IDENTITY Age? Gender? Nationality? The way we define ourselves and others is so much more - Royal Over-Seas League
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ISSUE 720 DECEMBER 2019 - FEBRUARY 2020
OVERSE AS
THE JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL OVER-SE AS LE AGUE
IDENTITY
Age? Gender? Nationality?
The way we define ourselves
and others is so much more
WELCOME
“ Th e S t e i n w a y i s n o t o n l y a n i n s t r u m e n t , i t i s a w o r k o f a r t o f t h e f i r s t r a n k .”
CHRISTOPH ESCHENBACH
S T E I N W AY A R T I S T
“ROSL is an oasis for
civilised and rational
The Royal Over-Seas League is dedicated
to championing international friendship and
understanding through cultural and education
discourse in a
activities around the Commonwealth and beyond.
A not-for-profit private members’ organisation, we’ve
been bringing like-minded people together since 1910.
seemingly frenetic and
Front Cover Holding Hands Isabella Agbaje
OVERSEAS EDITORIAL TEAM
fractured global society”
Editor Mr Mark Brierley:
editor@rosl.org.uk; +44 (0)20 7408 0214
Design zed creative: www.zedcreative.co.uk
Display advertisements The Media Sales House:
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As we develop our governance review and our longer-term strategy for
ROYAL OVER-SEAS LEAGUE
Incorporated by Royal Charter
ROSL and for the ROSL Golden Jubilee Trust, the question of our identity,
Patron HM The Queen of who we are and what we stand for arises often. Our founding principles
Vice-Patron HRH Princess Alexandra KG GCVO
President The Rt Hon the Lord Luce KG GCVO DL
set out in our 1922 Royal Charter talk about ‘the bond of comradeship’
Chairman Mr Alexander Downer AC and our mission to ‘render individual service’ and ‘to help one another’
Vice-Chairman Prof Meryll Dean*
whilst upholding the best traditions of the past. Our Charter referred to
Deputy Chairman Mrs Anne Wilkinson*
Hon Treasurer Mr Richard Harbord FCA* the Empire and of course now we think about the Commonwealth family
Over-Seas House, Park Place, St James’s Street, of 53 countries.
London SW1A 1LR; +44 (0)20 7408 0214;
Fax +44 (0)20 7499 6738; info@rosl.org.uk;
www.rosl.org.uk
The chaos of Brexit has brought into sharp focus the need for these
CENTR AL COUNCIL
qualities of friendship, respect and service to ‘humanity at large’ to be
Mr Anjola-Oluwa Adeniyi Dip IoD, Mr David Banks*, supported and reinforced at every opportunity to enable all to prosper
Ms Penny Bristow, Nik Raof Daud, Prof Meryll Dean*,
Mr Peter Fernandez FFCA, Miss Judith Fisher, in the future. Political upheaval, climate change, and more, call for global
Mr Keith Green, Ms Fiona Harshaw MRICS,
Mr Stephen Johns, Mr Alex Lamley,
collaboration and understanding rather than narrow sectarian decision-
Mr Vic Laws MBE FIH, Prof Eve Mitleton-Kelly, making. We all have a role to play and ROSL is an oasis for civilised and
Mr David Nicholson*, Mr Phil Nicklin BA FCA,
Miss Samantha Pickett, Mrs Helen Prince, rational discourse in a seemingly frenetic and fractured global society.
Dr Monica Seeley, Mr Atholl Swainston-Harrison*,
Mrs Raye Ward, Mr Frank Wibaut, Digital technology is a powerful tool which will be critical to addressing
Mrs Anne Wilkinson* (*Executive Committee)
Director-General Dr Diana Owen OBE
many of the issues facing the world, and here at ROSL it will be key
+44 (0)20 7408 0214 x201; to enabling all members voices to be heard and for members to be in
patodirectorgeneral@rosl.org.uk
Chief Finance Officer Mrs Alexis Corzberg:
touch with each other and with everything that is happening through our
acorzberg@rosl.org.uk new members’ information platform. However, we can only make the best
Director of Education Projects
Ms Margaret Adrian-Vallance MBE: of these opportunities if you are part of them too and for that we need
+44 (0)20 7408 0214 x307; mvallance@rosl.org.uk
your email address. We can still only contact about half of our members
Artistic Director Mr Geoff Parkin:
+44 (0)20 7408 0214 x325; gparkin@rosl.org.uk regularly; so please, if we don’t have it, let us have your email address.
Resident Manager Warren Miller
If you would like help in setting one up, please let us know.
+44 (0)20 7408 0214 x203; wmiller@rosl.org.uk
Director of HR Mrs Sarah Banner:
sbanner@rosl.org.uk
At this time of year, many members wish to thank staff by contributing
Membership towards the Staff Gratuities Fund. You are under no obligation to do so,
+44 (0)20 7408 0214 x214; membership@rosl.org.uk
For more contacts visit www.rosl.org.uk/the-team
but if you would like to thank the many people, both front of house and
Print Gemini Print Group: +44 (0)127 346 4884 behind the scenes, who are working everyday to make your membership
The journal is published by the Royal Over-Seas League,
Over-Seas House, Park Place, St James’s Street, worthwhile, then please do so either at the clubhouse or by contacting the
London SW1A 1LR. Any views expressed in editorial
and any advertisements included are not necessarily
endorsed by the Central Council.
Membership team. The staff are immensely grateful that their hard work
Steinway Hall 44 M a r y l e b o n e L a n e L o n d o n W 1 U 2 D B ISSN 00307424 and efforts are recognised by members.
For more informatio n o r t o a r ra n g e a p r i v a t e a p p o i n t m e n t
at our London show ro o m s , p l e a s e c a l l : Diana Owen OBE
DIRECTOR-GENERAL
0207 487 3391 o r e m a i l i n f o @ s t e i n w a y. c o . u k
W W W. R O S L .O R G .U K 3
From the
EDITOR
When you are asked to describe someone,
what attributes do you choose? Their name, their age,
their height, skin colour, eye colour, or hair colour
perhaps? Maybe it’s what they do for a living, or their
political or religious beliefs? Whatever it is, these
identifiers only scratch the surface of one’s identity.
18
In this issue of Overseas, we delve a little deeper to
find out the ways, some old and some new, that
people are defining themselves and others today.
But, does the race to identify ourselves, by
whatever means, result in our empathy ebbing
away for those we see as ‘different’? On page 6,
Abi Millar asks if the drive for greater acceptance
among marginalised groups is actually hardening
opinions among many people.
