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Liste des publications du Think Tank du PE
https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank
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Date de création : 07-08-2022Security and defence in the Indo-Pacific: What is at stake for the EU and its strategy?
Type de publicationAnalyse approfondie
Date 08-12-2021
Auteur externe •Dr Ramon PACHECO PARDO •Dr Nicola LEVERINGHAUS
Domaine politique Affaires étrangères | Sécurité et défense
Mot-clé ANASE | Australie | Chine | Corée du Sud | Inde | Japon | Nouvelle-Zélande | pays de l'ANASE | politique de sécurité
et de défense commune | stratégie de l’UE | sécurité européenne | États-Unis
Résumé The EU published its ‘Joint Communication on the EU strategy for cooperation in the Indo-Pacific’ on 16 September
2021. This Indo-Pacific Strategy lays out five crucial security issues in the region that directly affect the EU’s own
security and prosperity. These are maritime security, nuclear security and non-proliferation, cyber security, trafficking,
and terrorism. In order to deal with these security issues, the EU has CSDP missions and the CSDP toolbox at its
disposal. In fact, the long-standing Operation Atalanta in the Western Indian Ocean is an example of how CSDP
missions can protect EU security interests in the Indo-Pacific. Meanwhile, PESCO, EPF, a more robust cyber policy, or
the recently established Coordinated Maritime Presences are CSDP toolbox components that can also promote
security interests in the region. In addition, the EU has a set of partnerships in the Indo-Pacific region that can enhance
its power projection and, consequently, strengthen its security. Through a combination of all these tools, the EU can
have a security and defence presence in a region where core interests are at stake.
Analyse approfondie EN
EU-India trade relations: assessment and perspectives
Type de publication Analyse approfondie
Date 06-09-2021
Auteur externe Niclas Poitiers, Suman Bery, Sonali Chowdhry, Alicia García-Herrero
Domaine politique Commerce international
Mot-clé accord international | acte de commerce | Inde | investissement à l'étranger | politique commerciale | rapport
agriculture-commerce | relation de l'Union européenne | relation économique
Résumé Following the EU-India summit in May 2021, talks on both an EU-India trade and an investment agreement have
resumed. This analysis provides background on where EU-India economic relations stand and why it is important to
maintain momentum following this breakthrough, despite a somewhat unpromising domestic political environment in
India. This new impetus largely reflects a transformed geopolitical landscape since the last round of EU-India talks
were abandoned in 2013. The increased tension between India and China, as well as the EU’s intent to reduce its
reliance on Chinese manufacturing have created the conditions for changes in policy by both parties. However, many
of the issues that bedeviled the 2007-2013 negotiations remain unresolved. In this analysis, we provide an overview of
EU-India trade and investment relations as well as the major topics in these negotiations. The impact of key global
initiatives on climate change and WTO reform that will shape the negotiations is also briefly discussed. Based on this
analysis, we discuss three potential ways forward for EU-India trade and investment negotiations: a comprehensive
agreement similar to that reached between the EU and Vietnam; a limited investment deal primarily focused on
manufacturing; and a reinforced status quo with trade and investment relations growing organically under the existing
multilateral umbrella.
Analyse approfondie EN
G7 summit, June 2021: Asserting democratic values in the post-crisis context
Type de publication Briefing
Date 10-06-2021
Auteur ZAMFIR Ionel
Domaine politique Affaires étrangères | Coronavirus
Mot-clé Afrique du Sud | Australie | Corée du Sud | Groupe des pays les plus industrialisés | impôt sur les sociétés | Inde |
maladie à coronavirus | rapport | réunion au sommet | Union européenne | vaccin | épidémie
Résumé The 47th G7 summit is scheduled for 11-13 June 2021, and will be chaired and hosted by the United Kingdom. After a
year-long break caused by the pandemic and the former US administration's inability to organise the 2020 summit at a
later date than initially scheduled, this year's event is expected to mark a return to strong global cooperation among the
world's major democracies. The leaders of four guest states – Australia, India, South Africa and South Korea – will join
the leaders of the G7 nations and the European Union, thus reinforcing the group's global democratic
representativeness. The G7 has built up a reputation for being an informal framework of cooperation on major global
issues, which is driven by a shared commitment to the fundamental values of liberal democracy. This year's summit is
expected to reaffirm these values in the face of assertive authoritarian tendencies elsewhere in the world. Ahead of the
summit, ministerial meetings in areas selected by the presidency have already taken place, shaping future cooperation
among the G7 nations. 'Beat[ing] Covid-19 and building back better' is an obvious priority this year. Achieving it
includes ensuring more equitable and rapid access to vaccines and other medical supplies for developing countries.
While the group has reaffirmed its general commitment to this priority, the US proposal to waive patent rights for the
production of vaccines still needs to find common ground among the G7 members. Another US initiative – setting a
minimum global corporate tax rate – has already been endorsed by G7 finance ministers. It is considered a major
change in the international taxation system, potentially making history for the G7. Reinforcing cooperation on the
regulation of digital developments is another priority, as are ambitions linked to honouring the commitments under the
Paris Agreement. As every year, the EU, which is a G7 member in its own right, will be represented by the Presidents
of the European Council and of the European Commission. This is an updated version of a Briefing published ahead of
the Parliament's debate on 9 June 2021.
