FORWARD TO THE MOON - Media kit #Space19plus - Adnkronos
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→ FORWARD TO THE MOON
Media kit
#Space19plus
Contents
Introduction 3 The journey 23
Moon facts 4 Exploration Mission-1 step-by-step 24
Moonwalkers 7 The European powerhouse 25
Spacecraft, landers and rovers 8 Propulsion 26
Travel time 9 Air and water 27
Moon calling Earth 10 Power 28
Moon drift 11 Structure 29
Lunar dust 12 Temperature control 30
Water on the Moon 13 Avionics 31
The Moon has an atmosphere 14 An international collaboration 32
Resources on the Moon 15
Moon flashes 16 Photos 33
Graphics 34
Lunar missions 17 Artist impressions 35
What is Orion? 18 Videos and animations 36
The spacecraft 19 Websites 37
The rocket – how to get to the Moon 20 Posters 38
Dimensions 21 Media services 39
Introduction
The year 2019 marks the 50th anniversary of the Apollo 11 mission that saw the first humans land on
the Moon. ESA is teaming up with international partners to return humans to Earth’s natural satellite.
The Moon is our closest neighbour and a natural target for Such a discovery could open the door to future explorers exploiting
setting up a research base as we prepare to go deeper into the resources on the surface – living off the land.
Solar System.
NASA’s Orion spacecraft, with the European service module at its
The Moon is a treasure trove of Solar System history and it core, will build bridges to Moon and Mars. Orion will also help
has great scientific potential for looking further afield such as to build a space gateway in lunar orbit, a distant human outpost
constructing a radio telescope on the far side, offering views where we can learn to live and work a thousand-times farther
of our Universe protected from the constant radio emissions out in space than on the International Space Station.
from Earth.
These steps are bringing us closer to our ambition: sending the
The Moon is again in the spotlight of space agencies worldwide first Europeans the Moon and beyond, with Europe as a lead
as a destination for both robotic missions and human explorers. actor in humankind’s greatest adventure.
Moving away from one-shot orbital missions, bold ambitions
foresee humans exploring the polar regions hand-in-hand with ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT
robots, in international cooperation and with commercial partners. This document contains links to download the images,
infographics, videos and to visit web pages for more
Reaching beyond Earth orbit information. Explore the Moon through the series of
infographics. Roll over the graphic elements to discover
While continuing to exploit operations on the International Space
hyperlinks to more information on related webpages.
Station, Europe is setting its sights on the Moon, preparing for
Links to recommended images, videos and animations are
a robotic landing in partnership with Russia as early as 2023
provided towards the end of this media kit. An internet
looking for water ice that scientists believe may be found in the
connection is required to access the external webpages.
dark polar regions.
→ MOON FACTS
Size
The Moon is about one-quarter
the size of Earth in diameter,
but around 50 times smaller
in volume.
Moon Earth
3474 km 12 756 km
Distance
The distance from Earth is not
always the same – it varies because
the lunar orbit is not circular, but
elliptical. On average, you could fit
our planet 30 times between Earth
and the Moon.
Closest: 356 400 km Farthest: 406 700 km
#Space19plus #ForwardToTheMoon→ MOON FACTS
Age Composition
The Moon is believed to be around 4.5 billion The surface of the Moon is mostly made
years old, born from a giant collision of a of oxygen, silicon, magnesium, iron,
Mars-sized object with the young Earth
early in the Solar System’s 4.6 billion
billion years calcium, aluminium and titanium.
At its centre there may be
year history. a small, molten iron core.
O Si Mg Fe
Ca Al Ti
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Colour 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
29 30 31
The surface of the Moon is quite
dark. The colour of the lunar landscape
is mostly charcoal-grey. The Moon reflects the
light of the Sun. A day on the Moon
The Moon takes around 29.53 Earth days to
Seen from Earth, the atmosphere scatters certain rotate once on its axis. So if you lived on the
wavelengths of light. When the Moon is close Moon you would experience about two weeks
to the horizon, it often looks reddish. As it goes of day and two weeks of night.
higher in the sky and is less obscured by the
atmosphere, the Moon appears more yellow.
#Space19plus #ForwardToTheMoon→ MOON FACTS
60 kg Gravity 10 kg
On the Moon a person would weigh six times less than
they do on Earth. This is because the Moon has one
sixth the gravity of Earth.
