District Heating Cooling - TECHNOLOGY PLATFORM - Euroheat & Power

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District Heating Cooling - TECHNOLOGY PLATFORM - Euroheat & Power
District
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TECHNOLOGY PLATFORM
District Heating Cooling - TECHNOLOGY PLATFORM - Euroheat & Power
2   I

        Colophon

        March 2012

        DHC+ Technology Platform

        c/o Euroheat & Power

        Avenue de Tervuren 300

        1150 Brussels

        www.dhcplus.eu
District Heating Cooling - TECHNOLOGY PLATFORM - Euroheat & Power
Contents

 4 Introduction

 6 The future starts today

14		Vision 2020 - Deploying best practices
    Low-hanging fruit
    Towards 2020

20 Vision 2030 - Realizing the greater potential
   Integrated solutions
   Towards 2030

24 Vision 2050 - Zero carbon solutions
		Envisioning 2050

26 Annex: DHC – Fundamental idea
District Heating Cooling - TECHNOLOGY PLATFORM - Euroheat & Power
4   I

    T
        Introduction
        This document contains the European           Challenged by climate change, the need
        Vision for District Heating and Cooling       to secure sustainable economic growth
        (DHC) technology.                             and social cohesion, Europe must
                                                      achieve a genuine energy revolution to
        Starting with the present-day situa-          reverse present-day unsustainable
        tion, the Vision sets out in global terms     trends and live up to the ambitious policy
        how District Heating and Cooling              expectations. A rational, consistent and
        stakeholders see the future develop-          far-sighted approach to heating and
        ment of their industry. It reflects on        cooling is key for ensuring such trans-
        the basic features of District Heating        formation.
        and District Cooling and on the ways
        the systems are expected to evolve            While overlooked by policy discourse for
        throughout their subsequent stages of         years, the heating and cooling sectors
        development – showing why they are            are major players on the energy market,
        key infrastructures for a resource            responsible for more than half of total
        efficient European energy system,             final energy consumption and a signifi-
        both of today and of the future.              cant share of European greenhouse gas
                                                      emissions.1

                                                      It is clear that heating and cooling
                                                      – and more specifically the most optimal
                                                      forms of it – should figure prominently

        For the future, District Heating and Cooling can offer Europe:

             2020
                                         •	Avoidance of 9.3% of all European CO2 emissions by District Heating
                                         •	Additional 40 – 50 million tonnes of annual CO2 reductions by District
                                           Cooling
        BY                               • Decrease of primary energy consumption with 2.14 EJ (595 TWh) per year,

                                                                                   BY     2030
District Heating Cooling - TECHNOLOGY PLATFORM - Euroheat & Power
Introduction     I   5

                   in national, European and international    This document aims to draw a realistic
                   climate change and energy policy           picture of goals and expectations.
                   strategies for the decades to come.        Currently, there are differences in the
                                                              state of District Heating and Cooling
                   District Heating and Cooling is based      technology throughout Europe; therefore
                   on the ‘fundamental idea’ of using local   the timeframes in the Vision represent the
                   heat, cold and fuel sources that under     final, pan-European state of technological
                   normal circumstances would be lost or      achievement. In the most advanced
                   remain unused. Another essential           schemes progress is much faster, but as
                   feature is that it provides a flexible     the older systems are upgraded, innova-
                   infrastructure able to integrate a wide    tions can be applied wherever there are
                   range of (renewable) energy sources.       networks.
                   At present, with approximately 86% of
                   heat deriving from a combination of        This Vision was prepared by the District
                   recovered heat, renewable energy and       Heating and Cooling plus (DHC+) Technology
                   waste resources, modern District           Platform. Aiming to promote research and
                   Heating and Cooling comes very close       innovation in District Heating, District
                   to fulfilling its fundamental idea in      Cooling and kindred technologies, the
                   practice.                                  Platform gathers and consults a wide range
                                                              of key stakeholders throughout Europe.
                   However, a far greater potential waits
                   to be exploited.                           As a follow-up step to the Vision a
                                                              research agenda will be prepared, setting
                                                              out in further detail the objectives and the
                                                              strategic research and innovation efforts
                                                              required to attain them.

                                                              For more information on the DHC+
                                                              Technology Platform and its activities
 corresponding to 2.6% of entire European
                                                              please visit our website: www.dhcplus.eu
 primary energy demand
• 25% share of renewable energies
  in District Heating

• A smart energy exchange network, allowing for optimal
  resource allocation between the multiple low carbon
  energy sources feeding into the system and various
                                                                                    Yves Delaby (Dalkia),
  temperature demands of customers.                                             Chairman of the Platform

BY     2050                          Fully carbon neutral energy solutions
                                     through regional, integrated networks.
District Heating Cooling - TECHNOLOGY PLATFORM - Euroheat & Power
“District Heating and
District Cooling
represent the most
suitable energy
solutions for
satisfying urban heat
and cold demands”

The Future Starts
District Heating Cooling - TECHNOLOGY PLATFORM - Euroheat & Power
T h e F u t u r e S t a r t s To d a y   I   7

  What is District Heating and Cooling?         District Cooling provides space and
  District Heating and Cooling is a             process cooling primarily for
  technological concept comprising              commercial and public buildings, but
  infrastructure for delivering heating         also for the industrial and residential
  and cooling services to customers             sectors.
  throughout Europe and other parts of
  the world.                                    ‘Unity in diversity’
                                                District Heating and Cooling systems
  Heating is the largest single energy          are inherently diverse: while employing
  end-use in Europe, it is responsible for      similar operating principles each
  approximately 50% of total final energy       network develops according to specific
  consumption.2 Taking an average               local circumstances and the historical
  dwelling in Europe as example, 68% of         developments of the technology in the
  its total energy demand is used for           region. Furthermore each individual
  satisfying space heating needs and 14%        network adapts to changing
  for producing warm water.3 The current        requirements, new opportunities and
  total cooling demand, while much              innovation.
  smaller is growing exponentially:
  expectations are that by 2020 at least        This makes District Heating and Cooling
  60% of commercial and public buildings        into a true technological ‘unity in
  in Europe will be equipped with cooling       diversity’: unity in that the fundamentals
  appliances. World-wide at least 10% of        are similar, diversity in that systems
  electricity used is for cooling purposes,     have their own individual charac­
  in the United States cooling buildings        teristics and performance.
  represents one sixth of total generated
  electricity [see Annex].4                     District Heating and Cooling today

