CLIMATE CHANGE A Comparative Overview of Legislative and Executive Responses in the Americas
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CLIMATE CHANGE A Comparative Overview of Legislative and Executive Responses in the Americas
TABLE OF INTRODUCTION AND
CONTENTS PURPOSE
Climate Change Responses by the This document provides a
Climate Change Responses
Legislative Branch........................................................ 3 comparative analysis of trends
in the development of legislation and Approaches: Roles
Climate Change Responses by the and policy instruments to and Responsibilities of the
Executive Branch ...................................................... 13 address climate change in OAS
Legislative and Executive
Member States. It looks at
At a Glance: Index of Key Legislation
the implementation of legal Branches
principles by legislative and
and Policy Frameworks to Address The legislative branch and
executive branches and their
Climate Change ..........................................................22 executive branch have distinct
contribution to defining how
climate change is addressed at and interrelated responsibilities
a national level. A companion in addressing the issue of
The views expressed herein are presented for informational
booklet, “Climate Change: A climate change. Legislatures
purposes only and do not represent opinions or the official
Comparative Overview of the are responsible for ensuring
position of the Organization of American States, its General
Rights Based Approach in the that citizen interests are
Secretariat or its Member States, nor of ParlAmericas and its
Americas” is also available. It is broadly represented and
Members.
intended to brief policy-makers that governments are held
COPYRIGHT © (2017) General Secretariat of the Organization accountable in implementing
and parliamentarians on current
of American States and ParlAmericas. Published by the laws that are supported by
knowledge and understanding,
Department of Sustainable Development and ParlAmericas.
and developments in the Inter- appropriate budget allocations.
All rights reserved under the International and Pan-American
American agenda, that relate to The executive branch, in turn, is
Conventions. No part of the content of this material may be
climate change, as well as its responsible for outlining policy
reproduced or transmitted in any form, including electronic
linkages to environmental and frameworks and for executing
or mechanical, a
nd not limited to photocopying, recording
human rights law. mandates received from the
and storage, or extracting information without the prior
legislative branch.
written consent or authorization of the publishers.
CLIMATE CHANGE
RESPONSES BY Antigua and
Barbuda
Argentina
THE LEGISLATIVE
There is no specific law in Argentina
There is no specific that addresses climate change. The
BRANCH
or comprehensive country has nonetheless ratified
climate change law in the United Nations Framework
Antigua and Barbuda. Convention on Climate Change
Parliaments perform a critical role in democratic Measures to require (UNFCCC), the Kyoto Protocol and
society as the institution that represents and or encourage climate the Paris Agreement. Several other
aggregates citizen interests in the drafting and change mitigation laws also have an effect of requiring
scrutiny of legislation and oversight of the and adaptation are or encouraging mitigation and
executive branch. Parliamentarians in OAS instead found in adaptation actions. These include
Member States are likewise committed to adopting other laws such as Law 25.675 (General Law of the
legislation, holding governments accountable, the Forestry Act,2 the Environment) and Law 26.190,
and fostering cooperation and exchanges of Beach Protection Act,3 which establishes a regime for the
innovative practices for climate change mitigation the Plant Protection national promotion of production
and adaptation through inter-parliamentary Act, the Fisheries
4
and use of renewable sources of
institutions like ParlAmericas—and initiatives like Act,5 and the recently energy, as well as complementary
the Parliamentary Network on Climate Change enacted Environment laws to promote biofuels and
(PNCC) that ParlAmericas has jointly established Protection hydrogen energy. Law 26.639 also
with Parlatino. Management Bill. 6
establishes a minimum threshold
The comparative analysis that follows, while regime for the protection of glaciers
not comprehensive, provides some insight on and periglacial environment.
legislative trends to mitigate and adapt to climate
change through national parliaments in different
countries across the hemisphere.1
C L I M AT E C H A N G E: A CO M PA R AT I V E OV E R V I E W O F L EG I S L AT I V E A N D E X EC U T I V E R E S P O N S E S I N T H E A M E R I C A S 3
Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil
There is no specific law Belize does not Bolivia does not have a Brazil established by law the
in Barbados addressing have a specific law specific law addressing National Climate Change Policy
climate change, but addressing climate climate change. that defines principles, objectives,
rather a wide scope of change. The However, in 2012, it directives and management
separate laws that address Environmental enacted a Framework instruments relating to climate
environmental, land use Protection Act 8
Law of Mother Earth for change. Law 12.187 instructs the
and building issues and nonetheless Integral Development executive branch to issue sectoral
therefore have an effect in has an effect to Live Well (Law 300),9 plans for mitigation and adaptation.
requiring and encouraging of requiring which establishes Other laws also have an effect of
mitigation and adaptation mitigation or that climate change requiring or encouraging mitigation
in response to climate adaption through projections should actions. These include the Forest
change. For example, regulation of be incorporated in Code, the Solid Waste Policy,
the Town and Country pollution and development decisions the Coastal Zone Management
Planning Act, which effluents, and and requires that Law, the Electricity Sector Law,
regulates the physical land environmental climate change policies and the Biodiesel Law, amongst
use planning system, has impact be developed.10 This others. An important feature of the
guided the development assessments. law also establishes Brazilian legal framework is the
of the National Physical principles of climate constitutional provision established
Development Plan, which justice and access to in Article 225 that provides for an
supports renewable justice through courts integral approach in environmental
energy production by and tribunals in cases matters and establishes the
earmarking suitable of violation of the rights responsibility of all branches of
sites for wind energy of Mother Earth. government and of citizens to
development.7 protect and defend the environment
for future generations.
4 C L I M AT E C H A N G E: A CO M PA R AT I V E OV E R V I E W O F L EG I S L AT I V E A N D E X EC U T I V E R E S P O N S E S I N T H E A M E R I C A S
Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica
Canada does not have a While Chile does not have an explicit Since 2015, Colombia Costa Rica has
specific law addressing law that addresses climate change, has been working been debating
climate change but rather an the General Law of the Environment on a draft bill to a General Law
extensive legal framework that acknowledges climate change establish climate on Climate
regulates the environment mitigation as a national priority. change mitigation Change. In the
and energy, comprised of the This law mandates the Ministry and adaptation interim, other
Environmental Protection of Environment with proposing measures. In the laws such as the
Act,11 the Environmental policies and formulating plans and interim, other Environmental
Assessment Act,12 the Water programs related to climate change, laws such as the Law, the Forestry
Act, and the Energy Efficiency
13
in collaboration with different Renewable Natural Law, and a
Act among other laws, which
14
entities of the public administration, Resources and legal regime
have an effect of requiring or to establish mitigation and Environmental governing
encouraging mitigation and adaptation measures. Other Protection Code15 energy use have
adaptation in response to the legislation, like the General Law for and the Law for had an effect
impacts of climate change. Electric Services, the Law on Non- Promotion and of requiring or
Some provincial legislatures Conventional Renewable Energies, Efficient Use of encouraging
have also enacted climate the Law on Geothermal Energy, Energy Resources16 mitigation and
change and Greenhouse Gas the Forest Law, and a law that have an effect adaptation
(GHG) emissions reduction establishes a tax exemption on solar of requiring or actions.
laws. These include a carbon thermal systems, have an effect of encouraging
levy in the province of British requiring or encouraging mitigation mitigation and
Columbia and cap-and-trade and adaptation. The establishment adaptation actions.
systems in the provinces of of a carbon tax on emissions from
Ontario and Quebec. fixed sources has contributed to
historically low solar energy prices.
