Country/Territory profile for Indonesia
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Country/Territory profile for
Indonesia
This country/territory profile has been compiled based on the wealth of scientific data on the world's bird
species and the sites critical to their conservation available in BirdLife's Data zone. To explore this in
greater detail please click on the links embedded in this document or visit www.birdlife.org/datazone
Indonesia at a glance
Area
1,904,569km2
BirdLife Partner
Burung Indonesia (Affiliate)
Species
Total number of birds 1559
Globally threatened birds 122
Country endemics 375
Important Bird Areas
Number of IBAs 227
Total IBA area 25,487,086 ha
Endemic Bird Areas
Number of EBAs 38
Recommended Citation:
BirdLife International (2013) Country profile: Indonesia. Available from:
http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/country/indonesia. Checked: 2013-06-10
Species
IUCN Red List status for all birds
TOTAL 1559 (5th) Breeding Endemic 375 7.9%
Landbirds 1541 Seabirds 42
Migratory 262 Waterbirds 178 13.8%
IUCN Red List Status
Extinct 0
Extinct in the Wild 0
78.3%
Globally Threatened 122 (3rd)
% threatened 8% (42nd)
Critically Endangered 19 LC NT GTB
Endangered 33
IUCN Red List status for globally
Vulnerable 70 threatened birds (GTBs)
Near Threatened 213 15.6%
Least Concern 1210
Data Deficient 14
The numbers in brackets refer to the country's rank when 57.4% 27%
compared to other countries and territories globally.
CR EN VU
IBAs
500 km
500 mi
Map data ©2013 Basarsoft, Google, MapIT, ORION-ME, SK planet, ZENRIN
Total number of IBAs 227 Total IBA Area (ha) 25,487,086
Number triggered by individual criteria
Globally threatened species (A1) 196 Biome-restricted species (A3) 75
Restricted-range species (A2) 168 Congregatory species (A4) 23
Number of AZE sites identified for birds 17
IBA status
IBAs are monitored using a simple, practical and robust framework. This involves regular assessments in which
each IBA is scored against indicators of pressure (the threat facing the site), state (the condition of birds and their
habitats) and response (the actions being taken to conserve the site). To learn more about this process click here.
IBA monitoring is now well established in many countries; however, it is not yet systematically applied at all sites
globally (e.g. in countries without a BirdLife Partner). If no data are displayed below then national IBA monitoring has
yet to commence or the data have yet to be entered into the BirdLife World Database. In order to avoid providing
potentially misleading information, no data are displayed unless at least 5% of sites in the country, or a total of 20
sites (whichever is smaller) have complete monitoring assessments.
Number of sites monitored 2 (1%) First assessment year 2004
Number of assessment 2 Last assessment year 2004
Overview of IBA status
Pressure State Response
Threats to trigger species/habitat Condition of trigger Actions for trigger species/habitat
species/habitat
high medium
not assessed
not assessed
n=2 sites n=2 sites n=2 sites
This information is based on the most recent site assessments, dates of which may differ between sites.
'Trigger' (or qualifying) bird species are those for which a site has been recognised as an IBA under any of the global
(or, where appropriate, regional or sub-regional) criteria. For a full explaination of the process of IBA identification
click here
Most recent IBAmonitoring
assessment
Year
2004
Trends over time in Pressure, State and Response at IBAs
Pressure State Response
1
v. high fav. high
high nr. fav. medium
medium unfav. low
low v. unfav. negligible
This information is based on both complete and partial site assessments (i.e. those with scores for one or two, but
not all three, of state, pressure and response in a particular year).
nr. fav. = near favourable; unfav. = unfavourable; v. unfav. = very unfavourable. Grey bars indicate sample sizes, i.e.
the number of complete site assessments per year.
Trends should be interpreted with caution because: (a) the number and subset of IBAs assessed may vary between
years; (b) the number of parameters (Pressure, State, Response) for which each site is assessed may vary within
and between years; and (c) the overall sample sizes may represent a small proportion, and potentially an
unrepresentative subset, of all IBAs, particularly in some years. As more data are added into the BirdLife database,
the trends will become more robust and reliable.
For queries or clarifications regarding the use of these data or to request access to the underlying data, please
contact science@birdlife.org. For any publications making substantial use of the data, BirdLife International and
BirdLife Partners welcome the opportunity for collaboration and to comment on interpretation.
