Childhood activities adults utilizing for the Intervention Reminiscence-Based Screening
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IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering
PAPER • OPEN ACCESS
Childhood activities adults utilizing for the Intervention Reminiscence-
Based Screening
To cite this article: E B Tallutondok 2019 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 523 012044
View the article online for updates and enhancements.
This content was downloaded from IP address 176.9.8.24 on 11/05/2020 at 11:56The 8th Annual International Conference (AIC) 2018 on Science and Engineering IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 523 (2019) 012044 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/523/1/012044
Childhood activities adults utilizing for the Intervention
Reminiscence-Based Screening
E B Tallutondok1,*
Lecturer, Faculty of Nursisng, Universitas Pelita Harapan, Indonesia
E-mail: eva.tallutondok@uph.edu
Abstract. Ageing people is a vulnerable population, so it is a global public health concern
among nations. Indonesia has tendency to be an ageing structure population on the future. At
one public home care in Jakarta, there was an extremely data about decreasing number of
healthy older adults in three consecutive years since 2016. Behind in this problem, the
reminiscence screening about childhood activities has done in one public home care. It was
utilizing by the basic principle of Intervention Reminiscence – Based Screening. the
qualitative study with a mix-method design was used in this study via verbal, then data
transformed for four stages namely decontextualization, recontextualization, categorization,
and compilation. Data have written text and transform for content analysed by surface
structure to identify meaning units follow by coding, categorize, and themes. Participants 22
with inclusion criteria such as healthy, over 60-year-old, pass on sensory and cognitive
screening. There were found three themes of childhood activities, namely: physical activity,
mental activation, and interactive communication relationship. Although the participants
were very excited during survey, there was found one participant who has none idea.
Therefore, it is a good idea to develop a media for optimizing cognitive function of elderly in
Indonesia.
1. Introduction
Ageing people is a vulnerable population. It is a global public health concern due to some
degenerative problems among nations in the world. Although the bio-phyco-social and spiritual
aspects are healthy condition, the population ageing needs promote and preventive program to
maintain the quality of life. This condition is very important to support Indonesia government in
order preparing tendency to be an ageing structure population on the future by 2035 – 2050 (1). In
the previous study at one nursing home in Jakarta about three years by 2016, 2017, 2018 (Figure 1),
there has been decreasing the total number of healthy older adults; namely: from 83 by 2016, fallen
to 43 by 2017, and decline to 22 by 2018 (2). Figure 1 shown the graphic about decreasing total
number of healthy older adults who have been declining of cognitive function within three years at
nursing home in Jakarta by 2016, 2017, 2018. Decreasing number from 83 to 34 to 22, meaning that
every year, there was decreasing the number of cognitive problems up to 50% among elderly at
nursing home in Jakarta. Therefore, the intervention reminiscence-based screening (IRBS) has
emphasizing to trigger brain to remind childhood activities. In the IRBS, there are three screening
such as sensory functions for listening and respond verbal ability, cognitive function, reminiscence
function especially childhood activities. However, this paper describes only about one step of
screening called reminiscence screening about the ability of childhood activities. According to
*
Corresponding author: eva.tallutondok@uph.edu
Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution
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Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd 1The 8th Annual International Conference (AIC) 2018 on Science and Engineering IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 523 (2019) 012044 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/523/1/012044
literature review known that declining cognitive function could be happen during ageing process, but
the early dementia can be prevented by a reminiscence intervention. Reminiscence is about a real-
life memory to serve three tasks such as directive, self, social that predict adaptive versus
maladaptive (3) in which has eight factors involved boredom reduction, death preparation,
identity/problem solving, conversation, intimacy maintenance, bitterness revival, teach inform (4). It
called a non-pharmacological (5) because effective treatment for healthy older adults (6), (7), illness
(8) well-being (9), self-esteem (6), and quality of life (10). There advantages of reminiscence can
daily use (11) trough multimedia such as photos, movies, sound, music, indirectly smell, teste,
touch, and movement (3).