“With membership spread As we grow, so our opinions and understanding
across 103 countries, a 50/50 of the world around us change. But the long memory
of social media means a misguided comment from the
gender split, from teenagers past can be dredged up within seconds. On page 10,
Ross Davies asks if we have sacrificed the ability
to nonagenarians, the to reinvent ourselves.
The added risk of us sharing the minutiae of
breadth of interests and our lives on social media, means we are leaving
ourselves at risk of identity theft. A little more
reasons to join is staggering” self-awareness could make all the difference, as
conman-turned-security consultant Frank Abagnale,
famously depicted by Leonardo DiCaprio in
Catch Me If You Can, tells us on page 22.
WELCOME 14. Finding your tribe 24. Commonwealth Branch Chair Paul ongoing education 46. ROSL around The most obscure of pastimes can now find a home
Now we can indulge our creativity Surtees tells us why he projects ROSL is the world on the internet and a community with which to share
3. From the D-G passions online, however Read Veronica Shen's chose to retire to this supporting and thanks Photos, news, and it. Has our collective identity changed now people are
With the world in such a obscure, do we still Thai city Gita de la Fuenté for
Lost, the winning events from our global free to indulge their passions? On page 14, we find
state of flux, Diana calls identify in the same way? her generous legacy
Junior Category entry branch network and out if the old signifiers such as class, nationality,
on members to maintain
of the 2019 Queen's IN THE UK ROSL-organised or wealth are becoming increasingly obsolete.
38. News and views
rational discourse ROSL PEOPLE Commonwealth 34. London
and activities
The new member
UK highlights Plus, in this issue, you can enjoy all your regular
18. Not-so-average member Essay Competition
WORLD portal, our 2019 Visual 48. Event highlights news from the clubhouse and branches around the
There is no average Seasonal favourites Arts scholars visit the
6. The age of identity 26. ROSL
Photography Entries are already world, event highlights, more features, and the results
member. The variety of and some unusual ways UK, Younger members
politics reasons for joining and
Competition to get out and about
flooding in for the of our inaugural ROSL Photography Competition
See the photographs discuss their identity, 2020 Annual Music
Abi Millar asks if our using the club is huge over Christmas and on page 26. The cover image this issue is the
and meet the winners the Western Australia Competition.
empathy is ebbing away the New Year ‘Camera’ category winner, Holding Hands,
22. Scam me if you can from each category of
branch does its bit
Be the first to see
as marginalised groups by Nigerian photographer Isabella Agbaje.
Frank Abagnale, former for the arts, ROSL
strive for acceptance
conman depicted in the
ROSL's inaugural NEWS & EVENTS Australia welcomes
the next-generation
photography of musical talent Enjoy the read and please get in touch
10. Social consciousness film Catch Me If You Can, 36. Small
but perfectly a new Patron, and
competition when Section Finals with your feedback.
Is social media stopping explains how to protect formed the Antigua Youth
begin in February.
us from being able to yourself from online 30. My city: Chiang Mai Margaret Adrian- Orchestra welcomes Mark Brierley
change our minds? identity theft Former Hong Kong Vallance reports on the a ROSL delegation 50. Event calendar editor@rosl.org.uk
4 OVERSE AS JOURNAL D E C E M B E R 2 0 19 - F E B R U A R Y 2 0 2 0 W W W. R O S L .O R G .U K 5
WORLD WORLD
AS PEOPLE INCREASINGLY DEFINE a lecturer in British Politics and Public Policy at the
University of Manchester, feels the term has become
THEMSELVES BY THEIR GENDER,
shorthand for ‘something we don’t like’.
FAITH, SEXUALITY OR RACE, “The central argument appears to be that identity
OUR EMPATHY IS EBBING AWAY, politics is a barrier to compromise, it’s a barrier to
ACCORDING TO THE UK’S EQUALITY community, it’s a barrier to togetherness,” he says. “But
AND HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION. everyone practises identity politics, in that all politics
includes an element of identity at all times. Often, the
ABI MILLAR ASKS IF THE DRIVE FOR
people who shout the loudest about how terrible it is, are
GREATER ACCEPTANCE AMONG people who have got quite attached to a certain identity.”
MARGINALISED GROUPS IS ACTUALLY The classic case here might be a white working-class
HARDENING OPINIONS AMONG Trump voter, who sees the Democratic Party as placing
minorities’ interests above their own. Or, a Brexit
MANY PEOPLE
I
supporter laying into the ‘metropolitan elite’ – a supposed
ruling class who are out of touch with more authentically
n May, David Isaac, British concerns.
chair of the UK’s More toxic are the likes of ‘white pride’ and ‘men’s
equality watchdog, made rights activist’ movements – privileged groups that have
a damning case against clearly adopted the language of identity politics, despite
identity politics. Speaking professing to stand against it.
to the Observer
Observer, he said the tendency As Oliver points out, many politicians speak as though
for people to define themselves by a they’re somehow exempt from having an identity. He
particular subgroup (gender, sexuality, cites the former Liberal Democrat leader Tim Farron,
faith, race, etc) was undermining empathy who once described identity politics as a ‘poison’:
among Britons. ‘insidious, irrational, and lead[ing] to decisions that
“The key issue is 'how do we move beyond threaten our liberty’. The irony isn’t hard to spot.
the "I" to the "we"?', how do we think of “Tim Farron had a lot to say about the
ourselves as citizens in a country or in the world importance of religion as an element of his
who are not just focused on what works for me identity – when he resigned, he said he found
and my narrow group,” he said. “How do we ensure it impossible to reconcile his faith with
that we think about people who are different to us?” being the leader of the Liberal Democrats,”
His comments were driven in part by an ongoing says Oliver. “Well, that’s a question of
row in Birmingham, where a group of Muslim parents identity – am I a Christian first or am I
were protesting against LGBT education in schools. a liberal first? Apparently these things
It was a stark example of the ways one identity (a faith are now in contention, and that’s
group) could clash with another (LGBT), and seemed a question of identity politics.”
to rest on the assumption that protecting one’s interests Professor Dennis Altman, a
was a zero sum game. fellow in human security at La Trobe
The challenge, suggested Isaac, was to ensure “we University, Melbourne, agrees that identity
don’t end up in the siloed world where everybody is politics are fundamentally impossible to escape.