  District Heating systems provide space
  heating and hot tap water to residential,        There are more than 5.000                   “Heating and
  commercial, public and industrial                District Heating systems in                 cooling are
  customers. District heat is also used in         Europe, currently supplying                 responsible
  low to medium temperature industrial             more than 10% of total European             for more than
  processes like rinsing, evaporation, and         heat demands with an annual                 50% of total
                                                   turnover of €25-30 billion and 2            final energy
  drying. In the agricultural sector district
                                                                                               consumption

Today
                                                   EJ (556 TWh) heat sales. Market
                                                   penetration of District Heating is          in the
                                                   unevenly distributed, being close           European
                                                                                               Union.”
                                                   to zero in some countries while
                                                   reaching as high as 70% of the
                                                   heat market in others.

  heat is used for greenhouses, fish
  farms, biofuel production and larger          It is mainly the northern, central and
  agricultural structures.                      eastern European countries that have
                                                high penetration of District Heating,
                                                while Poland and Germany have the
District Heating Cooling - TECHNOLOGY PLATFORM - Euroheat & Power
8    I

                   largest total amount of district heat
                   delivery. Highest growth rates for
                   District Heating are achieved in Austria
                   and Italy.

                   In cities like Copenhagen, Helsinki,
                   Warsaw, Vilnius, Riga as much as 90%
                   of residential heat demands are
                   satisfied by district heat. Commercial
                   and public buildings show high
                   connection rates in district heated
                   cities.
                                                              Sweden for instance succeeded in
                   The European share of District Heating     achieving its goal to reach 25% District
                   in industry is around 3.5%. Higher         Cooling market share for commercial
                   market shares (10 to 15%) appear in        and institutional buildings. Cities that
                   individual countries including Hungary,    have reached or are on the way towards
                   Poland, Finland, Netherlands, and          reaching 50% District Cooling shares
                   Czech Republic.5                           include Paris, Helsinki, Stockholm,
                                                              Amsterdam, Vienna, Barcelona,
                   It is generally accepted that most         Copenhagen.6
                   state-of-the-art District Heating
                   systems are situated in western parts
                   of Europe, Scandinavia in particular.      Urban energy service
                   These networks score high in terms of      The benefits of District Heating and
                   energy efficiency, renewable energies      District Cooling are most apparent in
“The               integration, economic performance,         areas with high density energy
fundamental        reliability and customer confidence.
idea of District                                              demands. Therefore, District Heating
Heating and                                                   and District Cooling represent the most
Cooling is to                                                 suitable energy solutions for satisfying
use local heat,                                               urban heat and cold demands.
                      District Cooling in Europe today
cold and fuel
                      has a market share of about 2%
sources that
                      of the total cooling market,
under normal
                      corresponding to approximately             In the European Union some 73%
circumstances
                      10 PJ (3 TWh) cooling. The                 of the population live in cities,
would be lost
or remain             market penetration of District             rising to an estimated 80% by
unused’               Cooling shows great diversity.             2030. At present 69% of total
                      Overall, this market has                   primary energy demands are
                      emerged quite recently and is              concentrated in urban areas.
                      consequently less developed                Energy consumption per capita
                      than the District Heating market.          is less in European Union cities
                      It is, however, growing fast with          than those in the USA and
                      the last decade seeing a tenfold           Australia, partly due to a greater
                      growth in installed capacity.              use of District Heating.7
District Heating Cooling - TECHNOLOGY PLATFORM - Euroheat & Power
T h e F u t u r e S t a r t s To d a y   I   9

Considering the modest aggregate              buildings can be boosted as air
market share of District Heating and          conditioners are eliminated from the
Cooling throughout Europe, a great deal       façades, also saving valuable
can be gained by wider penetration of         commercial space.
these technological solutions in cities.
                                              Professionals take care of the
Apart from urban environments, energy         installation, operation and maintenance
demands from industry and intensive           of the system. To ensure efficient
agriculture are suitable for district heat.   operation, utility supervision of
In these sectors an additional benefit is     customer installations and the reading        “District
that the District Heating network makes       of consumption levels is increasingly         Heating and
it possible to capture and transport CO2      performed through remote-controlled           Cooling
for industrial processes and green­           measuring equipment. Various forms            provide a
houses, representing another carbon           of service and ownership arrangements         flexible
abatement opportunity.                        can be agreed between customer and            infrastructure
                                                                                            able to
                                              supplier.
                                                                                            integrate a
In some countries including Iceland,
                                                                                            wide range of
Denmark, Finland and Sweden high                                                            (renewable)
shares of single-family houses in             Good economy                                  energy
lower heat density areas are also                                                           sources on a
connected to District Heating (shares                                                       large scale.”
going up to 85%).8                               District Heating and Cooling is a
                                                 competitive and cost-effective
                                                 technology. Although initial
Customer service                                 investment costs in the systems
                                                 are high, with the life-time cost
                                                 and energy system benefits in
   District Heating and District                 mind, very good value for money
   Cooling provide a reliable,                   is achieved.
   comfortable and simple energy
   service at stable and affordable
                                              One of the primary barriers to the
   prices.
                                              expansion of District Heating and
                                              Cooling systems in Europe is the
Heat and cold are delivered directly to       financial climate favouring fast returns
customers. No boilers and burning             on investment. District Heating and
flames are needed inside the building,        Cooling infrastructure however
while individual substations are small        provides a long-term, secure
and silent. This is much more                 investment opportunity in real value,
convenient than the conventional              which is important for a healthy and
solutions that require individual             stable economy.
heating and cooling equipment in each
building. Especially in the case of
District Cooling the aesthetics of
District Heating Cooling - TECHNOLOGY PLATFORM - Euroheat & Power
60%
                                                                                                                              Electricity
                    50%
                    40%                                                                                                       Heat
      10    I       30%                                                                                                       District heating
                    20%
                    10%
                     0%
                          Total primary                        Total final                       Total end use
                          energy supply                       consumption                         (estimated)

                    Eu27 - Heat sources for District Heating

                   100%                                                                                                      Fossils fuels
                                                                                                                             direct use
                                                                                                                             Renewables (geothermal,
                    80%                                                                                                      biomass and waste)
                                                                                                                             direct use
                                                                                                                             Recycled heat,
                                                                                                                             renewable CHP
                    60%
                                                                                                                             (waste and biomass)
                                                                                                                             Recycled heat, fossil,
                                                                                                                             CHP and industries
                    40%