The far side of the Moon 150 150
100 100
We call the side that is not visible from Earth the 50
0
50
0
far side of the Moon, and it is also illuminated –50 –50
by the Sun at different times. The Moon takes as
–100 –100
–150 –150
long to rotate on its axis as it takes to revolve –200 –200
–250 –250
around Earth, so we only see one ‘face’ of the
Moon from our planet.
—233 °C 123 °C
Temperature
The sunny side of the Moon is hotter than
boiling water, but the night side is colder than
anywhere on Earth. Lunar temperatures vary
from 123 °C in the day and down to —233 °C
in permanently shadowed polar craters.
Near side Far side
#Space19plus #ForwardToTheMoon→1
0 THINGS YOU DID NOT KNOW
ABOUT THE MOON
1. Moonwalkers
Twelve people walked on Apollo 15 Apollo 17
the Moon between 1969 and 1972.
Apollo 16 Apollo 11
Apollo 12 Apollo 14
scientific experiments on the
They left
400 kg
surface and came back to Earth with nearly
of lunar rocks and soil.
Apollo 11 Apollo 13 Apollo 15 Apollo 17
21 July 1969 11 April 1970 31 July 1971 11 December 1972
Neil Armstrong James Lovell David Scott Eugene Cernan
Buzz Aldrin John Swigert James Irwin Harrison Schmitt
Michael Collins Fred Haise Alfred Worden Ronald Evans
1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 ESA is looking with international
bring back
partners to
Apollo 12 Apollo 14 Apollo 16 more rocks from the
19 November 1969 5 February 1971 21 April 1972
Moon using robots as part of the
Charles Conrad Alan Shepard John Young Heracles mission.
Alan Bean Edgar Mitchell Charles Duke
Richard Gordon Stuart Roosa Thomas Mattingly
#Space19plus #ForwardToTheMoon→1
0 THINGS YOU DID NOT KNOW
ABOUT THE MOON
2. Spacecraft, landers and rovers
Over 50 spacecraft have successfully launched from Earth
to fly past, orbit, impact and land on the Moon.
19 landers and
6 rovers have visited
the lunar surface.
hardware
ESA’s next
to land on the
Moon is on the
Russian Luna-25 lander.
#Space19plus #ForwardToTheMoon→1
0 THINGS YOU DID NOT KNOW
ABOUT THE MOON
3. Travel time
The time to get from Earth to the
trajectory
Moon depends on the
and propulsion system
of the spacecraft.
The quickest trip
was NASA’s New Horizons
mission – it flew past
8 hours
the Moon in just
Apollo missions took and 35 minutes
about three days on its way to Pluto.
to reach the Moon.
ESA’s first mission to the Moon,
SMART-1, was the second spacecraft
to use ion thrust technology.
It took one year to reach the Moon
using solar-electric propulsion.
#Space19plus #ForwardToTheMoon→1
0 THINGS YOU DID NOT KNOW
ABOUT THE MOON
4. Moon calling Earth
It takes on average 1.27 seconds for a radio
signal to travel from Moon to Earth. So to talk to
somebody on the Moon you would have to wait at
Lasers are now used to
least2.54 seconds for a reply. communicate with spacecraft
and measure the distance
to the Moon using reflectors
left on the Moon.
ESA has a partnership to
develop commercial
lunar communications for
spacecraft and astronauts.
#Space19plus #ForwardToTheMoon→1
0 THINGS YOU DID NOT KNOW
ABOUT THE MOON
5. The Moon is drifting away from Earth!
The Moon is slowly moving away from
4 cm farther
Earth, about
away each year.
Gravity and tidal forces between these two
slowing down
celestial bodies are
the rotation of Earth and
increasing the distance from each other.
Missions to the Moon
will help us understand
how it was
created and learn
more about its orbit.
#Space19plus #ForwardToTheMoon→1
0 THINGS YOU DID NOT KNOW
ABOUT THE MOON
6. Dangerous lunar dust
Lunar dust is made of
sharp, abrasive nasty
particles, but it is yet
unknown how toxic
it is for humans.
From sneezing to
nasal congestion,
all 12 people who
have stepped on
the Moon described
symptoms
similar to
hay fever.
ESA research
on the International
Space Station is helping
understand lung health
in space.
#Space19plus #ForwardToTheMoon→1
0 THINGS YOU DID NOT KNOW
ABOUT THE MOON
7. There is scientific evidence for water on the Moon
Scientists have measured thepresence of water
in the Cabeus crater on the Moon by smashing a spacecraft
into it and measuring the chemicals that were ejected.
