Presentation Contents - The project objectives The project organisation What we have achieved so far Technologies CO2 improvements PN emissions ...
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Presentation Contents
The project objectives
The project organisation
What we have achieved so far
Technologies
CO2 improvements
PN emissions control
Development process
An outlook
24.09.2019 all rights reserved, see Disclaimer 32
Demonstrate a new generation of gasoline DI
engines achieving a ≥ 15% reduction in CO2
Stoichiometric small TC-VVA-DI water injection engine (WP3)
Baseline 1 2
WLTC CO2
benefits 3
4 Additional potential
displacement
5
Total -10.5%
Reduced
6
combustion
Improved
Water injection
Target -15.0%
reduction
Friction
starter/generator
Electric water pump,
Changed bore:stroke
Belt driven
& compression ratios,
split cooling
Miller timings, Liner technology,
EGR, advanced charge improved piston
motion ring behaviour
Mercedes E180
demo.
E-segment -0.5% -5.5% -2.5% -2.0% -4.5% -0.5%
MY2015
24.09.2019 all rights reserved, see Disclaimer 33
Demonstrate a new generation of gasoline DI
engines achieving a ≥ 15% reduction in CO2
Stoichiometric small TC-VVA-DI water injection engine (WP3)
Baseline
WLTC CO2
benefits
Additional potential
Total -11.5%
Results from independent testing Target -15.0%
of demonstrator vehicle
(emissions compliant)
With CR 13.5:1 &
With CR 14.5:1
starter/generator
Belt driven
DWI
Mercedes E180 demonstrator
with 11.7:1 CR, PWI
E-segment and improved shift strategy -4.6% -1.1%
MY2015
24.09.2019 all rights reserved, see Disclaimer 34
Demonstrate a new generation of gasoline DI
engines achieving a ≥ 15% reduction in CO2
Dry Dilute Combustion Demonstrator (WP4)
1
Baseline 2
WLTC CO2
benefits Validation via
3 simulation &/or
4 test bench
5
Total -11.7%
Optimised
6
valvetrain
7
combustion
Target -15.0%
Improved
optimisation
Air system
efficiency
compression ratio
Additional
dilution
Thermal
Shift
Dilution with
Increased
EGR and lean
operation
Jaguar XE
demo.
XE
-1.7% -7.0% -1.0% -2.0% -1.8% -0.5% -1.0%
MY2015
24.09.2019 all rights reserved, see Disclaimer 35
Validation on the vehicle
Presentation Contents
The project objectives
The project organisation
What we have achieved so far
Technologies
CO2 improvements
PN emissions control
Development process
An outlook
24.09.2019 all rights reserved, see Disclaimer 36
Independent assessment testing (WP5) The WP4 baseline vehicle on-test, showing some of the measurement equipment used 24.09.2019 all rights reserved, see Disclaimer 37
Independent assessment testing (WP5) Example measurements of particle size and number (on the colour scale) over a transient test 24.09.2019 all rights reserved, see Disclaimer 38
Filter effectiveness over the WLTC (WP4)
Normalised accumulated particle number
24.09.2019 all rights reserved, see Disclaimer 39
Vehicles will comply with upcoming Euro 6
RDE limits with PN measured to 10nm
PN emission limit for
PaREGEn baseline vehicle 100% homologation (gasoline)
measurements made over the until 09/2018
NEDC, WLTP (high and low), and
PN⑩ Emissions/(6x1012 #/km)
RDE (on-road and on-dyno) with
AIRMODUS and EEPS instruments
6x1012 #/km
Over the wide range of tests the 10%
baseline vehicles were below
the relevant legislative PN levels
The relationship between the
PN23 and PNᬎ measurements is
consistent with the other
measurements of GDI vehicles 10% 100%
made within the DownToTen PN23 Emissions/(6x1012 #/km)
Baseline PaREGEn vehicle measurements
project
24.09.2019 all rights reserved, see Disclaimer 40
40
Vehicles will comply with upcoming Euro 6
RDE limits with PN measured to 10nm
PN emission limit for
PaREGEn baseline vehicle 100% baseline homologation
measurements made over the
NEDC, WLTP (high and low), and
PN⑩ Emissions/(6x1012 #/km)