                    20%

                     0%   1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999   2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

                District Heating and District Cooling                                               Europe is leading the world in district
                reduce primary energy demand [see                                                   energy technology. Increased interest
“86% of heat    next page]. This frees financial                                                    for such solutions in the Middle-East,
for District
                resources for redistribution into other                                             Asia and North America leads to many
Heating
                spheres of the economy. It also reduces                                             business opportunities with corres­
derives from
                the need for investment in more                                                     ponding positive impact on the export
a combination
of recovered    generation capacity.                                                                balance of expert services and
heat,                                                                                               technology.
renewable       As a system using local heat and cold
energy and      resources and infrastructure, local                                                 Increased energy security
waste           economic opportunities are improved.
resources”      Investment in networks and customer
                                                                                                           At present the EU imports 54%
                connections is local investment. The
                                                                                                           of all primary energy sources
                supply of renewable sources is also
                                                                                                           from outside its zone. According
                mainly local, providing value and
                                                                                                           to even the most positive
                promoting the sustainable mana­
                                                                                                           scenarios this percentage is
                gement of regional resources. The
                                                                                                           expected to rise to between 56
                system’s ability to integrate a wide
                                                                                                           and 60% by 2020,9 and possibly to
                variety of energy sources also boosts
                                                                                                           70% by 2030.10
                competition between the various
                sources on the market.
T h e F u t u r e S t a r t s To d a y     I   11

District Heating and Cooling can reduce
this potentially unstable dependency on             Based on the fundamental idea of
                                                                                                  “Energy
energy imports in two ways: by                      using ‘surplus’, ‘recycled’ or                consumption
reducing the overall need for primary               ‘recovered’ heat (i.e. heat                   per capita is
energy and by replacing imported                    generated as inevitable                       less in
energy with local resources. As                     by-product of other processes                 European
practically any type of fuel or energy              that otherwise would be wasted)               Union cities
source can be utilized, a relatively quick          as a valuable energy resource,                than those in
switch to other fuel sources can be                 District Heating and District                 the USA and
achieved should shortages arise.                    Cooling reduce primary energy                 Australia,
                                                                                                  partly due to a
                                                    demand [see Annex]. At present
                                                                                                  greater use of
District Heating and District Cooling               around 82% of district heat in the
                                                                                                  District
provide a robust infrastructure with                European Union is derived from
                                                                                                  Heating.”
high levels of reliability in energy supply         sources of surplus heat. By far
that is capable of adapting to potential            the largest proportion of this
climatic and other emergencies.11                   heat originates from combined
                                                    heat and power installations,
Lower primary energy consumption                    corresponding to more than
Reducing primary energy consumption                 three quarters of total district
is the first and foremost requirement               heat energy supply. The result is
for attaining the main European energy              a reduction in European primary
policy objectives. Primary energy                   energy demand of at least 0.9 EJ
consumption in Europe has been rising               (250 TWh) per year.13
steadily since the 1970s. Trends based
on a business as usual scenario predict             District Cooling, due to its use of
an increase in total primary                        surplus heat from the District
consumption of 5 to 9% by 2020 and 10               Heating network and natural
to 26% by 2030.12                                   cooling sources, has a resource
                                                    efficiency rate 5 to 10 times
                                                    higher than electrically driven air
                                                    conditioners. The last trends
Sources for District Cooling
                                                    based on a business as usual
                                                    scenario predict, in the most
                                                    optimistic cases, that total
                                                    primary energy consumption will
      Natural Cooling          Cooling
      (Bottom water         Machines & Heat         remain at the same level until
           etc.)                Pumps               2050.

                 Cooling Sources

 Snow & Ice                           Groundwater

               Absorption technologie
              Through district heating,
               re-circulated heat etc.
12    I

                 Sustainable fuel mix
                 District Heating and District Cooling          The combined share of biomass,
                 imply a highly flexible energy mix. New        geothermal, solar and waste in
                 fuels and energy sources can be                the energy source mix is
                 integrated with minimal adjustment by          currently around 14%. This
                 the operator. For customers no                 compares favourably with the
                 adaptation measures at all are required        average European Union share
                 when a switch of energy source is made.        of renewable energies which is
                                                                currently 7% of primary energy
                                                                demand and 8.5% of final energy
                    In particular, District Heating             consumption.14
                    and Cooling networks constitute
                    vital infrastructure to ensure
                    large scale integration of               The share of renewable energy sources
                    renewable energy sources. The            varies greatly by country. The highest
                    majority of energy use for               shares are found in Sweden, Norway,
                    heating and cooling takes place          Denmark and Finland (between 30 and
                    in urban areas where it is most          50%). Iceland with a 97% geothermal
                    difficult to make use of                 supply stands out as being almost fully
                    renewable energy systems. The            renewable.15
                    use of solid fuels is for example
                    not welcome in urban areas               The example on the next page shows
                    because of delivery and storage          how the District Heating energy mix has
                    logistics, raised local emissions        developed in Sweden from 1980 to 2010,
                    and extra pressure on space.             making apparent the enormous
                                                             potential for energy mix diversification
                                                             and the integration of renewable
                 Benefits of scale associated with           sources.16
                 centralized energy production make
                 viable the use of hard-to-manage
                 combustible renewables and other            District Cooling often uses a variety of
                 renewable and natural energy sources        sources simultaneously dependent on
“Trends
                 that would otherwise remain unused or       the availability of these sources in the
based on a
business as      would be less (cost-) effectively           vicinity of each system. These include
usual            exploited in individual applications.       natural cooling sources like ground,
scenario                                                     lake, river and sea water and ice and
predict an       District Heating and Cooling networks       snow. For example, a District Cooling
increase in      play a strategic role in the rational       system under establishment in
total            management of non-recyclable                Copenhagen will use 30% sea water,
European         municipal waste. Instead of landfilling,    30% absorption chilling based on
primary          this resource is used to generate           district heat and 40% compression
consumption      power, heat and cooling in waste-to-        chilling for its cooling supply.17
of 5 to 9% by
                 energy plants, thereby displacing fossil
2020 and 10 to
                 fuels and reducing greenhouse gas
26% by 2030.”
                 emissions, while also reducing local
                 authority spending on landfill gate fees.
T h e F u t u r e S t a r t s To d a y   I   13

Reduced greenhouse gas emissions                               Pollution prevention and control
                                                               District Heating and District Cooling
                                                               reduce local pollutants such as dust,
  At present, District Heating                                 sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides by
  alone is responsible for avoiding                            replacing exhausts from individual
  at least 113 million tonnes of CO2                           boilers. In addition to the reduced use of
  emissions per year. This                                     fuels, far more effective pollution
  corresponds to 2.6% of total                                 prevention and control measures can
  European CO2 emissions.                                      be taken in central production facilities.