Briefing EN
07-08-2022 Source : © Union européenne, 2022 - PE 1Outcome of the meetings of EU leaders in Porto on 7-8 May 2021
Type de publicationBriefing
Date 18-05-2021
Auteur ANGHEL Suzana Elena
Domaine politique Affaires étrangères | Démocratie | Politique sociale | Santé publique
Mot-clé accord commercial (UE) | Conseil européen | dialogue social (UE) | Inde | maladie à coronavirus | politique sociale
européenne | Portugal | Portugal du Nord | réunion au sommet | épidémie
Résumé On 8 May 2021, EU Heads of State or Government met in Porto for an informal European Council, preceded on 7 May
by a social summit, organised by the Portuguese Presidency. The informal European Council was followed by an
EU–India leaders' meeting, attended remotely by the Indian Prime Minister, Narendra Modi. At their informal meeting,
EU leaders discussed social policy and, without formally endorsing the Commission action plan, adopted the Porto
Declaration, welcoming 'the new EU headline targets on jobs, skills and poverty reduction' for 2030. They also
assessed the EU Covid-19 situation, focusing on vaccine production and delivery, the future EU digital green
certificate, and international solidarity in the fight against the pandemic. They also prepared for the EU–India leaders'
meeting, agreeing to resume talks on a free trade agreement (FTA) and start negotiations on a stand-alone investment
protection agreement, and on an agreement on geographical indications that, depending on the pace of negotiations,
could either stand alone or be built into the FTA.
Briefing EN
India: Economic indicators and trade with EU
Type de publication En bref
Date 22-04-2021
Auteur SABBATI Giulio
Domaine politique Affaires étrangères | Commerce international
Mot-clé Inde | indicateur économique | instrument financier de l'UE | politique commerciale commune | statistique commerciale
| statistique économique | échange commercial
Résumé At the beginning of the century, the EU and India were growing exactly at the same path: how about today? Who is the
main trade partner of India: China or the EU? And would you ever think that the EU exports to India pearls and
precious stones more than optical instruments? And how much is it easy to do business in New Delhi? Find the
answers to these and many more questions in our EPRS publication on ‘India: Economic indicators and trade with EU’,
part of a series of infographics produced in collaboration with the European University Institute's GlobalStat on the
world's main economies. This is an updated edition of an ‘At a Glance’ note published in September 2019.
En bref EN
The Quad: An emerging multilateral security framework of democracies in the Indo-Pacific region
Type de publicationBriefing
Date 18-03-2021
Auteur D'AMBROGIO Enrico
Domaine politique Affaires étrangères
Mot-clé ANASE | Australie | Chine | géopolitique | Inde | Japon | océan Pacifique | politique étrangère et de sécurité commune |
sécurité régionale | États-Unis
Résumé The Indo-Pacific region houses the largest share of global GDP, the world's busiest trade routes, largest population
and most powerful militaries. After having successfully worked side by side in coordinating the 2004 tsunami relief, in
2007 Australia, India, Japan and the US (the Quad, short for Quadrilateral Security Dialogue) held meetings with each
other to discuss security-related issues, and their navies held a military exercise. Although the grouping ended its
activities prematurely in 2008, China's growing assertiveness in the region prompted it to remain active in bilateral and
trilateral cooperation on security issues. Meetings among senior officials resumed in November 2017 in Manila. In
November 2020, the Quad navies held a major military exercise. The first Quad summit took place in March 2021. The
grouping has emphasised that its goal is to maintain the liberal rules-based international order, which China seeks to
undermine through a revisionist challenge of the status quo. Its efforts are not focused on creating institutions or
military alliances, but rather, on generating gradual convergence of cooperation on multiple issues, including Covid-19,
climate change, critical and emerging technologies, counterterrorism, cybersecurity and disaster recovery. Establishing
further cooperation with other like-minded countries in the region and co-existing with ASEAN (Association of
Southeast Asian Nations) are among the Quad's future challenges. The EU is not a traditional security player in the
Indo-Pacific; however, as the region is particularly relevant to its trade, it has a strong interest in avoiding disruption of
the sea lanes. The Indo-Pacific could be an area of cooperation with the new US administration. France, Germany and
the Netherlands have published strategies or guidelines for the Indo-Pacific region, which has stepped up expectations
about the forthcoming strategy for the region by the EU as a whole.
Briefing EN
07-08-2022 Source : © Union européenne, 2022 - PE 2Recalls of sesame seed products due to pesticide residues
Type de publicationEn bref
Date 03-02-2021
Auteur LAANINEN Tarja
Domaine politique Sécurité des aliments
Mot-clé importation (UE) | Inde | protection du consommateur | retrait du marché | risque sanitaire | résidu de pesticide |
substance cancérigène | surveillance à l'importation | sécurité des aliments | sésame
Résumé In September 2020, Belgium initiated a notification in the EU Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF)
concerning residues of an unauthorised substance called ethylene oxide (EO) in various lots of sesame seeds from
India. This triggered a chain of enforced testing and controls, leading to withdrawals and recalls of significant amounts
of products in many EU Member States, including products such as hummus, bread, and sauces containing sesame.
Both conventional and organic products are concerned. A possible explanation according to scientists could be that
ethylene oxide has been used for fumigating sesame seeds, to eradicate contamination with salmonella.
En bref EN
EU-India: Cooperation on climate
Type de publicationBriefing
Date 17-11-2020
Auteur D'AMBROGIO Enrico
Domaine politique Affaires étrangères
Mot-clé changement climatique | coopération environnementale | gaz à effet de serre | Inde | politique de l'environnement de
l'UE | politique intérieure | qualité de l’air | réduction des émissions de gaz | réunion au sommet | urbanisme | économie
verte | énergie renouvelable
Résumé The EU and India are respectively the third and the fourth largest emitters of atmosphere-warming greenhouse gases.