ESA is taking part in missions
explore
that will
new areas on the
Moon searching for ice and
minerals.
#Space19plus #ForwardToTheMoon→1
0 THINGS YOU DID NOT KNOW
ABOUT THE MOON
8. The Moon has an atmosphere
atmosphere, calle
ous d an
nu exo
sp
te he
re
nd .I
t
a
is
n
no
thi
tb
rea
y
tha
ver
ble.
a
has
In th
The Moon
e cold lunar night the
otassium.
nd p
exo
a
sp
m
h
u
e
di
re
o
f
,s
alls
NASA’s Orion spacecraft
on
t
g
o
r
th
,a eg and ESA’s Service Module
iu m
hel rou
nd four
will carry up to
astronauts
de .E
close to
ncl u lem
herei ents
in the
and beyond the Moon.
lunar atmosp
#Space19plus #ForwardToTheMoon→1
0 THINGS YOU DID NOT KNOW
ABOUT THE MOON
9. Resources on the Moon
Helium-3
Non-radioactive isotope He
3
for nuclear energy
Sunlight
Solar energy
H
Hydrogen
Propellant to power
rockets
ESA’s concept mission
‘in-situ resource utilisation’
is considering options to
Water ice find and use these
Can be split a hydrogen resources on the Moon.
and oxygen for fuel
#Space19plus #ForwardToTheMoon→1
0 THINGS YOU DID NOT KNOW
ABOUT THE MOON
10. Moon flashes
Every few hours, brilliant flashes of light can be seen through a telescope
across the lunar surface – the result of a meteorite striking our rocky neighbour at great speed.
These impact flashes are called
‘transient lunar
phenomena.’
ESA monitors space
debris and lunar flashes
ground
using
stations on Earth.
#Space19plus #ForwardToTheMoon→ LUNAR MISSIONS
T IO N A L COMMER
T I T U CIAL
Return I NS 2019
2018 2019
Orbiter 9
201
Lander 9 201
2 01 9
Lander and
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202 202
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202 X 20 2 X 202X
European Space Agency Germany Japan United Kingdom
Canada India Russia United States
China Israel South Korea of America
#Space19plus #ForwardToTheMoon→ ORION
What is Orion?
Orion is a NASA spacecraft set for missions to
the Moon, Mars and beyond.
ESA has designed Orion’s European Service
Module – the powerhouse that
will supply the spacecraft with electricity,
propulsion, thermal control, air and water.
collaboration
This is the first
between ESA and NASA
on a transportation vehicle that will
carry astronauts farther into space
than ever before.
#Space19plus #ExploreFarther→ ORION
The spacecraft
CREW MODULE
four
Habitat for
astronauts and cargo
from launch to landing.
Only part of the spacecraft
lands back on
that
Earth. CREW MODULE ADAPTER
Connects electrical, data
and fluid systems between the
main modules.
Contains electronic equipment
communications,
for
EUROPEAN power and control.
SERVICE MODULE
Provides electricity, propulsion,
air and water.
at the
Keeps the spacecraft
right temperature SOLAR ARRAYS
and on course to its The solar array turns on two axes
destination and back. to remain aligned with the Sun for
maximum power.
#Space19plus #ExploreFarther→ ORION
The rocket – how to get to the Moon
Orion will be launched by NASA’s Space
Launch System – the most powerful rocket Launch abort system
ever built. The heavy-lift rocket will allow If anything were to go wrong during
Orion to break free of Earth’s gravity to launch, an abort will propel the crew
explore our Solar System. capsule up and away from the danger,
returning it to the ground by parachute.
Crew Module
Orion spacecraft
European Service Module
and Crew Module Adapter
Spacecraft adaptor
Attaches Orion to the rocket.
When the vehicle is on its way to
space, the fairings are jettisoned. Upper stage
Solid rocket boosters Core stage
Height: 98 m
Solid rocket boosters
Diameter: 8.4 m
#Space19plus #ExploreFarther→ ORION
Dimensions
Top view
25 848 kg
Crew Module
10 387 kg
5x
= 5.2 m
7.3 m
European 19 m
2m
Service m
Module
Height: 7.3
15 461 kg 7.3 m
The spacecraft
is designed for
Bottom view
astronauts. Up to
5.2 m four people can
travel inside the
Crew Module.
