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Four Seasons at Manalapan
An Active Adult Community
The Official Publication of the Four Seasons at Manalapan Homeowners Association, Inc.
Volume 15, Number 1 www.fourseasonsatmanalapan.com January 2022
2022
2
Pegasus Press January 2022
MANAGEMENT NEWS
Please note the following Guidelines for Preparation of Snow Removal:
Dear Residents, •All decorations and planters were to be removed from your driveway,
walkway and entranceway by no later than Saturday, November 30th.
Happy New Year! We hope you all enjoyed the holidays and time spent
•For your convenience, snow stakes are available in the Management Of-
with family and friends. Here are a few updates and reminders that we
fice for purchase. You may purchase these stakes for $2 apiece. (Checks
hope you find helpful. Should you have any questions, please feel free to
only, please – no cash is accepted in the Management Office.)
contact the Management Office at any time – we are here to help!
o All homeowners are encouraged to mark the edges of their paver
2022 Association Dues & Coupon Booklets walkways with snow stakes to avoid damage by the snow removal
Please be reminded that the 2022 monthly Association dues are in the equipment. This is especially important if your paver walkway
amount of $330 per month beginning January 1, 2022. If you have set up touches the driveway or extends into the driveway.
your monthly dues on automatic payment, please don’t forget that it is your o You are also encouraged to mark your decorative landscaping
responsibility to change the amount to reflect the new dues amount. Taylor and delicate plant material, including but not limited to: Japanese
Management does not have access to your account to make these necessary Maples, any ornamental shrubbery, and small plant material that
changes and they will not occur automatically. will not be visible after the snow falls. This is encouraged in an
effort to avoid damage to your landscaping during snow clearing.
New coupon booklets should have already arrived at your home in December
of 2021 for making payments towards your monthly dues. If you have not •North Eastern Snow and Ice, our snow removal vendor, the Association
received your coupon booklet, please contact the Management Office and and management, will not be responsible for damages to any decorations,
we will see that you receive one. planters, ornaments, etc., that are left in the driveway, on the walkway
or entranceway to your home.
Don’t Forget to Winterize Outside Spigots / Leave Heat On •As a reminder, snow will not be removed from any driveway where a
If you haven’t already, please be sure to winterize your outside water spig- vehicle is present. You may park your additional vehicles in the last row
ots. Hopefully, it’s not too late! A frozen spigot can cause a leak inside of of the Clubhouse parking lot near the wood line or move your vehicle
your home, as well as related damages. when you hear the snow removal equipment coming by your home. Do
not park in a neighbor’s driveway, without their prior permission and
If you are leaving for the winter and choose not to winterize your home, even if they are away, as this will cause that driveway to not be cleared.
please be sure to leave the heat on at least 55-60°F to ensure that your pipes •Any damages resulting from snow removal must be reported to the
won’t freeze. It’s also a great idea to have a neighbor or trusted friend or Management Office, in writing, no later than Friday, April 1, 2022.
family member stop by your home periodically to ensure everything is as
it should be. •Effective immediately, snow will no longer be removed from sidewalks
after snow has fallen.
Thank you, in advance, for your cooperation regarding snow procedures,
as well as all of the above. Should you have any questions, please feel free
Friendly Reminder: to contact the Management Office at 732-786-1725.
Please be reminded that guests are not
permitted in the Clubhouse or at any of the Sincerely,
outdoor amenities until further notice. We
Kimberlee A. Roberson, Community Manager
apologize for any inconvenience this may
cause you and appreciate your patience Tara Lesnick, Assistant Community Manager
while we work to keep our residents safe! Diane Sheehan, Lifestyle Director
On Behalf of the Board of Trustees
Rumor Mill
In a community as large as ours, rumors tend to run wild. By the time the
rumor makes its way from one side of the community to the other it can
We want to reach you …
be way out of proportion. Similar to playing the telephone game, infor-
We want to make sure all of our residents who want to receive
mation is changed and distorted and then passed as factual throughout the
community. As I have mentioned at almost all of our meetings, if you are activity eblasts, are receiving them. These emails include infor-
unsure of something you have heard and want to check on the facts, please mation relative to trips, entertainment, clubs, committees, etc. If
be sure to contact the Management Office. We have the most accurate and you feel you are not receiving the many eblasts that I send out,
up to date information available. We are so glad that many of our residents please contact your Lifestyle Director, Diane Sheehan, directly
have called to check on information they have received, as passing false at dsheehan@taylormgt.com.
information can be detrimental. Please be reminded that Management does
not respond to the Message Board on the community website nor do we
respond to Facebook postings. Should you have an inquiry, please let us
know. We’re here to help! SENIOR PUBLISHING COMPANY accepts advertisements and
advertisements are based upon information provided by the adver-
Due to the damages that some of you experienced during snow removal
tiser. SENIOR PUBLISHING COMPANY does not independently
in prior years we have devised a set of guidelines to assist in preventing
your personal decorations and landscaping from being damaged. Please investigate the accuracy of advertisement content and does not
note that there is no guarantee you will not experience damage, however, warrant or represent the accuracy of the content of any advertise-
we are making an effort to avoid future damages by taking a few necessary ment.
precautions.
3
Four SeasonsAt Manalapan
Pegasus Press • January 2022
An Active Adult Community
Pegasus Press Staff
Distribution Editors Gail and Al Lassoff
Photographic Editor.........................................................................Kal Silverman
Proofreaders....................................................... Stuart Abraham, Jill Drummond,
Ginny Jennings, Steve Resnick
Monthly Columnists.......................................... JoAnn Abraham, Goldie Golden, The Pegasus Press can use your help. We are still
Jacquelyn Kirczow-Smith, Audrey Lebowitz, looking for an editor or a team of editors to guide
Steve Resnick, Debbie Weissman
the newspaper through the stages of publication. If
Photography Sub-committee.....................................Kim Silverman, Jerry Simon
Distribution Staff.........................................Warren Agate, Jack Budyszewick, Ira you have good management skills and enjoy
Cohen, Ellen Deutsch, Bob Fornes, Christine Fornes, connecting with many people in our community,
Hannah Gold, Diane Goldstein, Al Lassoff, Gail Lassoff, you may be right for the job. The position of editor
Lydia Leimsider, Arnie Lifland, Frank Maggio, could be shared by a team of co-editors.