Meanwhile, India's per-capita emissions are much lower than those of other major economies. India is acutely affected
by climate change and is strongly dependent on coal as a source of primary energy. Nevertheless, it is now a leader in
the promotion of renewable energy and has fixed ambitious targets in terms of electricity-generation capacity from
renewables. Along these lines, Delhi is a major promoter of the International Solar Alliance and, alongside other
partners, the founder of the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure. The EU and India have assumed a leading
role in fighting climate change and have been increasingly cooperating with each other in this field, at both public- and
private-sector levels. They have agreed partnerships on sectoral issues such as clean energy, water and urban
development. The EU is supporting several Indian projects on climate action, sustainability and clean energy. At their
15th summit, held in July 2020, the EU and India placed a strong focus on climate change and reaffirmed their
commitment to cooperate for the implementation of the Paris Agreement and to engage constructively in its first global
stocktaking in 2023.
Briefing EN
EU-India: Trade prospects
Type de publicationEn bref
Date 12-10-2020
Auteur D'AMBROGIO Enrico
Domaine politique Affaires étrangères
Mot-clé accord commercial (UE) | accord de libre-échange | accord tarifaire | capitaux étrangers | commerce international |
Inde | investissement étranger | négociation d'accord (UE) | politique commerciale commune | préférences
généralisées
Résumé The EU-India Summit held in July 2020 agreed to establish a regular high-level dialogue at ministerial level on bilateral
trade and investment relations. In this way, the EU and India expressed a clear political will to work together to
overcome issues that have hampered their trade relations in recent years and impeded advances towards a bilateral
trade and investment agreement – where negotiations have been stalled since 2013 – and achievement of the
potential of economic relations between the world's two biggest democracies.
En bref EN
EU-India: Cooperation on digitalisation
Type de publicationEn bref
Date 12-10-2020
Auteur D'AMBROGIO Enrico
Domaine politique Affaires étrangères
Mot-clé accord de coopération (UE) | changement technologique | croissance économique | Inde | Internet | marché unique
numérique | nouvelle technologie | réseau de transmission | sécurité des systèmes d’information | technologie de
l'information
Résumé A 'human-centric digitalisation to develop inclusive economies and societies' is the main concept behind the digital
transformation of both the EU and India. During their July 2020 summit, the two agreed to promote global digitalisation
standards characterised by 'safe and ethical deployment'. Their flagship initiatives – the EU digital single market and
'Digital India' – make them natural partners in the promotion of these global standards. Yet, if their ICT cooperation is
to make sound progress, some of Delhi's protectionist policies need further consideration.
En bref EN
07-08-2022 Source : © Union européenne, 2022 - PE 3European Council Leaders' Agenda 2020-21
Type de publicationEn bref
Date 05-10-2020
Auteur DRACHENBERG Ralf
Domaine politique Démocratie
Mot-clé Balkans occidentaux | changement technologique | Chine | Conseil européen | fonctionnement institutionnel |
géopolitique | Inde | politique étrangère et de sécurité commune | Russie | réunion au sommet | Union africaine |
économie verte
Résumé At the special European Council meeting of 1-2 October 2020, Charles Michel, President of the European Council,
presented a new Leaders’ Agenda outlining his view of ‘the key challenges confronting the Union’ and setting a
timetable for the Heads of State or Government to address these issues at meetings between October 2020 and June
2021. The new Leaders’ Agenda puts strong focus on the ‘green transition and digital transformation’, as well as on
‘Europe’s role in the world’, two core priorities in the EU Strategic Agenda 2019-24. Mr Michel intends to structure the
approach to external relations discussions, notably through a series of strategic debates on relations with key partners.
A number of EU priority topics are however missing, notably migration, the rule of law and the Conference on the
Future of Europe. Mr Michel has, however, stated that the Leaders’ Agenda is a flexible tool, which can be updated as
circumstances require.
En bref EN
Assessing the potential impact of an EU-India trade agreement
Type de publication Étude
Date 01-07-2020
Auteur NAVARRA Cecilia
Domaine politique Droit international public | Valeur ajoutée européenne
Mot-clé accord commercial (UE) | Inde | rapport de recherche | étude d'impact
Résumé The EU and India are major actors in the international arena and the discussions over a possible Free Trade
Agreement has been ongoing for several years. This study analyses the potential effects of an FTA between EU and
India in a "Cost of Non Europe" perspective. The results of a quantitative simulation of a potential FTA in goods and
services indicate that welfare gains from increased trade for both sides may be between € 8 billion and € 8.5 billion
(0.03 % increase with respect to the baseline for the EU and about 0.3 % for India). Furthermore, a qualitative analysis
suggests that potential gains may appear from a coordinated EU action in addressing possible side effects, distributive
impacts and externalities (such as inequalities, labour market effects, poverty and development implications,
environmental issues) and from increased coordination in the provision of global public goods. By considering these
aspects, the Cost of Non-Europe in the field may be larger.
Étude EN
Challenges facing India's democracy and economy
Type de publication Briefing
Date 13-05-2020
Auteur D'AMBROGIO Enrico
Domaine politique Affaires étrangères | Coronavirus
Mot-clé démocratie | Inde | laïcité | récession économique | élection nationale
Résumé India has a 70-year history of democracy, tolerance and rule of law, and a successful record of managing its patchwork
of cultures and religions. In recent months, however, following the second consecutive victory of Prime Minister
Narendra Modi's Bharatiya Janata Party in the May 2019 general elections, this situation has been changing under the
impact of an ever-increasing Hindu nationalist grip on society and politics. After Jammu and Kashmir, India's only
Muslim-majority state, lost its autonomy, the government adopted the Citizenship (Amendment) Act (CAA), allowing
foreigners from six religious communities living in three neighbouring countries to apply for Indian citizenship at a faster
pace. This new legislation has prompted protests and divisions across India, as, according to both internal and external
observers, citizenship would be determined along religious criteria, which risks undermining the country's traditional
secularism. The government's plan to launch a national register of citizens has further increased the Muslim
community's fear of discrimination. Communal tensions flared into violence in late February 2020 in Delhi, claiming 53
lives. At the same time, India's economy is experiencing a severe downturn: even before the coronavirus outbreak
started to have an effect, its growth was slackening and so was job creation, while at the same time unemployment is
high, consumer confidence and spending are low, and trust in the banking sector is eroding as credit weakness and
non-performing loans hinder its performance. Contrary to expectations, the Union budget for financial year 2021 has
not tackled existing structural weaknesses or generated a large fiscal stimulus as an answer to the slowdown.