hypersensitive about their own individual interests and “I think everybody, to some extent, reflects their
less empathetic about how other people are treated.” identity in their political positions and the problem arises
Of course, this was far from the first time identity when that’s the only thing that’s talked about,” he says.
politics as a concept had come under fire. Francis “The current obsession by the right to attack identity
Fukuyuma’s recent book Identity pegs identity politics as politics is silly, when they themselves do so in the name
a threat to liberal democracies. Amy Chua’s Political Tribes of a different identity. The term is being misused.”
suggests that ethnic and tribal affinities are becoming a While a history of identity politics is beyond the scope
source of fragmentation and ultimately conflict. of this piece, a good place to start might be the civil rights
In Australia, a recent parliamentary enquiry has movements of the 1960s and 70s. These movements were
labelled identity politics a ‘source of intolerance’ alongside fuelled by the desire for equality for all. In his 1971 book
right-wing nationalism. And an academic journal, the A Theory of Justice, the philosopher John Rawls imagined
Journal of Controversial Ideas, has been set up to combat a society structured without reference to ‘race, gender,
the creep of identity politics into academia. religious affiliation, [or] wealth’.
In fact, so prevalent are critiques of identity politics, it’s However, by the 1980s and 90s, the ‘I have a
sometimes hard to determine what’s being criticised – is dream’ mentality was coming to seem utopian. Many
it a clearly defined concept or a bogeyman that changes conservatives were using the language of equality –
its meaning according to the critic? Dr Timothy Oliver, claiming they ‘didn’t see colour’, for instance – as a means
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WORLD
L IT IC S IS A B AR R IE R
IDENTITY PO UNITY, TO TOGETHERNE
MM
SS GIFT OF
TO COMPROMISE, TO CO it is that you can sell to them. ies – MEMBERSHIP EST D 1910
and entrenching th
e sa me e common identit
og re ssi ve po lic ies “O ne of th e problems with thes igh t sa y, well,
of opposing pr ded with a new m
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a person m
. Th e left re sp on Br iti sh ne ss fo ents so m ething
old hierarchies y or it repres
re d th e rig ht s of the group. th at do es n’t spea k to my identit he sa ys . “Y ou Treat friends and family to
one that cent nt antit hetical to my
identit y,”
e tw o str an ds of thought (“I wa sc en t wh o FOR THE
Although th es
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of Indian de a special gift this Christmas.
as a hu m an be in co lon ial ism . So CLUBBER
recognition ss with
bla ck les bia n America n”) associates Britishne a un ifi er, bu t ROSL Membership is the
recognition as a l identit y ca n be
da y’s di sc us sio n ye s, a na tio na
er since, to u represent
have co-existed ev m an y pe op le yo u’v e go t to think about how yo gift that keeps giving
e latter. Fo r
is dominated by th entities mea ns and manufacture
that identit y.”
fo cu s on gr ou p id y factors in play for a whole year.
on the left, a d co m ba tin g He ad ds that there are man
ua lities an before
foregrounding ineq easier to put the ‘I’
today that make it
oppression. gin Tailor your gift and create
ed, the problems be the ‘we’. and cu lture
As Altman has argu m or e e wa y we consume media
oup identit y be co m es “Th to a more the perfect membership!
once a person’s gr He giv es th e an d co ns um er goods lends itself
at they sa y. ty,” he says.
importa nt than wh er va tiv e ato m ist ic un derstanding of socie To find out more visit
g into a co ns out and find
example of runnin rin g sim ply, it’s easier to go FOR THE
Greens fu nd ra ise r du “Q ui te
you wa nt now www.rosl.org.uk/
acquaintance at a ID E N T IT Y so m eth in g that’s close to what TRAVELLER
the last Australian
election . ku y u m a man history. giftmembership or call
ha ve a ga y ca nd idate F r a n c is Fu a re th an it’s ev er been before in hu
eens s ic
“He said, 'but the Gr Id e n ti t y
p o li ti c r socia l and econom
an y ga y ca nd idate',” he recalls. to li b e ral So there are broade +44 (0)20 7408 0214.
and I’ll supp or t a th re a t .”
s just silly – someo
ne’s c ie s forces at work here plex.
“Now I think that’ les s d e moc ra ue s are nothing if not com
in g for offi ce is Th es e iss
’re runn ’t a complexit y that
sexuality when they Unfortunately, it isn
an th e po sit ion s they hold.” politica l climate,
important th
ca n als o co nt ain tra ns lat es well to our current
The discussion on
the left ised by people
t of es se nt ial ism , wh ich se ems to be character
elemen
an uncomfortable ta lk ing at cross-pur
poses.
tit y is un de rst ood as something ok, Unrequited
FOR THE MUSIC LOVER
in which id en
er efo re pr on e to In Al tm an’s most recent bo
(and th t how identit y polit
ics
inflexible and rigid Love, he ta lk s abou
g in to ev er- sm all er subgroups). co m in g US
splinterin the forth
been a gay rights ac
tiv ist might play out in
Altman, who has labels on presiden tia l ele ction.
not a fan of all the POLI TICA L TRIB ES
oever is the Democ
ratic
since the 1960s, is A+ sp ec tru m . Amy “M y hu nc h is wh
the LG BT QI Chua an,”
what is now ca lled be an old white m
de rm in es the idea that Ethni c and triba l nominee, it won’t fo rm id able
“It actu all y un e ve ry
,” he sa ys . “I affini ties are he sa ys . “There are som
sexuality and gend
er are flu id mination, two
ica l co rre ctn es s, beco ming a sourc e wo m en ca ndidates for the no
don’t like ta lk ing
about po lit s, one or two
of th e rig ht , bu t of fragm entation
Af ric an America n ca ndidate
because that’s such
a boge y enly gay man… FOR THE YOUNG
rio r by po sit ion ing Hi sp an ic ca ndidates, an op
people ca n feel mor
ally su pe of a much greater
I th in k this is a reflection
one identit y again
st anot he r.” t Trump appeals
of id en tit y ac ce pt ance of diversity. Bu
For many of today’s
cr iti cs n white men are
ek in g is a re turn to th e sense that America
politics, what they
’re reall y se d if he surv ives
of di sc ou rse . so m eh ow under threat, an
to a more universa
list ki nd r re-election that
’s co m m en ts in the lon g enough to fight fo
To return to David
Isaac the way his
th at we sh ou ld id entif y wi ll be a major factor in
t was
Obser ver, his poin ca mpaign unravels.
