Latest EU Regulatory Developments on Euro Standards and Measurement Requirements
←
→
Page content transcription
If your browser does not render page correctly, please read the page content below
Latest EU Regulatory Developments on
Assoc. Prof. Leonidas Ntziachristos Euro Standards and Measurement
Mech. Eng., PhD
Requirements
In collaboration with the Labs of
Heat Transfer & Applied Thermodynamics
EMISIA Workshop, Zurich, 2017-11-17
Aristotle University Thessaloniki
Outline
1. European regulations in controlling vehicle emissions and
associated vehicle technologies
2. Latest components of emissions regulations
3. Short Assessment and Outlook
EMISIA Workshop, Zurich, 2017-11-17 2
EUROPEAN REGULATIONS IN CONTROLLING VEHICLE EMISSIONS AND ASSOCIATED VEHICLE TECHNOLOGIES
Overview of latest EU emission limits
Parameter LD HD
Cycles WLTP + RDE WHSC + WHTC
Durability (km) 160,000 700,000
NOx (g/km) / (g/kWh) Petrol: 0.060, RDE: 0.090 WHSC: 0.4
Diesel: 0.080, RDE: 0.120 WHTC: 0.46
PM (g/km) / (g/kWh) 0.0045 0.01
PN (particles/km) Diesel: 6×1011, RDE: 9×1011 WHSC: 8 × 1011
GDI: 6×1011, RDE: 9×1011 WHTC: 6 × 1011
CO (g/km) Petrol: 1.0 WHSC: 1.5
Diesel: 0.5 WHTC: 4.0
THC (g/km) Petrol: 0.10, NMHC: 0.068 WHSC: 0.13
Diesel: 0.17 HC+NOx WHTC: 0.16
System Each vehicle Each vehicle
Other provisions Low T CO&HC, OBD, Evap, Extended RDE, In-use compliance using PEMS, max NH3 = 10
Relaxed for LDT ppm, access to OBD, crankcase (no limits)
EMISIA Workshop, Zurich, 2017-11-17 4
Activity in the regulatory front - LDVs
Year Regulation Content
715/2007 Introduction of Euro 5 and Euro 6
2007
2007/46 New regulation on vehicle type approvals
2008 692/2008 Euro 5 & 6 implementation procedures and modalities
79/2009 Extension of type approval for H2 vehicles
2009 443/2009 CO2 specific targets from passenger cars
661/2009 Mandatory implementation of GSIs and TPMs on PCs
2010 406/2010 Certificate of conformity of H2 vehicles
510/2011 CO2 specific targets from vans
2011 566/2011 IUPR and In-Service conformity testing for Euro 6
725/2011 Certification of eco-innovations
65/2012 Implementation of GSIs
2012
459/2012 PN number for GDIs and Euro 6 OBD limits
630/2012 TA provisions for H2, H2NG, and hybrid electric vehicles
2013 195/2013 Introduction of eco-innovations as part of the type approvals
427/2016 1st Package of RDE: Procedures, requirements, evaluation method
2016
646/2016 2nd Package of RDE: Boundary conditions, conformity factors, timing
1151/2017 WLTP replaces NEDC, repeals 692/2008
2017 1152&3/2017 CO2 correlation between WLTP and NEDC – LCV & PC
1154/2017 3rd Package RDE: Cold start, PN and hybrids
2018 ???? 4th Package RDE: In service conformity method revision
EMISIA Workshop, Zurich, 2017-11-17 5
Emissions regulations evolution
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
New Types Emissions Euro 6 b Euro 6 c
Homologation OBD OBD Euro 6-1 OBD Euro 6-2
Homologation Cycle NEDC WLTP
RDE Monitoring E6d Temp RDE E6d RDE
Emissions Euro 6 b Euro 6 c
New Vehicles
Registration
OBD OBD Euro 6-1 OBD Euro 6-2
Homologation Cycle NEDC WLTP
RDE E6d Temp RDE E6d RDE
Euro 6c/d compliance requirements:
For GDI vehicles the Particle Number (PN) limit aligned with the diesel one: 6×1011 particles/km