Briefing EN
07-08-2022 Source : © Union européenne, 2022 - PE 4India's Parliament and other political institutions
Type de publication Briefing
Date 11-03-2020
Auteur D'AMBROGIO Enrico
Domaine politique Affaires étrangères
Mot-clé démocratie | gouvernement | Inde | parlement national | république
Résumé India is the biggest democracy in the world. With a population of 1.35 billion in 2018, India was also the world's second
most populous country, and is projected to overtake China by 2027. Like the European Union (EU), it is a pluralistic,
multi-faith, multilingual (with 22 recognised languages), and multi-ethnic country. Secularism has been enshrined in the
Constitution. India's 1950 Constitution provides for a quasi-federal setup: powers are separated between the central
union and the 28 state governments. Competences are allocated according to administrative level, between the Union,
states or 'concurrently'. The prime minister possesses the country's effective executive power. As 'Leader of the
House' in the lower chamber, the prime minister also holds decisive power in deciding the House's agenda. However,
the real power of initiating legislation belongs to the government, and the Parliament has no say on foreign affairs.
India's Parliament is bicameral: it includes the Lok Sabha – the lower house – and the Rajya Sabha – the upper house.
The two houses are equal, but the Lok Sabha dominates in deciding certain financial matters and on the collective
responsibility of the Council of Ministers. General elections take place for Lok Sabha members every five years. The
last elections took place in May 2019, when Narendra Modi was re-elected as Prime Minister. The Rajva Sabha is a
permanent body consisting of members indirectly elected by the states, and it is not subject to dissolution. India has a
common law legal system. The Supreme Court is the final court of appeal, headed by the Chief Justice of India. It
arbitrates on any dispute between the Union and the states, as well as between states, and on the enforcement of
fundamental rights. It has powers of judicial review over legislation adopted by both the Union and the states.
Briefing EN
India-administered Kashmir: current situation
Type de publication En bref
Date 13-09-2019
Auteur D'AMBROGIO Enrico
Domaine politique Affaires étrangères
Mot-clé autonomie | Inde | question du Cachemire
Résumé On 5 and 6 August 2019, the Indian Parliament approved the withdrawal of Article 370 of the Constitution, which had
guaranteed Jammu and Kashmir, India's only Muslim-majority state, a high degree of autonomy. It also decided to split
Jammu and Kashmir into two territories, both administered directly from Delhi. Meanwhile, the government deployed
46 000 troops, arrested regional political leaders and thousands of activists, suspended internet and communications
across the valley, and shut down schools and colleges.
En bref EN
India: environmental issues
Type de publicationBriefing
Date 10-04-2019
Auteur D'AMBROGIO Enrico
Domaine politique Affaires étrangères | Environnement
Mot-clé changement climatique | déboisement | développement durable | gestion des déchets | Inde | pauvreté | pollution de
l'eau | qualité de l’air | urbanisation | énergie renouvelable
Résumé The entire south Asian region is threatened by climate change. Changes in average weather conditions are likely to
create hotspots across the region and have negative impacts on living standards and gross domestic product (GDP).
India is at the core of this trend: it ranks 14th in the last United Nations global climate risk index and in 2017 it was the
second most-affected country in terms of casualties related to extreme weather. Air quality in Indian cities is quickly
deteriorating and it is today worse than the situation in China: in the 2018 World Health Organization (WHO) global
ambient air quality database, 11 of the 12 cities with the highest levels of small particulate – PM2.5 – are located in
India. Air pollution goes hand in hand with poverty: in 2016 an estimated 790 million people (almost 60 % of the Indian
population), still relied on biomass for cooking. Deforestation, water pollution, clean water shortages, and waste
management are further issues of concern. The Indian authorities have taken several initiatives to tackle these issues.
In 2008, the first national plan on climate change (NAPCC) outlined eight 'national missions' running up to 2017. India
is a leader in the implementation of the Paris Agreement on climate change. It is a founding member of the
International Solar Alliance and has ambitious targets in terms of solar power energy. It has launched a national clean
air programme (NCAP) to combat air pollution. Prime Minister's Narendra Modi government has launched several
flagship initiatives on environment, including a clean cooking scheme, Clean India, Clean Ganga, and Smart Cities
Mission. The EU supports Delhi's efforts on tackling its environment challenges. At their March 2016 summit, the EU
and India agreed on two joint declarations: on an India-EU water partnership and on a clean energy and climate
partnership. The joint declaration on partnership for smart and sustainable urban development signed at the India-EU
Summit in October 2017 is the framework for EU support for India's urbanisation challenges.