C L I M AT E C H A N G E: A CO M PA R AT I V E OV E R V I E W O F L EG I S L AT I V E A N D E X EC U T I V E R E S P O N S E S I N T H E A M E R I C A S 5
Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic
There is no specific law in The Commonwealth of Dominica does not have The Dominican Republic does not
Cuba addressing climate a specific law addressing climate change. A have a specific law addressing
change, but a broad series of laws have nonetheless been enacted climate change. However, the
institutional and legal to regulate use of fragile land resources. These National Development Strategy
framework is in place to include inter alia: the Town and Country sets a commitment to decrease
address mitigation and Planning Act, the Land Management Authority GHG emissions. Additionally,
adaptation objectives. Act, the Forest Reserve Rules, the Forestry and much of the country’s
The Environment and Wildlife Act, the National Parks and Protected environmental legislation is
Rational Use of Natural Areas Act (which protects 20% of the country’s relevant to climate change.
Resources Law of 1997 land mass), the Beach Control Act, the Water Since issuance of the General
established the general and Sewerage Act, and the Pesticide Control Environmental Law (64-00),
responsibilities of the State Act. A comprehensive Environmental, Climate environmental and climate
to protect and rehabilitate Change and Development Bill is currently being change management issues are
the environment, and developed under a Cabinet directive issued in the responsibility of the Ministry
systematically tackle causes August 2011. This new legislation is expected of Environment and Natural
of degradation. In 2014, the to address key deficiencies in the existing legal Resources. Legal frameworks
Foreign Investment Law also and institutional framework, and to establish an such as the Law on Incentives for
called for use of renewable effective framework for managing anthropogenic Developing Sources of Renewable
energies in foreign threats to vulnerable ecosystems. The bill is also Energy, the Law on Hydrocarbons
investment projects. meant to establish key legal and institutional and the Forestry Law among
frameworks needed to effectively implement others, have an effect in requiring
the country’s Low-Carbon Climate-Resilient or encouraging mitigation and
Development Strategy and address climate and
17
adaptation actions.
development issues in an integrated manner.
6 C L I M AT E C H A N G E: A CO M PA R AT I V E OV E R V I E W O F L EG I S L AT I V E A N D E X EC U T I V E R E S P O N S E S I N T H E A M E R I C A S
Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana
Ecuador does El Salvador does not Grenada does not Guatemala has Guyana does not
not have a have a specific law have a specific law a Framework have a specific
specific law addressing climate addressing climate Law to regulate law addressing
addressing change. However, change. Climate change vulnerability climate change.
climate change. the legal framework is primarily addressed reduction, However, the
However, the that regulates the through executive adaptation to Environmental
legal framework environment and policies and strategies. climate change Protection Act,
that regulates energy, including The Constitution and mitigation of the Energy
the environment the General recognizes under GHG emissions.23 Act and the
and energy Environmental the general welfare Complementary Protected Areas
has an effect Law, the Forestry clause the right to a frameworks Act, amongst
of requiring or Law,19 and the Land clean, healthy and include the Forest other laws,
encouraging Use Planning and ecologically balanced Law24 and a Law have an effect
mitigation and Development Law, 20
environment which that provides of requiring or
adaptation among others, have is the overarching incentives for encouraging
measures.18 an effect in requiring framework for these renewables. mitigation and
or encouraging policies. Several adaptation
mitigation and individual laws also actions.
adaptation actions. 21
support climate change
objectives such as the
Forestry Soil and Water
Conservation Act22 or
the Land Development
Control Act.
C L I M AT E C H A N G E: A CO M PA R AT I V E OV E R V I E W O F L EG I S L AT I V E A N D E X EC U T I V E R E S P O N S E S I N T H E A M E R I C A S 7
Haiti Honduras Jamaica
While there was a lot of discussion Honduras In Jamaica, there is no law that
regarding the need to strengthen the does not have expressly requires mitigation
environmental management framework a specific law or adaptation to the impacts of
in Haiti following the 2010 earthquake, addressing climate change. Several laws and
the country does not have a specific climate change. regulations nonetheless have an
environmental management framework The national legal effect of requiring or encouraging
or a climate change law. Chapter II of framework that mitigation and adaptation actions.
the 1987 Constitution contains articles regulates the These include the Clean Air Act,
addressing the environment, and environment and the Watershed Protection Act, the
provides for maintaining an ecological energy therefore Water Resources Authority Act,
balance. In 2006, a Presidential Decree has an important the Environmental Management
on Environmental Management25 influence in Act, the Land Authority Act, the
was issued to complement these addressing Land Development and Utilization
constitutional provisions. The decree climate change. Act, the Urban Development
contains provisions on environmental Corporation Act, the Meteorological
planning, protected areas, environmental Act, the Natural Resources
assessments, the national environmental Conservation Authority Act, the
information system, pollution, and Office of Disaster Preparedness and
environmental damage. Emergency Management and the
Disaster Management Act, as well
as the National Heritage Trust Act,
the Endangered Species Act and
forestry regulations.26
8 C L I M AT E C H A N G E: A CO M PA R AT I V E OV E R V I E W O F L EG I S L AT I V E A N D E X EC U T I V E R E S P O N S E S I N T H E A M E R I C A S
Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay
In 2012, Mexico enacted a While Nicaragua Panama has recently established a Since 2014, Paraguay
General Law on Climate does not have a Ministry of Environment through has been discussing
Change (amended in 2014). specific climate Law 8 of 2015 and an amendment a General Law on
This complements other change law, a of Law 41 of 1998 (the National Climate Change.
legislation like the General resolution on Environmental Law) as well as In the interim, the
Ecological Equilibrium and climate change some provisions in the Water Law. legal framework
Environmental Protection and adaptability27 Panama does not have a specific on environmental
Law and the General Law on amended law addressing climate change, management has an
Environment and Natural the General but rather an environmental legal effect of requiring
Resources, which collectively Environmental and regulatory framework and or encouraging
address air quality, renewable and Natural an energy regulation framework mitigation and
energy, wildlife and Resources Law28 that supports climate change adaptation to the
biodiversity, and sustainable to include climate adaptation and mitigation efforts. impacts of climate
forest management. In 2011, change protection. In December 2016, a representative change.
it also issued a law that of the National Assembly assumed
limits vehicular emissions. the presidency of the ParlAmericas
Legislative initiatives like permanent working group on
these have been a strong driver climate change, which supports
of executive policy to tackle inter-parliamentary coordination
climate change following the and experience-sharing on
Cancun Agreements in 2010. legislative measures for mitigation
and adaptation to climate change
across the hemisphere.