OBD thresholds reduction both for NOx and Particulate Matter (PM)
WLTP replaced NEDC
RDE (Real Driving Emissions) with Conformity Factors (CF) limits on:
▪ NOx 2.1 temporary RDE – 1.5 Final RDE
▪ PN 1.5 to account for measurement uncertainties
EMISIA Workshop, Zurich, 2017-11-17 6
Real drive emissions control - procedure
1. Testing with PEMS 2. Averaging window 3. Calculations
NTEpollutant = CFpollutant × EURO-6
NTE applies for whole RDE and urban parts
EMISIA Workshop, Zurich, 2017-11-17 7
Typical Euro 5 diesel emission control
Aged EGR
valve Source: Faurecia
Main elements of a typical diesel Euro 5 LDV:
Turbo-charged, common rail engine
Close-coupled oxidation catalyst
Diesel Particulate Filter (GPF), close-coupled or underfloor
HP cooled EGR for NOx control
EMISIA Workshop, Zurich, 2017-11-17 8
Typical Euro 6(a&b) diesel emission control
Main elements of a typical diesel Euro 6a&b LDV:
Euro 5
Lean NOx Trap upstream of DPF to reduce NOx emissions (50-70%)
EMISIA Workshop, Zurich, 2017-11-17 9
Typical Euro 6(c) aftertreatment
4NO + 4NH3 + O2 → 4N2 + 6H2O
2NO2 + 4NH3 + O2 → 3N2 + 6H2O
Source: Adapted from www.dieselforum.org
Main elements of a typical diesel Euro 6c LDV:
SCR added in the exhaust line
EMISIA Workshop, Zurich, 2017-11-17 10Latest Euro 6(d) diesel emission control (RDE Compliant)
SCRF+SCR DOC
Urea Injection
Main elements of first diesel Euro 6d LDV (RDE Compliant): Source: Mercedes - Benz
Turbo-charged, common rail, high pressure injection
Close-coupled oxidation catalyst
Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) coated DPF
Additional SCR
Hybrid HP (low load) and LP (high load) EGR for NOx control
EMISIA Workshop, Zurich, 2017-11-17 11GDI passenger cars in the EU and the US
Source: ICCT, 2016
➢ In 2015 the market share of GDIs represented 40 % of new gasoline car sales in both the EU and the US
➢ In 2005, GDI appeared as a mere 3% of cars sold in the EU (zero in the US)
➢ These vehicles complied with a temporary EURO6 PN emission limit of 6×1012 particles/km
EMISIA Workshop, Zurich, 2017-11-17 12Latest Euro 6 petrol emissions control (RDE compliant)
GPF substrate, Source: AECC GPF, Source: Faurecia
Possible Aftertreatment
Configurations
Source: Umicore
Main elements of a typical RDE-compliant petrol Euro 6 aftertreatment:
Close-coupled TWC, similar to Euro 5 vehicles
Catalysed Gasoline Particulate Filter (GPF), close-coupled or underfloor
Possible secondary air injection for fast production of exotherm in catalyst
EMISIA Workshop, Zurich, 2017-11-17 13PN emissions in lab (PMP) and on the road (PEMS)
w GPF
Sources:
GDI1,2, DPF : Giechaskiel et al. 2015, Frontiers in Env. Sci. Air Pollution
GDI3: Demuynck (AECC) 2016, Bonn, ICPC 4
GDI4: Bosteels (AECC) 2016, ICPC 3rd
EMISIA Workshop, Zurich, 2017-11-17 14Real world influence on particle generation
➢The previous was just a snapshot Fuel
Ambient temperature
➢Many other influences: Payload
Aggressive Driving
Heavy fuel
Sources:
• Giechaskiel et al. 2015, Frontiers in Env. Sci. Air Pollution
• Riccobono et al. 2016
Lab results (WLTP) on-road • ACEA/JAMA presentation
EMISIA Workshop, Zurich, 2017-11-17 15How low can PN from GDIs go in real life?