Briefing EN
07-08-2022 Source : © Union européenne, 2022 - PE 5India: taking stock of Modi's five years
Type de publicationBriefing
Date 10-04-2019
Auteur D'AMBROGIO Enrico
Domaine politique Affaires étrangères
Mot-clé corruption | droit du travail | droits de l'homme | hindouisme | Inde | liberté d'expression | politique extérieure | politique
étrangère et de sécurité commune | réforme économique | travail des jeunes | élection nationale | État de droit
Résumé From 11 April to 18 May 2019, 900 million Indians are invited to take part in the world's biggest democratic event: the
election of the 543 members of the Lok Sabha (lower chamber). Voting will be held across the country in seven phases
and the result will be declared on 23 May. In 2014 the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) obtained the
absolute majority in India's Lok Sabha, and Narendra Modi became prime minister. Enjoying a strong and undisputed
mandate, Modi has generated expectations of unleashing the country's economic potential and has adopted many
flagship initiatives in a bid to change the country. In the last five years, India has overtaken China as the fastest
growing economy, becoming the world's sixth biggest economy and a space power. Doing business in the country has
become easier. Poverty has been reduced. The government succeeded in introducing major fiscal unification reform
and a new law on bankruptcy. It failed, however to create the necessary stock of jobs for young people or to promote
long-awaited labour reforms. The situation for farmers has worsened, and an overnight demonetisation hindered
progress among small businesses and rural communities, while failing to bring real advances in the fight against
corruption. State banks hold large stocks of bad loans and the government has increased pressure on the central bank
and on its independence. Hindu nationalism and religious intolerance, pressure on freedom of expression, possible
state intrusion into privacy, citizenship issues and other topics have been matters for concern in the area of human
rights, although the country remains a robust democracy governed by the rule of law. Modi has increased the country's
presence in the global arena, although the framework of India's relations with the major powers has not changed.
Following two summits in 2016 and 2017, the EU and India have embarked on a road towards cooperation on non-
trade issues. Trade has meanwhile stagnated and little progress has been made in negotiations on a trade and
investment agreement.
Briefing EN
Nepal, Bhutan and their neighbours: Two Himalayan countries landlocked between India and China
Type de publicationBriefing
Date 05-04-2019
Auteur D'AMBROGIO Enrico
Domaine politique Affaires étrangères | Démocratie
Mot-clé Bhoutan | Chine | démocratie | démocratisation | Inde | Népal | préférences généralisées | régime autoritaire | rôle
international de l'UE
Résumé Nepal and Bhutan are two poor landlocked Himalayan countries, sandwiched between a democracy and an
authoritarian one-party state: India and China. After an authoritarian past, during the last decade, they have begun
reforms in order to switch towards a democratic model. After a long and complicated path, Nepal succeeded in
adopting a new constitution in 2015. Its first post-constitution government is run by an alliance of communist parties. In
Bhutan, the king has successfully steered the country towards democratisation, as confirmed by the October 2018
general elections. While historically the two countries have nurtured solid relations with India, in recent years Beijing
has expanded its footprint in the region considerably, challenging Delhi's traditional sphere of influence and increasing
its sense of encirclement. In 2017 this led to a crisis referred to as the 'Doklam Plateau standoff'. There is currently a
window of opportunity for Nepal and Bhutan to diversify their economic and security partnership and to rebalance their
foreign policies between their two big neighbours. The EU has been supporting the two countries on their democratic
journey and tripled resources for both countries' development for the 2014-2020 period. As they are among the world's
poorest countries, Nepal and Bhutan benefit from the EU's 'Everything But Arms' scheme, which grants full duty free
and quota free access to the EU single market for all products.
Briefing EN
Inequality [What Think Tanks are thinking]
Type de publication Briefing
Date 23-11-2018
Auteur CESLUK-GRAJEWSKI Marcin
Domaine politique Affaires économiques et monétaires | Politique sociale
Mot-clé Chine | club de réflexion | Inde | inégalité sociale | pauvreté | répartition du revenu | Union européenne
Résumé Inequality has diminished on a global scale in the past 30 years, as more than 2 billion people have been lifted out of
poverty in countries such as China or India. However, in the United States and, to a lesser extent, western Europe and
other developed regions, inequality within individual countries has often increased in recent years after decades of
general growth in prosperity. Many analysts attribute this phenomenon both to globalisation and to inadequate policy
responses to the pace of technological change. This note brings together commentaries, analyses and studies by
major international think tanks and research institutes on economic and social inequality. Reports on gender and racial
inequalities will be covered in greater detail in a future edition in the series.
Briefing EN
07-08-2022 Source : © Union européenne, 2022 - PE 6India: Energy issues
Type de publication En bref
Date 07-09-2018
Auteur D'AMBROGIO Enrico
Domaine politique Affaires étrangères | Énergie
Mot-clé consommation d'énergie | Inde | réduction des émissions de gaz | technologie propre
Résumé India's energy consumption is set to grow faster than that of any other major economy, and the country is to overtake
China as the largest-growing market for energy by the end of the 2020s. In spite of its large population, its share of
global energy consumption, currently at 5 %, should grow moderately to reach 11 % in 2040. India's government plans
to bring electricity to every household by the end of 2018. India's energy mix, mostly based on fossil fuels, is to evolve
very slowly in the future, but renewables – especially solar power – will gain relevance.
En bref EN
Global Trendometer - Essays on medium- and long-term global trends - July 2018
Type de publication Étude
Date 18-07-2018
Auteur CESLUK-GRAJEWSKI Marcin | NOONAN EAMONN | RECHARD Daniele | SCHMERTZING Leopold | WINDLE-
WEHRLE Jessica Freya
Domaine politique Affaires économiques et monétaires | Affaires étrangères | Droit démocratique, institutionnel et parlementaire de
l''Union | Démocratie | Environnement | Espace de liberté, de sécurité et de justice | Sécurité des aliments
Mot-clé Chine | contrat public | démocratie | désinformation | Inde | intelligence artificielle | main-d'œuvre | politique en matière
de changement climatique | propagande politique | revenu | sécurité alimentaire | États-Unis
Résumé The EU faces challenges from the outside and the inside. Most of those are the symptoms of big underlying trends,
and handling them needs foresight. The Global Trendometer tries to provide foresight for decision makers in the EU by
analysing the changes in these long-term trends. This publication does not offer answers or make recommendations. It
presents summarised information derived from a range of carefully selected sources. This issue of the Global
Trendometer analyses long-term trends on India, the labour-share of income, and democracy and artificial intelligence.