#Space19plus #ExploreFarther→ ORION
The journey
Transport
4 Celebration 3 Service Module and solar arrays
European Service
Module and Crew transported from Germany to USA
Module Adapter
connected Assembly
2 The European Service Module
2
is assembled in Germany
1
3
6
7
8
5
4
5
Assembly Structure
Complete Orion 1 The European Service Module
Service Module structure is built in Italy
and Crew Module
at NASA s̓ Kennedy
Space Center, Florida
7
6 Rocket
integration
Testing before launch
At NASA s̓ Plum Brook 8
station, Ohio
Liftoff!
#Space19plus #ExploreFarther→ ORION
Exploration Mission-1 step-by-step
1 2 9
Launch Low Earth orbit
4 Inbound
powered lunar
Liftoff from Solar array Outbound flyby
Kennedy deployment coasting phase Main engine burn
Space Trajectory 5 to return to Earth
Center, correction
Florida, USA 11 manoeuvres Outbound
Service
powered 6
lunar flyby
Module Distant
Main engine burn
separation retrograde
(185 km above
orbit arrival
lunar surface)
Main engine
burn for
insertion
Trans-lunar
injection
Propulsion
standby
for launcher/
spacecraft Inbound coasting phase
separation Trajectory correction
manoeuvres
3
10 Distant Distant
Reentry retrograde retrograde orbit
Splashdown in departure
European Service Module orbit
the Pacific Ocean Main engine burn
and Crew Module Adapter
13 burn up
7
8
12
#Space19plus #ExploreFarther→ ORION
The European powerhouse
Propulsion system
Main engine has
enough thrust to Structure
lift a van Like the chassis of a car,
on Earth. the structure
holds everything together.
Four tanks hold
2000 litres of fuel, enough to fill
50 cars with fuel.
Thermall
control systeml
Heaters and coolant
Consumables pumped through six radiators
keep Orion running warm despite space
temperatures of –75 C̊ to +90 C̊ .
Supplies enough water and air for up to
four astronauts on a 20-day
mission. Avionics
The brain:
computers control all
Solar arrays aspects of the European
Service Module.
Provides enough electricity for
Over11 km of cables
two to send commands and receive
households. information from sensors.
#Space19plus #ExploreFarther→ ORION
Propulsion
Orion relies on the engines of ESA’s European Service Module
to navigate and orient itself in space. The engines can be fired
individually to move the spacecraft and rotate it to any position.
Fuel
• Mixture: MON
33 engines, oxidiser with
3 types MMH fuel
• Four tanks with
• Main engine has
enough thrust to
2000 l capacity
each
lift a van on Earth
• Helium tanks
push the fuel to
the engines
• Eight backup
thrusters can lift
50 kg each on Earth
•2
4 smaller engines
provide attitude control
#Space19plus #ExploreFarther→ ORION
Air and water
The European Service Module provides air and water for the astronauts
in the Orion spacecraft. The oxygen and nitrogen are stored separately,
and mixed into the Crew Module for the astronauts to breathe.
30 kg of
nitrogen
and 90 kg of
240 litres oxygen
of potable water
Enough to keep
four astronauts
alive on a 20-day mission
#Space19plus #ExploreFarther→ ORION
Power
Four solar arrays provide electrical power to Orion. Each wing is made
of three panels. The solar array uses gallium arsenide cells that are Provides more
more efficient, resistant and lightweight.
double
than
the power
of ESA̓s cargo
spacecraft
Provides enough electricity for
two households: 11.2 kW
#Space19plus #ExploreFarther→ ORION
Structure
The European Service Module’s structure is the backbone
of the entire vehicle. The spacecraft withstands many Absorbs
stresses, from launch vibrations to temperature and
pressure changes on its way to space. vibrations
from launch – similar
to the thrust of
34 Jumbo Jets
Like the chassis of a
car, the structure
holds
everything
together
Covered with Kevlar
to absorb shocks from micrometeorites
and debris impacts
#Space19plus #ExploreFarther→ ORION
Temperature control
Space is a harsh place with sharp changes in temperature.
Radiators and heat exchangers control the temperature of
the spacecraft to keep the astronauts comfortable and its Coolant is
equipment operating optimally.
pumped
in a closed circuit,
similar to a car
Six
radiators
outside the Service
Module
Coolant:
hydrofluoroether
Insulation:
multi-layer insulation blankets
#Space19plus #ExploreFarther→ ORION
Avionics
The European Service Module’s brain combines the full
automatic capabilities of an unmanned vehicle and human
spacecraft safety requirements.