2. Methods
The qualitative study with a mix-method design was used in this study via verbal, then data
transformed for four stages namely decontextualization, recontextualization, categorization, and
compilation. Data have written text and transform for content analyzed by surface structure to
identify meaning units follow by coding, categorize, and themes (12). There were 22 participants
were involved in which have inclusion criteria such as healthy, over 60-year-old, pass on sensory
and cognitive screening. However, only participants who have pass on sensory and cognitive
screening allowed in this reminiscence screening. It was due to obtain a strong design as a product as
a media to trigger memory to optimize the cognitive function (13). Each participant was instructed to
mention and share about the childhood experience that can still be remembered today. A semi-
structured interview was used in this study for exploring the thought or memory about childhood
activities. Finally, this study was approved by the ethic committee with the protocol number is
04.1705173 from the Moschtar Riady Institute for Nanotechnology (MRIN).
3. Results and Discussion
One study described that people under 60-year-old have not been declining cognitive function yet,
but declining will be started by 61-year-old with influence factors such as education and physical
condition (14). Therefore declining function of molecules, cells, blood vessels, and gross
morphology due to ageing process affects the function of brain (15), and these can impact for
memory (16). Based on cohort cognitive study found that men were slower than women by age 60
and above in experiencing cognitive decline (17), while elderly aged less than 60-year-old only
slight cognitive decline (18). However, the brain infarct history was a precipitation factor or a trigger
factor for accelerating the process of dementia at the age of over 60 years (2). Based on the IRBS
study, there were found zero to seven childhood activities via reminiscence screening, although all
participants (n=22) have mean age 68.1 year-old and mostly have a basic level of education
background. However all participants have pass on cognitive screening via MMSE with mean score
27.95 and able to listen and respond verbal without hearing aids. Those screening to avoid bias data,
because the poor verbal communication associated with hearing loss (19), (20) and declining
cognitive function (2), One study state that a low education level as one of predisposing factor be
affected performance on movement and may contribute to impairment of cognition (21). While other
studies of reminiscence described that gender (23) and age (24) may lead as predisposing factors to
influencing the vulnerable people to lack of well-being (22). To prevent early dementia and
maintain healthy ageing, the IRBS has found three themes of trigger reminiscence function, namely
physical activity, mental activation, and interactive communication relationship (Table 1).
Although there was one study describes that the more ageing and the more decline the cognitive
as well as memory function (17), it does not meant no hope for promotion program as a non-
pharmacological intervention for elderly as a vulnerable people. Therefore, the three of themes was
developed as a simple media in which able to trigger the past memories for slow down evidence of
early dementia among health older adults in Indonesia (Figure 1).