Jane Majcher, Marvin Nechamkin, Iris Silverman, Alternatively, it could be shared by a team of three
Dave Sobel, Stuart Speck, Barry Tepp, Irwin Zweiback
or four people who rotate the responsibility on a
Past Editors...................................................... Andrea Shorr, Maria Sabatino and
Barbara Sugarman (Co-Editors), regular basis. If you’re interested, please contact
Carol Krimko and Bunny Libenson (Co-Editors), the Taylor Management team to find out more.
Rich Leimsider,
kroberson@taylormgt.com
Jill Drummond and Ginny Jennings (Co-Editors).
dsheehan@taylormgt.com
Community Services
Community Property Manager Kimberlee Roberson 732-786-1725
kroberson@taylormgt.com
sK 44 Palomino Drive, Manalapan, NJ 07726
Assistant Property Manager
Fax - 732-786-1728
Tara Lesnick 732-786-1725 Statement of Editorial
tlesnick@taylormgt.com
Lifestyle Director Diane Sheehan 732-786-1727
dsheehan@taylormgt.com
Principles
44 Palomino Drive, Manalapan, NJ 07726-9566 Pegasus Editorial Staff
Gatehouse 732-446-6478 The goal of the Pegasus Press, the official publica-
KHOV Homeowner Services/ Warranty Dept. 877-832-6231
tion of the Four Seasons at Manalapan community, is
threefold:
- To provide information to residents of FS@M from
the Board of Trustees, its committees and clubs, the
Important Phone Numbers property management company, and the township
Emergency phone numbers during non-business hours (5 P.M. - 8 A.M.)*
- To inform the residents of FS@M as to social,
Four Seasons Common Area Emergency Hotline.......................... 888-992-9288 cultural, and educational events in the community
Plumbing Emergency............. F & W Mechanical......................... 732-286-4747
HVAC Emergency.................. Kool Vent........................................ 732-905-3756
and surrounding area
Electric Emergency................. Mac Electrical Contractors..............732-684-1129 - To establish a means of communication within
...........................................................................................................732-522-7088
*In the event that you experience an emergency after normal business hours, please inform your
FS@M that fosters community spirit and goodwill
Homeowner Service Coordinator on the next business day. among residents
Emergency phone numbers during normal business hours (8 A.M. - 5 P.M.)
All articles and opinions expressed in the Pega-
Fire & Rescue.......................... Manalapan Fire Dept...................Emergency 911 sus Press represent the viewpoint of the respective
........................................................................................................ 732-462-1112 authors and do not necessarily represent the opinions
Police................................................................................................................911
........................................................................................................ 732-446-4300 of the FS@M community or its editors. We assume
Electric Company.................... JCP&L............................................ 800-662-3115 no responsibility for the contents or the accuracy of
JCP&L: ...........................................................1-888-LIGHTS (1-888-544-4877) the same.
Gas Company.......................... NJ Natural Gas Co......................... 800-221-0051
Telephone Company................ Verizon........................................... 800-675-9966 Pegasus Press reserves the right to reject, edit,
Sewer....................................... Western Monmouth Utility Authority or condense all submissions and will not accept any
........................................................................................................ 732-446-9300 article it deems libelous, inflammatory, plagiarized,
Garbage................................... Manalapan Twp............................. 732-446-8404
Irrigation................................. Management Office........................ 732-786-1725 or in bad taste.
Water....................................... Suez Water..................................... 888-770-6030 Senior Publishing Company prints the Pegasus
Press at no cost to the FS@M Homeowners Associa-
tion. The publisher and not the editorial staff of this
Cover by Diane Sheehan
publication have solicited all advertisers. We disclaim
Centerfold created by The Pegasus Press Staff all responsibility for the goods and services advertised
herein.
All irrigation questions and work orders should be reported to the
Management Office, in writing. American Lawn and Sprinkler is no longer
accepting work orders directly from homeowners. The Management Office
Patronize Our Advertisers
is open Monday through Friday, 9:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. Irrigation emergencies
that occur when the office is closed should be reported to the Taylor
Management Emergency Hotline at 888-992-9288. Examples of irrigation
emergencies are: Water is flooding in an area or roadway or the irrigation
system won’t shut off. All other problems or concerns should be reported
to the Management Office during normal business hours.
From Your Board of Trustees
4
Pegasus Press January 2022
Arnie Klein Jerry Judin Roger Colarusso Gail Gnesin Brian Shorr
Professionally managed by Taylor Management Company
44 Palomino Drive • Manalapan, NJ 07726 (732)786-1725
In November, the Board of Trustees (BOT) had their regular meeting in the evening of November 15, 2021, via Zoom teleconferencing due to Covid-19
virus concerns. Many items of interest to homeowners were discussed during the meeting. The following Trustees were in attendance: Arnie Klein;
Gail Gnesin; Roger Colarusso; Brian Shorr. Jerry Judin was present via telephone. The following Management representatives were present: Kimberlee
Roberson and Tara Lesnick.The minutes from the October 18, 2021, BOT meeting were unanimously approved by the BOT.
Residents were advised that questions would be taken regarding topics being discussed during the meeting.
A motion was made to increase the fine for hitting the entry or exit gates to $500. This is in addition to the cost for the initial service call to the repair
service and for all parts for damages incurred. The motion was unanimously approved by the BOT.
A motion was made to remove the mask mandate in the Clubhouse. A roll call vote of the BOT was taken. Two BOT members, Arnie Klein and Gail
Gnesin, voted against the motion. All other BOT members voted in favor of the motion. The vote passed 3:2 in favor of removing the mask mandate.
Community Manager Kimberlee Roberson (KR) advised the following:
• October’s financial statement will be delivered to the BOT and Finance Committee (FC) upon receipt, as well as being posted to the community
website.
• As of September’s financial statement, the HOA is experiencing a deficit in the budget in the amount of $106,139. The income deficit in the
amount of $58,426, is mostly due to the resident giveback that occurred at the beginning of the year. Management continues to cut expenses
wherever possible to make up for this year’s shortfall. Small progress is being made each month.
• KR has drafted the 2022 budget and has met with the FC and BOT to review and discuss. KR would like to thank the FC for all of their work
on the budget and Reserve Study as well as their attendance at the three budget meetings that took place.
• After waiting several months for receipt, KR picked up the reimbursement check from Stardust in the amount of $2,772.25, for the non-slip
tile coating for the indoor pool. This check was deposited with Taylor Management Company (TMC) and credited to the pool work accordingly.
