Field evaluation of synthetic insecticides against Capitulum borer (Helicoverpa armigera) infesting Sunflower (Helianthus annus L.)
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Pure Appl. Biol., 9(3): 1800-1806, September, 2020
http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2020.90191
Research Article
Field evaluation of synthetic insecticides
against Capitulum borer (Helicoverpa
armigera) infesting Sunflower
(Helianthus annus L.)
Muhammad Aftab1, Muhammad Kamil Malik1, Muhammad Zubair1*,
Sikander Ali1, Muhammad Waqas ul Hassan2, Kanwal Hanif3, Huma
Qamar1 and Muhammad Rizwan Khurshid1
1. Oilseeds Research Institute, Faisalabad-Pakistan
2. Pest Warning and Quality control of Pesticides, Bhakkar-Pakistan
3. Entomological Research Institute, Faisalabad-Pakistan
*Corresponding author’s email: chzubair92@gmail.com
Citation
Muhammad Aftab, Muhammad Kamil Malik, Muhammad Zubair, Sikander Ali, Muhammad Waqas ul Hassan,
Kanwal Hanif, Huma Qamar and Muhammad Rizwan Khurshid. Field evaluation of synthetic insecticides
against Capitulum borer (Helicoverpa armigera) infesting Sunflower (Helianthus annus L.). Pure and Applied
Biology. Vol. 9, Issue 3, pp1800-1806. http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2020.90191
Received: 13/02/2020 Revised: 24/04/2020 Accepted: 27/04/2020 Online First: 28/04/2020
Abstract
In the economy of Pakistan, oilseed crops play a major share and contribute more than 17% to
meet the domestic edible oil requirement. Sunflower contributes about 11% in domestic edible
oil production. However, a wide gap exists in this sector which can be improved for enhancing
its local production. Several factors are responsible for the yield losses. Losses due to insect
pests are increasing because of overusing the insecticides. On the other hand, insects are also
developing resistance against insecticides at a significant rate. The present study was designed
to identify the most effective insecticide for inclusion in Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
program to effectively manage capitulum borer (Helicoverpa armigera) infesting Sunflower.
Maximum mortality (83.28%) was expressed by Spinetoram followed by Chlorantraniliprole
(81.53%), Emamectin Benzoate (78.23%), Indoxacarb (75.13%) and Lufenuron (69.67%).
These insecticides can alternatively be used to control capitulum borer. However, further
research is required to ensure effective management of capitulum borer through IPM.
Keywords: Coragen; Efficacy; Emamectin; Head moth; Spinetoram; Sunflower
Introduction recommended to heart patients for daily use
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is a [2, 3]. The linoleic acid found in its oil has
prime oilseed crop. In sub-continent, its anti-carcinogenic properties [4]. Sunflower
cultivation started in sixteenth century. It is oil is used for household cooking,
fourth important oilseed crop worldwide production of vanaspati ghee, paints, soaps
[1]. Sunflower seed possesses 48% oil and in cosmetics industries. Its cake is also
content which can be easily refined having liked by animals as best nutritious feed [3].
low cholesterol level besides vitamins like In Pakistan, sunflower is cultivated in two
A, D, E and K. It comprises of about 27% growing seasons: spring and autumn. It is
proteins. Its oil is helpful in prevention of best fit in local crop rotation programs. It
cardiac diseases and is highly ranks third in oil seed crops, primarily on
Published by Bolan Society for Pure and Applied Biology 1800Aftab et al.
the basis of area coverage and oil threshold level [14]. So, effective
production in Pakistan. It is cultivated on an management is today’s need.
area of 28 thousand hectares resulting in 38 Various methods viz; cultural practices,
thousand tons seed and 54 thousand tons mechanical techniques, biocontrol and
edible oil. Pakistan imports about 80% of chemical application are common tactics.
required edible oil (1.455 billion US Mostly, insecticides are recommended to
Dollars) to meet local needs. It is the crop manage this notorious pest to gain
which can reduce the gap between the immediate control [15]. About 75 %
demand and supply of cooking oil and is insecticides are applied to control this pest
also well adapted to our climatic conditions that’s why resistance is developed against
[5]. However, obtained yield per hectare is conventional insecticides groups like
low as compared to other countries of the Pyrethroids, [16] Organophosphates (Ops),
world. There are many aspects which can and carbamates [17]. Besides this, these
be held responsible for stumpy yield. These insecticides are also harmful to our natural
include lack of awareness about production enemies as they are broad spectrum in
technology, shortage of certified seed, high nature. It is need of the hour to apply new
temperature, poor cultural practices, chemistry insecticides which are also
drought, lack of canal irrigation water, poor environment friendly [18].
