Exploring the Argumentation Skills of Prospective Teachers based on Commognitive Approach using Moodle LMS
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TEM Journal. Volume 10, Issue 3, Pages 1370‐1376, ISSN 2217‐8309, DOI: 10.18421/TEM103-46, August 2021.
Exploring the Argumentation Skills
of Prospective Teachers based on
Commognitive Approach using Moodle LMS
Andika Setyo Budi Lestari 1,2, Toto Nusantara 1, Susiswo Susiswo 1,
Tjang Daniel Chandra 1, Nonik Indrawatiningsih 2
1
Universitas Negeri Malang, JL. Semarang No 5, Malang, Indonesia
2
Universitas PGRI Wiranegara, Jl. Ki Hajar Dewantara No. 27-29, Pasuruan, Indonesia
Abstract – While a pandemic is currently sweeping 1. Introduction
the world, technology becomes a necessity in almost the
entire aspects of life, particularly in learning activities. Since its emergence in 2019, the COVID-19 has
One of conventional learning-based platforms that spread to nearly every country in the world.
adopt online system is Moodle Learning Management However, the outbreak has not only impacted the
System. This study explored the argumentation skills
health and economic sectors but also the education
of prospective teachers based on commognitive
approach using the LMS. This qualitative research sector. All elements, regardless of their willingness
used online-based semi-structured questionnaire and or readiness, must live side by side and accept the
interview during a discussion group via LMS platform. conditions brought by the current pandemic.
The subjects of this study were 38 prospective teachers. While the pandemic is sweeping the world,
The research instrument was a questionnaire with technology has been an inseparable part in many
eight items. It was initially assessed with Cronbach’s aspects of life. In the field of education, technology
alpha test in which the value indicated the is essential and has impact on knowledge
questionnaire was reliable (0.852). The findings of this improvement [1]. During the pandemic, technology
study indicate the argumentation skills of prospective assists every aspect of everyday life. It is also useful
teachers correlate with the commognitive framework,
in the fields of economics, health, law, and
including claim with endorsed narratives; data with
visual mediators; warrant with routine, word use, and communication. Particularly in the field of education,
endorsed narratives; and backing with endorsed technology applications are frequently linked to the
narratives. term of educational technology [2], [3].
Today, technology has become an integral part of
Keywords – exploration, argumentation skills,
education, to mention the use of computers, mobile
commognitive, LMS, Moodle, prospective teacher.
phones, the Internet, and videos among the daily
lives of students and educators, so that skills are
needed to optimally utilize the available
technological tools [1]. Since technology plays an
DOI: 10.18421/TEM103-46 important role in learning activities, prospective
https://doi.org/10.18421/TEM103-46 teachers are required to acknowledge and be familiar
Corresponding author: Toto Nusantara, with technology application and optimalization. The
Universitas Negeri Malang. pandemic will end in the future and technology will
Email: toto.nusantara.fmipa@um.ac.id be increasingly attached to the aspects of life,
particularly for prospective teachers who have to
Received: 08 March 2021. utilize technology in carrying out quality learning for
Revised: 03 August 2021.
students [1], [4].
Accepted: 09 August 2021.
The attempts to accomplish learning by utilizing
Published: 27 August 2021.
technology involve several factors, including the
© 2021 Andika Setyo Budi Lestari et al; selection of the application. This factor includes ease
published by UIKTEN. This work is licensed under the of administration, ease of management,
Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial‐NoDerivs documentation and evaluation [5]. Before the
4.0 License. pandemic, most of learning activities occur in
The article is published with Open Access at conventional methods and less technology
www.temjournal.com application. Currently, online learning by utilizing
technology is more dominant, even a necessity.
1370 TEM Journal – Volume 10 / Number 3 / 2021.TEM Journal. Volume 10, Issue 3, Pages 1370‐1376, ISSN 2217‐8309, DOI: 10.18421/TEM103‐46, August 2021.
