Services 2616 (2017) 58–69
Research frameworks-paradigms-concepts to address
challenges
Geosystem – ecosystem - infrastructure services
Service to human Rural areas Urban areas Urban areas
welfare developed countries developing countries developed countries
Clean air to breath E E E
Comfortable climate E E E
conditions
Water level in water E E EI
bodies (for shipping,
amenity, biota)
Groundwater level E EI EI
Water quality to use as E E E
amenity and recreation
Drinking water provision I I I
Soil formation EI E I
Waste decomposition E EI I
Biological populations E EI I
control
Habitat E EI I
Food I I I
Raw materials E I I
Recreation and outdoor E EI EI
activities 17Research frameworks-paradigms-concepts to address
challenges
Planning for sustainability – resilience – liveability - smart
Types of planning (not a Ecosystem services Geosystem services
hierarchical list, but rather relevance relevance
examples of types)
Land Use Yes Yes
Spatial Yes Yes
Adaptation Yes No
Climate No No
Urban Yes Yes
Zoning No No
Rural No Yes
Regional Yes Yes
Environmental Yes Yes
Strategic Yes Yes
Municipal No No
Transport Yes Yes
18
Resource Yes YesFurther Research
1.To develop an Arctic City Sustainable Development Index (ACSDI),
which could be helpful for assessing the consequences of global
climate change and anthropogenic activities for the Arctic Zone of the
Russian Federation (AZRF) urban centers.
2. The ACSDI will be used to evaluate the current situation and
measure sustainability outcomes and progress toward achieving those
outcomes in the AZRF cities that are growing due to resource
development/transport infrastructure projects and migration, as well as
those that for some reasons lack this growth.
3. Policy recommendations on sustainable development/social
cohesion strategies for the AZRF local and regional governments as
well as for the federal authorities and international organizations
concerned will be developed.
19references
Projects:
(1) Alexander von Humboldt Foundation project on Interplay between
ecosystem and infrastructure services in the urban environments,
(2) ERA.Net RUS Plus initiative and the Russian Foundation for Basic
Research AUCAM project on “Opportunities for and challenges to
urban development and social cohesion in Russia’s Arctic under
climate change impacts” (ID # 527, 18-55-76003),
(3) Freie Universität Berlin – Saint Petersburg State University Joint Seed
Money Funding Scheme project on Sustainable Urbanization &
Comparative Development.Thank you for your attention!
E-mail: nikolaibobylev@gmail.com
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