C L I M AT E C H A N G E: A CO M PA R AT I V E OV E R V I E W O F L EG I S L AT I V E A N D E X EC U T I V E R E S P O N S E S I N T H E A M E R I C A S 9
Peru St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the
Since 2014, Peru has been St. Kitts and Nevis does not In St. Lucia, there is
Grenadines
working on a proposed have a specific law addressing no law that expressly In St. Vincent and
Framework Law on Climate climate change. Instead, the requires mitigation the Grenadines,
Change through outreach National Conservation and or adaptation to the there is no individual
to different political Environmental Protection impacts of climate law that expressly
sectors. In the interim, Act (NCEPA), the Fisheries change. These objectives requires mitigation of
the legal framework Act, and the Agricultural are instead supported or adaptation to the
on environmental Development Act, among through other laws like impacts of climate
management, including others, have an effect of the Forest, Soil and change and no general
the General Environmental requiring or encouraging Water Conservation environmental
Law, the Environmental mitigation and adaptation Act, the Saint Lucia management
Management System actions.30 Other notable National Trust Act, the framework. Instead,
Law, the Law on Regional legislation includes the Wildlife Protection Act, the Forest Resource
Governments, the Law on Development Control the Fisheries Act, the Conservation Act,32 the
Payment for Ecosystem and Planning Act, which Land Conservation and Beach Protection Act,33
Services, the Forest and established a Development Improvement Act, the the Fisheries Act,34 and
Wild Fauna Law, the Control and Planning Board National Conservation the Waste Management
Protected Areas Law, and with the responsibility Authority Act and the Act,35 amongst others,
the Water Resources Law to review and make Physical Planning and have an effect of
support climate change determinations on building Development Act. supporting actions to
adaptation and mitigation and development planning address climate change.
efforts. 29
applications in relation
to environmental impact
assessments.31
10 C L I M AT E C H A N G E: A CO M PA R AT I V E OV E R V I E W O F L EG I S L AT I V E A N D E X EC U T I V E R E S P O N S E S I N T H E A M E R I C A SSuriname The Bahamas Trinidad and Tobago United States
Suriname does not In the Bahamas, In Trinidad and Tobago, In the United States, the
have a specific law that there is no law that there is no law that Global Climate Change
addresses climate change expressly requires expressly requires Prevention Act of 199039
nor a comprehensive mitigation or mitigation or adaptation establishes mitigation
environmental law adaptation to the to the impacts of climate actions within the
enacted since the Nature impacts of climate change. These objectives agriculture, forestry and
Conservation Act of change. These are instead supported trade sectors. While
1954.36 Issues related to objectives are instead through other laws like there is no federal law
environmental pollution, supported through the Vehicle Emissions that comprehensively
the establishment other laws like the Act, the Air and Noise regulates mitigation and
of an environment Conservation and Pollution Management adaptation to climate
authority and fund for Protection of the Act, the Water Pollution change, these objectives
climate research, and Physical Landscape Management Act, are supported through
provisions to make Act. 38
the Environmental several individual
environmental impact Management Act, the laws addressing air
analysis mandatory37 are Disasters Measures Act, quality, energy, forestry
nonetheless expected to and the Forests Act. and coastal zone
be included under a new management. Legislative
environmental law that is initiatives at the state
under consideration. level complement these
national frameworks.
C L I M AT E C H A N G E: A CO M PA R AT I V E OV E R V I E W O F L EG I S L AT I V E A N D E X EC U T I V E R E S P O N S E S I N T H E A M E R I C A S 11Uruguay Venezuela
Uruguay does In Venezuela, the
not have a law legal framework
that expressly regarding climate
requires change is comprised
mitigation or of the Constitution,
adaptation to the Organic
the impacts of Environmental
climate change. Law40 and the Law
The General of Socio-Natural
Environmental and Technological
Law nonetheless Risks of 2009.41 The
supports latter established
compliance with a committee
climate change responsible for the
mitigation and National Adaptation
adaptation to Climate Change
measures. Plan and for assessing
the country’s
vulnerabilities to
climate change.
12 C L I M AT E C H A N G E: A CO M PA R AT I V E OV E R V I E W O F L EG I S L AT I V E A N D E X EC U T I V E R E S P O N S E S I N T H E A M E R I C A SCLIMATE
CHANGE Antigua and Argentina Barbados
Barbuda
RESPONSES BY
Argentina hosted Barbados has a
Antigua and Barbuda the Conference National Climate
THE EXECUTIVE has demonstrated
its commitment to
of the Parties
(COP 4) of the
Change Policy
since 2012, which
BRANCH the implementation
of obligations under
UNFCCC in 1998,
and established
supports continued
institutional,
the United Nations the Argentinian administrative
The executive branch has a two- Framework Convention Carbon Fund in and legislative
folded mission. First, it outlines policy on Climate Change 2015, through an improvements to
frameworks that require legislative (UNFCCC) through executive decree mitigation and
efforts to be implemented and, second, the establishment (Decree 1070/05) adaptation efforts
it executes mandates conferred by of a climate change to promote in pursuit of a green
the legislative branch through public database, Greenhouse mitigation projects economy status.
