FIRST REPORT ON THE POPULATION DYNAMICS OF EGEIROTRIOZA CEARDI (DEBERGEVIN) (HEMIPTERA: PSYLLIDAE) ON EUPHRATICA POPLAR TREES IN IRAQ RABEEA, A ...
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International Journal of Agricultural Technology 2021Vol. 17(4):1569-1576
Available online http://www.ijat-aatsea.com
ISSN 2630-0192 (Online)
First report on the population dynamics of Egeirotrioza ceardi
(DeBergevin) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) on Euphratica poplar trees
in Iraq
Rabeea, A. A.*
Department of Plant Protection, College of Agricultural, Tikrit University, Iraq.
Rabeea, A. A. (2021). First report on the population dynamics of Egeirotrioza ceardi
(DeBergevin) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) on Euphratica poplar trees in Iraq. International Journal of
Agricultural Technology 17(4):1569-1576.
Abstract Poplar Psyllids, Egeirotrioza ceardi (DeBergevin) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) is an
important pest of Euphratica poplar trees in Iraq. This study was included different leaf shapes
of Populus euphratica (Olivier) as cordate, reniform, oval and ovate. The nymphs moved to the
leaf surface of Populus euphratica and they were begun feeding by sucking the sap from leaf
tissues. Leaf tissues were surrounded the nymph to form small opened causing leaf
deformation. Noteworthy all stages of growth and development of E. ceardi were present on the
upper surface of the examined leaves. Results indicate numerical density and monthly
population density of the insect on poplar trees was fluctuated during this period and reached its
highest level in June (102 and 667) nymph /leaf. The proportion of nymphs on the leaf surface
was associated with a gradual increase on the reniform shape of the leaf. The activity period of
nymphs may be affected by environmental condition especially temperature and relative
humidity (RH). Among the different shapes of P. euphratica leaves had the highest infection
that occurred when temperature and humidity are 35°and 19% respectively. This study will be
helpful in knowing the assessment of incidence and severity of damage caused by the E. ceardi.
So that, the proper control measures can be used in future to minimize the load of insecticides.
It is firstly reported on the population dynamics of E, ceardi on Euphratica poplar trees in
Iraq
Keywords: Egeirotrioza ceardi, Populus euphratica, Population density, Leaves shapes, Leaf
gall
Introduction
Worldwide of around 3800 species of described Psyllids or jumping
plant-lice are phloem-feeding insects inherently (Burckhardt et al., 2014). Plant
phloem sap feeding insects like psyllids are known to be vector highly depend
on host plant for feeding sheltering Life cycle of the psyllids require a
completion the growth of host plant and phonological synchrony, which happen
at the same time during Arctic growing season. Usually, most instars of
exuviate of nymphal and other hemipterans have long enough styles to stay
*
Corresponding Author: Rabeea, A. A .; Email: rabeeabdullah3@gmail.com
attached to their host plants (Ammar and Hall, 2012). According to the
surrounding environmental conditions of varied climates, Psyllids are able to
utilize a number of the host plants that have change their physiognomy,
physiology and phenology. These changes may cause deformation of leaf and
shoot by pitting leaf galls or rolling them in unusual shape to enclose gall
structures on leaves, shoots, flowers rootlets and stems. Globally there are
around 4000 species of jumping plant lice (Psylloidea, Sternorrhyncha and
Hemiptera) constitute a well-defined taxonomy (Li, 2011; Ouvrard, 2017).Most
species of psyllids are monophagous or oligophagous, which are limited to
development on plants within a single genus or family. Some psyllid species
have their different galls parts of the host plants (Hodkinson, 1984; Burckhardt,
2005) or leave a waxy lay on it (Hollis, 2004). Pased on the ecology studies,
phytophagous insects are highly depend on nitrogenous compounds, that related
with environmental conditions for their lives (Mattson, 1980; Bi et al., 2007;
Blackmer and Byrne, 1999). As known, nitrogen considers essential component
of amino acids which are source for phloem-feeding insects (Mattson, 1980;
Douglas, 2006). Although, mature host plants have plenty of carbohydrates, but
also they have small amounts of amino acids and may micronutrients (Mattson,
1980; Douglas, 2006; Douglas, 1993). There is a little information about psyllid
fauna in the eastern Mediterranean and Middle East. However, it was proposed
to expose different species of psyllid to bio - control agents that are nominated
for weed control (Burckhardt and Ouvrard, 2012).While the host plant was
attacked by psyllid adults and nymphs, marginal leaf was rolling and galls
forming due to sucking up sap by the insects. Good understanding of insect
population dynamics leads to a successful control procedure, and it helps to
keep pest populations below the threshold of economic damage by using
insecticides. Unlike polyphagous, many psyllid species are specialized and
occur only on one specific host plant. The aim of this study was providing
information regarding the population dynamics of Egeirotrioza ceardi (De
Bergevin) psyllid insect where there is lack information investigating role of
the jumping plant lice insect species infesting poplar trees in Iraq. So that
proper control measures can be used in future to minimize the load of
insecticides. Additionally to Prediction appearance of Egeirotrioza ceardi on
poplar trees.
Materials and methods
Study area and data collection
This study was conducted on poplar trees that are located on the rivers
banks in Shirqat district (latitude 35°49 and longitude 43°24) that is located in
1570International Journal of Agricultural Technology 2021Vol. 17(4):1569-1576
the middle of Iraq. Cultural practices were carried out according to normal
practice and no pesticides were applied during the study period. Samples were
taken at the middle of the month (the day 15th of each month) from April to
November during 2019, and five Populus euphratica (Olivier) were selected
randomly for that. Four different shapes leaves of Populus euphratica (Olivier)
(reniform, cordate, ovate and oval) were taken randomly since the appearance
of the adults until disappearance it from field. Sample size was 25 leaves from
each shape. At laboratory the closed gall was opened using a special knife, and
nymph were obtained using a needle. Numbers were counted to quantify the
effect leaves shape on population density of nymphs and determine the seasonal
active of insect on some leaves shapes Populus euphratica (Olivier) Figure 1.