Theoretical scenario
➢ Even with a GPF several influences can amount to a significant contribution
➢ Care needs to be taken to have efficient GPFs
➢ Current practice suggests 60% efficiency, but can reach 80% or higher
16 EMISIA Workshop, Zurich, 2017-11-17 16LATEST COMPONENTS OF EMISSION REGULATIONS
Inclusion of cold start in RDE
➢RDE starts with a cold engine following certain soaking conditions
(min 30 min driving then soaking in ambient conditions for 5-56 hours)
➢Additional driving requirements for 5 first min of driving
(urban start, mx first idle 15s , mean speed 15-40 km/h, max continuous stop 90s)
➢Retention of minimum number of hot start trips to avoid cold start
specific tuning
EMISIA Workshop, Zurich, 2017-11-17 18Regeneration
➢ If vehicle below limit: PASS
➢ If vehicle above limit, then check if regeneration occured
If yes, then take away Ki-factors and check if results are below limit: PASS
If yes, but results above the limit, finish regeneration and retest
• If retest and regeneration recurs, new test is valid
EMISIA Workshop, Zurich, 2017-11-17 19Plug-In Hybrid vehicles (OVC-HEVs)
Measured pollutant
level
Weighted test result
CO2 over WLTC
Weighted test result
urban
Source: Franco et al, ES&T, 2016
➢Additional provisions:
Suggested to test in charge sustain mode
Minimum ICE operation in urban conditions: 12 km
Method to be reviewed if so suggested by evidence
EMISIA Workshop, Zurich, 2017-11-17 20RDE 4
➢RDE 4 discussions initiated January 2017
➢Main topics in the agenda include:
RDE method revisions from RDE3 implementation evidence (cold-start,
hybrids, evaluation methods, conformity factors, etc.)
In-service conformity requirements (independent labs, responsibilities
beyond manufacturers)
Multi-stage LCVs
Fuel issues and transfer function
EMISIA Workshop, Zurich, 2017-11-17 21Regulations in the pipeline
➢ Regulated air pollutants
RDE 4 Package
Euro 6 and VI OBD (incl. PM/PN monitoring)
L-category vehicles (scooters, motorcycles, …)
Euro 7?
➢ CO2 regulations
New CO2 emissions targets for PCs and Vans
CO2 labeling for HDVs
RDE considerations
➢ Other issues (durability, NO2, NH3, tyre and brake wear…)
EMISIA Workshop, Zurich, 2017-11-17 22Real driving emissions control – need & approach
Euro 6 at different driving conditions - LAT
NOx
Driving CO2 (g/km) CO (mg/km) CFNOx
(mg/km)
RDE 150 2.9 360 4.5
Hilly 334 10.7 3907 49
Euro 6 at different ambient temperature - TNO
NOx
Driving CFNOx
(mg/km)
CADC 23oC 26 0.3
PEMS 2oC 665 8.3
EMISIA Workshop, Zurich, 2017-11-17 23SHORT ASSESSMENT & OUTLOOK
Summary of emission limits around the world
Region LD HD Remarks
Australia Euro 6 (2017/18) Euro VI (2016)
China China 6b (2023) China VI (2018) Based on Euro 6 with inclusion of
NOx 0.035 g/km Same as Euro VI RDE w/o cold start (MAW
PM 0.003 g/km method)
N2O 0.02 g/km
India Bharat Stage VI (2020) = Euro 6 Bharat Stage VI (2020) = Euro VI
Japan WLTP (2018) WHTC (2016)
NOx D - 0.15 g/km, P - 0.05 g/km NOx 0.4 g/kWh
PM 0.005 g/km PM 0.01 g/kWh
Korea Petrol follows CA LEV-ZLEV since 2013 Korea Stage 3, SS and transient
Max NOx: 0.044 g/km (FTP-75) NOx: 0.4 g/kWh
Diesel follows Euro 6 since 2014 (NEDC) PM: 0.02 g/kWh
Russia Euro 5 (2014) Euro V (2016)
Turkey Euro 6 (2017) Euro VI (2015)
USA NOx+NMOG FTP = 0.019 g/km SET + NTE
SFTP = 0.031 g/km NOx 0.26 g/kWh
PM 0.013 g/kWh
The Reduction of Particulate Matter & Nitrogen Oxides from Automobiles, Seoul, 2017-11-07 25Short assessment and outlook
➢New European Regulations have no margin to fail
➢Aggressive CO2 regulations in EU trade-off with NOx
➢RDE with PN inclusion and WLTP much more robust than NEDC
➢Living procedure: continuous review of approach and methods
➢Thoughts for more stringent limits, new pollutants, following global
developments. Euro 7?
EMISIA Workshop, Zurich, 2017-11-17 26Thank you for your attention!
Thank you for your attention!
For more information: leon@auth.grYou can also read