It also features two-pagers on geoengineering, remittances, food security in China, economic waves, the US after
Trump, public procurement and deep fakes.
Étude EN
Kashmir: 70 years of disputes
Type de publication En bref
Date 17-07-2018
Auteur D'AMBROGIO Enrico
Domaine politique Affaires étrangères
Mot-clé Chine | droits de l'homme | guerre de frontière | Haut-commissaire aux droits de l'homme | Inde | Pakistan | question
du Cachemire
Résumé Kashmir, located between China, India and Pakistan, has been at the heart of a complex, 70-year dispute between
Delhi and Islamabad, which has strained bilateral relations and impeded the development of stronger ties in the whole
of South Asia. In the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir, an uprising against Delhi's rule has been ongoing since
1989. In June 2018, a UN human rights report on Kashmir called for establishing a commission of inquiry into multiple
violations from both sides. Kashmir is a mountainous area the size of Germany, in the north-west of the Indian
subcontinent, home to K2, the world's second-tallest mountain, and also narrow valleys and barren plateaus. It is also
prone to seismic activity: as recently as 2005, a strong earthquake is estimated to have claimed 75 000 lives.
En bref EN
China [What Think Tanks are thinking]
Type de publication Briefing
Date 23-03-2018
Auteur CESLUK-GRAJEWSKI Marcin
Domaine politique Affaires étrangères
Mot-clé Balkans occidentaux | Chine | club de réflexion | commerce international | corruption | Inde | mondialisation | relation
multilatérale | États-Unis
Résumé The National People's Congress has recently confirmed Xi Jinping as China's President, along with several
appointments of his allies to top state jobs. It has also approved amendments to China's Constitution which, in
particular, abolish the limit of two five-year terms for the office of President, prompting concerns that the country is
moving towards a more autocratic system. These decisions have cemented Xi's grip on power in a country that plays
an increasingly important role in the global economy, as well as in security and foreign affairs. Analysts say that
China's growing assertiveness poses a challenge to the United States, whose policies are becoming increasingly
unpredictable, and to other international actors. This note offers links to recent commentaries, studies and reports from
major international think tanks on China, its ties with the EU and related issues. More studies on the topics can be
found in a previous edition of 'What Think Tanks are thinking' published in June, 2017.
Briefing EN
07-08-2022 Source : © Union européenne, 2022 - PE 7India and prospects for closer EU ties
Type de publication Briefing
Date 08-09-2017
Auteur D'AMBROGIO Enrico
Domaine politique Affaires étrangères
Mot-clé accord commercial | Chine | droits de l'homme | Inde | investissement de l'UE | Pakistan | pays tiers | protection des
minorités | relation bilatérale | relation multilatérale | réunion au sommet | État laïc
Résumé The EU and India – two multicultural democracies with a constitutional structure containing elements of federalism –
potentially have much in common. However, they face different geopolitical concerns; the fact that each party's
attention is focused on its own neighbours (in the case of New Delhi, this translates into a 'Chinese obsession'), has
prevented them from developing the strategic partnership they had agreed upon in 2004. The stalemate in negotiations
for a free trade agreement, which started in 2007 and reached deadlock in 2013, has also hindered progress towards
closer relations. In India, although the EU does not get much media coverage, it is generally viewed positively. Both
the Indian leadership and the general public have a stronger perception of individual Member States than of the EU as
an entity, whereas the Indian elite is more aware of the European Union. Several Indian observers regret the EU's
attitude of 'preaching and finger pointing'. Even though the latest EU-India Summit held in 2016 did not succeed in
making a breakthrough in the negotiations for a free trade agreement, it endorsed the EU-India Agenda for Action 2020
as a common roadmap aimed at reviving the strategic partnership between the two parties. While waiting for economic
relations to develop further, the two could focus on other possible areas of cooperation such as maritime security and
coordination of activities in the Middle East and Afghanistan.
Briefing EN
The EU-Latin American Strategic Partnership: state of play and ways forward
Type de publication Étude
Date 30-08-2017
Auteur externe Gustavo G. MÜLLER (Senior Researcher, Leuven Centre for Global Governance Studies, University of Leuven,
Belgium); Jan WOUTERS (Professor and Director, Leuven Centre for Global Governance Studies, University of
Leuven, Belgium); Jean-Christophe DEFRAIGNE (Professor, Institute for European Studies, University Saint-Louis
Brussels, Belgium); Sebastian SANTANDER (Professor, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Liege,
Belgium); Kolja RAUBE (Senior Researcher, Leuven Centre for Global Governance Studies, University of Leuven,
Belgium)
Domaine politique Affaires étrangères | Commerce international | Démocratie | Développement et aide humanitaire
Mot-clé Amérique latine | Caraïbes | Chine | Corée du Sud | droits de l'homme | géopolitique | Inde | intégration économique |
Japon | organisation latino-américaine | politique commerciale | politique commerciale commune | politique extérieure |
relation de l'Union européenne | relation interparlementaire | situation politique | situation sociale | situation
économique
Résumé By looking at the current social, economic and political trends in Latin America and the Caribbean and at recent
developments in the EU’s relation with the region, this study explores windows of opportunity for advancing the EU-
Latin American strategic partnership. It is argued that, although asymmetries between Europe and Latin America might
impact and diminish the bi-regional relationship, the EU is well-positioned to play a more active role in Latin America by
strengthening existing institutional links, such as the strategic bi-regional partnership between the EU and the
Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC) and the Euro-Latin America Parliamentary Assembly
(EuroLat). The study concludes with tailor-made recommendations in order to advance the EU’s engagement and
cooperation with individual Latin American countries and with the region as a whole, both through traditional
cooperative channels and through closer parliamentary links within the framework of EuroLat.
