Joint Research Centre Institute for Prospective Technological Studies - www.jrc.ec.europa.eu - GPP 2020
←
→
Page content transcription
If your browser does not render page correctly, please read the page content below
Joint Research Centre
Institute for Prospective Technological Studies
www.jrc.ec.europa.eu
The European Commission’s in-house science service
Serving society
Stimulating innovation
Supporting legislation
GPP 2020 Low carbon ICT technologies
Revision of the EU GPP criteria
for the ‘Office IT equipment’
product group
Nicholas Dodd, JRC-IPTS
2
Overview of the presentation • EU Green Public Procurement • Scope of EU GPP criteria • Market and LCA evidence base • Criteria areas and proposals 1. Energy consumption 2. Product lifetime extension 3. Hazardous substances 4. End-of-life management
What is Green Public Procurement?
“... a process whereby public authorities seek to
procure goods, services and works with a reduced
environmental impact throughout their life cycle
when compared to goods, services and works with
the same primary function that would otherwise be
procured.”
GPP benefits
Reduces
CO2 + other
emissions
Conserves
Reduces
natural
hazardous
resources
substances
GPP
Uses energy Possible
efficiently savings
Fosters the
uptake of
green products
Communication (2008)
Public Procurement for a Better Environment
• Political target: 50% of tendering
procedures to be green by 2010
• Common EU GPP criteria for priority
products/services
• Legal/operational guidance: GPP
Training Toolkit
• GPP National Action Plans
Two levels of criteria
Core criteria: address the key environmental impacts, designed
to be used with minimum additional verification effort or cost
increases.
Comprehensive criteria: to purchase the best environmental
products available on the market, possibly requiring additional
verification efforts or a slight increase in cost compared to other
products with the same functionality.
GPP criteria are largely based on standard Type I ecolabels.
It is however not allowed to ask for products to have a
specific label.
GPP information sources
HELP DESK:
In EN, FR, DE gpp-helpdesk@iclei.org
Newsletter (please sign up!)
GPP website of the European Commission:
• Buying Green Handbook
• Full sets of EU GPP criteria and background
reports
• GPP Examples
• Information on National Action Plans for GPP
• News and upcoming events
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/gpp
GPP 2020 Low carbon ICT technologies
Revision of the EU GPP criteria
for the ‘Office IT equipment’
product group
Introduction and background
9Current scope definition
Specific proposed scope definitions (1) ‘Computer’ means a device which performs logical operations and processes data. ‘Desktop Computer’ means a computer whose main unit is designed to be located in a permanent location, often on a desk or the floor. ‘Integrated Desktop Computer’ means a Desktop Computer in which the computing hardware and display are integrated into a single housing, connected to AC mains power through a single cable ‘Notebook Computer’ means a computer designed specifically for portability and to be operated for extended periods of time both with and without a direct connection to an AC mains power source
Specific proposed scope definitions (2) ‘Tablet Computer’ (often referred to as ‘slate computer’) means a wireless, portable computer that is primarily for battery mode usage and has a touch screen interface. ‘Small-scale Server’ means a computer that typically uses desktop components in a desktop form factor, but is designed primarily to be a storage host for other computers. ‘Mobile Thin Client’ means a computer meeting the definition of a Thin Client, designed specifically for portability, and also meeting the definition of a Notebook Computer.