RDE (on-road and on-dyno) with
AIRMODUS, EEPS etc. instruments
6x1012 #/km
Over the wide range of tests the 10%
demonstrator vehicles were
well below the relevant PN levels PaREGEn
demonstrator
The relationship between the target
PN23 and PNᬎ measurements is
consistent with the other
measurements of GDI vehicles 10% 100%
made within the DownToTen PN23 Emissions/(6x1012 #/km)
Baseline PaREGEn vehicle measurements
project Initial PaREGEn demonstrator measurements
24.09.2019 (various test cycles
all rights andseeinstruments)
reserved, Disclaimer 41
41Presentation Contents
The project objectives
The project organisation
What we have achieved so far
Technologies
CO2 improvements
PN emissions control
Development process
An outlook
24.09.2019 all rights reserved, see Disclaimer 42Modelling tools are being verified, to
improve the design & control of vehicles
Short term (PaREGEn WP1) Mid. to Long term
Particle measurement instruments
Lab. Systems (Pems4Nano, Surreal23, DownToTen) PEMS
PN, Soot &
Fuel Film PN-
Imaging
its RDE
precursors Counting
Causal Understanding,
Design Recommendations,
Engine dev. Application
Layout Criteria
Recommendation
process & Requirements & Testing;
component s Control
3D-Sim. optimization 0D-Sim vGPS strategies 0D-Sim.
Requirements,
Optimization Targets
1D-Sim. 1D-Sim.
Demonstrators, prototypes Future production engines
all rights reserved, see Disclaimer 43Fuel wall films are a major source of particle
formation
Optical diagnostic methods,
using on calibrated laser
based techniques, may enable
thickness quantification of
in-cylinder fuel films
mixture
Developed a 2-colour-LIF inhomogenities
technique that is able to and
measure film thickness and wall films
temperature (to correct
temperature influence on
fluorescence) simultaneously
Important for understanding
and verification of CFD results
24.09.2019 all rights reserved, see Disclaimer 44Measurements show fuel film thicknesses
variation on the piston surface
prail=350 bar 200 bar 100 bar
Optical single cylinder
engine measurements
Thickness / µm
Single cylinder engine
Displacement 449 cc
Stroke 85 mm
Bore 82 mm Particle
ߝ 10:1 Number↓*
Normalized fuel-film mass
*Hypothesis, being
answered this year
Viewed from below Crank angle position / ° CA ATDC
LIF = laser-induced fluorescence; prail = injection pressure; ATDC = After Top Dead Centre
24.09.2019 all rights reserved, see Disclaimer 45CFD simulation gives good agreement for
fuel film mass, area and thickness evolution
Start of injection 390° ATDC Film mass
Experiment
200 bar injection pressure Simulations
Simulation Experiment
Thickness / µm
40 Film area
30
20
10
24.09.2019 all rights
See Frapolli et al., “Large Eddy Simulations and Tracer-LIF Diagnostics of wall film dynamics in an optically accessible GDI reserved,
research engine”,see
SAEDisclaimer
2019 46Optical diagnostics for evaporating fuel films
in combustion as a source of PAH & soot
LIF images of fuel-film thickness
Evaporation
24.09.2019 all rights reserved, see Disclaimer 48Optical diagnostics for evaporating fuel films
in combustion as a source of PAH & soot
Developed laser diagnostics to
visualize fuel vapour
distribution, impinged liquid
fuel, vapour (flame
propagation):
Impingement
Injector zones
Spark plug
Evaporating
wall film
Flamefront
24.09.2019 49 all rights reserved, see DisclaimerOptical diagnostics for evaporating fuel films
in combustion as a source of PAH & soot
Developed laser diagnostics to
visualize fuel vapour
distribution, impinged liquid
fuel, vapour and soot in a flow
channel:
Injector
Soot
luminosity
Spark plug
Quartz wall
24.09.2019 50 all rights reserved, see DisclaimerOptical diagnostics for evaporating fuel films
in combustion as a source of PAH & soot
High-speed colour combustion-imaging
Spray and wall films illuminated by green LED