”
in a co un try or in the world ’, L O VE ions on identit y
as ‘citiz en s
su bg ro up . E Q U IT E D
W hatever your in op
a ree that there’s a lot
bers of N R a n
as opposed to mem
U A ltm
in Br ex it- torn D e n n is w il l po litics, we ca n all ag
This impu lse mak
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he r co un tri es) is e 2020 e lo n g at sta ke here. These issue be
and the onus wi ll
man y ot T h t a
Britain, which (li ke Ol ive r po ints r g e ly p la
y ou
n es aw ay any time soon, . FOR THE
Howe ve r, as la
o li tic a l li
ake sense of them
deeply fractured. re ar ou nd a e n tit y p on all of us to try to m
ople to co he id FOODIE
out, if you wa nt pe t what
u’ve got to work ou
W W W. R O S L .O R G .U K 9
l id en tit y, yo
nationa
8 OVERSE AS JOURNAL D E C E M B E R 2 0 19 - F E B R U A R Y 2 0 2 0 W W W. R O S L .O R G .U K 9
WORLD WORLD
SO CI A L
The prevalence of pile-ons and allowing us to dash off a pithy bon mot or aren’t particularly proud of with who we
recriminations on Twitter is an ugly slant in a matter of seconds, it can often believe we are, and who we want to be.”
business. Speaking at a live event with come at the expense of context and tone. In his book The People vs Tech the
the New Yorker in 2017, Author Zadie “Different registers can be completely British writer Jamie Bartlett describes the
CO NSCI O USNE SS Smith rationalised her avoidance of social
media as a means of allowing her “the right
to be wrong”.
lost on social media,” says Marshall. “You
might mean something in a humorous way,
like a meme, but people might not realise
According to David Marshall, a Professor you’re joking.”
“panopticon effect” of social media, in
which, instead of one central watchman
monitoring us, “we are all being watched
by everyone”. This means everyone is
As we grow, so our opinions and understanding of the world around in new media, communication and cultural However, when I suggest to Ulrike fair game for criticism, whether they are
studies at Deakin University in Melbourne, Schultze that all of this has had a damaging famous or not.
us change. But the long memory of social media means a misguided Australia, the trend also has to do with impact on self-development and personal Predictably, celebrities and politicians
comment from the past can be dredged up within seconds. Have we the increasingly blurred line between reinvention, she isn’t so sure. For Schultze, generate the biggest Twitterstorms
the private and the public, which he has Associate Professor in IT and operations when they are outed for perceived past
sacrificed the ability to reinvent ourselves? Ross Davies reports
“I
labelled “privlic”. management at Southern Methodist misdemeanours online. Sometimes, the
“What we are experiencing is a blending University, Dallas, Texas, social media dredging is impressively thorough. Earlier
change during the course of a day. around us. Political stripes, in particular, memory than any of us could ever have of public, private, personal and the can actually allow us to self-curate the this year, Comedian Kevin Hart was forced
I wake and I’m one person, and often change over time, as does our imagined. intimate into online culture,” he says. narratives of our lives. to apologise after a series of homophobic
when I go to sleep I know for understanding of societal mores – for better Whether it be Facebook, Twitter or “It’s really destabilising. We still want to “What is required to reinvent oneself is tweets from 2010 resurfaced.
certain I’m somebody else.” or worse. Instagram, we are seduced by the dopamine present ethical versions of ourselves, narrative,” she explains. “It’s While the original media predates the
So claimed Bob Dylan in an The hardest part of all for many of us is hit of self-validation; putting out a even though we cross lines the ability to spin new age of social media, Canadian Prime
interview with Newsweek in 1997. True the recall of opinions we’ve aired out in statement that defines our integrity and at different moments. yarns and narrativize. Minister Justin Trudeau has also found
enough, the longevity of the singer- the open, only to regret them further down belief system – in other words, our identity. And when we do, it That’s one of the himself embroiled in controversy after
songwriter’s career can be attributed to the line. It could be a politician whose But the world of social media can can really haunt us.” Before the advent of theories about photos were unearthed of him wearing
mutability, from the cherubic troubadour leadership you backed, or an off-the-cuff be a noisy, angry place with little time Despite the social media, it was identity that’s blackface when he was teacher. In the case
image of his early career to the gaunt, remark meant to be humorous but that was for nuance and balance, resulting in doubling of been commonly of a politician such as Trudeau, is it right
flame-haired rock star filling out stadia deeply offensive to someone. polarisation and mass tribalisation. permitted character
considerably easier to accepted for that he be held accountable for past actions
only a few years later. Before the advent of social media, it was As Silicon Valley pioneer Jaron Lanier length from 140 to change one's mind. But a long time. in the name of public interest?
But reinvention is not the sole preserve considerably easier to change one’s mind summarised, “social media platforms make 280, Twitter’s brevity digital technology has a It also forces “Elections have huge consequences,
of the artist – not least when it comes to about something without being held to more money when people are irritated, can be a double-edged longer memory than any of us to reconcile so getting a sense of a candidate is really
our convictions and beliefs of the world account. But digital technology has a longer obsessed, divided and angry”. sword for users. While events that we important,” says Schultze.
us could have imagined
10 OVERSE AS JOURNAL D E C E M B E R 2 0 19 - F E B R U A R Y 2 0 2 0 W W W. R O S L .O R G .U K 11
WORLD
who
id w a s hu rt ful to people
“What I d e and discrimin
ation
to le ra n c
live with in at I let a lot of out about themselves in the public domain.
I k n o w th
every day...
“We are beginning to pull back,” he says.
e, and
le d o w n w ith that choic “We are starting to edit and curate ourselves
peop
for my huge
to the point that we are eliminating a lot of
e p ly s o rr y
I am de information. This is partly down to a fear
el terrible.” of surveillance.
mistake. I fe “We are also starting to ask more
DE AU questions, like, at what point does
JUS T IN TRU
ea u technology actually become a version
@ ju st in tr ud
of our voice? At what point do we say that
it is a public version of our identity, or the
Earlier this year, several images surfaced of the private version?”