• There were five resales in the community this month:
o a Monterey with a loft sold for $725K
o a Monterey with a loft sold for $680K
o a Captiva with a loft sold for $738K
o a Captiva with a loft sold for $757K
o a Martinique sold for $675K
• There were 38 emails sent out to the community from the Management Office since the last BOT meeting.
• The tables and chairs that remain on the upper deck behind the Clubhouse will be shrink-wrapped when the shuffleboard courts are shrink-
wrapped. This is expected to take place the week of November 15, 2021, weather-permitting.
• Allied Fire performed the fire extinguisher inspection this week. Two of the fire extinguishers were in need of refreshing and were returned on
Friday, November 12, 2021, upon completion of the work. The annual fire inspection is expected to take place this month and is usually unan-
nounced. The Clubhouse is ready for inspection and KR doesn’t see any reason why the area should not pass on the first inspection.
• Global Cleaning will be on site in the Clubhouse on Saturdays and Sundays only until January 1, 2022. In an effort to save money, their contract
has been reduced by one day. Maintenance staff is available seven days per week in the Clubhouse.
• There has been an intermittent problem with the house music remaining on in the Clubhouse. It is believed it was due to the internet speed
coming into the Clubhouse and there has been a technician in to inspect and adjust it. So far, the repair has been successful and there have not
been any outages this week.
• As a reminder, there are two locations for items that may have been lost and then have been found. There is a bin in the Clubhouse coat closet
where larger items are stored. Glasses and any valuable items that are found are kept safely in the Management Office. If a resident has lost an
item, please feel free to stop by and take a look.
• Please be reminded that KR is a notary and is happy to notarize documents for residents. Please contact the Management Office to schedule
an appointment. KR is also happy to provide mobile notary services for those residents who are not capable of coming to the Clubhouse or are
uncomfortable doing so.
• There were two emergency calls since the last BOT meeting. Both calls were for issues with the Secretariat visitor entrance gate. All calls were
responded to upon receipt and handled accordingly.
• The first draft of the Reserve Study has been received and sent to the FC for their review and consideration. There has already been one meeting
with Gene from DW Smith to review. One additional meeting will be scheduled that will include the BOT so the report can be finalized.
• KR is currently working on reviewing all artwork that was displayed in the Clubhouse prior to redecorating. In an attempt to sell the artwork
from the prior design scheme, the community has been notified about this via eblast including photos of all pieces available. Some of the pieces
have been repurposed and are being used in the current design. One final art sale for any pieces that do not sell this year will take place in the
spring when weather permits. So far, $100 worth of artwork has been sold to date.
• David Davidowitz (DD), Bob Button (BB), and KR met with Joe Bonafede from Technocality to review the community gates. Joe is going to
perform an in-depth inspection of the gates and then submit his findings along with suggestions to make improvements at the gates. Joe is ex-
pected to meet with the BOT after tonight’s meeting. The findings will be shared with the community at the next BOT meeting and/or via eblast.
• KR will be taking a vacation day on Wednesday, November 24, 2021. Tara will be in the office all day. The Management Office will be closed
on Thursday, November 25, 2021, and Friday, November 26, 2021, in observance of the Thanksgiving holiday. The Management Office will
re-open on Monday, November 29, 2021, at 9:30 A.M. The Management team would like to wish you and your families a very happy and safe
Thanksgiving holiday!
The Grounds Committee (GC) represented by David Davidowitz (DD), vice chairperson, advised the following:
• Two of the seven irrigation lines were completely redone. There are still five original lines that may need some work in the future.
• DD and BB performed an inspection of the repairs. All irrigation is now working.
• They are now working on mapping of all the lines.
Arnie Klein (AK) reported that there cannot be a lot of discussion regarding the irrigation as it is currently in litigation. The irrigation is up and run-
ning close to par. American Lawn & Sprinklers (AL&S) evaluated all the irrigation last year and it was determined that all the wiring was in need of
repair and there wasn’t any mapping of the layout of the wiring. The BOT, on behalf of the HOA, anticipates receiving money back from the lawsuit.
From Your Board of Trustees
5
Pegasus Press • January 2022
Arnie Klein Jerry Judin Roger Colarusso Gail Gnesin Brian Shorr
In addition to the report from DD, KR advised the following:
• The water report has been received from AL&S; however, it does need minor editing before the report will be completely accurate. KR met
with AL&S to review the report and effect changes. KR is currently awaiting the revised report at this time.
• Work on trees deemed to be dangerous has been completed. D&S will need to return for at least one more day as additional work has been
identified that should not wait until next year. This work will be completed throughout the winter as it is less expensive for tree removals during
that time.
• KR, along with AL&S, inspected all trees and shrubs throughout the entire community. Tree replacements should occur at the end of Novem-
ber, weather-permitting. A proposal from AL&S for BOT approval is forthcoming. KR will forward the proposal to the BOT for approval and
scheduling upon receiving it.
• The aerators for the ponds have been removed and winterized for the season.
• The waterfall at the Pegasus entrance has been winterized for the season.
• As a reminder, all gates will be open on Thanksgiving Day from 11:00 A.M. to 8:00 P.M.
• The Cannonero exit gate was broken by Artic Air, as the driver entered through the exit at Cannonero instead of driving to the Secretariat en-
trance. Artic Air called immediately to advise that they broke the arm. They will be paying in full in the amount of $1,279, for a new arm in this
location, as well as for the service call for the gate.
Motions were made to accept each of the following proposals and/or contracts:
• Black Lagoon: There was a $2,200, increase in pricing for the three-year contract (2022-2024) bringing the cost to $16,850/year.
• C&L Services: A proposal for crack filling in the amount of $14,250.43, was made.
• Elite Landscaping: A proposal to install winter lighting in the amount of $4,094.40, was made.
• AL&S: A proposal in the amount of $4,744.81, for blowouts to be installed after the backflow preventers was made. The blowouts were origi-
nally installed incorrectly causing damage to the backflows during and after winterization. This new installation will prevent further damages.
These motions were all unanimously approved by the BOT.
The Architectural Control Committee (ACC), represented by DD, chairperson, advised the following:
• There were seven modification requests and 20 inspections this month. There were one or two requests that were missing items.
• The committee meeting dates are listed on the calendar located on the FSAM website. All modification and inspection requests are due in no
later than 10:00 A.M. on the Monday prior to the meeting.
The Clubhouse Committee, represented by David Sobel (DS), chairperson, advised the following:
• Thirteen umbrellas were purchased for the outdoor pool for a total of $5,200.
