For Stationary Air-Conditioners, Heat Pumps & Chillers - The Road to Next Generation Refrigerants
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The Road to Next Generation Refrigerants for Stationary Air-Conditioners, Heat Pumps & Chillers Daikin’s viewpoint Hilde Dhont _Daikin Europe EPEE side event, OEWG31, 2 August 2011,Montreal
Contents
1. Background
2. How to evaluate refrigerant options ?
3. Examples
4. Conclusion
Kuwait Symposium – May 2011 – Daikin Industries, Ltd.
The role of Daikin
• As the
Daikin is aonly
major company
manufacturer ofin
airthe world
conditioning,
heat pump & refrigeration equipment (89% of our
manufacturing both refrigerant and
business) with worldwide business locations.
• equipment,
Since 2006, OYL (McQuay, J&E Hall, AAF) are a
Daikin
part of thehas
Daikinagroup.
special responsibility
• to provide
Daikin also has aenvironmentally
chemicals division, which partly
covers manufacturing of H(C)FC refrigerants (1 %
beneficial
of Business).
products that mitigate
global warming
Copyright Daikin _ OEWG 31 Montreal 11
Daikin product range : 4 pillars
Air conditioners
(for cooling & heating)
for medium to large commercial
for residential and buildings
small commercial buildings
Chillers for
Heat pumps cooling/heating Refrigeration
for space heating and/or hot buildings or for For supermarkets,
water production industrial For industrial use
processes
Copyright Daikin _ OEWG 31 Montreal 11 4
Refrigerant options : Daikin’s Experience
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Post Kyoto &
Subjects Montreal Kyoto
HCFC Phase out
Protocol Protocol
(Dvlp=2020, Dvlping=2030)
Research &
Absorption, Stirling, HFC as optimal
Evaluation of
HFC, Water, Air cycle solution
Alternatives
CFC12 to Technology
Release R134a for container & chiller
R134a development
Japan-U.S. R410A for room A/C and
R22 to R410A joint project Developed technology R407C for commercial A/C
for commercialization
Development for (converted to R410A from 2003)
ozone protection
Hydro Carbon Evaluation of safety Installed about 500 HC A/C units
(R290) modification equipment for Jpn factory
CO2 water heater (Eco-Cute)
CO2 Development of
(R744) CO2 heat pump CO2 VRV (in 2008)
start sales
Reconsider
R32 Development of R32 A/C
On hold R32
Because R410A adopted to all equipment as global solution
Development
HFO1234yf for mitigation Evaluation of HFO
development of global warming and mixtures
Copyright Daikin _ OEWG 31 Montreal 11 5
2. How to evaluate refrigerant options ?
The challenge for manufacturers
Environment
Energy
Safety
Efficiency
Affordability
7
Copyright Daikin _ OEWG 31 Montreal 11
3. Examples Copyright Daikin _ OEWG 31 Montreal 11
Energy
Example: Ecodesign directive Efficiency
Ecodesign directive for air conditioners < 12kW capacity
Imposes Minimum energy efficiency levels for both cooling ànd
heating function (from 2014 onwards)
R744 (CO2) units are not able to meet the 2014 requirements
even when applying best available design technology
even when the minimum requirements for refrigerants with a GWP < 150
can be 10% lower than for R410A
SEER Cooling efficiency
9
Copyright Daikin _ OEWG 31 Montreal 11
Energy-efficiencies 10
averaged & peak load conditions
•SEER Comparison (cooling mode) •Peak power comparison
HPs （Reversible）- 3.5kW-Room AC in Europe (R410 ratio) under cooling condition
Outside 35℃, room 27℃ DB, 19.5℃ WB
R22
R22 (1.14kg) R22
1234yf
HFO1234yf single(*2）
(1.32 kg) *2 1234yf single(*2）
R32(*1)
R32 (0.84kg) *1 R32(*1)
R290（*3）
Propane (0.37kg) *3 If IEC is R290（*3）
disregarded the
charge volume
CO2(*4)
CO2 (0.84Kg) *4 CO2(*4)
is 0.58kg, and
SEER could be
R410A (1.2kg)
R410A same as R22 R410A
0.0 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 0.7
0.0 1.0
1.0 1.3
1.3
0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1
Efficiency ratio Power ratio
Consideration: Consideration:
In terms of SEER, CO2 is the worst, and the A big difference exists in the peak power under cooling
rest of candidates are equivalent to R410A. condition. HFO and CO2 will cause peak power supply
problems in large cities.
(Precondition for Calculation) Note: HX= Heat Exchanger
*1 Taking low pressure loss into consideration, narrower heat exchanger was used to reduce charge volume.