The following case studies provide more information on how IBA monitoring data can be used:
BirdLife Partners have developed a monitoring framework for IBAs worldwide
In Kenya, IBA monitoring shows the value of formal protection for biodiversity conservation
Effective IBA monitoring is vital and Africa is leading the way
EBAs
500 km
500 mi
Map data ©2013 Basarsoft, Google, MapIT, ORION-ME, SK planet, ZENRIN
Total number of EBAs and secondary areas 38Marine
Coastline 54716 km
Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) 5981161 km2
Marine IBAs 9
Summary/History
Indonesia consists of a network of more than 17,500 volcanic islands sitting either side of the equator, of which more than 150 are active. Indonesia's islands support
regionally and globally important breeding colonies of at least 15 seabird species (de Korte, 1991). Historical records since the early 20th century suggest severe fluctuations
in breeding numbers (de Korte, 1984), although surveys during the last thirty years suggest marked declines, with all Pelecaniforme breeding colonies in West Indonesia now
extinct (de Korte, 1991). In East Indonesia, islands in the Flores and Banda Seas retain the largest colonies in Southeast Asia (de Korte, 1991). Burung Laut Indonesia
(BirdLife Partner) have conducted pelagic seabird surveys annually since 2009, within the key breeding, migrating and foraging areas throughout Indonesia. This is raising the
profile of seabird conservation in Indonesia. A separate survey of four key colonies in the Banda Sea was conducted in 2009, with mixed results (de Jong, 2011). On Manuk,
breeding seabird numbers had declined significantly since de Korte's 1981 survey, whilst on Gunung Api, an unspoiled, intact island, numbers have increased since de
Korte's (1991) findings. Both Manuk and Gunung Api are protected, but in practice there is no enforcement or management plan. Moromaho is protected within the Wakatobi
Marine National Park, and colony numbers were similar to those in the 1980's. Suanngi also had similar numbers to the 1980's, but is not currently protected and there is
some human activity on the island. The mixed results for these key colonies highlight the need for regular monitoring of the islands. In addition, there are also potentially
many new areas to survey, which may reveal some new breeding sites. Burung is currently undertaking a Protected Areas (PA) gap analysis for the government. In the
terrestrial environment IBAs are the only good quality data to compare against the PA network, but for marine habitats, good data on coral reefs, turtle nesting beaches and
cetacean distribution is used to compare to the MPA network. At the moment, seabird data has not been considered in this gap analysis. While Burung may not lead on
marine IBA work they are well placed to facilitate the gathering of seabird data by other organisations within Indonesia.
The key threats to seabirds in Indonesia comprise:
o Egg harvesting and poaching of adults
o Human disturbance, encroachment and habitat modification (e.g., removal of trees with which to build boats, and replacement with crop plants such as coconut, banana
and cassava destroys breeding sites for tree-nesting seabirds such as Pelicaniformes and noddies)
o Introduced rats
o Fishing practices
National priorities
The key priority species for research and designation of marine IBAs in Indonesia are the Christmas Island Frigatebird (CR), Abbott's Booby (EN), Chinese Crested Tern (CR),
Streaked Shearwater (regional endemic), and noddy and booby species that may act as indicators.
Indonesia's national priorities comprise:
o Conducting annual monitoring of current breeding seabird colonies, with particular focus on Chinese Crested Tern
o Updating range map for Christmas Island Frigatebird to incorporate recent knowledge and search for non-breeding roost islands
o Identifying key non-breeding sites for Streaked Shearwater using tracking data and boat-based surveys
o Identifying key likely sites for Abbott's Booby off the coast of Java with help of tracking data
o Exploring the possibility of tracking booby species in the region in future
o Determining the status of Aleutian Terns wintering in Indonesia, Malaysia and the South China Sea
o Using existing tracking data for some species to narrow search area for non-breeding congregations of other species
o Adding information to the Protected Areas gap analysis about the absence of seabird data within the project
o Facilitating other organisations within Indonesia to work on seabirds
o Creating seabird identification cards for priority species and distribute with fishermen/yachts/cruise ships etc.
o Undertaking seabirds identification training days (possibly using the existing Hong Kong water birds day as a model)
o Establishing a regional colony register (perhaps best done through the framework for a global colony register discussed at the first world seabird conference in Canada in
2010).
o Developing funding proposals for aspects of the above as appropriate
Government's support/relevant policy
In Indonesia there are more than 100 MPAs in total, but they have all effectively been established on the basis of non-seabird marine taxa and habitats. Some MPAs are
managed by the Ministry of Forestry, some by Marine Affairs and Fisheries, and there is little dialogue between the two. Please see policy tab for list of agreements that this
country is party to.
Total 42 (40th)
Major seabird families
Diomedeidae 0 Spheniscidae 0 Procellariidae 4 Phalacrocoracidae 2
Albatrosses Penguins Petrels and shearwaters Cormorants
Hydrobatidae
4 Alcidae 0 Laridae
Anatidae
Storm-petrels Auks Gulls and terns 18 Ducks, geese and swans 0IUCN Red List status for all seabirds
IUCN Red List Status - Marine species
9.8%
Extinct 0
Extinct in the Wild 0
Globally Threatened 4 (36th)
% threatened 10% (43rd)
Critically Endangered 2
87.8%
Endangered 2
Vulnerable 0
LC NT GTB
Near Threatened 1
Least Concern 36 IUCN Red List status for globally
threatened seabirds (GTBs)
Data Deficient 1
50% 50%
CR EN
References
Brickle N. (2009). Investigating pelagic seabird foraging and passage in the Sunda Strait, Indonesia. Pacific Seabirds 36 (1): 23
BirdLife International (2010). 1st Asian Marine IBA Workshop Report. Held 14-16 April 2010, JICA Chikyu-hiroba, Tokyo, Japan. BirdLife International internal report.