Étude ES, EN
Openness of public procurement markets in key third countries
Type de publication Étude
Date 04-07-2017
Auteur externe Kamala DAWAR, Sussex University, United Kingdom
Domaine politique Commerce international | Droit des contrats, droit commercial et droit des sociétés | Développement régional | Marché
intérieur et union douanière | Évaluation du droit et des mesures politiques dans la pratique
Mot-clé accès au marché | Brésil | Chine | contrat public | droit comparé | Inde | Japon | libération des échanges | marché de
l'UE | politique commerciale commune | protectionnisme | restriction aux échanges | États-Unis
Résumé This report assesses the openness of public procurement markets in key third countries of interest to the EU. It
provides a comparative overview of the regulatory and market access characteristics of the US, Brazil, India, China,
Japans’ procurement markets, with reference to the procurement regulation and enforcement within the EU. The report
assesses the available data on both the de jure and de facto levels of openness of these markets to put forward some
conclusions of value to policy making both within the EU and in its trading relations with key third countries.
This assessment concludes that the lack of comprehensive comparable data on procurement contract awards,
particularly at the sub-central level, is not a trivial challenge for policy makers. Nevertheless, it is evident that the
liberalisation of procurement markets continues to take place on a strictly reciprocal basis – linked to the offensive
interests of governments. Given the slow-down in negotiating mega-regional agreements with comprehensive
procurement chapters, the WTO Government Procurement Agreement remains the most efficient and transparent
forum for undertaking further liberalisation in public procurement.
Étude EN
07-08-2022 Source : © Union européenne, 2022 - PE 8Asie du Sud
Type de publication Fiches thématiques sur l’UE
Date 01-06-2017
Auteur GARCES DE LOS FAYOS TOURNAN Fernando | SAARELA Anna | SOUTULLO SANCHEZ Jorge
Domaine politique Affaires étrangères
Mot-clé Afghanistan | Association sud-asiatique de coopération régionale | droits de l'homme | Inde | Pakistan | politique
commerciale commune | politique de coopération | politique de développement | politique étrangère et de sécurité
commune | relation de l'Union européenne | situation politique | Sri Lanka
Résumé L’Asie, continent le plus vaste et le plus peuplé au monde, revêt une grande importance géostratégique pour l’Union
européenne. Cette dernière renforce ses liens avec l’Asie du Sud. L’Inde est désormais l’un de ses partenaires
stratégiques. Des problèmes de sécurité dans la région, comme le conflit au Cachemire et l’Afghanistan, inquiètent
l’Union. Celle-ci est un acteur économique de poids et un fournisseur important d’aide au développement, œuvrant au
renforcement des institutions, de la démocratie, de la bonne gouvernance et des Droits de l’homme.
Fiches thématiques sur BG, ES, CS, DA, DE, ET, EL, EN, FR, HR, IT, LV, LT, HU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SL, FI, SV
l’UE
India and challenges ahead in the Indo-Pacific region: Opportunities for cooperation with the EU
Type de publication Briefing
Date 30-05-2017
Auteur D'AMBROGIO Enrico
Domaine politique Affaires étrangères
Mot-clé accord de libre-échange | changement climatique | Chine | Inde | négociation d'accord (UE) | océan Indien | océan
Pacifique | relation bilatérale | rôle international de l'UE | sécurité des transports | transport maritime | énergie
renouvelable
Résumé Lying in the middle of the Indian Ocean, India relies heavily on the ocean for its energy and trade, but also faces both
conventional and non-conventional security challenges which the ocean presents. At the same time, its operational
theatre is widening to include a bigger geopolitical region: the Indo-Pacific, including the South China Sea. Alongside
this broadening horizon, India needs to reckon with an emerging actor: China. Not only has Beijing's military presence
in the Indian Ocean increased considerably, but it has been planning naval bases and civilian port infrastructure in a
region in which India has traditionally enjoyed maritime prominence. China's 'string of pearls' strategy has left New
Delhi feeling 'encircled'. Major efforts to modernise the Indian navy and to enhance cooperation and alliances in the
region suggest that India is taking the challenge seriously. However, missing from this framework are a comprehensive
maritime policy, a single body in charge of coordinating Indian maritime policies and interests, and a more developed
shipbuilding sector. Besides, there is no effective agreement or mechanism for multilateral cooperation on maritime
security in the Indian Ocean. Since 2008, the EU has been a successful net security provider in the western part of the
Indo-Pacific region through its Operation Atalanta / EU NAVFOR Somalia anti-piracy deployment. Adopted in 2014, the
EU's new maritime security strategy offers opportunities to further develop its cooperation with India on maritime issues
and in particular on non-conventional security issues, in order to upgrade bilateral relations.
Briefing EN
EU-India Relations — Keeping up the Momentum Needed for a Vital Strategic Partnership
Type de publicationAnalyse approfondie
Date 06-09-2016
Auteur SAARELA Anna | VANDEWALLE Laurence
Domaine politique Gouvernance mondiale
Mot-clé accord de coopération (UE) | bicamérisme | chef de gouvernement | condition féminine | droits de l'homme | Inde |
investissement | négociation d'accord (UE) | politique de défense | politique extérieure | question du Cachemire |
relation commerciale | relation interparlementaire | réunion au sommet | situation politique | situation économique |
violence sexuelle
Résumé Relations between the EU and India seem to be back on track since leaders met in Brussels, on 30 March 2016, for
their first summit in four years. They endorsed the EU-India Agenda for Action 2020 and their water, clean energy and
climate partnerships; they welcomed the negotiations on a broad-based Bilateral Trade and Investment Agreement
(BTIA) and agreed that the fact that they are currently stalled should not stand in the way of the overall development of
the relationship. They set a common agenda on migration and mobility and they adopted a joint declaration on counter-
terrorism. It is vital to keep up the momentum created at the summit. The strategic relationship is vital to both sides:
India is Asia’s third-largest economy and the world’s fastest growing economy and the EU is India’s biggest trading
partner. The EU is also the largest investor in India, with foreign direct investment stock valued at EUR 38.5 billion in
2014, and is the primary destination for Indian foreign investment.