One of the online learning platforms that adopts count. The example of symbolic mediators is the
conventional learning but currently uses online symbolic expression in algebraic calculations.
system is the learning management system (LMS). It Meanwhile, iconic mediators can be in the forms of
is equipped with features to assist teachers in graphs, diagrams, figures, or sketches.
compiling teaching model and to assist students to Word use is a term or word usage {Formatting
learn independently [6], [7]. The LMS records all Citation}. In this context, word use is the use of
learning activities conducted by students and words or terms in mathematics. In addition to the
teachers, as well as the data of student interaction, visual mediator, word use has an important role since
including when, how long and how often they access it determines the solution to a given problem [18].
files in the form of materials, quizzes, virtual classes, Routines are the habits carried out by a person
and other similar activities. It is also helpful for when solving a problem [13], [19]. Routines can be
teachers to track and monitor the student learning recognized from the answers written by students or
process. the results of interviews with students. Briefly,
In online learning, however, the use of the LMS is routines can also be seen from the visual mediator.
ineffective without the presence of good lesson Endorsed narratives are descriptions or
planning. It must be arranged to increase student explanations of word use [20]. In addition to being
activity in learning. Student activeness in online able to obtain explanations, endorsed narratives are
learning is identified from student responses and useful to explore students' level of understanding. If a
activities as displayed by student interactions— student is able to explain a concept appropriately,
which has an important role in online learning [8]. she/he is considered to understand the given problem.
The online learning system does not impede The aim of the present study was to explore the
prospective teachers to improve their argumentation argumentation skills of prospective teachers based on
skills. In fact, the features in LMS allow prospective commognitive approach using Moodle Learning
teachers to enhance such skills. Mathematical Management System.
argumentation skills are one of the most important
elements of critical thinking [9]. It covers a process 2. Methods
of logically connecting statements that aim to
persuade or convince other people. Arguments play The research method consists of subject selection,
an important role in mathematical reasoning [10]. data collection tools, and data analysis. The present
Several components in argumentation skills, namely study is a qualitative study using online-based semi-
claim, data, warrant, and backing [11]. Claim is a structured interviews. Qualitative study is research
statement or decision held by the person in argument. that emphasizes more on the process instead of the
Data is facts that support the statement. Warrant is an works of the subjects [5]. In this study, semi-
explanation of the relationship between data and structured interview method was selected by
statements. Backing is the basic assumption to considering its flexibility and to obtain in-depth
support the warrant. information about the subjects.
To assess the argumentation skills of students, the This study was conducted at a higher education
commognition framework is frequently applied. It is institution in Pasuruan, East Java, Indonesia.
based on the concept of thinking as a cognitive Specifically, 38 students of Mathematics Education
activity while answers are a form of communication study program of the 2020-2021 academic year. The
conveyed by students. Commognition is a blend of subject selection of a qualitative study is done with
communication and cognition [12], [13]. It can be sample selection technique based on the criteria
defined as the conveyance of ideas that can be according to the research objectives [5]. The research
expressed in written or spoken form [14], [15]. subjects were eight of 38 students of Mathematics
Ideas expressed by students are presented in Education who were selected according to the criteria
written form. To analyze the argumentation skills of that had been determined in the odd semester of the
students in critical thinking, commognition is used. 2020-2021 academic year. The selection was based
Subsequently, four features were included in on the assessment of student works with the
analyzing the answers conveyed by students, namely indicators of argumentation skills, namely claim,
visual mediator, word use, routines, and endorsed data, warrant, and backing. In addition, the record of
narrative [16]. student works in the Learning Management System
Visual mediator is a tangible form of student work. (LMS) during the discussion was also observed.
Visual mediators are distinguished into three Data collection instruments were online-based
categories: concrete mediators, symbolic mediators, semi-structured questionnaire and interview
and iconic mediators [12], [17], [26]. Concrete guidelines using the Learning Management System
mediators can be in the forms of real or familiar (LMS). For interview guidelines, two experts of
objects such as rulers, fingers and other objects to Mathematics Education were involved to validate the
TEM Journal – Volume 10 / Number 3 / 2021. 1371TEM Journal. Volume 10, Issue 3, Pages 1370‐1376, ISSN 2217‐8309, DOI: 10.18421/TEM103‐46, August 2021.
instrument. It contained the addition problems of This analysis aimed to explain the relationship
integers. The following are the problems and between the collected data and the research
questions that have been validated by experts in objectives. Content analysis involved the steps of
accordance with the research objectives: coding, categorization and adjustment, in order to
attain findings that can be defined and interpreted
Claim: 14 + 12 = 26
[21]. Through this content analysis, the frequency
Table 1. The Questions and percentage used in data interpretation were
divulged.
Based on the Prior testing the questionnaire, the reliability of the
Commogni Argumen
No problem, the instrument was tested using the Cronbach’s alpha
tion tation
questions are:
test. An instrument is reliable if the coefficient of
In your opinion, Cronbach’s alpha is more than 0.70 [27]. Based on
Endorsed
1 is the claim true Claim the test, the instrument used in this study was
narratives
or false?
declared reliable. Figure 1. presents the results of the
Are you sure Cronbach’s alpha of the research instrument.