marketing, low industrial utilization, lack The present study was conducted in field
of small scale harvesting machinery, conditions to evaluate the commonly used
adverse climatic conditions, diseases and insecticides to control capitulum borer
insect pests [6-8]. Helicoverpa armigera (Hub.) infesting
About 251 insect pests and acarine pests sunflower. Aim of the study was to identify
have been recorded on sunflower the most effective insecticide against this
worldwide [9]. In Pakistan, many insect insect pest.
pests, viz; cutworm, jassid, thrips, whitefly, Materials and methods
cotton aphid, green stink bug, saw toothed Sunflower hybrid (FH-516) seeds were
beetle, hairy caterpillar, cabbage obtained from the Oilseeds Research
semilooper, armyworm, epilachna beetle Institute (ORI), Ayub Agricultural
and capitulum borer feed on this crop [10, Research Institute (AARI), Faisalabad and
11]. Capitulum borer also known as Head were sown at the research area of the same
moth or Head borer, Helicoverpa armigera Institute during two consecutive crop
(Hubner) is menacing polyphagous key growing seasons; 2018 and 2019.
insect pest of this crop, which is Randomized complete block design
cosmopolitan in distribution [12]. It has (RCBD) having three replications was
about 180 hosts including many adopted.
economically important crops such as Crop husbandry
cotton, pulses, fruits, vegetables etc. [13]. Sowing on ridges was completed on
Its larvae feed on foliage and flowers for January 25, 2018 and on February 02, 2019
little time. These usually create hole in respectively. Row to row and plant to plant
head, seeds and make tunnel in head. After distances were maintained at 75 and 9
damaging one head, larvae shift to next one inches respectively. Pre-emergence
feeding which causes the loss. 3rd and 4th weedicide, Pendimethalin was sprayed at
instar larvae cause severe damage. It can the rate of 800 ml in 120 L water per acre
cause 25% yield losses generally and in by using battery powered sprayer
rigorous infestation 40-70 % yield loss is immediately after sowing.
common. 1 larvae/5 head can cause Irrigations were provided 20 days after
economic loss, therefore, this number of emergence, 20 days after first irrigation, at
infestation is considered as economic flowering and at seed development stage
respectively. N:P:K were provided at the
1801Pure Appl. Biol., 9(3): 1800-1806, September, 2020
http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2020.90191
rate of 48:34:25 kg/acre. Phosphorus and was observed. Tested insecticides (Table 1)
Potash were provided during seed bed were applied in three replicates Five plants
preparation. Nitrogen was provided at first from each treatment were randomly
two irrigation and at flowering stage in split selected, tagged and data regarding insect
quantities. population were recorded. Insect
Thinning was completed when crop population was recorded before insecticide
reached at 4-leaf stage. Earthing up was application. After the application of
done when the crop gained height of 30 treatments, mortality data were recorded at
inches. Crop was harvested on May 15, 24-hour, 48-hour and 72-hours’ time
2018 and May 25, 2019 respectively. intervals. The experiment was repeated
Data recording thrice to minimize possible error in each
Data for sunflower capitulum borer were year. Percentage mortality of capitulum
recorded on five randomly selected plants borer was calculated by using the formula:
[19, 20] when capitulum borer infestation
Mortality (%) = {(Pre-Treatment Population – Post-Treatment Population) / Pre-Treatment
Population} x 100
Table 1. Information about evaluated insecticides
Sr Mode of Insecticide
IRAC Classification Formulation Dose/acre
# Action (Brand Name)
Nicotinic acetylcholine
receptor (NAChR) Nerve Spinetoram
1 120 SC 80 ml
Allosteric modulators-Site I Action (Radiant)
Subgroup: Spinosyns
Ryanodine receptor
Chlorantraniliprole
2 modulators 20 SC 80 ml
(Coragen)
Subgroup: Diamides Nerve and
Glutamate-gated chloride muscle
Emamectin
channel (GluCl) allosteric action
3 Benzoate 1.9 EC 200 ml
modulators
(Proclaim)
Subgroup: Avermectins
Voltage-dependent sodium
Nerve Indoxacarb
4 channel blockers 150 EC 175 ml
Action (Steward)
Subgroup: Oxidiazines
Inhibitors of Chitin
Growth Lufenuron
5 Biosynthesis affecting CHS 1 50 EC 100 ml
Regulator (Match)
Subgroup: Benzoylureas
6 Control Untreated
Data analysis against insect pests. In first year of the
The relevant data were tabulated and study, it gave mortality as similar as in case
analyzed using Statistix 8.1 software, of Emamectin Benzoate and Lufenuron
analysis of variance was constructed and (Table 2) when data recorded after 24 hours
treatments’ mean comparisons were made of treatment application. In second year of
through Tuckey’s Honestly Significant study, no significant difference in mortality
Difference (HSD) test at 0.05 significance was found in all the tested insecticides.
level. Same was the case when data were recorded
Results and discussion after 48 and 72 hours of treatment in both
Spinetoram is a new chemistry insecticide the years. This is clearly visible from (Table
having nerve action as its mode of action 2) that all the insecticides expressed
1802Aftab et al.