Fly-by-wire:
automatically regulates
propulsion, water,
Computers electronics and
temperature.
control all aspects of
the service
module.
Over 11 km of cables
send commands and receive
information from sensors.
#Space19plus #ExploreFarther→ ORION
An international collaboration
Germany Sweden
• Prime contractor • Propulsion
• European Service Module assembly integration Qualification Module
and verification integration
• Propulsion and propulsion drive electronics
• Centralised parts procurement agent Norway
• Data network harness for Qualification Module • Hydrophobic filter
• Reaction control thrusters
The Netherlands
Italy USA • Solar array wings
• Structure • Gas tank
• Thermal control system • Valves, pressure Spain
• Consumable storage system regulators and pumps • Thermal control unit
• Power control and • Data network harness
distribution unit for Flight Module
• Photovoltaic assembly • Main and auxiliary
• Meteoroid and debris engines
protection system • Solar cells
Switzerland France
• Secondary structure • System tasks
• Solar array drive assembly • Avionics qualification
• Solar array simulator • Direct current harness
• Mechanical ground support • Electronics
equipment • Helium filters
Belgium Denmark
• Tank bulkhead • Electronics
• Electrical ground support • Electrical ground
equipment support equipment
• Pressure regulation units
#Space19plus #ExploreFartherPhotos
Lunar eclipse Moon Moon and Mars seen from International Space Station Space Station Moon
Space Station passing in front of the Moon
Super Moon Waxing Moon SMART-1 views a cluster of Lunar horizon as seen by Double crater on the Moon
the Moon’s craters SMART-1
European Service Module European Service Module European Service Module European Service Module European Service Module
acoustic testing, working on propulsion test article inside a rocket’s belly view from below
Structural Model
European Service Module Orion’s wings Packing the European European Service Module European Service Module
waiting for the burn Service Module team transport to
Kennedy Space CenterGraphics
Moon facts Moon facts Moon facts Moonwalkers Spacecraft, landers Travel time Moon calling Earth
and rovers
→ LUNAR MISSIONS
TIONAL COMMERCIA
T I TU L
Return INS 2018 2019
Orbiter 9 2019
201
201
Lander 19 9
20
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European Space Agency Germany Japan United Kingdom
Canada India Russia United States
China Israel South Korea of America
#Space19plus #ForwardToTheMoon
Moon drift Lunar dust Water on the Moon The Moon has an Resources on the Moon flashes Lunar missions
atmosphere Moon
What is Orion Orion Orion Orion dimensions Orion Orion
the spacecraft the rocket the journey step-by-step
The European Orion Orion Orion Orion Orion Orion
powerhouse propulsion air and water power structure temperature control avionics
an international
collaborationArtist impressions
Orion front view Orion side view with Orion Orion back view Orion back view with
solar arrays unfolded solar arrays unfolded
Orion Orion spacecraft Orion leaving Earth Orion initial design Orion spacecraft
launch configuration
Orion Orion spacecraft in Earth orbit Orion in the vicinity Orion in the vicinity Gateway over Moon
of the Moon of the Moon
Heracles lander and rover Heracles lunar liftoff Heracles approaching Moon Heracles approaching
landing siteVideos and animations
Destination: Moon Lunar exploration What is the origin Moon Village Paxi explores the Moon!
ESA's missions of the Moon?
Paxi and our Moon: How to photograph The Moon camera
phases and eclipses a lunar eclipse
Orion Orion Shaking Orion’s solar arrays Human spaceflight and robotic Orion and the European
from components to shipping engine firing exploration future Service Module
European Service Module Spacecraft materials kit Spacecraft materials Heracles
separation tests classroom demonstration kit challengeWebsites
Lunar web documentary Moon Camp NASA HD Apollo images
Orion blog Orion European Service Module FlickrPosters
European Space Agency European Space Agency European Space Agency
European Space Agency European Space Agency European Space Agency
European Space Agency European Space Agency European Space AgencyMedia services
ESA Media Relations
media@esa.int
+33 1 53 69 72 99
European Space Agency
Headquarters, Paris, France
Rosita Suenson
Rosita.Suenson@esa.int
European Space Agency
ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands
Lunar exploration
ESA Orion blog
www.esa.int/orion
Facebook ESA
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@esaspaceflight
@esa
@NASA_Orion
Official hashtags: #Space19plus
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