policies. The following comparative Gas (GHG) inventory, under the Kyoto The country has
analysis, while not comprehensive, and research and Protocol. Since taken a leading role
illustrates trends to mitigate and adapt monitoring programs, 2012, the country in climate finance
to climate change through national-level amongst other policies. also possesses a issues, through
policies of the executive branch. 42
It has also issued a National Climate its representation
National Environmental Change Mitigation of Small Island
Strategy and National Strategy. Developing States in
Physical Development the Green Climate
Plan, a National Energy Fund Board.44
Policy, and an Energy
Sustainability Strategy.43
C L I M AT E C H A N G E: A CO M PA R AT I V E OV E R V I E W O F L EG I S L AT I V E A N D E X EC U T I V E R E S P O N S E S I N T H E A M E R I C A S 13Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada
Belize has been working on Bolivia has promoted Several executive decrees Canada has shown
a National Energy Policy initiatives that have been issued by Brazil strong leadership on
Proposal with support from the contribute to climate in areas that address climate change issues. As
OAS.45 One of the objectives change mitigation climate change mitigation part of its contribution
of the proposal is to minimize and adaptation and adaptation. Examples to a new global climate
the deleterious effects of through executive include the establishment change agreement, it
climate change and GHG decrees. For example, of an Inter-Ministerial intends to achieve an
emissions. An existing Climate Decree No. 28218 Committee on Climate economy-wide target to
Change Adaptation Policy incorporates clean Change (Decree No. reduce GHG emissions
also encourages government development 6263/2007), a National by 30% below 2005
agencies to explore and mechanisms Plan on Climate Change, levels by 2030. In this
access opportunities derived in its National as well as a National context, the country
from global climate change Development Policy. Climate Change Policy. has been implementing
negotiations for capacity These executive initiatives a sector-by-sector
building, new funding, and have committed regulatory approach to
support with technology to include 80% of reduce GHG emissions,
transfers. This policy also renewables in the energy aligned with major
mandates relevant agencies matrix, and to a 10% economic partners.
to prepare adaptation policy reduction in electricity Actions have also been
options for their sectors. In 2009, consumption by 2030 taken by the executive
the country issued a National under requirements of the branch in areas relating
Adaptation Strategy and Action National Energy Plan. to transportation and
Plan to address climate change hydro-fluorocarbons
in the water sector.46 amongst others.47
14 C L I M AT E C H A N G E: A CO M PA R AT I V E OV E R V I E W O F L EG I S L AT I V E A N D E X EC U T I V E R E S P O N S E S I N T H E A M E R I C A SChile Colombia Costa Rica
Chile, through the ministry of the Colombia has established Costa Rica has taken strong
Environment, has taken efforts to a National Climate Change leadership in tackling
integrate climate change measures Adaptation Plan with the objective climate change. The country
in national public policies for the of reducing vulnerability and has a National Climate
purpose of achieving a low carbon increasing response capacities to Change Strategy since
economy. It has also established extreme weather events related 2008, and a corresponding
a Council at the ministerial level to climate change.49 Three other Action Plan, which entered
focused on sustainability and climate strategies relating to climate into force in 2014. It has
change, and issued a revised
48
change were also included in the also established a Carbon
National Climate Change Adaptation country’s National Development Neutrality System through
Plan in 2014. It is currently updating Plan: a Low Carbon Development a ministerial resolution51
its National Climate Change Action Strategy, a Reduced Emissions that has engaged the private
Plan through a process of public from Deforestation and Forest sector and civil society in
consultations, and developing sector Degradation (REDD+) Strategy, addressing climate change.
based adaptation plans. The creation and a strategy for financial Based on this system, the
of an Agency for Sustainability protection in relation to extreme country has reaffirmed its
and Climate Change has also been weather events. Presidential commitment to becoming
announced. This decentralized decrees have also established carbon-neutral by 2021.
agency will support implementation an Inter-Sectoral Committee on
of state policies for sustainable Climate Change, and a National
development and climate action in Climate Change System to
the private and public sectors. formulate and articulate climate
change policies.50
C L I M AT E C H A N G E: A CO M PA R AT I V E OV E R V I E W O F L EG I S L AT I V E A N D E X EC U T I V E R E S P O N S E S I N T H E A M E R I C A S 15Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic
In 2017, the Council of Ministers approved the The Commonwealth of The Dominican Republic has
Climate Change Plan “Tarea Vida,” with a focus on Dominica has implemented an Economic Development
protecting citizens in vulnerable locations from a Biodiversity and Climate Plan that is compatible with
extreme weather events, enhancing food security, Change Adaptation Program climate change mitigation
and livelihoods in the tourism sector. Previously, through its Convention on and adaptation objectives.53
the 2011 guidelines of the Economic and Social Biological Diversity Strategy A National Council for
Policy prioritized environmental studies focused and Action Plan,52 which Climate Change and Clean
on climate change, with an emphasis on water, fully integrates mitigation Development was also
soil and biodiversity conservation. The National and adaptation measures. established in 2008 via
Environmental Strategy of 2011-2015 proposed Since 2012, the country also executive decree.54 This
to enhance the use of renewable energy sources, has a Low-Carbon Climate- Council is composed of various
strengthen adaptation measures in coastal zones Resilient Development ministries, government
management, and promote adaptation planning Strategy which includes entities, and representatives
and investments to prevent impacts of extreme a Pilot Programme for from the private sector and
weather events. It further introduced mitigation Climate Resilience (PPCR) civil society organizations and
and adaptation measures to minimize climate and Strategic Programme on is chaired by the President of
impacts on human health, to improve early Climate Resilience (SPCR). the country.
warning systems, and to extend land-cover in the Implementation of this
forestry sector. The Program to Combat Climate strategy is expected to lead
Change of 2007 highlighted the incorporation of the transformation to a low
climate change adaptation in all programs, plans carbon economy.
and projects that focus on food production, water
resource management, spatial planning, and
hygiene and epidemiology.
16 C L I M AT E C H A N G E: A CO M PA R AT I V E OV E R V I E W O F L EG I S L AT I V E A N D E X EC U T I V E R E S P O N S E S I N T H E A M E R I C A SEcuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala
The Ministry of El Salvador has Grenada has a National Climate Guatemala has
Environment of Ecuador issued various policy Change Policy and Action Plan since taken important
is responsible for instruments that 2007. These instruments were partially actions to address
implementing policies address climate driven by the country’s participation climate change.
in support of climate change. These in the Caribbean Planning and Examples include
change adaptation include the National Adaptation to Climate Change (CPACC) a recently adopted
and mitigation. The Environmental project executed with the General Energy Policy that
country also has an Strategy, the Secretariat of the OAS with funding aims to source 80%
Inter-Institutional National Energy from the Global Environmental Facility of the country’s
Committee on Climate Policy and the (GEF). Since 2011, it has a Low Carbon electricity from
Change that coordinates National Climate Development Strategy, mostly driven renewables by 2030.
