Defence Research & Development Establishment (DRDE) Defence Research & Development Organization (DRDO) - December, 12, 2013

Defence Research & Development Establishment (DRDE)
Defence Research & Development Organization (DRDO)

                                         December, 12, 2013

Present Scenario
 According to UNICEF / WHO estimates:
  About 1/7thof world population still openly
  defecate in the absence of any toilet / latrine,
  of which 60% live in India
 According to Registrar General Census of
  India (2011):
 69% households in rural & 19% in urban sector
  have no access to toilets which leads to open
  defecation
 This makes India the number one country in
  the world where open defecation is practised
 Indonesia with 63 million is a far second !


Sources of Pollution……
                                        Houses without Toilets in India (10.5 % improvement in 10 years)

 Open toilets
 Discharge by railways
 Untreated sewage system

                      Consequences……
 Organic pollution

 Aesthetic nuisance
 Water borne diseases
   Viral gastroenteritis, typhoid, cholera
   Diarrhoea (annually kills 500,000 children)
   Viral hepatitis (100 cases per 100,000 people)

Dry Pit Toilets
Most commonly used by NGOs in TSC

   Ventilated                            Twin (Dry)
   Dry pit toilet                        pit toilet

 Pit needs periodical evacuation
 Manual scavenging problem not solved

Twin-Pit Pour-Flush Toilet (Leach Pit Toilets)

 Pits are constructed in brick line (like a
  honeycomb to facilitate the liquid to
  flow out)
 A wooden or concrete slab to prevent
  people falling into them
 Pits are placed symmetrically at the
  back of the latrine pan with minimal
  distance of the pit depth to prevent
  cross-contamination

Risk of ground water contamination            Distance not
Not suitable for high water table areas       less than the
                                               pit depth
Dislodging of toilet is required in every
 3-5 years

SEPTIC TANK
SEPTIC TANK SYSTEMS
 BIGGER VOLUME
 REQUIRES LARGER SPACE
 COSTLY TO BUILD
 NOT EFFICIENT
 OBNOXIOUS SMELL
 SLUDGE NEEDS PERIODIC
  EVACUATION
 MAINTENANCE INTENSIVE
 UNHYGIENIC DISPOSAL

Human Waste Treatment Challenges

Wide variation in temperature:
-50°C to 50°C

Variety Of Terrain:
High altitude, Hilly, Marshy, Plains, Desert,
Coastal Areas & Islands

Water Conditions:
Low / High Water Table
Dry / Flooded / Water Logged Areas

Economic Constraints, Awareness, Lack Of
Concern

Salient features

 Eco-friendly & cost-effective (no recurring cost)
 Wide applicability under different climatic conditions
 Easy to transport and install in hilly terrains
 Minimizes water consumption
 Recycling of effluent water
 Reduction in organic waste by more than 90%
 More than 99% pathogens reduction
 Generation of odourless and inflammable biogas
 Use of phenyl/ cleaning agents is permitted upto 84ppm

Biodigester Technology
                        BACTERIA (INOCULUM)
 Anaerobic microbial consortium developed by acclimatization/ enrichment
  of microbes at low temperature and bio-augmentation with critical group
  of bacteria

                   Fermentation Tank (Biodigester)
 Fermentation device for accelerated microbial degradation of organic
  waste
 Biodigester is made of mild steel/SS/FRP/bricks
 Dimensions and internal design vary with no. of users, water availability &
  geo-climatic conditions

Steps in Anaerobic Digestion

         Large polymers are                 Hydrolysis
  converted into simpler monomers
                                                           Robust
 Simple monomers are converted into        Acidogenesis
         volatile fatty acids

Volatile fatty acids are converted into    Acetogenesis
         acetic acid, CO2 & H2                             Sensitive
                                          Methanogenesis
   Acetate & H2 are converted into
             CH4 & CO2

Variants of Biodigester

                                   Biodigester

                                                               Biodigester
 Stationary                                                    for mobile
 Biodigester                                                    vehicles

                                                  For Civil    For Indian
                                                 application   Railways
 For Armed
  Forces

For Snow       For Soil     For coastal     For cold
                                                               For House
  Bound         Bound         areas         climates
                          (Lakshadweep)                          Boats
 Regions       Regions                     (Laddakh)

Biodigester Development

      Soil                 Glacier

Metal – 50-60 men   Temp controlled: 20-25 men
FRP – 50-60 men                    : 7-10 men (Modular)

Modular Biodigesters For Glacier

Low Temperature Biodigesters for Soil
     Bound High Altitude Areas

   Partapur

   Sikkim

Temperature Controlled Hybrid
                 Biodigester
   Digester       Solar Panel         Grinder & Toilet       Grinder

              Working at North Pullu (16400ft) since July 2006

 Kitchen waste and human waste degradation

Development of Biodigesters
      for plain areas

Challenges in Rural Sector
   Energy constraints
   Water constraints
   Space constraints
   Cost
   Working life
   Use of toilet cleaning agents
   Manual scavenging/ evacuation
   Maintenance