2The 8th Annual International Conference (AIC) 2018 on Science and Engineering IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 523 (2019) 012044 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/523/1/012044
Table 1. The contents analysis of reminiscence screening about the childhood activities (n=22)
Meaning Unit Code Sub-categories Category Theme
Gymnastic, Exercise and activity require Hard-skills
chess, soccer, sports strengthen of
Ping-Pong, muscle
badminton,
volley ball,
weightlifting,
swimming Physical Activity
Knits Skills activity require Soft-skills
skills
Angklung, Hearing and pay attention to social and
listening to music verbal collective
memory
Mental
Watching Vision pay attention to social and Activation
television collective
memory
Congklak, ular Traditional motor activities social interactive
tangga, kasti, games of leisure and with person
rondes, dolls, recreation in the
cooks, riding peer group
bicycle, puzzle,
marbles, kites,
carambola, Interactive
panjat pinang communication:
personal and
Gardening Gardening motor activities social interactive interpersonal
of leisure and with relationship
recreation in self environment
Spiritual act Spiritual act motor activities social interactive
of leisure and with God
recreation in God
3.1. Physical activity (PA) theme
PA theme is about an activity in which required the strengthen of muscle or skills, both hard and soft
skills. In this condition, sensory and cognitive functions have coordination to receive information
and perceive a perception. In the physical activity theme, there was came from nine kinds of
childhood activities such as gymnastic, chess, soccer, ping-pong, badminton, volley ball,
weightlifting, swimming, and knits, there is given code with exercise, sport, and skills. For code as
an exercise and sports, so sub-categories has given name by the activity require strengthen of
muscle, while code of skills is given sub-categorize as an activity require skills. Both of sub-
categorize are categorize as hard and soft skills, so that the given theme is a physical activity. In
IRBS study, PA may lead to prevent early dementia among healthy older adults instead of sleeping
or being sit alone at nursing home. PA was a mild exercise about standing, clapping hands, and
movements about 30 minutes. PA will fuel baseline cortisol daily in which can help control blood
sugar levels, regulate metabolism, reduce inflammation, and assist with memory formulation, then it
has a controlling effect on salt and water balance and help control blood pressure (20). This kind of
physical activity could be appropriated as intervention reminiscence among healthy older adults
either at the nursing home or in the community-based. PA has strongly relationship with cognitive
impairment due to imbalance gait performance (25). All older adults are needed to encourage for
3The 8th Annual International Conference (AIC) 2018 on Science and Engineering IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 523 (2019) 012044 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/523/1/012044
physical activity, because it necessary to invest more training, supervision, and applying skills
effectively (26). Despite of people survived in functional abilities until 93-year-old, the older adults
over 61 should improve daily activities (27). This kind of physical activity could be appropriated as
intervention reminiscence among healthy older adults either at the nursing home or in the
community-based. The most importance principle that God has created human brain organs perfectly
including five dimensions of cognitive specifically namely; attention, memory capacity, executive
cognitive function, language, and visual spatial abilities, therefore it must keep healthy by
continuing screening. The reason that healthy older adults no change in functional abilities, but the
memory capacity is declining in a mild cognitive impairment gradually. Therefore, the participants
always encourage to physical exercise for improving cognitive functioning in the elderly either at
nursing home or in the community.
3.2. Mental activation (MA) theme
Different with meaning unit of angklung, listening to music and watching television, the code are
vision and hearing. The sub-categorize is pay attention to, so that the categorize is social and
collective memory. In the MA theme, the participants should pay attention trough the sensory,
especially listening to the music and watching television. Mental activation is very important for
healthy ageing, it is because of episodic memory decline (28). Meaning that the memory system
involves the mindful converting and recovery of contextually-specific information such as
perception conceptual among older adult people. More over the authors explain that the ageing
group able to change about capacity of memory especially in the contextual information, so that the
older adult difficult to integrate pieces of complex memory. According to Sejdic (29) that listening
to music and watching television are thought to be a sedentary activity, so that these might be effects
on human gait. However, in the IRBS model was understood that angklung, listen to music, and
watching television are not only effect for human gait, that influences in brain activation as well.
The reason that angklung can pay attention to maintain the cognitive activation, because playing
angklung requires attention to coordinate motor and auditory, then it requires every individual to
enhance emotional intelligence and thinking power to interact harmoniously with others. This
statement was supported (30) (8) that healthy elderly over 60-year-old ought to synchronize between
eye, ear, and hand during playing angklung. Therefore, the brain activates need to give more, so that
the elderly must screen sensory frequently. According to Fring (31) that watching television as
memory task-brain activation, because news or movies can stimuli naturally. The mental activation
affected cerebral flow velocity and (32) and it is able to assess brain response by asking ‘what are
you watching about?’ Besides of that, television known can improve a child's ability to speak
verbally and physical, emotional, emotional, and psychological development (33). Therefore, each
patient should be screened for measuring cognitive function before doing mental activation (34), it is
due to mental activation carried out the impulse or an object signal as optimal as a stimulation
involves in brain. To stimulate mental activation, known that is not only by watching television, but
listening to music effectively stimulus as well the auditory cortex and other dimensions brain to
attention and memory the message. From this concern of mental activation theme, knowing that
mental activation affected by sensory function such ear as a medium to stimulate the brain. Again in
the model of IRBS, all participants must pass on screening not only normal state but also ability to
hear without hearing aids within 50 centimeters until one meter. Therefore, the mental activation
was used in the model IRBS such as watching video and postcard pictures. In to stimulate the mental
activity, the participants can chose the pictures and selected video by own, because of making fun
and leisure only. Most participants aged 60-69 years who needs to be optimized by performing
mental activation through remembering and revealing kinds of childhood activities either pictures or
video. The intervention was very importance to the participants, because the participant were not
only happy but also can remind the bitterness on the pass history and ventilated already by crying.