• AK reported that the additional monies came from Working Capital with half of the amount being reimbursed by the CC.
• There are two proposals forthcoming for enhancements to the pickleball courts.
A motion was made to approve the purchase of the pool umbrellas. The motion was unanimously approved by the BOT.
The FC represented by KR presented the 2022 budget to the community. There will be an increase in the HOA fee of $15 bringing the maintenance
fees to $330 per month for each residence beginning in January. There was a motion made to pass the 2022 budget. The motion was unanimously ap-
proved by the BOT.
A motion was made to accept all the submitted club minutes. The motion was unanimously approved by the BOT.
• Clubhouse Committee: September 21, 2021
• Architectural Control Committee: November 10, 2021
• Men’s Club: October 20, 2021
• Social Committee: November 11, 2021
At the conclusion of the meeting, the BOT opened up the meeting for all questions from the residents who were present at the virtual meeting.
The January BOT meeting will be held at 7:00 P.M. on Monday, January 17, 2022. All residents are welcome and encouraged to attend the BOT meet-
ings. The monthly BOT meetings usually take place on the third Monday of the month in the Conference Room on the second floor of the Clubhouse
at 9:00 A.M. unless otherwise communicated; due to concerns regarding the Covid-19 virus, it is expected that the January meeting will be held via
Zoom. Reminders about the meeting are sent approximately one week in advance of the meeting,
Please remember that the best way to obtain current information regarding community operations is by attending the monthly BOT meetings as well
as through eblasts sent out to the community. In addition, detailed minutes from each BOT meeting are available on the community website within a
week of the actual meeting.
Our community would not be the desirable place to live that it is without the efforts of all the residents. We have many committees and clubs whose
members devote untold hours to helping preserve the aesthetics and provide the activities that we all expected when we bought homes at Four Seasons.
Sincere thanks to those of you who selflessly give your time! To those of you who would like to help, please reach out to our BOT members or to our
fabulous management team: Kimberlee Roberson (Community Manager); Tara Lesnick (Assistant Community Manager); Diane Sheehan (Lifestyle
Director).
6
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HOW DO WE GET HIM BACK?
7
Pegasus Press • January 2022
by Steve Resnick
I remember an old television program in which cops were chasing some habeas corpus petition and a hearing on just the issue of his arrest in Nevada
alleged bad guy in a high-speed pursuit consisting of several marked police cars will be held. If he doesn’t file the petition, he will sit in jail until a hearing on
with their lights whirling and their sirens blaring. All of this fast and furious the extradition is held. The thing is the state of Nevada will have 30 days to
police activity had no impact on the fleeing felon, except perhaps to urge him get ready for the extradition hearing. And if they are not ready on the date it is
to go faster. And as the final minutes of the show sped by, the camera depicted scheduled to be heard, they will have up to 60 more days to hold the hearing.
the miscreant’s speeding car crossing the border from California into Nevada That’s right, our fellow can be held in jail for 90 days before his bid for freedom
and then slowly stopping. The scene shifted to the pursuing cops. They stopped will be heard. Why does it take so long? Decision making and paperwork!
their cars at the border and, for the benefit of the viewer, made it evident by Here is what is involved in filing an extradition application. The prosecutor
their facial grimaces and such that they had lost the race; the pursued had in the requesting state must first decide if the state wants the defendant badly
evaded the pursuers. And the viewer, familiar with the age-old requirement enough to spend the money to get him. Of course, if we’re talking California,
of fiction that one maintain a willing suspension of disbelief, accepts this loss it is a short drive from Nevada. But what if the holding state is, say, South
of good over evil. For, as everyone knows, that state line, that border between Carolina, or New Hampshire? That would require an airplane ride and hotel
California and Nevada, or New York and New Jersey, or any of the other fifty, reservations for a cop who must go and testify at the hearing, or at least be
is sacred. If you get across it, you are free! present to bring the defendant back, and of course two airline tickets for the
The idea that once you crossed a state line you couldn’t be prosecuted for cop and defendant to return to California. And if it is decided that the crime
illegal acts you committed in the state you had fled was correct, maybe, in the the defendant is accused of doesn’t justify the expense of returning him, the
very, very early years of our country when the Articles of Confederation were requesting state probably will let him sit for 90 days and drop the extradition
in force, before 1789. But this idea that crossing a state line conferred some and maybe the underlying case, until and unless they someday come upon him
sort of immunity was certainly not acceptable to the authorities, and ways to back in California. But if the prosecutors do decide they want the defendant to
curtail it developed early under the Constitution. face the charges, the prosecutor will prepare a Demand for Extradition to be
In the real world, where there is no willing suspension of disbelief, you reviewed by and hopefully approved and signed by the governor.
know, in our science-driven modern world without myths and legends and As a New Jersey prosecutor I oversaw some extradition warrants many,
false beliefs, where, to borrow Don Quixote’s phrase, “Facts are the enemy many years ago. I don’t know if they still do it this way, but back then, that
of Truth,” the television drama described above would have ended with the demand, that warrant signed by the governor (back then it was James Florio)
California cops getting their man. However, it wouldn’t have been from the included some the basic information about the crime and stated why the gover-
Nevada side of the state border at the end of the high-speed chase that they nor believed the defendant committed it, including the evidence that establishes
got him and took him back to a California jail. It would have been weeks or the defendant was in the state when the crime was committed. That warrant was
even months later, from a Nevada courthouse. then attested to by a judge who swore that James Florio was the governor, and
What would have happened in the real world is that the California cops the indictment or complaint against the defendant was on file. Then, a court
would have radioed ahead to the Nevada cops and those representatives of clerk attested to the fact that the judge signing that attestation was a New Jer-
Law and Order in the Silver State would, hopefully, have been at the border sey judge, and then another judge attested to the fact that the court clerk was
waiting to intercept the felon as he crossed the line. Sorry, make that the al- the court clerk. All of these warrants and attestations were than sealed with
leged felon. But that interception doesn’t mean the Nevada cops would have red ribbon and sent off to the governor of the state holding the defendant. The
handed him over to the California cops right then and there. Nope. Instead, governor of that state would send the papers to a prosecutor with instructions
as per the law in all fifty states, the officers apprehending the alleged felon to give the defendant the extradition hearing.