  District Cooling can, due to its                             District Cooling also reduces emissions
  highly energy efficient                                      of HFC and HCFC refrigerants and
  performance, reduce CO2                                      provides a technical option for phasing
  emissions by as much as 75% as                               them out, in accordance with
  compared to conventional                                     international agreements.
  electrical chillers.18

   Energy mix In Swedish District Heating

          TWh                                                                                      CO2 (kg/MWh)
            70                                                                                     350.0

                        CO2
            60                                                                                     300.0

            50                                                                                     250.0

            40                                                                                     200.0

            30                                                                                     150.0

            20                                                                                     100.0

            10                                                                                     50.0

             0                                                                                     0
                 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

                       Biomass                                  Heat pumps

                       Other (incl. solar)                      Electric boilers

                       Surplus heat from industry               Coal

                       Waste                                    Natural gas

                       Peat                                     Oil

                       CO2, Cg/kWh lev. energi
Vision 2020
   Deploying Best
           • Cornerstone of realistic
             strategies for attaining
             European Union 2020 energy
             policy targets
           • European-wide expansion
           • Innovation for new
             generations of technology
           • Modernization where
             required
Vision 2020: Deploying Best Practices                      I   15

  Practices                                        Cooling can grow to satisfy 25% of
                                                   cooling demands. The expansion of
     Low-hanging fruit                             state-of-the-art systems coupled with
                                                   further improvements of existing
     Being a proven solution with a track-         networks, would bring a multiplication
     record of development, the benefits of        of the benefits District Heating and
     District Heating and Cooling technology       District Cooling are already providing
     are ready to be exploited.                    today.

     As identified by the Intelligent Energy       20-20-20 by 2020 and more…
     Europe supported European heat and            With European Union energy policy
     cold market study ‘Ecoheatcool’,19            priorities and ‘2020 targets’ in mind, the
     District Heating can double its share of      following benefits can be achieved
     the European heat market by 2020              within Europe by expanding the District
     (reaching approximately an 18 – 20%           Heating and Cooling markets as
     share) and by the same time District          described.20

         CO2 emissions                             Renewable energy sources
         District Heating reduces 517 million      The share of renewable energy
         tonnes of CO2 emissions per year:         sources directly and indirectly
         more than 9.3% of all carbon              utilized in District Heating and
         emissions in Europe.                      Cooling systems is increased to at
         District Cooling achieves a further       least 25%.
         40 to 50 million tonnes of CO2
         emission reductions per year.             Import dependency
                                                   District Heating reduces European
         Energy efficiency                         import dependency by 4.45 EJ
         District Heating decreases                (1236 TWh), or 5.5% of the entire
         European primary energy use by            European primary energy supply:
         2.14 EJ (595 TWh) or 50.7 Mtoe per        more than the total energy balance
         year. This corresponds to a 2.6%          of Poland.
         reduction in the entire European
         primary energy supply: equal to the       District Cooling further decreases
         whole annual primary energy               import dependency because of
         supply of Sweden.                         its highly energy efficient
                                                   performance and use of local
         District Cooling saves 50 to 60 TWh       cold sources.
         (180 – 216 PJ) of electricity per year.
16    I

                  Towards 2020
                  Considering the different stages at
                  which District Heating and Cooling
“Three main       technology presently exists in Europe,
strategies to     three simultaneous and
increase
                  complementary strategies are foreseen
contribution to
                  in order to achieve the technology’s full
EU 2022
energy targets:
                  contribution towards the ‘2020 targets’:
progressive       progressive technological innovation,
technological     modernization and expansion.
innovation,
modernization     Progressive innovation: towards
and               next generations of technology
expansion.”       Modern District Heating and Cooling
                  systems can still benefit from
                  progressive improvements to the
                  generation, distribution and
                  customer sides.
                  Innovation focused on upgrading
                  materials, equipment and processes
                  can lead to even higher levels of
                  efficiency, cost-effectiveness and
                                                              In District Heating new types of
                  customer service. The
                                                              synergies with sustainable
                  standardization of solutions and
                                                              energy sources and production
                  equipment deserves special
                                                              technologies are adopted and
                  emphasis.
                                                              existing ones significantly
                                                              extended. Various biofuels and
                                                              waste resources increasingly
                                                              replace fossil fuels in existing
                                                              and new cogeneration and
                                                              boiler facilities. Other
                                                              renewables like (deep)
                                                              geothermal and solar from
                                                              large thermal plants are
                                                              increasingly integrated. Even
                                                              surplus wind energy can be
                                                              stored as heat in District
                                                              Heating networks by means of
                                                              electrical boilers and heat
                                                              pumps.
Vision 2020: Deploying Best Practices               I   17

Higher efficiency, lower costs and       Modernization:
greater overall confidence in District   transferring best practices
Heating systems extends viability to
lower temperature surplus heat
sources transported over longer             The performance of existing
distances. This increases the range         District Heating systems
of heat sources that can be effec­          across Europe will be much
tively employed. The potential to tap       more consistent when the
surplus heat sources including              successful techniques of the
industrial waste heat, the use of           most effective systems are
which was not considered earlier for        transferred to older, less
reasons of cost-effectiveness, is           efficient networks.
increased. The polygeneration of
heat, electricity and biofuels is           By 2020 each refurbished
extended.                                   system in Europe has reached
                                            performance levels
District Cooling can similarly make         comparable to the levels
use of a greater range of natural           attained by the best performing
cooling sources situated at greater         systems deployed in 2012.
distances from the customer. Further        Performance levels of these
enhancements in the efficiency of           ‘best’ systems serve as
cooling cycles and ice sludge tech­         benchmarks for those systems
nology is pursued. The innovative use       in need of modernization.
of new cooling sources, like cold
recovery from liquefied natural gas                                              “District
(LNG) regasification processes, is       Precisely due to the difficulty of      Heating can
constantly considered.                   comparing District Heating networks,    realistically
                                         achieving this aim requires             double its
Research and deployment of pilot         consistent and flexible quality         share on the
demonstration sites is a necessary       assessment tools and systems of         heat market,
                                                                                 while District
step for approaching the large-scale     best-practice transfer. Best-practice
                                                                                 Cooling can
implementation of innovative             transfer does not mean full
                                                                                 achieve a 25%
systems.                                 replication of existing schemes,        cooling market
                                         which may not even be feasible, but     share”
Additional customer service models       an inventive application of the
and communication channels with          techniques and best-practices to
(potential) customers are devised.       each particular regional and local
                                         circumstance.
18    I