*2 To improve efficiency, HX size was increased : Indoor HX x 1,1 + Path x 2, Outdoor HX x 1.2, and connecting pipe increased
from 3/8=> 5/8
*3 To meet IEC requirements, charge volume was reduced: Indoor HX x 0.8, Outdoor HX x 0.5, narrower piping was used.
*4 To Improve efficiency: Outdoor unit HX was increased x 1.1
Copyright Daikin _ OEWG 31 Montreal 11Safety Safety
Production of Production of
refrigerant equipment
Safety is a must
Transport of Transport of
refrigerant equipment
during the whole
Storage of
refrigerant
Storage of
equipment
life cycle,
from manufacturing
till end of life
Installation
work
Use
Service &
Recovery
End of life
treatment
11
Copyright Daikin _ OEWG 31 Montreal 11Safety Safety
Safety is regulated by international, EU, national & local rules
Example Impact for use of flammable refrigerants
Production of Changes & new permits are required in the factory for
precharged safety reasons (mainly ATEX directive regarding explosive
equipment atmospheres, PED, Seveso, local regulations for safety of
workers, local permits)..
Transport & storage Precharged equipment cannot be transported by air (IATA)
More cases of special transport by road (ADR),rail… apply.
Storage may also require modification (ATEX, Seveso,
local regulations)
Use in buildings Local building regulations , eg in France, Italy, Spain do
not allow or limit the use of flammable or toxic
refrigerants.
Installation Installers/service people to be instructed & trained for
& service safety precautions
As well as legal liability , we have a corporate responsibility!
12
Copyright Daikin _ OEWG 31 Montreal 11Example: Safety evaluation Safety
SAFETY is a matter of managing the risks
Risk evaluation = Evaluation of Likelihood &
Severity
LIKELIHOOD
SEVERITY
13
Copyright Daikin _ OEWG 31 Montreal 11Example: Safety evaluation Safety
LIKELIHOOD
• Probability to reach a flammable
concentration
• Minimum energy needed to ignite it ?
• Likelihood that such ignition source
is present ? HOW TO EVALUATE THE RISK of
• Likelihood of leakage ? FLAMMABLE REFRIGERANTS ?
o System design
o People skills (whole
lifecycle : operators, service
technicians, recyclers,
o People awareness
(eg public buildings)
o Earthquake risk ?
o …
SEVERITY
Explosion power
Heat of Combustion
Quantity used
14
Copyright Daikin _ OEWG 31 Montreal 11Example: Safety evaluation Safety
The manufacturers of domestic refrigerators are confident to use
Hydrocarbon R600a.
We are confident that for our products, we can use R32/HFO but we are not
confident about using R290
R290
LIKELIHOOD
Flammable
R32,
HFO
R410A
Non R134a SEVERITY
flammable
LIKELIHOOD
R600a
SEVERITY
15
Copyright Daikin _ OEWG 31 Montreal 11While risk of R290 (propane) can be addressed with several measures (eg forced fan operation to lower
concentration below LFL), repair and disposal risks remain considerable high.
Source : Risk assessment work on HC refrigerant carried out by JRAIA Non Fluorocarbon
Refrigerant WG in 1999-2000.
Estimated Incidents/year in Japan with R290 room air
conditioners,after Measures
60
Reason :
50 Pessimistic -Human errors
during repair &
40 disposal, which is
beyond the
30 control of
manufacturers
Optimistic
20 - During repair &
disposal there is
no power supply
10 for the unit, so
measures such as
0 forced fan
Transport Installation Use Repair Disposal operation do not
work. 16
Copyright Daikin _ OEWG 31 Montreal 11Affordability Affordability
We have to make affordable & competitive products :
Economy of scale strive for global solutions
For Article 5 and non Article 5 countries
Suitable for cooling and heating (and even refrigeration)
Suitable in most climate zones (-25°C till 55°C)
Efficient use of material resources
Do more with less materials
Recycle & re-use
Cost optimization in the whole life cycle
Including cost for safety
17
Copyright Daikin _ OEWG 31 Montreal 11Example : Affordability Global solutions
R32 performance drops only 2% compared to R22.