Analyse approfondie EN
07-08-2022 Source : © Union européenne, 2022 - PE 9India and China: Too Close for Comfort?
Type de publicationAnalyse approfondie
Date 15-07-2016
Auteur DATTA SHALENE | LEGRAND Jérôme | MENDONCA Susana | VANDEWALLE Laurence | VIILUP Elina
Domaine politique Affaires étrangères | Commerce international | Droits de l''homme | Démocratie | Développement et aide humanitaire |
Environnement | Gouvernance mondiale | Sécurité et défense
Mot-clé Chine | coopération militaire | coopération transfrontalière | gestion de l'eau | géopolitique | histoire contemporaine |
Inde | infrastructure de transport | politique commerciale | politique de défense | politique extérieure | relation de l'Union
européenne | situation économique | sécurité régionale
Résumé India and China — two emerging Asian giants — have historically been polar opposites in many ways and relations
between them have been tense. In recent years, however, their co-operation has been improving and they have signed
numerous bilateral agreements. From the EU’s perspective, it is crucial to monitor the relationship between these
strategic partners. Not only do these two emerging countries have the two largest populations in the world, but
projections suggest that they will together account for a significant share of the world economy by the middle of the
century. The EU must be able to meet the regional and even global challenges presented by the rise of China and
India.
Analyse approfondie EN
One Belt, One Road (OBOR): China's regional integration initiative
Type de publication Briefing
Date 07-07-2016
Auteur GRIEGER Gisela
Domaine politique Affaires étrangères | Commerce international
Mot-clé approvisionnement énergétique | Chine | conséquence économique | contentieux territorial | géopolitique | Inde |
infrastructure de transport | intégration économique | pays de l'ANASE | politique commerciale | politique
d'investissement | politique des transports | politique extérieure | Russie | transport maritime | États-Unis
Résumé In 2013, China launched its 'One Belt, One Road' (OBOR) initiative. OBOR is China’s broadly sketched vision of how it
plans to boost regional integration in its wider neighbourhood. The initiative is unprecedented in terms of China's
financial engagement and the innovative network-based project design which is intended to contribute to a more
inclusive global governance. It contrasts sharply with existing treaty-based integration concepts where the
geographical scope, partner countries, strategy, principles and rules were clearly defined at the outset. China's new
development vision has been seen as an alternative to regional trade agreements which do not include it; as a strategy
for asserting its leadership role in Asia in response to the US pivot to Asia; as an economic outreach towards Asian
countries for resolving territorial and maritime disputes by exporting China’s domestic development policies; as a
means of tapping into new sources of growth to check the marked downturn in its economy; as a tool for tackling the
socio-economic divide between its inland and coastal provinces; and finally, as a venue for addressing security
challenges on its western periphery as well as energy security issues. The response to China's regional integration
vision has been mixed. While the idea of enhancing connectivity has drawn considerable interest, given the huge
infrastructure gaps across Asia, scepticism regarding China's potential hegemonic ambitions has prevailed notably
among regional rivals India and Japan as well as the USA. Whether OBOR will be mutually beneficial for China and
the EU will depend on the two sides agreeing on the 'rules of the game', including for joint projects in third countries.
Potential synergies between OBOR and the EU connectivity initiatives are being explored under the EU-China
Connectivity Platform.
Briefing EN
Traité sur la non-prolifération des armes nucléaires (TNP): État des lieux
Type de publicationAnalyse approfondie
Date 11-04-2016
Auteur CIRLIG Carmen-Cristina
Domaine politique Sécurité et défense
Mot-clé accord START | arme nucléaire | Chine | conférence internationale | Corée du Nord | Inde | Iran | Israël | non-
prolifération nucléaire | négociation internationale | Pakistan | politique de l'armement | Russie | rôle international de
l'UE | utilisation pacifique d'énergie | énergie nucléaire | États-Unis
Résumé Les armes nucléaires sont de retour dans la programmation stratégique des États dotés d'armes nucléaires, alors que
l'inverse était espéré. Le déclin des arsenaux nucléaires au niveau mondial s'accompagne d'investissements dans des
armes et vecteurs nucléaires plus modernes, ce qui éloigne les États dotés d'armes nucléaires des engagements pris
à l'égard du désarmement au titre du traité sur la non-prolifération nucléaire (TNP) et remet en cause les fondements
de ce traité. Les États dotés d'armes nucléaires non signataires du TNP ne sont pas liés par les principales obligations
internationales en matière de non-prolifération et de désarmement et cette situation risque de miner davantage la
pertinence et la crédibilité du traité.
La Conférence d'examen 2015 du TNP s'est intéressée à la mise en œuvre effective par les États parties de leurs
engagements au titre du TNP, ainsi qu'aux énormes défis à venir. Même si la conférence s'est terminée sans
consensus sur un document final, l'adhésion croissante à l'initiative relative aux conséquences humanitaires des
armes nucléaires devrait fournir aux États intéressés une marche à suivre afin de poursuivre l'objectif d'un monde sans
nucléaire consacré par le TNP.
Analyse approfondie DE, EN, FR
07-08-2022 Source : © Union européenne, 2022 - PE 10You can also read