                   The deployment of best-practices          Regulatory aspects of energy
                   needs to address both technology          markets will be analyzed and
                   and policy issues. The development        improvements proposed to policy
                   of District Heating networks in parts     frameworks at European, national
                   of Europe has been closely                and municipal levels. This will be
                   connected to the political framework      focused on ensuring that the benefits
                   in place. Similarly, the progressive      of District Heating and District
                   modernization of the technology will      Cooling are correctly accounted for
                   in part be dependent on the provision     and assist the growth and
                   of the right types of political           development of innovative features.
                   incentives.                               Promoting primary resource factor
                                                             as the basis for evaluating the
                   Expansion of existing networks            efficiency of end-user solutions, and
                   To ensure a doubling of the District      creating a level playing field on the
                   Heating and a 25% market share for        market (e.g. with regard to natural
                   District Cooling by 2020, a significant   gas pricing, reducing administrative
                   expansion of existing networks is         barriers) are amongst the priority
                   required. This applies to systems in      areas of attention.
                   most European countries, even though
                   the required growth rates differ in       Awareness raising of the working
                   accordance with the market situation in   principles and the benefits of District
“District
Heating and        each country.                             Heating and District Cooling is of
Cooling:                                                     great importance. This is true in
cornerstone of                                               particular for countries where the
realistic             Comprehensive, multi-level             District Heating market is
strategies for        country strategies addressing          undeveloped and knowledge about
attaining EU          all relevant stakeholders are          the technology is likely to be limited.
2020 energy           established. Far-sighted,              However, it is also recommended for
policy targets.”      rational energy planning at            countries where District Heating is
                      national and local levels,             well-established: even here District
                      carried out in cooperation with        Heating and Cooling is often a largely
                      energy providers and                   ‘invisible’ solution among society at
                      investors, will boost the              large. Communication and dialogue
                      possibilities for expansion.           with customers, the wider public,
                      Channels for sharing                   national, regional and local policy-
                      international and European             makers, investors, universities,
                      experience are actively used           architects, builders and other
                      to ensure that optimal                 stakeholders is pursued as a vital
                      solutions are deployed with the        element of successful expansion
                      installation of new systems.           strategies.
Vision 2020: Deploying Best Practices               I   19

                                                                                   “The Louvre
                                                                                   museum:
                                                                                   one of the
                                                                                   many
                                                                                   customers
                                                                                   supplied by
                                                                                   District
                                                                                   Cooling”

Modeling future demands
Another crucial area of activity to the   urban planning circumstances to help
entire European sector is to gain a       District Heating and Cooling providers
better understanding of the trends in     and policy-makers pursue informed
energy and customer demands and           choices for the future.
Vision 2030
Realizing The Greater
Vision 2030: Realizing The Greater Potential                        I   21

                                                 example for the renewed way of
         • Central component in energy           thinking about the entire energy cycle.
           system transformation
                                                 The local dimension receives more
         • Intelligent energy exchange
                                                 focus and becomes an important
           network
                                                 element in planning rational energy
         • Sustainable energy mix                solutions. Optimal supply-demand
           diversification                       interaction can only be achieved when
         • New uses                              the difficulties and opportunities of the
                                                 particular circumstances of a locality
                                                 are taken into account. This under­
                                                 standing leads to a proliferation of
                                                 tailor-made solutions making an
      Integrated solutions                       increasingly inventive use of the energy
                                                 resources available in each area.
      The drive for transforming the energy
      system has reached full momentum           Localization goes hand-in-hand with
      and conventional thinking about energy     centralized, large-scale and highly
      is making place for structurally new       efficient energy generation facilities.
      approaches. Strategic decisions need to    The crucial element for the success of
      be made at this time, particularly when    this new approach is that an effective
      considering that by 2030 infrastructure    way for matching the various supply
      associated with more than 50% of           sources with the various energy
      European Union electricity capacity will   demands is available. Apart from the
      be in need of replacement, representing    electricity grid, District Heating and      “Optimal
      a potential investment of around € 900     Cooling is the only other energy            energy
      billion.21                                 infrastructure that can be used for the     solutions can
                                                 effective exchange and redistribution of    only be
      It has become apparent as reality, and     energy.                                     achieved when
      no longer as visionary thought, that                                                   emphasis is
      optimal energy solutions can only be                                                   put on the
      achieved when more emphasis is put on      Towards 2030                                dynamic
                                                                                             interaction
      the dynamic interaction between
                                                                                             between
      generation, distribution and demand.          European District Heating and            generation,
      District Heating and Cooling’s holistic       Cooling infrastructure acts as an        distribution
      approach to energy can be used as             intelligent energy exchange              and demand.”
                                                    network; a ‘smart grid’.

                                                 From a classical District Heating

  Potential
                                                 configuration using one main energy
                                                 source to supply customers, the step is
                                                 made to a multiple source system.
                                                 Operators can feed a wide variety of
                                                 sustainable heat and cold sources into
                                                 the system at different places in the
22    I

                   network, depending on availability and
                   need, and effectively and temporally          The main differentiation in the
                   match them to customer demands.               building stock is that some
                                                                 buildings are energy-producing,
                   IT driven technologies combined with          e.g. by means of solar thermal
                   real-time smart metering devices and          capacity, while others remain to
                   plug-and-play intelligent substations         various degrees heat demanding.
                   for individual customers, allow energy        District Heating allows the
                   inputs and outputs to be identified and       exchange of heat from energy-
                   regulated in order to optimize the            producing buildings to buildings
                   interaction between sources of energy         requiring heat input, either by
                   supply and the various temperature            integrating the excess heat into
                   demands of customers. Heat and cold           the network or by applying direct
                   storage, which have reached high rates        house-to-house connections.
                   of efficiency, are important for
                   achieving the best allocation of
                   resources in this process. Such a grid     Such systems are already in place in
                   can simultaneously operate as a            Sweden and experience from Denmark
                   storage opportunity for the various        and Austria shows that ‘passive houses’
                   energy sources dependent on                can be effectively connected to modern
                   fluctuations in natural circumstance.      District Heating grids.