This is better compared to HC290 (-5%) and R410A (-10%)
Important for cooling in hot climates (global solutions)
(source : TEAP/RTOC report Feb’11)
Copyright Daikin _ OEWG 31 Montreal 11Example Environment Environment
Reducing global warming impact
Reduce emissions from refrigerants (direct) and
from energy use (indirect)
Early gains are important
Use more heat pumps
Resource efficiency + recycle & reuse
Single component refrigerants are better
to recycle & reuse than blends
19
Copyright Daikin _ OEWG 31 Montreal 11Example : total global warming impact
from energy use : Indirect emissions
from refrigerant : Direct emissions (= emissions during refrigerant production,
leakage during the lifetime of the product + non recovery at end of life)
(1) Indirect emissions (2) Direct emissions (3) Emissions during refrigerant production
Example : 3.5kW Room A/C in Europe – Ecodesign SEER calculation
(EU Average emissions from electricity = 0.43Kg/kWh)
R22 (GWP 1810)
R22
In this case,
HFO1234yf1234yf
(GWP 4)
single(*2） refrigerants
with a
R32 (GWPR32(*1)
675) medium
GWP are
R290 R290（*3）
(GWP < 3) (*) better than
R744 (GWP = 1)
CO2(*4)
refrigerants
with a low
R410A (GWP 2090)
R410A GWP
5000 7000 9000 11000 13000 15000 (Kg･CO2)
17000
0 7000 9000 11000 13000 15000
(*) Note : adding more R290 could achieve same impact as R32, but 20
Copyright Daikin _ OEWG 31 Montreal 11 would be considered unsafe by IEC standardsNot only GWP but GWP x quantity matters…
GWP Quantity GWP x quantity
120
(CO2eq) (% kg) (CO2eq kg)
100
80
> 75%
reduction
60
1000 1810 2088 100 97 1000 2025
1810
40
70
500 500
20
675
472
0
R22 R410A R32 R22R22R410A
R410AR32R32 R22 R410A R32
• The direct global warming effect of R32 is only 26% of R22, and 23% of R410A
GWP values are based on IPCC 4th report.
(Note : for the EU F gas regulation, the GWP values of the IPCC3 apply where R410A is 1975)
Copyright Daikin _ OEWG 31 Montreal 11 21… and preventing emissions !
Impact of EU F gas regulation
Improving design
Improving installation & servicing practices
Creating awareness of installers & operators
Reducing emissions, both direct & indirect
Examples :
Data from Hungarian monitoring system
VRF systems in the
Netherlands :Climate change : we need to act now
The sooner we
introduce better
alternatives for
today’s HFCs,
the lower the
global warming
impact will be
Source: “The large contribution of projected HFC emissions to future climate forcing” by Guus J.M.Velders et.al.
23Heat Pumps can cut global CO2 emissions
by nearly 8%
Environment
To avoid global temperature rise, CO2
concentration in the atmosphere must be
stabilized at 550 ppm, 450 ppm or even lower
(depending on various policy targets)
IEA study – Heat pumps
SRES = Special Report on Emissions Scenarios, prepared
can save global CO2
by the IPCC (intergovernmental panel on climate change)
emissions by nearly 8%
Source: “The large contribution of projected HFC emissions to future climate forcing” by Guus J.M.Velders et.al.
Copyright Daikin _ OEWG 31 Montreal 11What happens if we replace gas/oil boilers by
heat pumps ?
Environment
25
Copyright Daikin _ OEWG 31 Montreal 11What happens if we replace gas/oil boilers by
heat pumps ?
Accumulated
Ton CO2 eq in Direct Emissions from refrigerant
a 15 years
lifetime Indirect Emissions from energy use
80 2005 2030
70
60
-20%
50
-30%
40 -65 %
30
20
10
0
2005 AVG Gas/oil 2005 AVG Heat 2005 AVG Heat 2030 Gas/oil 2030 Heat pump
boiler pump R410A pump if R32 boiler +10% R32 +10%
efficiency efficiency
• 9 million boilers sold per year in EU by 2030
• If 30% heat pumps by 2030 :
• 3 million Heat Pumps x 3kg R32 x GWP675
HFC consumption 2030 increases with 6 million Ton CO2eq per year
However, we reduce the lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions by 65%
We need a larger consumption of HFCs to reduce
the total greenhouse gas emissions !
26
Copyright Daikin _ OEWG 31 Montreal 11Conclusion : It’s a juggling challenge
There is no 100% perfect balance…. but failing is not an option
28
Copyright Daikin _ OEWG 31 Montreal 11Diversity of refrigerant choice • GWP value is not the only criterion to consider when selecting an alternative refrigerant. (Energy efficiency, Affordability, Safety, Environmental Load, etc. also must be taken into consideration) • All refrigerant are included on the table of refrigerant choice Choose whatever refrigerant is best suited for each application. • Daikin is developing R32 split air –conditioners & heat pumps from residential to commercial range because R32 is better suited to these applications Copyright Daikin _ OEWG 31 Montreal 11
Conclusion Not only GWP but other impacts on safety, environment, economy, energy efficiency should be considered when addressing climate change There is no one-fits-all solution The sooner the better. We need to act now Copyright Daikin _ OEWG 31 Montreal 11
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