Product trends Short replacement cycles
Life Cycle Costing PC ‘fleet management’
Key environmental impacts Broad findings from LCA studies o The share of manufacturing and use can vary due to - Product life span - Electricity grid mixes - Power consumption in the use phase o For products with a shorter lifetime, such as notebook PCs, the production phase has a larger environmental impact o For PC’s servers and workstations, the use phase dominates the total results with regard to GHG emissions o Environmental impacts of manufacturing phase can be reduced by sound EoL management as secondary resources from recycling can avoid primary production. Ecolabel criteria do not directly improve manufacturing phase
LCA analysis Main contributors at component level: Desktop PC Environmental hot spots during manufacturing phase: PWB, power supply unit, CD-ROM and HDD Source: Duan et al (2009)
LCA analysis Main contributors at component level: LCD screen Environmental hot spots during manufacturing phase: PWB, LCD panel and final assembly process Source: Duan et al (2009)
LCA analysis Main results – Notebook computers o Manufacturing of a notebook PC clearly dominates environmental impacts compared to use phase o Environmental hot spots during manufacturing phase: LCD display, motherboard and battery production o Impacts can be reduced - directly by improving design and production techniques, or - indirectly by extending notebooks’ use life or by reusing parts
Proposed focus areas for the revision
GPP 2020 Low carbon ICT technologies
Revision of the EU GPP criteria
for the ‘Office IT equipment’
product group
1. Energy consumption criteria area
20Background research and evidence (1)
Desktop Computers
Energy Star v6.0 has
lowest base allowances
for Typical Energy
Consumption (TECBASE)
compared to
Energy Star v5.2 and
Ecodesign Tier 1 and 2Background research and evidence (2)
Desktop Computer
Allowances of Energy Star
v6.0 for discrete graphic
cards (TECGRAPHICS)
nearly in line with
Ecodesign Tier 1
(mandatory from 07/2014)Major proposed changes
• Core criteria:
• Aligned to Energy Star v6.0 (effective from 2014).
• Tablet computers exempted due to low relevance of energy
consumption (approximately 4 kWh per year)
• Comprehensive criteria:
• Allowances for GPUs capped near Tier 2 of
EU Ecodesign requirements (mandatory from 2016)
• A dynamic element is introduced, with a link to the
latest version of Energy Star
• Tablet computers exempted (see above)
• Award criteria can be used to encourage further savings for the
most energy intensive stationary products.GPP Criterion A.1: Minimum energy performance Draft revised criteria – Computers
GPP Criterion A.1: Minimum energy performance Draft revised criteria – Computers
GPP Criterion A.1: Minimum energy performance Draft revised criteria – Displays
GPP 2020 Low carbon ICT technologies
Revision of the EU GPP criteria
for the ‘Office IT equipment’
product group
2. Product lifetime extension criteria area
27GPP Criterion E1/2: Notebook durability
Common component damage and accidents
Source: IDC (2010)GPP Criterion E1/2: Notebook durability Test methods and benchmarks
GPP Criterion E1/2: Notebook durability Durability factors and design features
GPP Criterion E1/2: Notebook durability GPP-specific issues Proposed that a basic set of durability tests are provided to procurers, reflecting the most common notebook accidents and failures. • Requirements in an ITT could be specified depending on the required robustness/end-use of the notebooks to be procured • Given a degree of uncertainty associated with the market availability and additional costs testing is proposed as award criteria • A screen durability specification was additionally proposed by stakeholders, particularly for tablets
GPP Criterion E1/2: Notebook durability New proposal
GPP Criterion E1/2: Notebook durability New proposal
GPP Criterion D1: Battery life and endurance New proposal Battery lifetime declarations required under non-energy requirements of Ecodesign Implementing Measure Regulation (EU) 207/2013 Annex II Part 7.1 • 300-500 cycles appears to be de facto standard for lithium ion batteries • ITU Recommendation L.1010 (Green Batteries) proposes 500 cycles (80%) • Apple, Acer, Dell, Asus, HP and Toshiba offer 800 or 1000 cycle batteries. • In some cases extended warranty for the battery itself of up to 3 years
Follow-up research and evidence (5)
GPP-specific points
Some uncertainty related to price and selectivity
• Proposed to introduce a minimum technical specification and a
more ambitious award criteria linking battery life and cycle
endurance:
- Minimum performance of 7-8 hours and 500 cycles (with 70%
capacity retention)
- Cycle endurance is proposed to be weighted higher than
battery life
Further input is requested on battery life verificationGPP Criterion D1: Battery life and endurance New proposal
GPP Criterion E1-3: Computer storage drives New proposal OEM's specify and qualify drives based on a range of parameters • No clear feedback on benchmarks for reliability and durability • New HDD models designed/specified based on analysis of previous models followed by accelerated life testing • Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) extrapolated from design and prototype testing and modelling. • Annual Failure Rate (AFR) as a clearer indication of the probability of a HDD failing during its lifespan
Indicative Annual Failure Rates (AFR)
Source: Backblaze (2013)Notebook HDD protection features Free-fall sensors • Either fitted externally or internally to a HDD, detecting a sudden motion associated with a fall. • Sensors have a varying degree of response time, giving different levels of protection depending on fall height. Physical damping to protect against vibration and shock • Portable HDD of Seagate, Western Digital, HGST and Toshiba suggest a performance range of 400 (operational) to 1,000 (non- operational) G force.