Endorsed
2 with your Warrant
narratives
answer?
Endorsed
How do you narrative and
3 Data
prove it? routine, word
use
Endorsed
Can you provide
narrative and
4 another way to Warrant
routine, word
prove it?
use
Explain about Endorsed
5 Backing
it? narratives
How if the
number is
6 Routine Warrant Figure 1. Cronbach's alpha to test research instrument
replaced by
another number?
Can you provide Figure 1. provides information on the number of
Endorsed
7 another Data samples (N) analysed using a computer program,
narratives
example? namely 38 students or prospective teachers (N).
What is the Endorsed Since the data are entirely fulfilled, the number is
8 Backing
conclusion? narratives 100% valid. From the output, it can be seen that N is
Assessed based on indicated from the items (the number of items or
the works of Visual mediator
questions within the questionnaire). There are eight
prospective teachers
items with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.852. Since the
The data collection was carried out according to a value is more than 0.7, the reliability of the
predetermined schedule to facilitate the subjects in instrument can be concluded as reliable.
expressing ideas and thoughts. In addition, due to the
pandemic, interviews were conducted online using a 3. Result and Ddiscussion
Learning Management System/LMS platform.
The results obtained from the data analysis on the
Initially, five open-ended questions were distributed
argumentation skills of prospective teachers based on
to the research subjects. Furthermore, during the
the commognition approach are presented below.
discussion, several additional questions were posed
to explore the skills of the subjects. Totally, ten
3.1. The Works of Prospective Teacher Based on
online meetings were carried out.
Visual Mediators
Interviews were conducted online and all activities
were recorded using the Learning Management
System/LMS. The data were subsequently processed, Visual mediators are a tangible form of the works
while the data obtained from interviews were performed by prospective teachers. They can be
converted into transcripts. The data and findings classified into three categories: concrete mediators,
obtained from the subjects’ answers were classified symbolic mediators, and iconic mediators. Table 1.
based on how the subjects answered the questions. shows the data on the works of prospective teachers
Analysis was done with commognition approach to regarding their argumentation skills based on visual
examine the critical thinking of research subjects. mediators.
1372 TEM Journal – Volume 10 / Number 3 / 2021.TEM Journal. Volume 10, Issue 3, Pages 1370‐1376, ISSN 2217‐8309, DOI: 10.18421/TEM103‐46, August 2021.
Table 2. The works of prospective teachers based on they were not accustomed to employ familiar objects
visual mediators or iconic mediators by drawing pictures or sketches.
Visual mediator F (of 38 prospective teachers) Figure 3. shows the work of a prospective teacher
Concrete mediators 8 using concrete mediators, namely by using number
Symbolic mediators 38 lines.
Iconic mediators 5
Concrete mediators and
1
symbolic mediators
Table 2. demonstrates the visual examination of the
works of prospective teachers, particularly on how
Figure 3. The work of prospective teacher using concrete
they solve the given problems. The table indicates mediator
that of the 38 prospective teachers, only one solved 3.4. The Work of Prospective Teacher Using
the problem with concrete mediator by using number Endorsed Narratives
lines and beads. Most students solved the given
problem with symbolic mediators or known as The required skills of prospective teacher include
algebra. the ability to explain and argue an idea as well as to
provide other examples. To investigate such skills,
3.2. The Works of Prospective Teachers Based on prospective teachers were posed to several questions
Word Use as presented in Table 3.
Examination of the works of prospective teachers Table 3. The responses of prospective teachers based on
found the word use, which included: number lines, endorsed narratives
addition, tens, units, integers, even numbers, odd
No Questions F (yes) F (no)
numbers, compared, difference, subtracted, minus In your opinion, is the
numbers, numbers, positive numbers, numbers 1 38 -
claim true or false?
negative, and equation. Are you sure with your
Based on the examination, it can be known that 2 36 2
answer?
word use or mathematical terms used by prospective 3 How do you prove it? 29 9
teachers when solving the given problem were Can you provide
common terms in mathematics. Therefore, the 4 another way to prove 26 12
possibility of misperception was small. it?
5 Explain about it? 25 13
3.3. The Works of Prospective Teachers Based on How if the ratio is
Routine 6 replaced by another 17 21
number?
Based on the analysis of the works of and Can you provide
7 9 29
another example?
interviews with prospective teachers, most of them
What is the
solved the given problem using symbolic mediators. 8
conclusion?