 DRDO Bio-Digester addresses all above challenges
    adequately

Biodigester
A Low cost Eco-friendly alternative of Septic Tank
  Size: 1/4th to 1/10th
  Less space requirement
  Low material/ construction cost
  Can treat bathroom/ kitchen
   wastewater also
  No foul smell
  Maintenance free                    Biodigester

                  Biodigester cum Reed Bed

Biodigester-Septic Tank: Volume
 S.    No. of    *Volume  of Septic Volume of Biodigester
No.    Users         Tank (m3)              (m3)
 1       5              1.12                 0.7
 2      10              1.8                  1.2
 3      15              2.34                 1.7
 4      20              3.28                 2.3
 5      50               10                   6
 6      100            19.87                  9
 7      150              30                  12
 8      200             39.6                 14
 9      300              60                  17

 *IS:2470 (SIZES FOR ASSUMPTIONS WITH CLEANING IN ONE YEAR)

Biodigester for Civil/ Plain Areas
                                                             FRP: 5-6 users
                                                             Size: 700 L

 Dhamra, Odisha   Parmarth Ashram, Rishikesh   Biodigesters-Lakshadweep

                     DRDO Bhawan

Biodigesters Installed at Civil Locations

Aravali Vikas Sangathan, Gurgaon   Model Town, New Delhi        Vivekananda Needam, Gwalior

Games Village, New Delhi                               DRDE, Gwalior

Mobile Biotoilets in Rishikesh

Mobile Biotoilets in Kumbh Mela

Low Cost Bio-Toilet for Rural Areas

BioToilets Installed at Dhamra, Odisha

Biodigesters at Lakshadweep

        FRP: 5-6 users
        Size: 700 L

 12000 biotoilets are being installed

Development of Biodigesters
    for Indian Railways

Biodigester for IR

                                 Single Toilet Biodigester

Double Toilet Biodigester

Installation of Digesters in Barauni
               Express

 Single Toilet Digester

Double Toilet Digester

Installed Biodigesters

         Installed Digesters

  Digesters under Use from August 2006 to
  March 2008 in Gwalior-Barauni Express

Evolution & Development of Rail
           Biodigester

            Year: 2006-2010

Evolution & Development of Rail
           Biodigester

 Biodigester with PLC &                            Biodigester with
pneumatic flapper valve                           manual slider valve
                                Year: 2010-2011

Biodigester with narrow inlet                       Biodigester with
                                                  solid-liquid separater

Evolution & Development of Rail
           Biodigester

            Year: 2010-2012

             Year: After2012

Railway Biodigester
 More than 7000 bio-toilets fitted in passenger coaches
 50000 existing coaches to be retro-fitted with biodigesters by 2021

March 9, 2010

Evaluation of Cleaning Agents
       provided by IR
        S No         Cleaning agents
         1.             R7 cleaner
         2.          PVC floor cleaner
         3.            Toilet cleaner
         4.                Harpic
         5.                Domex
         6.                 Lizol
 Conclusion: All the six chemicals did not show any deleterious
  effect on biodegradation upto 100ppm during 42 day study
  period

Safety Studies
 Oral toxicity of effluent
      Acute toxicity
      Chronic toxicity
 No clinical signs such as excitability, CNS stimulation,
  uncontrolled urination, bulging eyes, depression, etc
  observed
 No change in biochemical parameters
 Conclusion:
  No toxicity found in both rat and fish models

Current Status of Bio-toiltes/
                   Biodigesters
Installed so far

    High Altitude Low Temperature Areas: 166

    Indian Railways: ~7,000

    Plain areas: 58 + 1000 (Lakshadweep)

Curent/ Future Assignments

    UT of Lakshadweep: 12000 (M/s MRC, Kapurthala)

    Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council: 750 (M/s SuperFlow,
     Industries, Gwalior)

    UT of Daman: 50 (L1 selected)

    Shri Amarnathji Shrine Board (M/s MRC, Kapurthala)

Significant Highlights

 Patents
    Granted: 7 (2 foreign)
    Filed: 8 (2 PCT)

 Publications: 29 (18 foreign)
 MoU: 4 (Indian Railways, BMTPC, MDWS, GAP-FICCI)
 ToT: 53
 D efe n c e Te c h n o l o g y S p i n - o f f A wa rd - 2 0 0 7

Memorandum of Understanding for Biodigester Technology

 MoU signed between DRDO       and Ministry of
  Railways on March 9, 2010
 MoU signed between DRDO and           BMTPC
  (Ministry of HUPA) on May 9, 2011
 MoU signed between DRDO and MDWS
  (Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation) on
  July 26, 2012
 MoU DRDO, FICCI and Ganga Action Parivar
  (Parmarth Niketan) for Clean Ganga Action
  Plan on November 3, 2012

ENQUIRY AND CONTACT
   The Director,

    Defence Research & Development Establishment,

    Jhansi Road, Gwalior– 474 002

    Ph No - 0751-234132, Fax – 0751-2341148

   The Director,

    Directorate of Industry Interface & Technology Management (DIITM),

    DRDO HQ, Rajaji Marg, New Delhi – 110011

    Ph No - 011-23013209, Fax –     011-23793008

    Email- radkrishnan100@gmail.com

                                  39