policies and actions Change Strategy of by the priority of addressing the
across government 2013. impacts of climate change. The country
departments, and a has been using the following policies
National Climate Change as guiding frameworks for low carbon
Strategy to 2025.55 development: the National Energy
Policy of 2011, the Protected Area
System Plan of 2012, and the National
Climate Change Policy and Action Plan
of 2007-2011.56
C L I M AT E C H A N G E: A CO M PA R AT I V E OV E R V I E W O F L EG I S L AT I V E A N D E X EC U T I V E R E S P O N S E S I N T H E A M E R I C A S 17Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico
As a result of Haiti has an Honduras has The Vision 2030 Mexico has a
participating in the extensive policy a National Jamaica National National Climate
Caribbean Planning framework that Climate Development Plan Change Plan
and Adaptation to aligns with global Change establishes a blueprint and an Inter-
Climate Change climate change Strategy and for development and Ministerial
(CPACC) project, objectives, despite has taken overarching framework Committee that
executed by the challenges in its important for activities in support addresses climate
General Secretariat of implementation. actions in of climate change change policies,
the OAS with funding This includes relation mitigation, particularly in addition
from the Global a Strategic to climate through greater to a National
Environmental Development change, leading energy conservation. Program on Air
Facility (GEF), Plan and National regional efforts Adaptation is Quality, and a
since 2002, Guyana Adaptation Plan, to tackle addressed in the GHG emissions
has developed a which addresses the issue of Sector Plan for registry. A
Climate Change integrated bark beetles Natural Resources Climate Change
Adaptation Policy water resource affecting and Environmental Fund has also
and Implementation management, forests. 57
Management and been established
Plan. It is also coastal zone Climate Change. 58
to promote low
implementing a Low management, food The country has also carbon green
Carbon Development security, bio trade, developed a National growth.
Strategy and has energy transition, Policy for the Trading
led international and education to of Carbon Credits
efforts in support reduce fossil fuel within its National
of projects to avoid consumption. Energy Policy with
deforestation. support from the OAS.
18 C L I M AT E C H A N G E: A CO M PA R AT I V E OV E R V I E W O F L EG I S L AT I V E A N D E X EC U T I V E R E S P O N S E S I N T H E A M E R I C A SNicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru St. Kitts and
Nicaragua has Panama has Paraguay has Since 2003, Peru
Nevis
issued a National a National been working on has been working St. Kitts and
Environmental and Climate Change a GHG emissions to strengthen Nevis has a broad
Climate Change Strategy since inventory for normative, policy framework
Strategy. This 2007 and more than a institutional and to address
strategy is cross has recently decade, and policy frameworks environmental and
cutting in nature engaged in has a National relating to climate climate change
as it is designed to developing Climate Change change. It has related challenges.
be implemented by a conceptual Commission adopted a National These include
different Ministries framework for a formed by Climate Change the National
and to mainstream carbon market. different Strategy to comply Environmental
climate change ministries, with UNFCCC Management
considerations government commitments at the Strategy (NEMS)
in government agencies and national level, which and a National
policy and land representatives has been updated in Energy Policy
management. Within of academia.60 consultation with developed with
this framework, multiple stakeholders support of the
sectoral authorities on the occasion of OAS.61
have issued action the hosting of the
plans for climate Conference of the
change in relation to Parties (COP 20) of
agriculture, fisheries the UNFCCC in 2014.
and forests among
other sectors.59
C L I M AT E C H A N G E: A CO M PA R AT I V E OV E R V I E W O F L EG I S L AT I V E A N D E X EC U T I V E R E S P O N S E S I N T H E A M E R I C A S 19St. Lucia St. Vincent and Suriname The Bahamas Trinidad and
St Lucia has
the Grenadines In 2011, Suriname The Commonwealth
Tobago
a National St Vincent and the established a Climate of the Bahamas has Trinidad and
Climate Grenadines has Compatible Development a National Policy Tobago has
Change several different Agency to consolidate on Adaptation to a National
Adaptation policies to support and streamline Climate Change Climate Change
Policy that adaptation to climate change since 2005. This Policy since
is designed climate change. related efforts across policy includes 2011 and has
to address These include various government directives for established a
short, medium the National departments. The multiple sectors Green Fund.
and long Economic and Social Agency’s responsibilities including The country
term impacts Development Plan include coordination agriculture, also has a
of climate 2013-2025, which of national policies fisheries, the comprehensive
change in a includes climate on climate change energy sector, policy
coordinated, resilience in its mitigation and the financial and framework
holistic and strategic objectives, adaptation, and forest insurance sector, addressing
participatory and the National conservation. The agency forestry, health and climate
manner. Environmental is also mandated to human settlements, change issues
Management secure international biodiversity, and in relation
Strategy and Action funding in relation to the tourism sector to forests,
Plan. It is currently these policies, to lead amongst others.64 energy and
developing a the country’s Climate environmental
National Energy Change Fund, and management.
Action Plan.62 to support a Climate
Compatible Knowledge
Institute.63
20 C L I M AT E C H A N G E: A CO M PA R AT I V E OV E R V I E W O F L EG I S L AT I V E A N D E X EC U T I V E R E S P O N S E S I N T H E A M E R I C A SUnited States Uruguay Venezuela
In 2014, the US Environmental Uruguay has Climate change is
Protection Agency (EPA) issued assumed a leading addressed in the
the Clean Power Plan aimed role in negotiations Economic and Social
at reducing carbon pollution for multilateral Development Plan
from power plants with a focus environmental of Venezuela. In
on climate change action, agreements and 2012, the country
although this plan is currently support to the also adopted new
under litigation.65 Several states Montevideo Program strategies for climate
have also adopted policies in on Environmental change mitigation
relation to climate change. Law. It also has a and adaptation.67
These include climate action comprehensive
plans in Colorado, Connecticut, National Climate
Maine and New York; the Change Strategy.