Canadian Prime Minister wearing blackface. As for the future, is withdrawal from
Despite the initial negative public reaction, social media platforms the only way we can
he was still able to win a second term in office. ensure our missteps and faux pas aren’t Suppliers and restorers
calcified for digital eternity? Plenty of recent
op-eds can be found advocating the deletion of stringed instruments
and bows
of our social media accounts, but for many
“We live in a world of hyper-transparency. media accounts and decide whether a this would represent a fear of missing out
Nevertheless, some politicians are better candidate is a liability or not.” (commonly abbreviated as FOMO).
than others of overcoming these types of For those of a certain age, it’s a wonder However, in Schultze’s eyes, the concept of
scandal, by narrativizing it in a way that to recall the internet’s early days – before selfsameness – the idea that we are the same
is convincing and allows people to forgive the arrival of advertisers – as a type of safe person as we were yesterday – is not the case
them.” space, in which users, in the words of Media for everybody, and never has been. Instead,
As revealed in Jon Ronson’s So You’ve Historian Kate Eichhorn could “adopt an identity is something altogether more
Been Publicly Shamed, the road to alternative gender, don wings or have sex complex and multifaceted.
redemption following online scandal can with mythical creatures”. “As we become more familiar with these
be a long one. In recent years, this has seen Cyberspace represented an outpost of technologies, I see identity becoming more
the rise in Silicon Valley of virtual footprint geekdom, allowing a previously repressed fluid,” she says. “So, similar to the same way
managers and reputational consultants, who identity to flourish. In a chatroom or forum, we have redefined marriage, so we will redefine
– for a little short of a king’s ransom – can one could transform from an acne-ridden, identity, so as to essentially accommodate
push negative news stories down into the tongue-tied adolescent into the avatar of the kind of reality that we live in.
backpages of Google.
However, where the elision of social media
their own making.
The dark web aside, most of us accept that
“The definition of identity based on
self-sameness and which ignores these
ROSL members
and identity can be especially problematic is
when young people are involved. For many,
to get the full benefits of social media we
have to pay the price of relinquishing our
other dimensions will fade away in favour
of other forms of identity where we really
receive a 10%
adolescence can be a confusing time, in
which identity is often not fully formed –
anonymity. That said, says Marshall, users
are becoming savvier around what they put
are talking about multiple selves existing
in different spaces.”
discount on strings *
or stifled by the constraints of peer pressure.
In the name of exploration, teenagers do
and say things that will most likely produce
a shudder of shame and embarrassment “My behaviour was in
when remembered as adults. appropriate
& I apologise unrese
This has prompted some to call for the rvedly to
option of digital erasure, through which ever yone I've let dow
people can opt to wipe anything posted n. I was stupid
& there's no fool like
online before the age of 18. an old fool”
“I don’t know how that could be SIMON DA NC ZUK
020 7224 9099
accomplished, realistically, and whether @S im on Da ncz uk 999...................
the tech companies would get behind it,”
......@..................
says Schultze. “There might also be people
who don’t want their past to be wiped out. Labour MP for Rochdale Simon Danczuk sent 99 L..... G..G.
“Where the problem comes in for explicit messages to an 17-year-old girl, causing L.....
adolescents, is when they are being hired, him to be suspended from the party and a NW1 6UP
because hiring firms – often through their public apology on Twitter soon followed.
legal departments – look at their social
*Offer valid until 1/2/2020 and can not be used in conjunction with any
other offer
12 OVERSE AS JOURNAL D E C E M B E R 2 0 19 - F E B R U A R Y 2 0 2 0
WORLD WORLD
The most obscure of pastimes can now find a home on the internet and
a community with which to share it. Has our collective identity changed now that
people are free to indulge their passions? Abi Millar asks whether the old signifiers
such as class, nationality, or wealth are becoming increasingly obsolete
A
s a teenager growing up in As we near the end of the decade, ups and pub crawls all over the UK. I’ve
Weymouth in the 1990s, Facebook has 2.41billion monthly users met people at conferences in Canada who
Sean Adams had two great and Instagram and WeChat both have moved there after falling in love with
passions: music and the over a billion. Online dating is one of the bands through the site and chatting to
burgeoning World Wide Web. most common ways to meet your partner, locals. I’ve probably forgotten a hundred
“I was birthed in the blood and fire and Reddit (‘a network of communities other great examples of people coming
of the early web,” he recalls. “The more based on people’s interests’) is the third together.”
I read about the Dark Web-like bulletin most visited website in the US. It’s easy to As early as 1959, the Sociologist Erving
boards of the 70s and 80s, the more take our online connections for granted. Goffman described the possibility of a
I understand about the 90s internet Ten years ago, however, the very concept community that wasn’t constrained by
I stumbled into via my AOL dial-up was a novelty. For many people on the physical space. His book, The Presentation of
connection. It felt logical to my 16-year- early social sites, there was another source Self in Everyday Life, described community
old brain to create my own outpost.” of excitement: the scope for converting as a mindset of belonging – if you felt
That outpost became Drowned in online friendships into ‘real’ ones. yourself to be part of a community, then you
Sound, an ‘online fanzine’ – and for a “There are so many examples at were, no matter where you were situated.
while, one of the world’s most successful Drowned in Sound,” says Adams. “I know Today, the concept of virtual
music sites – that celebrates its 20 th of at least one marriage between two communities is well established. As well
anniversary next year. What gave it its regular users, who were also behind an as staying in touch with friends and
energy was not just its content, but also A-Z club night where each month they relatives, the internet has enabled us to
the sense of community that sprang up only played music by acts starting with a forge bonds with those who would have
around its discussion boards. particular letter. There are regular meet otherwise remained strangers. As the
“The social board became like the best zoologist Desmond Morris has put it:
pub next door to your favourite music “although people are often criticising
venue,” says Adams. “Conversations computers and saying they’re isolating
The internet of the
were unmoderated and in many ways us… in fact technology is actually helping
early 2000s was an
self-moderating, although a fair bit of it us to strengthen [our] old tribal ties.”
was young men experimenting with the aesthetically challenged Professor Daniel Miller, a Digital
boundaries of edginess, trying to find and faintly anarchic Anthropologist at University College
themselves among the froth of banter.” place that nonetheless London, thinks we should be careful
For those of us the right age to held a deep sense about the terminology here. While we
remember, the internet of the early 2000s of possibility may talk colloquially about ‘finding our
was an aesthetically challenged and tribe’, anthropologically speaking a ‘tribe’
faintly anarchic place that nonetheless refers only to your kinship bonds.
held a deep sense of possibility. “Wide extended family are
Rather than going to the the only group who could
library, you could source actually be called a tribe,” he
whatever information you says. “True, one of the things
needed by Asking Jeeves. And, that happened really early on
rather than finding others the internet, is that people who
nearby who shared your had a minority interest realised
interests, you could talk stamp this was a facility where they
collecting or cha-cha dancing could contact people with
with enthusiasts on the other similar interests in other parts
side of the world. of the world. But I don’t think
14 OVERSE AS JOURNAL D E C E M B E R 2 0 19 - F E B R U A R Y 2 0 2 0 W W W. R O S L .O R G .U K 15
WORLD
that would have made much difference to platforms, where people want to fit in and storytelling platform that allows users to
the degree they identified themselves with stand out at the same time… having a few share their experiences. We help them
the activity, and I don’t think an awful lot grains of your identity that you can cling forge connections by exchanging stories,
is gained by calling those people a tribe.”