GPP Criterion E1: Stationary computer drives New proposal
GPP Criterion E2: Stationary computer drives New proposal
GPP Criterion E3: Notebook computer drives New proposal
GPP Criteria C.1-C.6: Upgradeability, replaceability, repairability – Background research Upgradeability Motherboard and CPU rather difficult to exchange; CPU often soldered up with motherboard (better heat dissipation) • Desktop PCs: HDD/SSD, memory usually easy upgradeable or expandable by additional slots (graphics) • Notebooks PCs: HDD/SSD, optical drives, batteries: some products easy upgradeable, sometimes already glued in; graphics mostly soldered up with motherboard or integrated in processor • Ultrabooks: Most components fixed by being glued in; some best practice examples
Background research and evidence (2)
Longer product warranties by manufacturers
• Many manufacturers already offer standard warranties;
timespan depending e.g. on model or customer segment
(consumer / business)
• Desktop PCs: 1-3 years, often 2 years
• Notebooks PCs: 1-2 years
• Notebook batteries: 6 months to 1 year; sometimes extended
Repairability
• Most commonly damaged components (Notebooks):
Keyboard, screen, battery, hard disk drive (source: IDC 2012)GPP-specific points
Technical Specifications:
• Criteria focus on upgradeable or repairable components i.e. those
with high failure rates or strong influence on product lifespan:
- For repairs, keyboards, screen, battery and HDD are of
relevance, for upgrades HDD/SSD, memory and battery.
• Criteria focus on availability of spare parts:
- Possibility of being ‘backwardly compatible’.
- The period of five years during which parts shall remain
available has been retained as a Comprehensive Technical
Specification.
Award Criteria (new)
• Inviting manufacturers to offer extended warranties, explicitly
covering the replacement of batteries and parts price listGPP Criteria C.1-C.6: Upgradeability, replaceability, repairability – 1st revised criteria proposal
GPP Criteria C.1-C.6: Upgradeability, replaceability, repairability - 1st revised criteria proposal
GPP Criteria C.1-C.6: 1st revised criteria proposal
GPP Criteria C.1-C.6: Upgradeability, replaceability, repairability - 1st revised criteria proposal
GPP Criteria C.1-C.6: Upgradeability, replaceability, repairability - 1st revised criteria proposal
GPP Criteria G.1 Secure computer sanitisation, re-use and recycling (new proposal) (1) • Data sanitisation of drives is an important step in facilitating the re-use of computers used in the public sector. • Some Member States have investigated the issue and identified that in many cases the highest levels of security are not required • However, given the varying levels of security and pre-approval that may be required it is proposed that an Award criterion is considered to encourage innovation in maximising the potential for re-use of computers, either by sanitising drives or removing them for recycling. • A number of options using different combinations of contractors could be encouraged so as to find cost effective solutions geared to the level of data security required.