A B
C D
Figure 1. Formation of galls on Poplar euphratica leaves
Results
Adult psyllid females of Egeirotrioza ceardi (De Bergevin) laid their
eggs on the new leaves. The new nymphs moved to the leaf surface of Populus
euphratica (Olivier) after hatching, where they started feeding by sucking up
the leaf sap from tissues. Leaf tissues that surrounding the nymph were started
to form a small opened causing leaf deformation (Figure 1). The nymphs began
to appear in the second week of April in small numbers with the different forms
of the Euphrates poplar and nymph’s numbers were gradually increased during
the season, reaching a peak at the end of June with 102 nymphs on the reniform
shape. However, nymph’s numbers on the oval shape were the lowest with 11
nymphs in the second week of November. It was noticed that nymph’s numbers
were reduced gradually until disappeared completely from field Figure 2.
1571Figure 2. Population dynamics of Egeirotrioza ceardi on different shapes of
Poplar euphratica leaves
Monthly population density
Monthly population density of Egeirotrioza ceardi (De Bergevin) was
explained in Figure 3. The results showed that of nymph was the highest level
in June with 667 nymph while was recorded the lowest level in November with
69 nymph. The activity period of the nymphs may be affected by environmental
conditions especially temperature and relative humidity (RH). Among the
different shapes of Poplar euphratica leaves had the highest infection that
occurred when temperature and humidity are 35°and 19% respectively.
Figure 3. Monthly Population density of Egeirotrioza ceardi on different
shapes of Poplar euphratica leaves
1572International Journal of Agricultural Technology 2021Vol. 17(4):1569-1576
Discussion
Poplar euphratica trees are infected by many insects, the sap – sucking
species represented another dangerous group attacking poplars. These insects
attack the trees in two ways by sucking their sap (Knopf, 1972; Roberts, 1972)
and by transmitting the plant disease Roberts 1972. In Iraq, it was clear that
Egeirotrioza ceardi (De Bergevin) infested leaves of Populus euphratica
(Olivier) (Figure 3) .The results indicate of (Figure 1) the population density of
insect on poplar trees was fluctuated during the study period and continued
until end month November. These results are in agreement with the present
results (Brabec et al., 2014) reported insects populations can show periodic
fluctuations. Indeed all of the developmental stages of Egeirotrioza ceardi
found on the upper surface of the leaves and that was related to the parameters
of the its leaf (Reavey and Gaston, 1991) and first appearance infestation was in
the 2ʳᵈ week of April, reaching population density 30, 33, 38 and 44 nymph
/leaf respectively, on poplar euphratica leaves with temperature (17.81) and
relative humidity (49.59 %) In general, aphids and psyllids feed directly from
the phloem, and there is no true nutritive tissue was expected to develop
(Bronner, 1992; Álvarez et al., 2009; Álvarez, 2011; Kurzfeld-Zexer et al.,
2015). then increased population density quickly , reached its peak 78,87, 92
and 102 nymph leaf respectively, at the end of June on poplar euphratica
leaves with temperature (35.47) and relative humidity (19.57 % ). These results
are comparable to the work of (Malaquias et al., 2015) reported on Prediction
of insects peaks is an important tool for ecological studies, and can also be
useful for field crops and then receded population density unite the 2ʳᵈ week
of November, reached it 11, 15 , 19 and 24 nymph /leaf respectively on poplar
euphratica leaves. A number of insects have a strategy of leaving the host plant
when there is no enough feed to an alternative resource that is considered
nutritionally rich (Simpson and Simpson, 1990; Waldbauer and Friedman,
1991). The difference in the infestation of on different shapes leaves and
differences in the population density Because of difference in the components
of plants sap in the leaf compared to species other Similar results with those
reported by (Banks and Macculary, 1964; Müeller, 1966; Younis et al., 1985)
attributed to of the difference in degree of the infestation and population density
to the difference in mineral components in the varieties. We observed nymph’s
number increased (Figure 1, 2) on the shapes of the leaves and special on shape
reniform. Also the population dynamics increased on with high temperatures.
The population dynamics of insects can be disturbed by seasonal changes in
climate conditions, physiological characteristics of the host-plant, agricultural
methods and administration practices (Sequeira and Dixon, 1997). Some
galling-insects such as psyllids, aphids and their relatives cause limited changes
1573in host tissue that is called a nutritive-like layer (Álvarez et al., 2009; Oliveira
and Isaias, 2010; Carneiro and Isaias, 2015). Although, there was a strong
relationship between the presence of nymphs and leaf shape. The distribution of
developmental stages of the Egeirotrioza ceardi is correlated to the leaf shape
and leaf composition. Through this strategic behavior, the first nymphs instar
that form galls on the leaf ensures a better evolution for survive. Finally, we can
conclude that the results obtained in this study are helpful in understanding the
population dynamics of Egeirotrioza ceardi. Also showed differences between
infestation on different leaf shapes by nymphs, reniform shape was more
infested than oval shape were the lowest. Additionally to Prediction appearance
of Egeirotrioza ceardi on poplar trees. So that proper control measures can be
used in future to minimize the load of insecticides.
Acknowledgements
The author gratefully acknowledges all from helped me to for revising this
manuscript.
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(Received: 23 April 2021, accepted: 30 June 2021)
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