would have hauled him into their jail and their court system, based on the arrest Extradition hearings usually are very quick. The evidence is presented
warrant they would have received from the California cops at the border. And through one witness, the defendant is then given an opportunity to be heard
if there wasn’t a warrant for the felon, the California cops would have had to and try to rebut that evidence, by arguing he wasn’t in the other state on the
sign a complaint and present that to the Nevada cops and judges. Either way, date the crime is alleged to have occurred. If it is proven he wasn’t in the state,
once the California cops radioed to their Nevada counterparts that they were he goes free. I have seen that happen only once. A guy in New Jersey was in
chasing the felon and they had a warrant or probable cause to arrest him, the jail in New Jersey for a crime he had committed in New Jersey. But he wasn’t
Nevada cops would arrest him and hold him for a hearing in a Nevada court. released from jail when his sentence was up because New York had filed an
The hearing in the Nevada court would focus on only two issues: Whether extradition application which served as a detainer, keeping him in custody.
there exists probable cause to believe a particular crime had been committed He sat in stir for another three months waiting for his extradition hearing, at
in California, and whether or not the felon in custody had been in California which time his lawyer was able to show very easily that although he had the
when that crime was committed. For the first issue, probable cause to believe same name as the perpetrator sought by New York, he wasn’t in New York at
a crime had been committed in California, the existence of an indictment is the time of the crime, because at the time alleged for the New York crime, this
more than sufficient proof. That’s because an indictment can only be voted by fellow was in a New Jersey prison! They had filed the writ for the wrong guy.
a grand jury if that grand jury has heard evidence establishing a probable cause Of course, it is also a fact that the defendant being held pending the hear-
that a crime had been committed. And if there is no formal actual indictment, ing doesn’t have to wait for the two governors and their minions to get the
then a signed complaint by a citizen or police officer swearing that a crime paperwork together. At his very first appearance before a judge the defendant
had been committed will suffice. That complaint establishes probable cause will be asked if he or she wants to waive extradition. And that offer to agree
for the limited purpose of extradition. to be returned to the requesting jurisdiction will be kept open. That means, for
And what is the second issue that the prosecutor must establish in a hear- the purpose of returning to face the music, if he agrees not to fight extradition,
ing to extradite the alleged felon back to California? That the felon in custody, he can at any time accept the government’s kind offer of transport back to the
(excuse me, now that he is up before a judge he is known as the defendant), other state, in the custody of a charming companion with a gun and handcuffs.
had been in California when that crime was committed. There is only one good thing about the defendant’s situation in an extra-
Did you notice what’s missing here? Sure you did. The ultimate issue, dition. It is not much; it is this: A person extradited to face criminal charges
DID HE DO IT? In other words, IS HE GUILTY? You are correct. At this cannot be served with civil process, that is, he cannot be forced to appear in a
stage of the case, the extradition hearing, no one asks if he did it because the civil suit as a defendant if the civil suit is based on the same facts as the crime
only question before the Nevada judge is should this person, this defendant, (think of O.J.’s civil case) until he has been convicted in the criminal case.
be ordered back to California for a trial in which a California judge and jury And if he is acquitted, he can’t be served in the civil case until “he has had
will answer the questions, DID HE DO IT? IS HE GUILTY? reasonable opportunity to return to the state from which he was extradited.”
Let’s take a closer look at this extradition hearing stuff from the moment the Extradition is for the benefit of the government, not civil litigants.
Nevada cops intercepted our fellow at the border, that television show ended, In other articles we may discuss other legal topics. However, with these
and the real world started up again. Under the state law in every state, upon topics, as with those discussed in this article, we are speaking in generalities,
arrest for a crime committed in another state, the defendant must be brought and nothing written here should be construed as legal advice for a particular
before a magistrate “forthwith,” which means as soon as possible. This magis- case. A specific set of facts may invoke other legal principles and require a
trate, this judge, is required to tell the defendant that he, the defendant not the different conclusion. It is always best to consult a lawyer, giving the lawyer
judge, is accused of committing a crime in another state, and is being held in all the facts of the case, so as to be able to ascertain exactly what your rights
jail for extradition back to that state. The defendant must be told he is entitled and responsibilities are in a particular situation.
to a lawyer, and he is entitled to have that lawyer file a writ of habeas corpus,
which is a court order that a defendant be produced in court for a hearing to
determine if the imprisonment of that person is illegal. The Nevada judge
can also fix bail so that the defendant need not sit in jail. But granting bail in
extradition cases is unusual, given that the defendant is perceived to be flee-
ing justice in another state. The theory is, if he doesn’t want to face the music
back there, why would he return to dance in this court here?
Patronize Our Advertisers
Now, if our California felon (oops, alleged felon) wants to fight extradition
on the grounds that the Nevada cops had no right to arrest him, he will file the
8
Photos of the
Pegasus Press January 2022
1ST
PLACE
Advanced
"Pretty in Pink" by Alan Bogard9
e Year 2021
Pegasus Press • January 2022
1ST
PLACE
Beginner
"Heading Home" by Howard Sherry10
Pegasus Press January 2022
AUDREY’S KITCHEN
By Audrey Lebowitz
Welcome 2022 with lots of new recipes to feast on as you get familiar with your kitchens
again. Here is an exciting main pasta dish or side; the choice is yours. A few months ago,when
a neighbor read my Cauliflower Chickpea recipe, she shared how she makes her cauliflower Ital-
ian style. It sounded so wonderful that I couldn’t wait to try it myself. Of course, it’s meant to be
eaten family style – perfect for Sunday dinner – remember those days? The whole family came
together to share an early Sunday dinner every Sunday. You could always count on it. Those
were wonderful memories.
In any case, the ingredient list is minimal. Everybody has pasta in their pantry. You will prob-
ably have to pick up the cauliflower and optional can of anchovies – but after eating this, I would
encourage you to add it. The flavor is outstanding.
ITALIAN CAULIFLOWER & PASTA
INGREDIENTS
• Whole fresh cauliflower broken up in florets
• 1 small onion diced
• 2 cloves garlic chopped
• 1/2 cup water
• 1 small can anchovies
• 1/2 cup bread crumbs
• 1/2 cup Parmesan cheese
• Cracked pepper to taste
• Garlic powder to taste
• Handful of raisins
• 12 oz pasta - Bucatini was recommended - can use linguine, spaghetti, or fettuccini instead.
(Bucatini, also known as Perciatelli, is a thick spaghetti-like pasta with a hole running through the center. The similar ziti are long hollow
rods which are also smooth in texture and have square-cut edges.)