different mortality in both the years but mortality. The difference in both the
when it was statistically analyzed, there mortality percentages might be due to
was no major significant difference in both difference in environmental conditions and
study years. difference in crop. [24] also evaluated the
All the recorded data of mortality caused by same insecticide against same insect on
the insecticides was cumulated and tomato crop and Chlorantraniliprole
statistically analyzed cumulatively (Table expressed 92.12% mortality when data
3). Table 3 shows that no significant were recorded after 72 hours of treatment.
difference in mortality was found when [25] evaluated the efficacy of
data were recorded after 48 and 72 hours of Chlorantraniliprole against Helicoverpa
treatment. However, significant differences armigera on chickpea and found 85%
were recorded when data recorded after 24 mortality after 72 hours of treatment which
hours of insecticide application. Maximum is very close to the mortality found in the
mortality (41.48%) was caused by present study (81.53%) as formulation and
Chlorantraniliprole followed by Indoxacarb dose rate in both the studies was similar to
(32.56%), Emamectin Benzoate (31.37%) some extent. It is also evident that even
and Lufenuron (30.33%) which are after 4-5 years of insecticide’ extensive use
statistically similar with each other. But, on the field, no significant signs of
mortality caused by spinetoram (30.50%) resistance developed against this particular
was statistically different as compared to insecticide.
other insecticides. Emamectin benzoate was tested in field and
Spinetoram was field tested against it expressed 75% mortality after 72 hours of
Helicoverpa armigera and it gave 80.3% treatment against Helicoverpa armigera
and 83.2% mortality in two consecutive infesting chickpea [26]. In the present
years [21] while in present study, it study, 78.23% mortality was witnessed
expressed 83.28% larval mortality (Table which is as similar as the already published
3) which is very close to each other. results (Table 3). This insecticide was also
Spinetoram gave 71.42% mortality when field tested in sunflower and it expressed
tested against Helicoverpa armigera in 95.93% and 93.75% mortality in two
chickpea [22]. In present study, spinetoram consecutive years [27] while in present
gave maximum mortality (84.21%) in study it expressed 78.23% cumulatively
second year of the study which indicates (Table 3). This difference in observed
that considerable level of resistance in mortality percentages might be due to the
Helicoverpa armigera has been developed difference in locality, the environmental
against spinetoram in some specific areas as conditions or decrease in susceptibility of
both studies are from different provinces of Helicoverpa armigera.
country. Indoxacarb is a nerve action poison. It
Chlorantraniliprole is a commonly used minimized percent infestation of Heliothis
insecticide affecting nerve and muscles of armigera for only 7.5% [28] when its dose
target insects. This insecticide was tested rate was 105 ml/acre. In the present study,
on Helicoverpa armigera infesting tomato treatment was applied at the dose rate of
crop and 70% mortality was observed after 175 ml per acre which caused 75.13%
96 hours of insecticide application [23]. mortality of Helicoverpa armigera on
They also observed 72 % mortality in Sunflower. [29] evaluated bio-efficacy of
another district of Punjab Province. They indoxacarb and about 80% mortality was
calculated cumulative mortality of found which is close to the mortality
Chlorantraniliprole which was 71%. In the witnessed in the present study (Table 3).
present study, 81.53% was cumulative
1803Pure Appl. Biol., 9(3): 1800-1806, September, 2020
http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2020.90191
Table 2. Mortality of Capitulum borer at various time intervals
Insect Mortality (%)
Sr. Population
Insecticide
# Before 24 HAT* 48 HAT* 72 HAT*
Treatment
2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019
1 Spinetoram 1.13 1.27 29.41ab 31.58a 64.71b 63.16b 82.35b 84.21b
2 Chlorantraniliprole 0.73 1.06 45.45b 37.50a 63.64b 56.25b 81.82b 81.25b
Emamectin
3 1.00 1.13 33.33ab 29.41a 66.67b 64.71b 80.00b 76.47b
Benzoate
4 Indoxacarb 0.87 1.00 38.46b 26.67a 53.85b 53.33b 76.92b 73.33b
5 Lufenuron 1.13 1.06 29.41ab 31.25a 58.82b 50.00b 70.59b 68.75b
6 Control 1.06 1.20 -6.25a 0.00 a -12.12a -5.56a -5.55a
HSD @ 5% 2.82 3.01 2.99 2.58 3.21 2.23
*HAT= Hours after Treatment of insecticide.
**= Negative sign indicates the relative increase in insect population.
Means sharing similar letter are not significantly different from each other while Means representing different
letters within a box of column are significantly different to some extent from other means at PAftab et al.
H Qamar, Wrote the paper: MWU Hassan Ministry of Science and Information
& M Zubair. and communication Technology.
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Cyhalothrin and Chlorantraniliprole
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