establishment of GHG emission
performance standards for
vehicles in California, New
Jersey and Washington;
the establishment of
commissions to develop policy
recommendations on climate
change in Alaska, Arkansas and
Arizona, and a cap-and-trade
program in California.66
C L I M AT E C H A N G E: A CO M PA R AT I V E OV E R V I E W O F L EG I S L AT I V E A N D E X EC U T I V E R E S P O N S E S I N T H E A M E R I C A S 21AT A GLANCE: INDEX OF KEY LEGISLATION AND POLICY
FRAMEWORKS TO ADDRESS CLIMATE CHANGE
LEGISLATIVE BRANCH EXECUTIVE BRANCH
Antigua and • Forestry Act • Establishment of a climate change database,
Barbuda • Beach Protection Act Greenhouse Gas (GHG) inventory, and research and
monitoring programs
• Plant Protection Act
• National Environmental Strategy
• Fisheries Act
• National Physical Development Plan
• Environment Protection Management Bill
• National Energy Policy
• Energy Sustainability Strategy
Argentina • General Law of the Environment (Ley general • Argentinian Carbon Fund (Fondo argentino del
del ambiente) carbono)
• Minimum threshold regime for the protection • National Climate Change Mitigation Strategy
of glaciers and periglacial environment (Estrategia nacional de mitigación del cambio climático)
Barbados • Town and Country Planning Act • National Climate Change Policy
• Represents Small Island Developing States in the
Green Climate Fund Board
22 C L I M AT E C H A N G E: A CO M PA R AT I V E OV E R V I E W O F L EG I S L AT I V E A N D E X EC U T I V E R E S P O N S E S I N T H E A M E R I C A SLEGISLATIVE BRANCH EXECUTIVE BRANCH
Belize • Environmental Protection Act • National Energy Policy Proposal
• Climate Change Adaptation Policy
• National Adaptation Strategy
Bolivia • Framework Law of Mother Earth for Integral • Inclusion of clean development mechanisms in
Development to Live Well (Ley marco de la the National Development Policy (Política nacional
madre tierra y desarrollo integral para vivir bien) de desarrollo)
Brazil • Forest Code • National Climate Change Policy
• Solid Waste Policy • Inter-Ministerial Committee on Climate Change
• Coastal Zone Management Law • National Plan on Climate Change
• Electricity Sector Law • National Energy Plan
• Biodiesel Law
Canada • Environmental Protection Act • Sector-by-sector regulatory approach to reduce
• Environmental Assessment Act GHG emissions, aligned with major economic
partners
• Water Act
• Economy-wide target to reduce GHG emissions by
• Energy Efficiency Act
30% below 2005 levels by 2030
• Emissions reduction laws enacted in some
provincial legislatures
C L I M AT E C H A N G E: A CO M PA R AT I V E OV E R V I E W O F L EG I S L AT I V E A N D E X EC U T I V E R E S P O N S E S I N T H E A M E R I C A S 23LEGISLATIVE BRANCH EXECUTIVE BRANCH
Chile • General Law of the Environment (Ley de bases • Council at the ministerial level focused on
generales del medio ambiente) sustainability and climate change
• General Law for Electric Services (Ley general • National Climate Change Adaptation Plan (Plan
de servicios eléctrico) nacional de adaptación al cambio climático)
• Law on Non-Conventional Renewable Energies • National Climate Change Action Plan (Plan de
(Ley de energías renovables no convencionales) acción nacional de cambio climático) (under public
• Law on Geothermal Energy (Ley de concesiones consultation)
de energía geotérmica) • Agency for Sustainability and Climate Change
• Forest Law (Ley de bosques) (Agencia de cambio climático y sustentabilidad)
Colombia • Renewable Natural Resources and • National Climate Change Adaptation Plan (Plan nacional
Environmental Protection Code (Código de adaptación al cambio climático)
nacional de recursos naturales renovables y de • National Development Plan, which includes: a
protección al medio ambiente) Low Carbon Development Strategy (Estrategia de
• Law for Promotion and Efficient Use of Energy desarrollo bajo en carbono), a Reduced Emissions from
Resources (Ley de uso racional y eficiente de la Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) Strategy
energía) (Estrategia nacional de reducción de emisiones debidas a
• Draft bill to establish climate change mitigation la deforestación y degradación forestal), and a strategy for
and adaptation measures financial protection in relation to extreme weather events
• Presidential decrees have also established an Inter-
Sectoral Committee on Climate Change (Comisión
intersectorial de cambio climático), and a National Climate
Change System (Sistema nacional de cambio climático)
24 C L I M AT E C H A N G E: A CO M PA R AT I V E OV E R V I E W O F L EG I S L AT I V E A N D E X EC U T I V E R E S P O N S E S I N T H E A M E R I C A SLEGISLATIVE BRANCH EXECUTIVE BRANCH
Costa Rica • Environmental Law (Ley orgánica del ambiente) • National Climate Change Strategy (Estrategia
• Forestry Law (Ley forestal) nacional de cambio climático)
• General Law on Climate Change • Carbon Neutrality System that has engaged the
(Proyecto de ley marco de cambio climático) private sector and civil society
• Reafirmed commitment to becoming carbon-
neutral by 2021
Cuba • Environment and Rational Use of Natural • National Environmental Strategy (Estrategia
Resources Law (Ley de protección del medio nacional ambiental)
ambiente y del uso racional de los recursos • Climate Change Plan “Tarea Vida” (Tarea Vida: Plan
naturales) de Estado para el enfrentamiento al cambio climático)
• Foreign Investment Law (Ley de inversión • Program to Combat Climate Change (Programa de
extranjera) enfrentamiento al cambio climático)
Dominica • Environmental, Climate Change and • Biodiversity and Climate Change Adaptation
Development Bill (in progress) Program
• Town and Country Planning Act • Low-Carbon Climate-Resilient Development
• Land Management Authority Act Strategy
• Forest Reserve Rules
• Forestry and Wildlife Act
C L I M AT E C H A N G E: A CO M PA R AT I V E OV E R V I E W O F L EG I S L AT I V E A N D E X EC U T I V E R E S P O N S E S I N T H E A M E R I C A S 25LEGISLATIVE BRANCH EXECUTIVE BRANCH
Dominica • National Parks and Protected Areas Act
(continued) • Beach Control Act
• Water and Sewerage Act
• Pesticide Control Act
Dominican • General Environmental Law (Ley general de • Economic Development Plan (Plan de desarrollo
Republic medio ambiente y recursos naturales) económico)
• Law on Incentives for Developing Sources of • National Council for Climate Change and Clean
Renewable Energy (Ley de incentivo al desarrollo Development (Consejo nacional para el cambio
de fuentes de energía renovable) climático y el mecanismo de desarrollo limpio),
• Law on Hydrocarbons (Ley de hidrocarburos) composed of ministries, government entities,
private sector, and civil society organizations,
• Forestry Law (Ley forestal)
chaired by the President of the country
Ecuador • Legal framework that regulates environment • Inter-Institutional Committee on Climate Change
and energy, and requires or encourages (Comité interinstitucional de cambio climático)
mitigation and adaptation measures • National Climate Change Strategy (Estrategia
nacional de cambio climático)
26 C L I M AT E C H A N G E: A CO M PA R AT I V E OV E R V I E W O F L EG I S L AT I V E A N D E X EC U T I V E R E S P O N S E S I N T H E A M E R I C A SLEGISLATIVE BRANCH EXECUTIVE BRANCH
El Salvador • General Environmental Law (Ley de medio • National Environmental Strategy (Estrategia
ambiente) nacional de medio ambiente)
• Forestry Law (Ley forestal) • National Energy Policy (Política nacional de energía)
• Land Use Planning and Development Law • National Climate Change Strategy (Estrategia
(Marco jurídico para el uso del suelo y nacional de cambio climático)