8 30
Figure 2. below shows the results of the works using
symbolic mediators. Table 3. shows the questions used to explore the
ability of prospective teachers on how to solve and
To prove 14 + 12 = 26, then: provide an explanation when solving the given
Even number + even number will always equal an even problem. Figure 4. shows the work of a prospective
number, teacher using endorsed narratives.
therefore it is impossible 14 + 12 will equal an odd
number.
To prove that 14 + 12 = 26 is as follows:
14 consists of 1 ten + 4 ones
12 consists of 1 ten + 2 ones +
2 tens + 6 ones
Figure 2. The work of prospective teachers based on
symbolic mediators
Figure 2. shows prospective teachers used algebra
in solving the given problem, instead of using Figure 4. The work of a prospective teacher using
concrete mediators or real objects. It seemed that endorsed narratives
TEM Journal – Volume 10 / Number 3 / 2021. 1373TEM Journal. Volume 10, Issue 3, Pages 1370‐1376, ISSN 2217‐8309, DOI: 10.18421/TEM103‐46, August 2021.
Figure 4. shows the ability of prospective teacher claims. In the present study, only a few prospective
in providing an alternative to solve the given problem teachers solved problems by drawing, sketching, or
by comparing the two numbers. From the comparison using concrete mediators. The selection of mediators
of the two numbers, the truth of the claim can be has an important role in solving the given problems
proven. Based on the commognitive approach, this [23]. Factors contribute to the ways prospective
method can be classified as a tie endorsed narrative, teachers solved the given problems are varied,
namely by using another term: comparing two including imitating or following particular models or
numbers to prove a claim. Figure 5. is a previous experiences [23], which eventually became
reconstruction of the argument based on a routine for prospective teacher in solving problems.
commognitive analysis. Nevertheless, some of prospective teachers were
identified to apply concrete mediator such as number
lines. During the discussion session, the use of such
mediators was also promoted to add the insights of
prospective teachers.
Concerning visual mediators, as indicated by their
works, prospective teachers have demonstrated their
argumentation skills as a part of critical thinking.
Furthermore, to ensure the argumentation skills of
prospective teachers, further assessment has been
done by checking the word use as well as the
capability to explain the meaning and intent of
prospective teachers in writing their answers.
Based on the answers written by prospective
teachers, they seemed to be familiar with several
terms, which can be identified as word use. The word
use entails terms that are commonly used in
mathematics. Word use also has an important role in
solving problems [24], [25]. It is crucial since
inaccurate word use will result in different meanings
or misunderstanding. As prospective teachers are
able to determine the word use, it is an indicator that
Figure 5. Reconstruction of argumentation based on they are at the warrant stage, namely statements that
commognition analysis explain the relationship between claims and data
{Formatting Citation}.
Based on Figure 5., the argumentation skills of In order to obtain deeper information about the
prospective teachers can be identified through the answers and intention of prospective teachers,
identification model. The model is summarized as clarification was required. It was done to ensure the
follows: a) Claim: prospective teacher is able to correctness of the answers (endorsed narratives).
identify whether a claim is true or false, b) Data: Endorsed narratives are an approach that can be done
prospective teacher is able to provide supporting data to explore one’s knowledge. The initial question
to reaffirm that the claim is true or false, c) Warrant: posed to prospective teachers included whether the
prospective teacher is able to provide alternative/s by claim presented in the given problem was true, in
showing evidence, d) Backing: prospective teacher is which all prospective teachers answered correctly. At
able to conclude that the claim is true or false and this stage, it can be declared that they have adequate
provide other standpoints to prove that claim. knowledge about what they have written down.
This study aimed to investigate the argumentation Subsequently, further question was posed to find out
skills of prospective teacher based on commognitive the level of surety of prospective teachers regarding
approach through learning activities using the LMS their answers. Most of them were convinced that they
platform. The data obtained from the platform have answered the question correctly. To find out more
been analyzed visually, showing the propensity of information, they were inquired whether they could
prospective teachers to solve problems using prove it, in which most of them could attest. As they
symbolic mediators or algebra. Regarding the were inquired about any possible alternatives to solve
argumentation skills of prospective teachers, they are the given problem, most of them could provide them.
able to provide proof by collecting supporting data. Based on their answers, it can be claimed that
This is in accordance with [22] on the indicator for prospective teachers have met the criteria of backing.
assessing argumentation skills in which prospective
teachers are able to collect data/evidence to support
1374 TEM Journal – Volume 10 / Number 3 / 2021.TEM Journal. Volume 10, Issue 3, Pages 1370‐1376, ISSN 2217‐8309, DOI: 10.18421/TEM103‐46, August 2021.
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