INSTRUCTIONS
1. Break up whole cauliflower into small florets.
2. Boil or steam until soft.
3. Drain and retain some water.
4. Dice up small onion & chop 2 garlic cloves.
5. Sauté onions and garlic until golden brown.
6. Add small can Anchovies.
7. Add onions, garlic, and anchovies to pot of cauliflower and cook on low flame for 1/2 hour covered.
8. In the meantime, brown bread crumbs on stove. No oil is necessary. It only takes a few minutes as you are mixing it.
9. Place cooked pasta in serving bowl. Add cauliflower to pasta bowl.
10. Add raisins, pepper, and garlic for added flavor.
11. Blend.
12. Serve bread crumbs and parmesan cheese on side for those who want to sprinkle on top of their plate.
Steam or boil cut up cauliflower. Dice up onion and chop garlic. Sauté onion and garlic until brown.
Add anchovies.
Brown bread crumbs in frypan. Remember to add raisins to total
mixture for added flavor.Moe, Shmoe, and Mumbles
11
Pegasus Press • January 2022
By JoAnn Abraham
We all have them: a machine that you depend upon, that doesn’t seem ily CFO about the possibility of an impending, unexpected purchase. I’ve
to be working right. found that giving him some warning allows him time to get comfortable
Mine was the dryer. with the thought that his carefully crafted budget is about to be blown apart.
It had been doing yeoman duty for lo these many years. True, I’ve nur- It worked. After a few weeks, he started pointing out sales in the local
tured it. I have the vents cleaned annually. I don’t expect it to do anything appliance stores.
it’s really not capable of – like thoroughly drying the bathroom rug. And I I then did some research, learning what features I wanted and which I
clean the filter after every load. didn’t, what models of which brands offered the best dryer for the dollar,
As I said, it worked beautifully. And then, it didn’t. and even more importantly, what was available and what was not.
It’s not as if it stopped working completely. It still dried some small At about this point in my dryer search, the normally very sedentary
loads, if I set the time correctly. But a set of sheets took three tries. Towels CFO decided to do some yard work. He enjoys trimming our few shrubs
took hours. Exasperated, I called the vent guys, Moe and Shmoe, even and putting fresh mulch on our meager planting beds.
though they’d cleaned the vent a few months prior. In the midst of dressing the bed that runs along the side of the house,
They came, again. They cleaned, again. They left, again. And the dryer he took a break. While leaning on the rake, he took a swig from a can of
still didn’t dry. Diet Coke. Tilting his head back allowed his eyes to travel almost to the
So, I asked them to come by again. Which they did, and after a quick roof of our house.
look in the laundry room, they declared that the dryer needed a repair they Let’s pause here for a small interjection: When Moe and Shmoe came
were not equipped to handle. last year, they discovered a bird’s nest just inside the point at which the
Which brought me to Mumbles, who seems to have been born with dryer vent exits the house. It was, from the bird’s perspective, the perfect
a special ability to communicate with machines. His interpersonal com- spot for a nest. The vent was nice and high, offered refuge from the rain and
munication skills are almost nonexistent. His speech, incoherent. But put blew warm air over her eggs every once in a while. What mother wouldn’t
him next to an appliance and he becomes more articulate than Churchill, want that for her soon to be chicks?
who was such a gifted orator that he was credited by many with being the While I had lots of sympathy for that bird and her offspring, I cared
linchpin that held the English together during WW2 when it looked like more about the dryer’s efficiency. Moe and Shmoe advised that, to make
the Germans were about to run over them as they had over most of Europe. sure the duct never again became a nesting site, we - or more accurately,
To be honest, I’m not sure how, exactly, Mumbles talks to appliances. one of them – connect a flap to the end of the duct that would only open
I have no clue what language he communicates in. I only know that, once when the dryer was on. They then added that the flap needed to be protected
he fiddles with one, it works like it hadn’t in ages. by a hood, and a screen at the tip of the hood would ensure that the birds
East Brunswick
Except this time. I mean, he didn’t do anything different. He loped in wouldn’t get under it.
looking like he hadn’t slept in three days, wearing what he usually wears, Since it all sounded perfectly logical, we agreed to the plan. That’s
Englishtown
scruffy jeans and a torn t-shirt. He meandered over to the dryer, rested when they told us it would take a few months for them to get all the parts
his hands on it for a bit, opened the top, closed the top, put it through its we needed. We didn’t flinch at that either. But withheld 10% of the money
Freehold
diagnostic paces, and issued a Mumbles-version of an announcement: the owed, payable as soon as the flap, hood and screen were installed.
problem was with the vent. (Note: this was a full year before the phrase “supply chain disruption”
Manalapan
Which meant another visit from Moe and Shmoe. I’m not sure why they became part of our every-day conversation.)
always came in pairs. One would have sufficed. Of course, we completely forgot about the duct, the flap, the hood, and
Marlboro
Anyway, these two did exactly the same things they’d done the first and the screen until they came back this year for their annual duct inspection.
second time. With the same result. That’s when they told us we owed them money from last year, and we
Monroe
The clothes didn’t dry. remembered why.
That meant it was time for Plan B: to start dropping hints to the fam- They said the parts were in the shop, and they’d be back with them in
a week or so. They, indeed, returned a week later with all three. Once they
were installed, we settled up to everyone’s satisfaction.
And then the dryer stopped drying. And they came twice. And Mumbles
came once. And still, the dryer didn’t dry.
When last we left CFO, he was looking up at the roof. Then his eyes
traveled south, just enough to be able to see the recently installed hood and
screen. Something didn’t look right.
That’s when he asked me to steady the ladder so he could climb up to
check it out.
Now, there are few challenges CFO will not tackle, except heights. He
hates them. And I know he hates them. So, I gently suggested that I should
be the one to go up the ladder and check out the screen.
“No, No,” he said. “I can do this,” as he began his ascent. When he
stalled on the third rung, the discussion was over. I went up, and was amazed
to find the entire screen completely packed with lint.
It didn’t take three minutes to get the screen off, and – after conferring
with CFO – decided not to replace it.
However, I carefully placed all the tightly packed lint it had trapped in
one of the abandoned flower pots that sit alongside the house, just below
the duct. I’m hoping that next spring, some sharp-eyed bird in the family
way will decide that lint will provide just the right lining for her nest.
Which she’s welcome to build anywhere in the area. Just not in our duct.
732-446-4242It’s Always Good to Get a
The Written
12
Pegasus Press January 2022
Second Opinion
Word...