ordenamiento territorial urbanístico)
Grenada • Land Development Control Act • National Climate Change Policy
• Forestry Soil and Water Conservation Act • Low Carbon Development Strategy
• National Energy Policy
• Protected Area System Plan
Guatemala • Framework Law to regulate vulnerability • Energy Policy (Política de energía) that aims to
reduction, adaptation to climate change and source 80% of the country’s electricity from
mitigation of GHG emissions renewables by 2030
• Forestry Law (Ley forestal)
• Law that provides incentives for renewables
C L I M AT E C H A N G E: A CO M PA R AT I V E OV E R V I E W O F L EG I S L AT I V E A N D E X EC U T I V E R E S P O N S E S I N T H E A M E R I C A S 27LEGISLATIVE BRANCH EXECUTIVE BRANCH
Guyana • Environmental Protection Act • Climate Change Adaptation Policy
• Energy Act • Low Carbon Development Strategy
• Protected Areas Act • Leading role internationally in projects to avoid
deforestation
Haiti • Constitutional provisions regarding the • Presidential Decree on Environmental Management
environment and ecological balance • Strategic Development Plan
• National Adaptation Plan
Honduras • National legal framework that regulates the • National Climate Change Strategy (Estrategia
environment and energy, and has an important nacional de cambio climático)
influence in addressing climate change • Leading regional role in tackling the issue of bark
beetles affecting forests
Jamaica • Clean Air Act • Vision 2030 National Development Plan, with focus
• Watershed Protection Act on greater energy conservation
• Water Resources Authority Act • Sector Plan for Natural Resources and
Environmental Management and Climate Change
• Environmental Management Act
28 C L I M AT E C H A N G E: A CO M PA R AT I V E OV E R V I E W O F L EG I S L AT I V E A N D E X EC U T I V E R E S P O N S E S I N T H E A M E R I C A SLEGISLATIVE BRANCH EXECUTIVE BRANCH
Jamaica • Land Authority Act • National Policy for the Trading of Carbon Credits
(continued) • Land Development and Utilization Act within its National Energy Policy
• Natural Resources Conservation Authority Act
• Disaster Management Act
• National Heritage Trust Act
• Endangered Species Act
Mexico • General Law on Climate Change (Ley general de • National Climate Change Plan (Plan nacional de
cambio climático) adaptación al cambio climático)
• General Ecological Equilibrium and • Inter-Ministerial Committee
Environmental Protection Law (Ley general • National Program on Air Quality (Programa
de equilibrio ecológico y de protección del medio nacional centrado en la calidad del aire)
ambiente)
• GHG emissions registry (Registro de emisiones de GEI)
• Law that limits vehicular emissions
• Climate Change Fund (Fondo para el cambio
climático) to promote low carbon green growth
Nicaragua • Amendments of the General Environmental • National Environmental and Climate Change
and Natural Resources Law (Ley general de Strategy (Estrategia nacional ambiental y de cambio
medio ambiente y recursos naturales) to include climático)
climate change protection
C L I M AT E C H A N G E: A CO M PA R AT I V E OV E R V I E W O F L EG I S L AT I V E A N D E X EC U T I V E R E S P O N S E S I N T H E A M E R I C A S 29LEGISLATIVE BRANCH EXECUTIVE BRANCH
Panama • National Environmental Law (Ley general del • National Climate Change Strategy (Estrategia
ambiente) and legal and regulatory framework nacional de cambio climático)
• Water Law (Ley de uso de las aguas) • Developing a conceptual framework for a carbon
market
Paraguay • Legal framework on environmental • Working on a GHG emissions inventory
management • National Climate Change Commission (Comisión
• General Law on Climate Change (Ley general de nacional de cambio climático), formed by different
cambio climático) (on debate) ministries, government agencies and
representatives of academia
Peru • General Environmental Law (Ley de medio ambiente) • National Climate Change Strategy (Estrategia
• Environmental Management System Law (Ley nacional de cambio climático)
marco del sistema de gestión ambiental)
• Law on Payment for Ecosystem Services (Ley de
mecanismos de retribución por servicios ecosistémicos)
• Forest and Wild Fauna Law (Ley forestal y de
fauna silvestre)
• Protected Areas Law (Ley de áreas naturales
protegidas)
• Water Resources Law (Ley de recursos hídricos)
• Framework Law on Climate Change (Ley marco para
enfrentar los efectos del cambio climático) (in progress)
30 C L I M AT E C H A N G E: A CO M PA R AT I V E OV E R V I E W O F L EG I S L AT I V E A N D E X EC U T I V E R E S P O N S E S I N T H E A M E R I C A SLEGISLATIVE BRANCH EXECUTIVE BRANCH
St. Kitts and • National Conservation and Environmental • National Environmental Management Strategy
Nevis Protection Act • National Energy Policy
• Fisheries Act
• Development Control and Planning Act
St. Lucia • Forest, Soil and Water Conservation Act • National Climate Change Adaptation Policy
• Saint Lucia National Trust Act
• Wildlife Protection Act
• Fisheries Act
• Land Conservation and Improvement Act
• National Conservation Authority Act
• Physical Planning and Development Act
St. Vincent and • Forest Resource Conservation Act • National Economic and Social Development Plan
the Grenadines • Beach Protection Act • National Environmental Management Strategy
• Fisheries Act • National Energy Action Plan
• Waste Management Act
Suriname • Nature Conservation Act • Climate Compatible Development Agency
C L I M AT E C H A N G E: A CO M PA R AT I V E OV E R V I E W O F L EG I S L AT I V E A N D E X EC U T I V E R E S P O N S E S I N T H E A M E R I C A S 31LEGISLATIVE BRANCH EXECUTIVE BRANCH
The Bahamas • Conservation and Protection of the Physical • National Policy on Adaptation to Climate Change
Landscape Act
Trinidad and • Vehicle Emissions Act • National Climate Change Policy
Tobago • Air and Noise Pollution Management Act • Green Fund
• Water Pollution Management Act
• Environmental Management Act
• Disasters Measures Act
• Forests Act
United States • Global Climate Change Prevention Act, which • Clean Power Plan to reduce carbon pollution
establishes mitigation actions within the (under litigation)
agriculture, forestry and trade sectors • Climate action plans, GHG emission performance
standards for vehicles, and commissions to develop
policy recommendations on climate change in
several states
• Cap-and-trade program in California
32 C L I M AT E C H A N G E: A CO M PA R AT I V E OV E R V I E W O F L EG I S L AT I V E A N D E X EC U T I V E R E S P O N S E S I N T H E A M E R I C A SLEGISLATIVE BRANCH EXECUTIVE BRANCH
Uruguay • General Environmental Law (Ley de medio • Leading role in negotiations for multilateral
ambiente) environmental agreements and support to the
Montevideo Program on Environmental Law
(Programa de Montevideo para el desarrollo y la
revisión periódica del derecho ambiental)
• National Climate Change Strategy (Plan nacional
de respuesta al cambio climático)
Venezuela • Organic Environmental Law (Ley orgánica del • Economic and Social Development Plan (Plan
ambiente) nacional de desarrollo económico y social)
• Law of Socio-Natural and Technological Risks • Strategies for climate change mitigation and
(Ley de gestión integral de riesgos socionaturales y adaptation
tecnológicos), with a committee responsible for
the National Adaptation to Climate Change Plan
(Plan nacional de adaptación al cambio climático)
C L I M AT E C H A N G E: A CO M PA R AT I V E OV E R V I E W O F L EG I S L AT I V E A N D E X EC U T I V E R E S P O N S E S I N T H E A M E R I C A S 331. This information on legislation is updated to November 2016. 19. 2002. Decreto Legislativo No. 852 Diario Oficial 110. Tomo 355.