He points out that, as individuals, we
to and other people can grasp is key,” he
says. “That sensation of being just another
or alternatively by searching for and
connecting with people going through Paul A Young and his team work daily to make all their
have many different identities and ways of
presenting ourselves. To frame this as an
line of content in a spreadsheet is an often
unsaid existential crisis that drives people
similar cancer journeys.”
The idea came about from his hospital
creations completely by hand. ROSL members receive
issue of online versus offline is a major to join in with the herds.” bed, when he uploaded a post to Facebook 15% discount in store.
oversimplification. At their most malign, online that went viral. He realised the impact
“Online does create a new set of communities can become places where that storytelling had on his own mental
possibilities about how we think of toxic ideologies can fester. For a certain health and subsquently how much a 143 Wardour Street, Soho, London, W1F 8WA
ourselves, but I think we can easily type of lonely, disenchanted individual, digital platform could help people. www.paulayoung.co.uk
overhype this and make it into something what begins as a source of belonging can “Sharing my experience with others
more dramatic than it is,” he says. “There warp into a distorted echo chamber (we gave me a greater sense of purpose and
have always been multiple offline selves only need click on an ‘incel’ forum or a site meaning than I have ever felt before, and
and there are also multiple online selves. like 4chan to see this mechanism at play). helped me to overcome feelings of
We shouldn’t necessarily expect we’re At their best, though, online isolation,” he says. “Having conducted
going to be the same person on Snapchat communities can prove intensely healing. interviews with many patients and loved
or Facebook or a website, any more than Once upon a time, if you were going ones since founding WarOnCancer, it’s
we’re the same person at work or as a through something difficult, you might become clear that my experience was not
mother or whatever else.” have been the only person you knew in unique. I struggled with loss of self-worth
In short, our digital identities don’t so that position. Today, you can marshal the after being diagnosed, and many people
much supplant old notions of identity as support you need online. affected also report losing their sense of
add to them. It can be tempting to think of Fabian Bolin, a tech CEO from Sweden, identity and purpose – as well as
the internet as a vast, democratising place founded WarOnCancer following his own struggling with the inevitable pity
where you can be whatever you want to be, leukemia diagnosis, aged 28, in 2015. (He received from those around them.”
rendering old signifiers of identity (class, is now in remission following 900 days of He adds that having a community of
wealth, nationality, etc.) redundant. In chemotherapy.) people who understand these feelings is
practice, however, we are unlikely to see “WarOnCancer is a tech company on a invaluable for those affected by cancer.
such a dramatic breach between the online mission to radically improve the mental It’s a prime example of the way online
and offline spaces. health of people affected by cancer,” he communities can foster a sense of
“If you reflect on your own experience says. “We are a social network, and a togetherness – creating a safe space where
with your phone and social media would conversations can be had and friendships
you feel these things represented you well forged around a common purpose.
by talking about it in terms of your identity It seems clear, then, that the ability to
and tribe?” says Miller. “I doubt it. It build ‘digital tribes’ is neither a good thing
doesn’t ring true on a common sense basis.” Our digital nor a bad thing in itself. Charlie Brooker,
This said, there are those for whom the identities don't so creator of the techno-dystopia Black Mirror,
online realm really has become all- has described technology as a ‘neutral’ –
much supplant old
consuming, maybe at the expense of ‘IRL’ if it leads to nightmarish scenarios along
forms of social connection and self-worth. notions of identity the way, that’s down to how it’s being used.
Adams takes a dim view of as add to them Online communities can
what digital spaces are be helpful or harmful to
doing to our sense of self, their members, just as
noting that he sees more offline communities can.
sadness and desperation And beyond that, they
online than ever before. give us a tool to create
“Being able to express identities that might
who you are in a world of otherwise never have
infinitely scrollable been realised.
16 OVERSE AS JOURNAL D E C E M B E R 2 0 19 - F E B R U A R Y 2 0 2 0
PEOPLE PEOPLE
NOT-SO-
AVER AGE
ROSL
MEMBER 1%
7%
THE IMPORTANCE OF ROSL'S AIMS
2%
6%
2% 2%
7%
1%
8%
5%
22% 28%
21% 22%
Trying to define the identity of the ‘average member’ is a 17%
fruitless task. The breadth and variety of people who call
ROSL their home from home, the reasons why they become 38%
31%
members, and how they use the club, is hugely varied 36% 38%
36%
D
32% 32%
elving into the results of the and reasons for joining is staggering. projects around the world. You might enjoy access to the clubhouse facilities in
recent members' survey, You might live in London and pop into the events held by your local branch and London, with 87% giving this as one of 35% 32%
Support education projects in Support the
conducted earlier this year, the clubhouse to entertain friends and only come into contact with HQ through their reasons for joining. This was also the Commonwealth 40% Commonwealth
it soon becomes clear that colleagues, or attend the events programme. this journal every quarter. Despite these the main motivation towards membership
what you all like about the Royal Over-Seas You may live further afield and stay at the differences, there are still common threads for almost half of respondents (46%).