The participant was very satisfied in this session and felt free on the rest of live.
4The 8th Annual International Conference (AIC) 2018 on Science and Engineering IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 523 (2019) 012044 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/523/1/012044
3.3. Interactive communication relationship (ICR) theme
Others meaning unit of congklak, ular tangga, kasti, rondes, dolls, cooks, riding bicycle, puzzle,
marbles, kites, carambola, panjat pinang was code in traditional games, while gardening and
spiritual act are not changing meaning in code. However, three of codes have a similar sub-
categories as a motor activities of leisure and recreation in the peer group, self, and God, the
category is social interactive with person, environment, and God. Finally, it was given theme as
interactive communication both interpersonal and intrapersonal relationship. The meaning units
collected by asking question in stage of decontextualization. For meaning units were broad and vary,
so recontextualization has done by adjusted of each content in the coding list. Therefore, the contents
remain only congklak, ular tangga, puzzle, marbles, carambola only in the coding list, the contents
be a motor activity of leisure and recreation. That was different with meaning unit of gardening and
spiritual act, the code list has the same things with the meaning unit. However, the sub-categories
and category same with the congklak, ular tangga, puzzle, marbles, carambola coding. The contents
of congklak, ular tangga, puzzle, marbles, carambola are visual games and cognitive process. Those
traditional game-based communication effective learning for cognitive process dimension and social
emotional, so it is important for encourage interaction with others. Moreover, the code list of
contents can improve capacity of verbal communication among aged 60-85-year-old. Therefore, the
sub-categories were ‘motor activities of leisure and recreation’ and the category is ‘social interactive
with’ either other people, plants, and God. Finally, the traditional games, gardening, and spiritual act
have concluded in the interactive communication. To prevent the declining cognitive functions
progressively, aged 60-85-year-old might motivate to communicate and reminisce, because people
will lead to withdraw from others due to difficulty to express feeling (35).
Figure 3. Three themes of
childhood activities that derives
from the reminiscence screening
4. Conclusion
There were found three themes of reminiscence screening such as PA, MA, and ICR. Those theme
have developed in the media of IRBS called a trigger memory for preventing early dementia and
maintaining cognitive function on keeping health among older adults in the community and the
nursing home. The participants were very happy and enthusiastically to follow the activities in
which these activities all recall past experiences and become screening-based reminiscence
5The 8th Annual International Conference (AIC) 2018 on Science and Engineering IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 523 (2019) 012044 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/523/1/012044
interventions. Therefore, it is a good idea to develop a media for optimizing cognitive and memory
function of elderly in Indonesia.
5. Acknowledgment
This research was full supported by Kemenristek Dikti via DRPM Ditjen Penguatan Risbang
Republic Indonesia. I am thankful to:
1. Universitas Pelita Harapan via Lembaga Penelitiandan Pengabdian Masyarakat
2. Mochtar Riady Institute for Nanotecnology as Ethics Committee
3. Kantor Administrasi Wali Kota Jakarta Barat
4. Panti Sosial Tresna Wredha Jakarta Barat
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