Flame front by chemiluminescence, soot by natural incandescence
Fuel-film
positions
24.09.2019 all rights reserved, see Disclaimer 51Optical diagnostics for evaporating fuel films
in combustion as a source of PAH & soot
Visualization of soot by laser-induced incandescence (LII) and
soot precursors, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), by
laser-induced fluorescence (LIF)
Simultaneous imaging of small PAH (2-3 and 4 ring) with 266 and
355 nm excitation
Plus imaging of large PAH and soot with 532 and 1064 nm excitation
High-speed colour combustion-imaging of spray, chemiluminescence
& soot incandescence, correlation of optical diagnostics & PN
Reaction time
266 nm 355 nm 532 nm 1064 nm
24.09.2019 all rights reserved, see Disclaimer 52Optical diagnostics for evaporating fuel films
in combustion as a source of PAH & soot
PAH LIF and soot LII ensemble averaged images from 200 single shots
Comparison with ensemble averaged high-speed combustion images
Higher
PAH-LIF
Fuel signal near
films
thicker
fuel-film
Early LII
signal close
to thin
fuel-film
24.09.2019 all rights reserved, see Disclaimer 53Modelling tools, to improve the design &
control of vehicles, will be verified
Short term (PaREGEn WP1) Mid. to Long term
Particle measurement instruments
Lab. Systems (Pems4Nano, Surreal23, DownToTen) PEMS
PN, Soot &
Fuel Film PN-
Imaging
its RDE
precursors Counting
Causal Understanding,
Design Recommendations,
Engine dev. Application
Layout Criteria
Recommendation
process & Requirements & Testing;
component s Control
3D-Sim. optimization 0D-Sim vGPS strategies 0D-Sim.
Requirements,
Optimization Targets
1D-Sim. 1D-Sim.
Demonstrators, prototypes Future production engines
all rights reserved, see Disclaimer 54Presentation Contents
The project objectives
The project organisation
What we have achieved so far
Technologies
CO2 improvements
PN emissions control
Development process
An outlook
24.09.2019 all rights reserved, see Disclaimer 56Conclusions
In PaREGEn, further development of gasoline engines used
in mid to premium sized passenger cars is being made
The project is currently three years into its plan and the
technology developments are showing progress towards
achieving the overall project objectives and expected impact
The development engines are built and tested
One demonstrator vehicle has been independently
assessed and shown to achieve the project targets
The second demonstrator vehicles is being calibrated
ready for final evaluation
The soot particle cause and effects relationships are
being understood, and tools developed for future
application
24.09.2019 all rights reserved, see Disclaimer 57Future Work
The step thereafter is market introduction: a roadmap
to implementation of the technologies has been devised
& is supported by more detailed plans relating to how
the supply industry, for both the hardware & the
simulation tools, will feed into this implementation
Come and see all the results
www.paregen.eu
24.09.2019 all rights reserved, see Disclaimer 58Acknowledgements
Thank you for your attention
This project has received funding from the European Union’s
Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant
agreement No. 723954
The information and views set out in this presentation do not
necessarily reflect the official opinion of the European Commission
Neither the European Union institutions and bodies, nor any
person acting on their behalf, may be held responsible for the use
which may be made of the information contained therein
24.09.2019 all rights reserved, see Disclaimer 59Particle Reduced, Efficient Gasoline Engines 24/09/2019 all rights reserved, see Disclaimer 60
Disclaimer 24/09/2019 all rights reserved, see Disclaimer 61
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