De Jong, G. (2011) Survey of Pelecaniform Seabird Colonies in East Indonesia. Progress Report to BirdLife International. BirdLife International internal report.
de Korte, J. (1984) Status and Conservation of Seabird Colonies in Indonesia. In: Croxall, J.P., Evans, P. G. H. and Schrieber, R. W. (1984). Status and Conservation of the
World's Seabirds. International Council for Bird Preservation, Technical Publication No. 2. pp.527-545
de Korte, J. (1989) Threats to Indonesian seabird colonies. Conservation Biology 3: 336-337
de Korte, J. (1991) Status and Conservation of Indonesia's Seabird Colonies. In: Croxall, J.P. ed. (1991). Seabird: Status and Conservation: A Supplement. International
Council for Bird Preservation, Technical Publication No. 11. pp.225-247
Rainor C.R., Imanuddin, Aldy F., Verbelen P. and Walker J.S. (2009). The birds of Wetar, banda Sea: one of Indonesia's forgotten Islands. BirdingASIA 12: 78-93Policy
Party to the following agreements and conventions
Geographic National Convention
Convention name scope Parties Party
African-Eurasian Waterbird Agreement (AEWA) Regional 64
Agreement on the Convention of Albatrosses and Petrels (ACAP) Global 13
Barcelona Convention Regional 21
Bonn Agreement (environment) Regional 9
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), Nairobi, 1992 Global 192
Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the High
Seas Global 38
Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources Global 33
(CCAMLR), Canberra, 1980
Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats Regional 49
Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals,
(CMS), Bonn, 1979 Global 115
Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild
Flora and Fauna, (CITES), Washington DC, 1973 Global 176
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), New York, 1992 Global 194
Kyoto Protocol - greenhouse gas emission reductions Global 191
Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, Ramsar,
1971 Global 160
UNESCO World Heritage Convention Global 195
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) Global 192
Regional Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Birds of Prey Regional 34
Convention on Biological Diversity
BirdLife is the International Thematic Focal Point for birds to the CBD Clearing-House Mechanism which aims to
share knowledge and exchange information. For more information click here.
Ramsar
Many Important Bird Areas (IBAs) are designated, or potentially qualify for designation, as Ramsar sites (wetlands
of international importance) on the basis of their waterbird populations. This section presents data on those IBAs so
far identified as potential Ramsar sites.
No of potential Ramsar sites 49 Fully recog... Partially re... Not recogn...
Fully recognised as Ramsar sites 1
Partially recognised 1
Not recognised 47
95.9%Resources
State of the world's birds case studies
Introduction: The importance of birds to biodiversity
Birds are found almost everywhere in the world, from the poles to the equator
Feathers have always been used by humans as decoration and status symbols
Megapode eggs are an important source of food to many Indo-Pacific communities
New species continue to be discovered
State: What we know about the changing state of birds
Some countries are particularly important for threatened birds
Birds in some regions, notably Oceania and Asia, have deteriorated in status faster than others
Pressure: Why birds are declining
In Indonesia, human-initiated fires are responsible for massive losses of rainforest
The past 40 years have seen dramatic increases in global production of tropical export commodities
The forests of Asia, in particular, have suffered from unsustainable forestry practices
Lowland forests will have been destroyed across large parts of Indonesia by 2010
Unsustainable exploitation of birds is most prevalent in Asia
Biofuel plantations on forested lands: double jeopardy for biodiversity and climate
Sought-after species face rapid declines
In current global markets, oil palm plantations are valued more highly than ancient forest
Crop expansion is a major threat to biodiversity in tropical countries
Response: What can be done to improve the status of birds
Developing a market-based solution to the bird trade in Indonesia
BirdLife Partners in Indonesia and Sierra Leone are developing innovative approaches to save forests
Developing sustainable livelihood options will help communities adapt to climate change
Key publications
Chan, S., Crosby, M. J., Islam M. Z. and Tordoff, A. W. (2004) Important Bird Areas in Asia: Key Sites for Conservation. BirdLife
International.
Download
References
Rombang, W. M., Trainor. C. and Lesmana, D. (2002) Daerah Penting bagi Burung: Nusa Tenggara [Important Bird Areas of Indonesia: Nusa
Tenggara]. Bogor: PKA and BirdLife International. [In Indonesian]
Holmes, D. and Rombang, W. M. (2001). Daerah Penting bagi Burung: Sumatera [Important Bird Areas of Indonesia: Sumatra]. Bogor: PKA and
BirdLife International Indonesia Programme. [In Indonesian]
Holmes, D., Rombang, W. M. and Octavani, D. (2001) Daerah Penting bagi Burung: di Kalimantan [Important Bird Areas of Indonesia: Kalimantan].
Bogor: PKA and BirdLife International Indonesia Programme. [In Indonesian]
Rudyanto and Rombang, W. (1999) Important Bird Areas in Java. Bogor: BirdLife International Indonesia Programme.You can also read