2. Laws of Antigua and Barbuda, Chapter 178: The Forestry Act. June 17, 1941. http://www.laws. 20. 2011 Decreto Legislativo No. 644.Diario Oficial 143. Tomo 392.
gov.ag/acts/chapters/cap-178.pdf.
21. Ley de Medio Ambiente, Decreto No. 233, Diario Oficial de la República de El Salvador,
3. Laws of Antigua and Barbuda, Chapter 46: The Beach Protection Act. June 18, 1957. http:// América Central Tomo No. 339, Número 79, San Salvador, Lunes 4 de Mayo de 1998. In
www.laws.gov.ag/acts/chapters/cap-46.pdf. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales de El Salvador. Ley de Medio Ambiente
con Reformas Hasta el Año 2012. 2012. http://www.marn.gob.sv/descarga/ley-del-medio-
4. Laws of Antigua and Barbuda, Chapter 329: The Plan Protection Act. August 11, 1941. http://
ambiente-2/?wpdmdl=14734&ind=0EOg3WiNha0_2uTYSi85wVbKO-ghrxVet_ktMf5Rnc-
www.laws.gov.ag/acts/chapters/cap-329.pdf.
G6Cx8SCp1l4Vix7uXe3pt (in Spanish).
5. Laws of Antigua and Barbuda, The Fisheries Act. November 17, 2006. http://laws.gov.ag/
22. Act, No. 34 of 1984.
acts/2006/a2006-22.pdf.
23. Ley Marco para Regular la Reducción de la Vulnerabilidad, la Adaptación Obligatoria ante los
6. Laws of Antigua and Barbuda, Environmental Protection and Management Act. September
Efectos del Cambio Climático y la Mitigación de Gases de Efecto Invernadero, Decree no. 7-2013.
24, 2015. http://laws.gov.ag/acts/2015/a2015-11.pdf.
24. Ley Forestal, Decree No. 101-96.
7. United Nations and Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, “Review
of the Economics of Climate Change (RECC) in the Caribbean Project: Phase I Climate 25. Le Moniteur, Décret Portant Sur la Gestion de l’Environnement et de Régulation de la Conduite
Change Profiles in Select Caribbean Countries.” February 3, 2010. http://repositorio.cepal. des Citoyens. January 26, 2006. http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/hai65901.pdf (in French).
org/handle/11362/38289?locale-attribute=en.
26. Ministry of Justice of Jamaica, Laws. 2017. http://moj.gov.jm/laws.
8. Government of Belize, Environmental Protection Act. April 20, 2009. http://www.doe.gov.
27. Cambio Climatico y Adaptabilidad en Nicaragua, Resolution A. N. No. 003-2009. June 17,
bz/index.php/services/send/19-belize-environmental-laws-regulations/115-environmental-
2009.
protection-amendment-act-2009.
28. Ley General del Medio Ambiente y los Recursos Naturales, No. 217.
9. Asamblea Legislativa Plurinacional de Bolivia. Ley Marco de la Madre Tierra y Desarrollo
Integral para Vivir Bien. n.d. 29. Sociedad Peruana de Derecho Ambiental, Compendio Legislativo sobre Cambio Climático en el
Perú. SPDA. November 26, 2014. http://www.spda.org.pe/?wpfb_dl=418 (in Spanish).
10. Article 32 of this Law is focused exclusively on climate change.
30. Island Planning Services, Third International Conference on Small Island Developing States
11. Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999 S.C. 1999, c. 33.
(SIDS): St. Kitts and Nevis, 2014. http://www.sids2014.org/content/documents/245SKN%20
12. Canadian Environmental Assessment Act, 2012S.C. 2012, c. 19, s. 52. Final%20Draft%20National%20Report.pdf.
13. Canada Water Act. R.S.C., 1985, c. C-11. 31. Island Planning Services, United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20)
National Preparatory Process: St. Kitts and Nevis. Stocktaking Report, 2012.
14. Canada Energy Efficiency Act S.C. 1992, c. 36.
32. Act, No. 47 of 1992.
15. Law 2811 of 1994.
33. Act, No. 10 of 1981.
16. Law 697 of 2001.
34. Act, No. 8 of 1986 Amended by No. 32 of 1986 and No. 25 of 1989.
17. Government of Dominica, Low-Carbon Climate-Resilient Development Strategy 2012-2020,
2012. https://unfccc.int/files/cooperation_support/nama/application/pdf/dominica_low_ 35. Act, No. 31 of 2000.
carbon_climate_resilient_strategy__%28finale%29.pdf.
36. Government of Suriname, “Legislation Suriname.” Lexadin. August 20, 1996. https://www.
18. Texto Unificado de la Legislación Ambiental Secundaria Decreto Presidencial No. 3516, 31 lexadin.nl/wlg/legis/nofr/oeur/lxwesur.htm.
de marzo de 2003, Edición Especial No. 2 del Registro Oficial.
34 C L I M AT E C H A N G E: A CO M PA R AT I V E OV E R V I E W O F L EG I S L AT I V E A N D E X EC U T I V E R E S P O N S E S I N T H E A M E R I C A SYou can also read