                   This type of system presupposes the        Extended uses
                   effective accommodation of different       As well as developments in the
                   temperature energy sources. There are      infrastructure itself, District Heating
                   various ways to achieve this, depending    contributes to rational energy use in a
                   on the circumstances of the particular     further way.
                   network. Possible solutions include the
                   adaptation of operational temperature      Over the years, lifestyle changes have
                   levels throughout the entire network       been coupled with a trend towards
                   and applying innovative types of           higher comfort levels, more
                   pipeline configurations. Also the use of   households and increased use of
                   transfer media other than water could      electric household appliances. These
“District
Heating and        contribute to the solution.                tendencies almost offset all energy
Cooling: smart                                                efficiency improvements achieved in
infrastructure     Interactive buildings                      the residential sector during the period
for an effective   Within the energy exchange framework       1990 to 2004.23 Presuming a growth of
match of           provided by District Heating and           the economy over the long-term, the
energy demand      Cooling infrastructure, the special case   trend of higher comfort requirements
and supply”        of interactive buildings deserves to be    and using more appliances will be on
                   highlighted. Although the overall          the increase. 24
                   energy demand of the building stock is
                   reduced due to more stringent
                   efficiency requirements particularly for
                   new buildings, great disparities in the
                   building stock still remain.22
Vision 2030: Realizing The Greater Potential                   I   23

                                                                               “Lifestyle
                                                                               changes have
                                                                               been coupled
                                                                               with a trend
                                                                               towards higher
                                                                               comfort levels,
                                                                               more
                                                                               households
                                                                               and increased
                                                                               use of electric
                                                                               household
                                                                               appliances,
                                                                               these
                                                                               tendencies
                                                                               have offset
                                                                               much of the
                                                                               energy
                                                                               efficiency
                                                                               achievements
                                                                               in the
                                                                               residential
                                                                               sector.”

                                    Taking on these additional uses
District Heating provides heat to   improves the cost-effectiveness of
a wide variety of in-house          District Heating networks and further
appliances that were formerly       reduces primary energy consumption,
electrically heated. Such           decreasing the need to invest in new
appliances include washing          electricity generation capacity.
machines, tumble dryers,            Combined with the electricity demand
dishwashers, ventilation            reductions delivered by District Cooling
systems, low temperature            systems, electricity can be reserved for
cooking devices, and automatic      uses where no better solutions are
integrated household operational    available.
systems. A demonstration house
in Goteborg, Sweden shows the
feasibility of coupling such
devices to district heat.
Vision 2050
Vision 2050: Zero Carbon Solutions                    I   25

                                               Driven by efficiency, flexibility and
      • Basic energy infrastructure            intelligence, these systems will keep on
                                               tapping the untapped energy potentials.
      • Regional networks
      • Zero carbon solutions                  Zero carbon solutions
      • Integrated climate comfort             District Heating and Cooling offers its
                                               customers entirely carbon neutral
                                               energy solutions. Energy input into the
                                               system is based solely on renewable,
                                               low carbon energy sources and those
                                               coupled to state of the art carbon
   Envisioning 2050                            abatement technologies.

   Basic energy infrastructures
   District Heating and Cooling networks          District Heating and Cooling
   are widespread energy exchange                 technology plays a major role in
   systems. Forming an integral part of           achieving at least an 80%
   the infrastructure of most European                                                    “District
                                                  reduction of total European
   cities and towns, they are installed                                                   Heating and
                                                  greenhouse gas emissions, a
   together with other basic networks like                                                Cooling
                                                  50% energy efficiency
   electricity cables, drinking water and                                                 provides
                                                  improvement of the European             entirely carbon
   sewage pipes.                                  energy system and a 60% share           neutral energy
                                                  of renewable energy in total            solutions to its
   Regional networks                              European energy consumption.25          customers”
   Interconnected local grids create
   region-wide District Heating and
   Cooling networks, resulting in even
   greater energy security, extended           Integrated climate comfort
   diversification of the sustainable energy   With combined heat and cold supply,
   mix, further balance in the supply-         integrated District Heating and Cooling
   demand interaction and cost                 systems guarantee customers a stable
   reductions.                                 indoor climate throughout the whole
                                               year in accordance with individual
                                               comfort requirements.

Zero Carbon  Solutions
Annex
DHC-Fundamental idea
         The ‘fundamental idea’
         behind modern District
         Heating and Cooling is to
         use local heat, cold and fuel
         sources that under normal
         circumstances would be
         lost or remain unused.
Annex: DHC-Fundamental idea                I   27

Europe’s wasted energy                                which has low conversion efficiency.
The European energy system in its
present state is responsible for a                    The third bar provides an estimated
tremendous waste of energy. This                      division of total energy end-use. Heat,
waste occurs throughout the various                   with 50 to 60%, is the largest energy
processes starting from primary                       end-use. In end-use too, large energy
energy input into the energy system and               losses occur in the form of heat. These
ending with final energy end-use.                     losses are mainly incurred in high
                                                      temperature industrial processes, heat
Taking the figure as example, the first               generation in individual boilers and
bar reflects the total calorific value of             conversion losses from engines.
primary energy input into the European
energy system (e.g. fossil fuels,
renewables, nuclear, etc.). 26

The second bar shows the total final                      In summary, the overall picture
consumption of energy in all sectors,                     of Europe’s unsustainable use of
reduced by the energy losses incurred                     heat is striking:
in energy transformation. Energy                          1. From primary energy supply
transformation includes processes like                        to energy end use more than
power generation, oil refining, heat                          half of total European primary
production and distribution losses in                         energy input is wasted;
electricity and heat networks. These                      2. Most of this waste occurs in
losses amount to approximately 25-30%                         the form of heat;
of the total primary energy input and                     3. Around 60% of total energy
occur primarily in the form of heat.27                        end-use takes place in the
Most of the losses are attributable to                        form of heat.
thermal power generation of electricity,