Encourage the arts, particularly Provide social and cultural
League depends hugely on a number of clubhouse less frequently, but use it as a base that bind everyone together. Overall, members felt that all of ROSL’s
amongst young people opportunities for members
factors. With membership spread across when visiting London or the UK. You may According the membership survey values are important, with the fostering of
the world in 103 countries, a 50/50 split live on the other side of the world, but conducted earlier this year by the Audience international friendship and understanding,
between men and women, from teenagers become a member to support young Agency, the most commonly cited and the encouragement of the arts amongst Foster international friendship
to nonagenarians, the breadth of interests musicians and artists, and education motivation for becoming a member was young people being the top two values. and understanding
n Very important n Important n Somewhat important n Not very important n Not at all important
18 OVERSE AS JOURNAL D E C E M B E R 2 0 19 - F E B R U A R Y 2 0 2 0 W W W. R O S L .O R G .U K 19PEOPLE
95%
rated the value
94%
rated the welcome they
92%
of members fed back
90%
rated the events,
for money of their received from members a positive experience including concerts,
membership as good of staff at the club as of their time spent exhibitions, talks and
or very good good or very good in the clubhouse tours, as positive
A home from home and more Some of the common words in many
It’s clear the clubhouse is important to a lot responses were:
ROSL is a warm and welcoming
of people, but what facilities are most sought
after? According to the survey, the largest club in a great, central London “A very nice location in London
for overseas visitors”
number of members have at some point used position, with a comfortable
the garden (with 82% of respondents having drawing room and an attractive “ROSL is a warm and welcoming club
used the garden at some point during their in a great, central London position,
membership), followed by the Duke of York garden overlooking Green Park with a comfortable drawing room
Bar (81%), the bedroom accommodation and an attractive garden overlooking
(79%) and the restaurant (79%). also watch recorded ROSL events, which Green Park”
Beyond the clubhouse, almost all survey bodes well for the new AV equipment being “A unique, comfortable and friendly
members were aware that ROSL has an arts installed in the Princess Alexandra Hall. place to stay in London with good
programme (97%), and most (62%) had amenities and location”
attended an element of it – most commonly Becoming a member, staying a member
art exhibitions (38% of respondents), Overall, members gave a positive account of What is also worth noting, that for all the
concerts (36%), and talks (23%). their experience of the various aspects of positive experiences that members fed back
The events members are most likely to their ROSL membership. The most highly in the survey, many also offered suggestions
attend in the future are art exhibitions and rated elements were the value for money of for areas we could improve. We take your
music concerts. The most important factor the membership (95% good or very good); feedback very seriously and are working
in attending an event is intellectual the welcoming staff (94%); the clubhouse to put your suggestions for the way we
stimulation. 46% of overseas members would (92%); and tours, trips or talks (90%). operate and what we offer into action.
20 OVERSE AS JOURNAL D E C E M B E R 2 0 19 - F E B R U A R Y 2 0 2 0 W W W. R O S L .O R G .U K 21PEOPLE PEOPLE
“A
nyone can have their identity stolen from because they have more cash to begin with.”
them – even me,” says Frank Abagnale. In the opening chapter of Scam Me If You Can, Abagnale
He should know. For much of the 1960s, tells the cautionary tale of Helen Andrews, a 64-year-old
SC M
Abagnale was one of America’s most retiree, who has her identity entirely subsumed by a
notorious impostors, assuming no fewer scammer thanks to stolen paperwork and credit card
than eight identities, including airline pilot, physician and details from her home.
lawyer. His story was immortalised in the 2002 Steven For Andrews, the months-long ordeal – which saw
Spielberg film Catch Me If You Can. her account drained and credit rating totalled – left her
Yet, since being released from prison in 1974, Abagnale feeling like “a non-human being”. This sense of violation
has sublimated his eye for a scam for the good, establishing is common amongst victims, and in some cases carries
himself as a highly respected authority on fraud, forgery the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
and cybersecurity. So, what lessons can be learned from Andrews' case?
ME
In between consulting and lecturing at the FBI Academy, First and foremost, says Abagnale, is that we do not yet
Abagnale has found time to write a new book. Entitled live in a paperless society (despite what the insistence
Scam Me If You Can, it is an expansive compendium of self- of futurists). Many of us still receive bank statements and
protection tips for consumers to protect themselves from gas bills in the post, including account details and other
scammers. It weighs in on everything from tax fraud and personal information – all grist for the mill for scammers.
real estate ruses to charity rackets and Rule number one, says Abagnale:
the oldest con of all – identity theft. “Invest in a good shredder. Because
It’s a problem that is getting worse. we’re still more likely to see the
IF
In the UK alone, almost 500 people a paperless toilet than we are a paperless
day fall victim to identity theft, claims society.”
Cifas, the fraud prevention body. In the As highlighted by the Facebook-
US in 2018, close to 16 million people Cambridge Analytica scandal last year
suffered the same fate – losing roughly – in which it was discovered that the
$17 billion in the process. social media giant had sold on the data
For Abagnale, there is a direct of tens of millions of users to the British
correlation between the epidemic and consulting firm – we also need to be
YOU
society’s willingness to flaunt personal aware of the potential for our data to be
data online – particularly social media used without our permission. As alluded
platforms. People give away so by Abagnale above, it might be in one’s
“People give away so much interest to come off social media.
information about themselves and then much information Unfortunately, the advent of the
they complain that someone stole their about themselves internet means it is harder to track
identity,” he says, speaking over the and then they down online scammers than the
phone from his office in Washington DC. analogue confidence men of yore,
complain that
CAN
“I’m not on any social media who, like Abagnale in his former life,
whatsoever. If you told me where you someone stole relied predominantly on charm and
were born and your date of birth on their identity... good patter. These days your identity
your Facebook page, that would be is more likely to be stolen by “a guy in
enough for me to go and steal your
It's down to you his bedroom in Russia with a laptop”.
identity.” to be smarter “These guys will never see their
It is much easier for scammers to victim, so there is no compassion or
assume another’s identity than it was emotion on their part,” says Abagnale.
when Abagnale was on the lam. The demographic “They’ll take you for every penny – technology has made
of victims is also much vaster than one might think. it easy for them.”
With more and more of us sharing the minutiae of our lives on Abagnale was commissioned to write his new book by As Abagnale says, anyone at any time can find themselves
the American Association of Retired People (AARP), at the unwanted end of a scam. It is often cause for
social media, we are leaving ourselves at risk of identity theft. with the aim of helping senior citizens better safeguard embarrassment, but shouldn’t be. Victims would instead
A little more self-awareness could make all the difference, as themselves. However, he soon discovered in his research do well to share their experiences in the name of education
that younger people are more open to risk. and societal vigilance.
conman-turned-security-consultant Frank Abagnale tells Ross Davies
“I was amazed to find out that millennials are scammed That said, prudence should always start at home. “You can’t
more often than seniors – they are really naïve,” he says. rely on the police, the banks or the government to protect
“Although seniors tend to lose more money from scams you,” says Abagnale. “It’s down to you to be smarter.”