GPP Criteria G.1 Secure computer sanitisation, re-use and recycling (new proposal) (1)
GPP Criteria G.1 Secure computer sanitisation, re-use and recycling (new proposal) (2)
GPP 2020 Low carbon ICT technologies
Revision of the EU GPP criteria
for the ‘Office IT equipment’
product group
3. Hazardous substances criteria area
55GPP criteria B1-2: Hazardous substances Screening of substitutions and restrictions
GPP criteria B1-2: Hazardous substances Identification of ‘current hazard benchmarks’
GPP criteria B1-2: Hazardous substances ‘Proposed substitution benchmarks’
GPP criteria B1-2: Hazardous substances ‘Proposed restrictions’
How has the ‘white list’ been translated? Example 1: Flame retardants in plastic enclosures and casings Evidence base: OEM feedback, PINFA, EFRA, ENFIRO, US EPA, Green Screen Proposed hazard derogation: H412, H413
How has the ‘white list’ been translated? Example 2: Plasticisers in power cables Evidence base: IEC 62474, OEM feedback, Green Screen Proposed hazard derogation: H412, H413
Industry award criteria proposal
Halogen-free components should be a GPP Award Criteria:
‘Additional points will be awarded for computers that have low
bromine and chlorine content in the product motherboard
laminate, excluding components, with the maximum substance
concentrations as defined in IEC61249-2-21’
IEC 61249-2-21 defines a concentration limit of 900ppm for bromine
present in the resin of the PCB.
This can potentially provide the basis for laboratory testing as a form
of verification.GPP-specific issues
• Chemical criteria can be complex for procurers to verify
• Focus therefore proposed on key areas of concern and OEM activity:
- Flame retardants in PCB's and external casings
- Plasticisers in external power cables
• The challenge is how to define 'favourable' substitutions
• A limited number of further substance restrictions could be selected
as technical specifications.
Proposal: Third party verification where there are no official
classifications
Issue: Criteria are not based on analytical testing of the productGPP criteria B1: Mercury in display backlights Draft revised criteria (1st proposal) (1)
GPP criteria B2: Flame retardants in PCB’s/casings Draft revised criteria (1st proposal) (2)
GPP criteria B3: Plasticisers in external cables Draft revised criteria (1st proposal) (3)
GPP criteria B4: Plasticisers in external cables Draft revised criteria (1st proposal) (4)
GPP 2020 Low carbon ICT technologies
Revision of the EU GPP criteria
for the ‘Office IT equipment’
product group
End-of-life management criteria area
68Background research and evidence (1)
Source: Oeko Institut (2012)Background research and evidence (2) Market potential for dismantling and CRM recovery: Printed Circuit Boards (PCB’s) Copper, gold, silver and palladium have the most value but other critical metals such as tantalum in capacitors are lost in this process LCD/LED display units Indium in displays is generally lost through dissipation. Pilot plants to recover copper, manganese, zinc, yttrium, indium. Hard Disk Drives (HDD’s) HDD contain neodymium magnets. Larger 3.5 inch HDD formats are more valuable. Industry initiatives are being developed e.g. Hitachi Lithium ion batteries Extraction required by the WEEE Directive
GPP-specific points
Award criteria proposed to encourage the market to bring forward
devices that can be quickly and efficiently dismantled
• In order to set an award criteria for GPP it would be desirable to
establish a threshold:
- So that tenders can be clearly differentiated
- Decisions don't come down to very small time margins
• As a starting point a conservative figure has therefore been
selected from a disassembly exercise carried out for a potential EU
Ecolabel applicant
- Verified extraction timing by Fraunhofer IZM and Tricom: 600
seconds
Verification: ‘real-life’ option in a WEEE treatment facility mirrors
EPEAT for computers (IEEE 1680.1).GPP criteria I1: Design for dismantling Draft revised criteria (1st proposal) (1)
GPP criteria I1: Design for dismantling Draft revised criteria (1st proposal) (2)
GPP criteria I1: Design for dismantling Draft revised criteria (1st proposal) (3)
Next steps? Progress towards revised GPP proposal • Presentation to GPP AG (Sept) • Written consultation on revised proposals v2 (Oct-Dec) • Conclusion of revision process foreseen Spring 2015 Please visit the project website: http://susproc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/computers/
Thank you for your attention
Contact: Nicholas Dodd
Tel. +34 954 48 84 86
e-mail nicholas.dodd@ec.europa.eu
Candela Vidal-Abarca Garrido
Tel. +34 954 48 84 86
e-mail candela.vidal-abarca-garrido@ec.europa.euYou can also read