By Debbie Weissman
I’m writing this because I have a knee problem, but it is under control
as I’ve been aggressive with the doctors. I’ve found that some doctors are
more conservative because they don’t want to alarm you, while others can
Submitted by Richard Leimsider
be more aggressive to lay it on the line the way it should be said. While
your doctor recommends surgery for now or even possibly down the road, Some Winter Haikus…
a second opinion is always good! It’s good for your peace of mind so you
can make a clear decision for a different treatment plan.
Cold, gray, leaden sky
One doctor I was seeing seemed pretty knowledgeable; however, when I Hangs over silent forest
had a situation in June, he seemed to be a bit lax about my pain. So I decided White snow fills the air
to take it to the next level and see another specialist who has a top-notch
reputation. The reason I did this is that the first doctor’s treatment did not Trees now shorn of leaves
work. This can be very frustrating and sometimes frightening. The second Barren branches gray and bare
doctor’s determination was similar, but his treatment was so different and it Winter’s avatar
worked. So, a second opinion may just confirm what you already know, but
it still can be beneficial to go that extra mile. By having a second opinion, it Winter moon hanging
can give you insight into additional treatment options that perhaps the first Suspended in frigid air
doctor did not recommend. You are now becoming more educated about Lights our way back home
your health. However, you need to remember, it’s your body. Therefore, you
have a right to investigate it further. Being proactive keeps you in control;
so the more information you have, the better off you will be. Icicles shimmer
Sun is low in winter sky
Any surgery recommended can be overwhelming and life changing. Darkness beckons now
Therefore, you need to be as informed as much as possible of different
treatments and options available to you. Doctors are only human and that’s
why you need to advocate for yourself. Getting additional opinions means O! clear night, cold night
you will be walking away with the best treatment plan necessary for you. Hidden secrets it holds close
Footsteps in the snow
You need to keep in mind that you are not being difficult or picky and
you are not in denial. You are just getting a second opinion and that is Haiku poetry, a staple of Japanese literature, follows a distinct pat-
empowering you! tern. The theme is generally about nature, and the poem itself consists of
seventeen syllables. The haiku written in English traditionally has three
I’ve also found that most doctors today encourage you to get a second lines, the first line has five syllables, the second seven syllables, and the
opinion. However, you need to be up front and let the doctor know you third, again, has five syllables. More modern haikus may stray a bit from
are seeking out a second opinion. If the doctor is not supportive of your the theme of nature and the structure of the lines. Bored on a cold winter
decision, that’s an indication that you need to move on to someone else. day? Try to write some haikus on your own!
Hope everyone is feeling well and being in control of their bodies.
ZODSNIWE _______________________
HMOONMUT _______________________
LUESBCUHO _______________________
CEITASIVITI _______________________
YAPHP ROHU _______________________
FERBTASKA _______________________
YADIFR HNTIG IVOEM _______________________
ECRPDNASSLA _______________________
OGWISWPNONL _______________________
FRTGEIDBOO _______________________
TREINEMRET _______________________
GPASSEU PSRES _______________________
CAETVI CUYTOMNIM _______________________
GRTNALUOTBED _______________________
GEMATENANM _______________________
ads-682113 Pegasus Press • January 2022 Puzzle Section
14
ANSWERS
Pegasus Press January 2022
ZODSNIWE DOWNSIZE
_______________________
HMOONMUT MONMOUTH
_______________________
LUESBCUHO CLUBHOUSE
_______________________
CEITASIVITI ACTIVITIES
_______________________
YAPHP ROHU HAPPY HOUR
_______________________
FERBTASKA BREAKFAST
_______________________
YADIFR HNTIG IVOEM FRIDAY NIGHT MOVIE
_______________________
ECRPDNASSLA LANDSCAPERS
_______________________
OGWISWPNONL SNOWPLOWING
_______________________
FRTGEIDBOO FOOTBRIDGE
_______________________
TREINEMRET RETIREMENT
_______________________
GPASSEU PSRES PEGASUS PRESS
_______________________
CAETVI CUYTOMNIM ACTIVE COMMUNITY
_______________________
GRTNALUOTBED BATTLEGROUND
_______________________
GEMATENANM MANAGEMENT
_______________________Fabulous Fungi
15
Pegasus Press • January 2022
Grounds Committee
Fungi are defined as belonging to a group of spore-producing eukaryotic Humans have been aware of fungi since the first loaf of leavened bread was
(having nuclei where DNA is stored) organisms, such as: molds, yeast, baked and the first tub of grape-must was turned into wine. Ancient peoples
mushrooms and toadstools. There are approximately 144,000 known species were familiar with the ravages of fungi in agriculture but attributed these
of organisms in the fungi category or Kingdom, however there are estimates diseases to the wrath of the gods. The Romans designated a particular deity,
that there may be as many as 3.8 million species. Fungi are among the most Robigus, as the god of rust and in an effort to appease him, organized an
widely distributed organisms on earth and are of great environmental and annual festival, the Robigalia, in his honor. It is hypothesized that prehistoric
medical importance. Many fungi are free-living in soil or water; others form man may have eaten “magic” mushrooms which through visions may have
parasitic or symbiotic relationships with plants or animals. The study of fungi expanded his consciousness.
is known as mycology and not far from us, the New York Botanical Garden Fungi are everywhere in very large numbers; in the soil and air,
maintains one of the world’s largest collections of fungi in their herbarium. in lakes, rivers, seas, on and within plants and animals, in food, clothing
Are Fungi plant or animal? and in the human body. Together with bacteria, fungi are responsible for
Actually, fungi are not considered to be plant or animal and although they breaking down organic matter and releasing carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and
possess some similarities to both groups, they are in a separate category phosphorus into the soil and the atmosphere. Fungi are essential to many
known as Kingdom Fungi. Fungi are unique from plants and animals by household and industrial processes, notably the making of bread, wine,
their principal modes of vegetative growth and nutrient intake. Fungi are beer, and certain cheeses. Brewer’s yeast, a type of budding yeast, is able
not plants because they lack chloroplasts and cannot manufacture their own to ferment sugar into carbon dioxide and alcohol and is commonly used
food within. Plants make their own food; animals find their food but fungi in the brewing industries. Fungi are also used as food; for example, some
essentially acquire their food by secreting digestive enzymes into their en- mushrooms, morels and truffles are epicurean delicacies. Mycoproteins
vironment and absorbing whatever is nearby. Their structures are different (fungal proteins), derived from the mycelia of certain species of fungi, are
as well. Fungi digest organic matter externally before absorbing it into their used to make foods that are high in protein.
mycelia. On the other hand, plants and other organisms use photosynthesis, a The mushrooms, because of their size, are easily seen in fields and
process by which plants absorb sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to create forests and consequently were the only fungi known before the invention
oxygen and energy in the form of sugar. Mycelia are of vital importance to of the microscope in the 17th century. The microscope made it possible to
the soil. They break down organic matter, making its raw materials available recognize and identify the great variety of fungal species living on dead or
again for use in the ecosystem. Remarkably, 92% of plant families interact live organic matter. The part of a fungus that is generally visible is the fruit-
with fungi. This kind of symbiosis is termed mycorrhiza. ing body or sporophore. Sporophores vary greatly in size, shape, color, and
longevity. Some are microscopic and completely invisible to the unaided
Mycorrhiza, Symbiotic Relationships eye; others are no larger than a pin head, and some are gigantic structures.