    To t a l p r i m a r y e n e r g y s u p p l y

       100%                                                            Losses in energy
        90%                                                            transformation
        80%                                                            Losses in end use
        70%                                                            Transportation
        60%
                                                                       Electricity
        50%
        40%                                                            Heat
        30%                                                            District heating
        20%
        10%
         0%
              Total primary      Total final         Total end use
              energy supply     consumption           (estimated)

       100%                                                           Fossils fuels
                                                                      direct use
                                                                      Renewables (geothermal,
        80%                                                           biomass and waste)
                                                                      direct use
                                                                      Recycled heat,
                                                                      renewable CHP
        60%
28   I

         District Heating

         District Heating, figuratively and
         literally speaking, provides the pipeline   Although not all forms of wasted heat
         connecting these heat losses with heat      are (yet) suitable for recovery by
         demands, thereby reducing energy            District Heating, recoverable forms of
         losses and the total volume of primary      heat do represent a large part of heat
         energy needed in the energy system.         losses. Processes like electricity
         District Heating thus turns losses into     generation, waste burning, high-
         opportunities thereby truly achieving       temperature industrial manufacture,
         more with less.                             fuel- and biofuel refinery and nuclear
                                                     processes liberate heat at
                                                     temperatures that can no longer be
                                                     used for the process itself, but which
                                                     can satisfy other heat demands. If not
                                                     utilized, ‘recycled’ or ‘recovered’, for
                                                     these other purposes, this surplus
                                                     heat is simply lost to the atmosphere,
                                                     rivers or lakes. Such losses reflect an
                                                     unjustifiable waste of primary energy
                                                     sources.
Annex: DHC-Fundamental idea                  I   29

                                             The other major benefit of District
                                             Heating is that it can use a wide variety
                                             of difficult to handle, local energy
                                             sources that are less efficiently and
                                             cost-effectively deployed in individual
                                             applications.

                                                As energy for District Heating is
                                                generated centrally and on large
                                                scale, it can for instance
                                                integrate combustible
                                                renewables that are difficult to
                                                manage in small boilers. This
                                                includes most combustible
                                                renewables such as wood waste,
                                                straw and olive residues, and
                                                also waste sources like
                                                municipal waste and sewage
                                                sludge. Various biofuels,
                                                geothermal, solar and wind
                                                resources can be effectively
                                                integrated into the District
                                                Heating network by means of
By means of combined heat and power,            different techniques.
which boost the efficiency of thermal
power generation from an average 45%
up to 90%, or by directly channelling        At present around 86% of district heat
surplus heat from other sources into         derives from a combination of
the network, District Heating enables        recovered heat, renewable energy and
waste heat to be recovered and used to       waste sources. More than three
satisfy existing heat demands. Use of        quarters of heat is supplied by
surplus heat also averts further             combined heat and power (the
primary energy losses from individual        renewable fuel component in
boilers. These features make District        cogeneration is around 9%).28 This
Heating into a unique ally in the            shows how close District Heating is to
movement to reduce primary energy            its fundamental idea.
use and increase the efficiency of the
entire energy system. This is precisely
why District Heating received a great
boost in various countries during the oil
crisis of the 1970s.
30   I

         District Cooling

                                       Sources: free /
                                       natural cooling,
                                       district heat

         Just as for District Heating, the main
         idea of District Cooling is to use local            Space and process cooling is
         sources that otherwise would be                     moving quickly from luxury into
         wasted or remain unused, in order to                necessity and represents an
         offer the market a competitive and                  exponentially growing market.
         highly efficient alternative to traditional         This has remained relatively
         cooling solutions. In District Cooling              unnoticed by policy planners,
         systems, cold water at a temperature of             partly because cooling needs are
         around 6°C circulates through buildings             traditionally being met by
         achieving effective cooling.                        electrical air conditioners, hiding
                                                             the cooling element in the
                                                             building’s overall electricity
                                                             consumption.

                                                          The rise in cooling demands is
                                                          attributable to rising ambient
                                                          temperatures, greater comfort
                                                          expectations, the perception that cooling
                                                          contributes to higher productivity, and
Annex: DHC-Fundamental idea                    I   31

                                                             electricity consumption are predicted in
                                                             all scenarios. By 2080, electricity
                                                             demand in Italy and Spain is likely to
                                                             increase by 50% due to space cooling
                                                             needs, while in Athens overall energy
Production: chillers /                                       demand in July is expected to rise by
heat pumps /                                                 30% due to air conditioning. London will
absorption                                                   see an increase in energy use in office
                                                             buildings of 20%.30 Electrical peak loads,
                                                             traditionally occurring during winters,
                                                             are now shifting to the summer months
                                                             and challenging capacity limits.

                                                                District Cooling offers a resource
                                                                saving alternative to such
                                                                developments. With chillers
                                                                driven by surplus heat from
                                                                District Heating networks and
                                                                with additional use of other,
                                                                natural energy sources that
                                                                would have remained unused
                                                                without the District Cooling
                                                                system (like ground- river-, lake-
               the increase in internal loads of
                                                                and sea water, snow and ice),
               electronic equipment. In existing District
                                                                District Cooling is 5 to 10 times
               Cooling systems, 40 to 60% of the
                                                                more energy efficient than
               cooling demands are process related
                                                                electrical airconditioning
               with a climate independent base load of
                                                                systems.
               15%. In the USA, Japan and the Middle
               East around 80% of commercial
               buildings use cooling devices. While this
               share is lower in Europe a rise to 60% is     Due to this superior efficiency substantial
               expected by 2020.29                           primary energy savings can be achieved.
                                                             District Cooling can reduce cooling-
               Rising electrical power demand has            related electricity consumption by up to
               been identified as one key indicator of       80% compared with a conventional
               the increase in cooling demands.              system. This because production is far
               Between 1990 and 2005, electricity            less based on electricity and the
               consumption in the EU increased with          electrical chillers employed are more
               by an average of 1.7% per year, with          efficient due to benefits of scale. Overall
               increased cooling demands in Southern         this has the potential to reduce
               European countries a particularly             investment needs for electricity capacity
               noticeable feature. Increases in              by around € 30 billion.31
32   I