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LOST
Veronica Shen, 13, Singapore
At four she watches round-eyed She is sixteen, in her heart flame rises
A marriage, delight dressed in snow As smoke curls from temples
And books burn with crackling cries
Though brooks softly smile and sigh Traditions extinguished like candles
A laugh extravagant, as tea flows Sister quietly recites, under night skies
Fire in her hands, carmine Ju bei yao mingyue, dui ying cheng sanren 4
Plum blossoms in cold wind dance She speaks the words of ancients
Dyed in fortune, in romance 1
Tongue flutters and fingers fly
Four years come and go Living in the sound. Faster faster faster
In her hand a bamboo flute Flute’s tremolo, unparalleled joy
Her sister, the bride of years ago Dead bamboo’s song, living girl’s laughter
Commonwealth
Austerely directs a prelude Proud, uninhibited, pure, high
Weighting every breath and blow Red scarf flutters, a lark’s wings
The precision of tradition Dark head shining as it sings
Upheld in her education
creativity
Decades go, caught in the madness
Four years more She remembers a wedding
In the orchestra she plays The blooms have lost their lightness
Amongst others, students all In frost’s bite and sting
As dizi 2 sings, she sways Red no longer means success
The winners of the 2019 Queen’s Commonwealth A lark in the music hall And gunshots sound in Tian-an-men 5
She was there, in sepia photograph The city square, old gate to heaven
Essay Competition have been announced. A part of them, caught mid-laugh
The Junior Category winner, 13-year-old Veronica That was then, now is today
Time flows by, four years She sits and tells a tale
Shen from Singapore, was chosen by a panel Revolution comes, days pass To a child, and her head is grey
chaired by ROSL Director-General Diana Owen The Loyalty dance 3 , a dance of fears Speaking as winter winds wail
Tranquillity shatters like glass This child here, she may not stay
Read Veronica’s winning entry, Lost, right Across the country fire sears But she is here and she will hear
Winter’s plum was rosy in the snow The story of past years
It darkens to blood red, a river’s flow
Little girl, you wish to write
You wish to write? But, my child
Veronica’s poem Lost follows the story of a girl growing up
You have not seen the sight
in China as it explores a complicated relationship with the You know not of the wild
country’s past. She entered the competition as a student of Only of this city’s cold bright night
Raffles Girls’ School. Veronica chose to write on the topic Ashen, washed out by the rain
‘My Cultural Connections’ because she “wished to express The culture you speak of has waned
my own feelings…and present an issue while developing
1 This is 1950s NE China, when brides started Yes, grandmother. I will write
the art of writing.’’ When informed of her success in the to wear white. Red is associated with fortune. I wish to write, as your grandchild
competition, Veronica felt ‘Surprise, elation’. 2 Chinese woodwind, usually made of bamboo. Bold was this country’s former might
3 Students danced to pledge loyalty to Mao Zedong. Though I know not of the wild
4 A line from a poem by Li Bai. Classical literature Only of this city’s cold bright night
was one of the banned “Four Olds”.
Memorials for the Tiananmen Square 5 The Tian-an-men (literally, heaven-peace-gate)
This after all is the land of my birth
protests of 1989 (Hong Kong) Square protests took place in Beijing, 1989. I will write. I’ll write for all I am worth
24 OVERSE AS JOURNAL D E C E M B E R 2 0 19 - F E B R U A R Y 2 0 2 0 W W W. R O S L .O R G .U K 25PEOPLE
With over 250 photographs from 21 countries, the ROSL
Photography Competition has been a huge success.
We received images from all around the world, presenting
many different interpretations of the theme of style.
Visual Arts Curator Eilidh McCormick introduces the winners
A
s well as a huge geographical spread, there was also a range
in the age of applicants with the oldest being 67, the youngest
only 18 and the average 33, showing that the open format was
very inclusive. The conditions of entry asked that photographs
were taken within the last 12 months and had a link to a current or former
Commonwealth country, ensuring the range of images captured the
contemporary Commonwealth of today.
All the images were judged by our panel of industry experts: Rakesh
Mohindra, Co-Founder of pic.london; Renée Mussai, Senior Curator and
Head of Curatorial, Archive and Research, Autograph Gallery; Germaine
Walker, Director, Agent and Producer; Bryan Angelo Lim, Director,
Singapore / qu’est-ce que c’est design; and Farah Mahbub, Photographer
and Professor of the Photography Programme of the Indus Valley
School of Art and Architecture in Pakistan. Our overseas judges, Bryan
Angelo Lim and Farah Mahbub, received information packs about the
photographers and judged remotely, while the London judges met at
ROSL to discuss the images in person.
CAMERA CATEGORY WINNER
Holding Hands
Isabella Agbaje
The winning image in the Camera She uses photography to tell stories and we do things, predominantly judged by encounter at Ikate bus-stop with Saliu Aso-Ebi, (or “family cloth” in English)
category, chosen by the panel, is showcase unique experiences of love and appearance, but as a photographer and and Emmanuel who were on their a West African traditional style that Style is the manner in which
Holding Hands by Isabella Agbaje. Born happiness in a society that’s hellbent on stylist she is interested in form, function way from evening Mass, dressed most depicts individuality and solidarity as
in Lagos, Nigeria, Isabella ‘izzyella’ discord, anger and confusion. and symmetry in her image, “I chose to fashionably in their Sunday best and two sides of the same coin. Aso-Ebi is a we do things, predominantly
Agbaje is a 25-year-old self-taught For Isabella, Holding Hands engages interpret the theme of this year’s ROSL discussing the ways in which “lagos style of dressing that ensures continuity judged by appearance, but as
conceptual photographer. Influenced a community’s hope of oneness and Photography Competition reflecting dey hot, pesin no rest” - meaning the in relation and identification. The a photographer and stylist,
by her experiences living and studying mutual support with common interests style as appearance but also symmetry frustrations of Lagos are many and tradition revolves around culture
in London, Dublin, San Francisco and through fashion and friendship. She and continuity and unity.” Shot on the trying to advance in this society is a and the dynamic nature of style and
she is interested in form,
Boston, she is currently based in Lagos. believes that style is the manner in which streets of Lagos, Nigeria, it captures an tireless task. The men are dressed in fashion to reflect identity, individuality function and symmetry
26 OVERSE AS JOURNAL D E C E M B E R 2 0 19 - F E B R U A R Y 2 0 2 0 W W W. R O S L .O R G .U K 27You can also read