The word mycorrhiza means fungal root. To be more specific, mycorrhizae While mushrooms and toadstools (poisonous mushrooms) are by no means
are fungi that have a symbiotic relationship with the roots of many plants. the most numerous or economically significant fungi, they are the most
The most common is the arbuscular type that is present in 70%-90% of plant easily recognized. Some mushrooms reach a diameter of 8-10 inches and a
species, including many crops such as wheat and rice. They are considered height of 12 inches. A specimen of the bracket fungus Fomitiporia ellipsoi-
natural biofertilizers, since they provide the host with water, nutrients, and dea, discovered in 2010 on Hainan Island in southern China, had a fruiting
pathogen protection, in exchange for photosynthetic products (carbohy- body measuring 35.4 feet in length and 2.9 feet in width. It may have held
drates/food). Their major role is to enhance nutrient and water uptake by some 450 million spores and weighed an estimated 1,102 pounds. There
the host plant by exploiting a larger volume of soil than roots alone can do. are even larger specimens!
The fungi which commonly form mycorrhizal relationships with plants are
ubiquitous in the soil. The mycorrhizae permit the plant to obtain additional
moisture and nutrients. This is particularly important in the uptake of phos-
ptible tophorus,
water stress.
one of Mycorrhizae can berequired
the major nutrients appliedbytoplants.
the soil
Whenor root ball when planting,
mycorrhizae
ng or sodding thus encouraging
are present, thissusceptible
plants are less symbiotic torelationship,
water stress.colonization
Mycorrhizaeand cansuccess.
be applied to the soil or root ball when planting, seeding or sodding thus
Fungi communicate?
encouraging this symbiotic relationship, colonization and success.
Can Fungi communicate?
Fungi can only move by growth to distinct directions. The main mechanism to protect
Yes! Fungi can only move by growing in distinct directions. The main
selves from enemies or to manipulate their surroundings is the secretion of exudates or
mechanism to protect themselves from enemies or to manipulate their
(volatilesurroundings
organic compounds). VOCsofare
is the secretion not only
exudates or aVOCs
means of communication,
(volatile organic com- but are also
ls that are able toVOCs
pounds). specifically
are notmanipulate
only a meansthe recipient. VOCs
of communication, butcan
arereprogram
also signalsroot
tecture ofthat
symbiotic
are able partner plantsmanipulate
to specifically or increasetheplant growth
recipient. VOCsleading to enlarged
can reprogram
root architecture
ization surfaces. of symbiotic
In addition, animals,partner plants or increase
like springtails, plant growth
nematodes, lead-
and earthworms, which
ing to enlarged colonization surfaces. In addition,
mportant components of the soil food web, respond to fungal VOCs! animals, like springtails,
nematodes, and earthworms, which are important components of the soil
food web, respond to fungal VOCs!
Genetics
Genetics Studies of fungi have greatly contributed to the accumulation of funda-
mental knowledge in biology. For example, studies of ordinary baker’s
Studies of fungi have greatly contributed to the accumulation of fundamental knowledge in
or brewer’s yeast led to discoveries in basic cellular biochemistry and
biology. For example, studies of ordinary baker’s or brewer’s yeast led to discoveries in basic
metabolism.and
cellular biochemistry Some of these Some
metabolism. pioneering
of thesediscoveries were madewere
pioneering discoveries at the
madeendat the
of the 19th century and continued during the first half of the 20th
end of the 19th century and continued during the first half of the 20th century. From 1920- century.
From 1920-1940s,
1940s, geneticists geneticists
and biochemists and biochemists
who studied mutants of who
the redstudied
bread mutants of the
mold, Neurospora,
red bread mold, Neurospora, established the one-gene-one-enzyme
established the one-gene-one-enzyme theory. This contributed to the foundation of modern theory.
genetics.This
Fungicontributed
continue to tobethe foundation
useful of cell
for studying modern genetics.biology,
and molecular Fungi continue
genetic to
be useful
engineering for studying
and other cell and
basic disciplines of molecular
biology. biology, genetic engineering and
other basic disciplines of biology.
Penicillin
Penicillin
The relevance
The medical medical of relevance
fungi wasof fungi was
discovered discovered
in 1928, in 1928,
when Scottish when Scottish
bacteriologist Alexander
Fleming bacteriologist
noticed the greenAlexander Fleming noticed the green mold Penicillium nota-
mold Penicillium notatum growing in a culture dish of
tum growing
Staphylococcus in Around
bacteria. a culturethedish
spotofofStaphylococcus
mold was a clear bacteria. Around
ring in which the spot
no bacteria grew.
Fleming of mold was a clear ring in which no bacteria grew. Fleming successfully
successfully isolated the substance from the mold that inhibited the growth of bacteria.
isolated
In 1929 he the substance
published from the
a scientific report mold that
announcing theinhibited
discoverytheof growth
penicillin,ofthe
bacteria.
first of a
series ofInantibiotics...many
1929 he published a scientific
of them derived report announcing
from fungi, that havethe discovery of
revolutionized peni-
medical
Porciniare
mushrooms are widely in
distributed in the Northern Hemispherepractice.
and cillin, the first of a series of antibiotics...many of them derived from fungi,
ni mushrooms widely distributed the Northern Hemisphere and form symbiotic
form symbiotic associations with a number of tree species. that have revolutionized medical practice.
iations with a number of tree species. Medical Application
ans have been aware of fungi since the first loaf of leavened bread was baked and the first
f grape-must was turned into wine. Ancient peoples were familiar with the ravages ofYou can also read