                                                     Although various technologies exist to

         Another role District Cooling can play      Whole system approach
         in southern countries relates to the
         issue of water resources. In Europe
         44% of total water consumption is used         Although various technologies
         for cooling purposes in energy                 exist to provide space heating,
         production, primarily in thermal power         warm tap water, and space and
         plants. Decreasing water availability in       process cooling, some having
         parts of southern Europe, coupled with         higher energy efficiency
         the increasing trend of satisfying             credentials than others, none
         cooling demands by electrical                  can claim to utilize an energy
         airconditioning devices, may pose a            source that is routinely
         serious threat to water supply in the          discarded in day-to-day
         region. Furthermore, across Europe,            functioning of our society. An
         summer droughts are projected to be            important feature to be taken
         more severe, limiting the availability of      into account when assessing the
         cooling water and thus reducing the            efficiency of District Heating and
         efficiency of thermal power plants.32          Cooling is that, unlike other
                                                        energy options, the main energy
         In cogeneration a large proportion of          savings occur upstream of
         the heat that would have required              energy delivery to buildings.
         cooling is transferred into the District
         Heating network. This surplus heat can
         also be used to drive cooling equipment
         in District Cooling systems. Although
         water is needed within the network it
         circulates in a closed circuit.
Annex: DHC-Fundamental idea                  I   33

                                               With this approach, it is the
                                               primary energy savings achieved
                                               throughout the whole system
                                               that is crucial, not how an energy
                                               technology performs on a
                                               specific point in the energy chain.

                                            Here, a potential contradiction comes to
                                            light between the achievement of net
                                            energy savings per individual building
                                            (e.g. through insulation) and low
                                            primary energy input into an entire built
                                            district (e.g. by means of a low resource
                                            energy solution). Under the given
                                            market conditions these goals might
                                            enter into competition, both from the
                                            points of view of energy efficiency as
                                            well as cost-effectiveness.33
To allow a true comparability of the
performance of energy technologies,
District Heating and Cooling favours a
whole system approach towards energy
utilization. Most approaches nowadays
tend to be fragmented in looking only at
either supply or demand sides, entailing
the risks of inconsistencies and an
inablility to deliver true system
optimization. On the contrary, District
Heating and Cooling prompts a
comprehensive view of the entire
energy cycle from generation, through
conversion, to distribution to the final
customer. By applying ‘primary
resource factors’ the efficiency of a
solution from primary energy input
towards end-use is fully revealed.
34   I

         Notes
         1   European Commission, The Renewable               15 Euroheat & Power, District Heating and
             Energy Progress Report, COM(2009) 192 &             Cooling Country by Country Survey, 2011
             European Environmental Agency (EEA),
                                                              16 Swedish District Heating Association
             Energy and environment report, 2008.
             Electricity and heat production account for      17 Summerheat project (EIE/06/194), Final
             27% of total European Union greenhouse gas          Publishable Report, www.summerheat.net.
             emissions (2005).                                   Calculations show that this system, expected
                                                                 to satisfy 22 GWh of cooling demand, will
         2   European Commission, The Renewable
                                                                 reduce electricity consumption by 80% and
             Energy Progress Report
                                                                 avoid 3,000 tons of CO2 emissions per year.
         3   European Construction Technology Platform
                                                              18 Ecoheatcool
         4   European heat and cold market study
                                                              19 Ecoheatcool (EIE/04/110)
             ‘Ecoheatcool’ (EIE/04/110), 2005,
             www.ecoheatcool.org                              20 Benefits based on calculations made in
                                                                 Ecoheatcool
         5   Figures quoted in section based on
             Ecoheatcool, relates to 2005 data, covers EU     21 European Commission, Andris Piebalgs,
             27, Iceland, Norway, Switzerland, Croatia and       SPEECH/08/576
             Turkey                                           22	At 2008 trends less than 0.5% of buildings is
         6   Ecoheatcool & Capital Cooling                       demolished yearly and less than 1% reno-
                                                                 vated, the buildings turnover being lower than
         7   International Energy Agency (IEA), World
                                                                 2% per year. Even if the process is acceler-
             Energy Outlook: Global Energy Trends to
                                                                 ated it would take around 50 years to update
             2030, 2008
                                                                 all buildings in a meaningful way. (European
         8   Ecoheatcool                                         Parliament ‘Future Energy Systems in
                                                                 Europe’, 2008 STOA)
         9   European Commission, Commission Staff
             Working Document, Second Strategic Energy        23 EEA, Energy and environment report
             Review, An EU Energy Security and Solidarity
                                                              24 EEA, Energy and environment report
             Action Plan, COM(2008)744
                                                              25 Based on European Parliament Resolution
         10 European Parliament resolution of 3
                                                                 Second Strategic Energy Review
            February 2009 on the Second Strategic
            Energy Review, 2008/2239(INI)                     26 Figure based on Ecoheatcool. Example year
                                                                 of 2003, covering covers EU 27, Iceland,
         11 Many sensitive customers for whom a
                                                                 Norway, Switzerland, Croatia and Turkey
            continuous heat and cold supply is a
            prerequisite are effectively connected to         27 Ecoheatcool & EEA Energy and environment
            District Heating and Cooling. Fall-out rates in      report
            modern system are lower than with other           28 EEA, Energy and environment report, 2005
            energy solutions.                                    data
         12 European Commission, Energy Roadmap               29 Ecoheatcool & Capital Cooling
            2050 & IEA, Energy Technology Perspectives
            2010 – Scenarios and Strategies to 2050.          30 EEA, Energy and environment report

         13 Based on Ecoheatcool and IEA statistics,          31 Summerheat project
            update by Prof. Sven Werner, Halmstad             32 EEA, Energy and environment report. This
            University                                           comes down to about 80.000 million m3/per
         14 Based on Ecoheatcool and IEA statistics,             year
            update by Prof. Sven Werner, Halmstad             33	Ramboll, Heat Plan Denmark, 2008
            University. Waste also has a renewable
            component. While different shares of
            renewables in waste exist throughout              •   Figure page 10: Prof. Sven Werner, Halmstad
            countries, the Europe-wide average is                 University. Based on IEA statistics.
            approximately 50% (Confederation of                   Developments partly reflect improved
            European Waste-to-Energy Plants (CEWEP)).             statistics.
            On renewables in Europe: European
                                                              •   Figure page 11: Capital Cooling
            Commission, Second Strategic Energy
            Review                                            •   Figure page 13: Swedish District Heating
                                                                  Association
                                                              •   Image page 16: A2A, Brescia plant
36    I

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