Livestock predation by jaguars Panthera onca in south-eastern Mexico: the role of local peoples' practices
←
→
Page content transcription
If your browser does not render page correctly, please read the page content below
Livestock predation by jaguars Panthera onca in
south-eastern Mexico: the role of local peoples’
practices
JUAN L. PEÑA-MONDRAGÓN, ALICIA CASTILLO, ALMIRA HOOGESTEIJN
and E N R I Q U E M A R T Í N E Z - M E Y E R
Abstract Inadequate livestock husbandry practices threaten Introduction
the maintenance of global biodiversity and provoke conflicts
between people and wildlife, and large carnivorous mam-
mals are among the most affected. The jaguar Panthera
L arge carnivores play an important role in ecological
processes. They affect the density and dynamics of
prey species, with cascade effects on ecosystems (Ripple
onca is one of the most threatened species in the Americas, et al., ). Habitat fragmentation disturbs the behaviour
being targeted by livestock producers who suffer economic of carnivores with large home ranges (Woodroffe, ),
losses as a result of predation. The way in which rural produ- and brings them into conflict with people (Thirgood et al.,
cers in countries such as Mexico conduct husbandry practices ). Inadequate livestock husbandry is considered a major
may influence levels of predation by jaguars. Our objective was threat in this regard, particularly in non-industrialized
to understand how such practices are conducted in the Selva countries (Hull et al., ) where livestock production is
Lacandona in south-eastern Mexico, to identify their influ- badly managed (Ripple et al., ). On the American con-
ence on the vulnerability of livestock to predation by jaguars. tinent, jaguars Panthera onca are considered to be a threat to
We characterized local husbandry practices through partici- livestock, and conflicts between rural communities and ja-
pant observation, interviews and surveys. Our results show guars are common (Caso et al., ; Peña-Mondragón &
that the most important practices that make livestock vulner- Castillo, ). In Mexico the jaguar has been extirpated
able to predation include the location of grazing lands close to from % of its original distribution (Chávez & Ceballos,
forested areas and water sources, the absence of practices for ); meanwhile livestock production has developed ex-
the proper disposal of carcasses, and poor control of calving tensively (Chauvet, ), and in cattle occupied
and care of calves. Our recommendations include monitoring million ha (INE, ). The land occupied by jaguars
of livestock movements and synchronization of calving. is owned by rural inhabitants, with –% of Mexico’s
Economic investment and behavioural change can be accom- forested areas owned by indigenous and mestizo communi-
plished through capacity building and providing people with ties (Bezaury-Creel & Gutiérrez Carbonell, ). The term
the means to monitor and manage their livestock. Small ac- peasant is commonly used (corresponding to campesino in
tions can reduce livestock losses and improve the economic Spanish) to refer to these groups, and denotes a way of living
circumstances of rural people, and thus increase their toler- that includes multiple uses of natural resources.
ance and respect towards jaguars. The tropical rainforest of the Selva Lacandona in the state
Keywords Human–carnivore conflict, jaguar, livestock of Chiapas is a priority site for jaguar conservation in
husbandry, Mexico, Panthera onca, social–ecological ap- Mexico (Chávez & Ceballos, ), although illegal hunting
proach, vulnerability to predation occurs throughout the species’ range in Mexico (Amador-
Alcalá et al., ). In the , ha Montes Azules
To view supplementary material for this article, please visit Biosphere Reserve was designated to secure the long-term
http://dx.doi.org/./S maintenance of regional biodiversity (SEMARNAP, ).
Agriculture and livestock production are important liveli-
hood activities in the region, with the latter representing
JUAN L. PEÑA-MONDRAGÓN and ALICIA CASTILLO (Corresponding author) one of the main sources of income for rural people. Thus,
Laboratorio de Socioecología y Comunicación para la Sustentabilidad, perceived and actual predation of livestock by jaguars puts
Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad
Nacional Autónoma de México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro 8701 Col Sn.
the species at risk of persecution and elimination
José de la Huerta, C.P. 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico (SEMARNAT, ). Although predation of livestock by
E-mail castillo@cieco.unam.mx large mammals has been widely studied (Conforti &
ALMIRA HOOGESTEIJN Laboratorio de Salud Ambiental, Departamento de Ecología Azevedo, ; Hoogesteijn & Hoogesteijn, ; Rumiz
Humana del CINVESTAV-IPN (Unidad Mérida), Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
et al., ; Peña-Mondragon & Castillo, ) it remains un-
ENRIQUE MARTÍNEZ-MEYER Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional clear which livestock husbandry practices may trigger pre-
Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, 04510 Ciudad de México, Distrito Federal,
Mexico dation. If livestock husbandry influences levels of
Received May . Revision requested June . predation by carnivores such as jaguars, there is clearly a
Accepted August . First published online February . need to understand the motivations and needs of the people
Oryx, 2017, 51(2), 254–262 © 2016 Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605315001088
Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 46.4.80.155, on 11 Nov 2021 at 21:00:50, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605315001088Livestock predation by jaguars in Mexico 255
FIG. 1 Sites where livestock
were attacked by jaguars
Panthera onca in ejidos
adjacent to the Montes Azules
Biosphere Reserve, in the
Mexican state of Chiapas. ,
Zamora Pico de Oro; ,
Reforma Agraria; , Nuevo San
Isidro; , López Portillo; ,
Adolfo López Mateos; ,
Galacia; , Playón de la Gloria;
, Flor Marques; , Boca
Chajúl; , Loma Bonita.
involved, and the various aspects of their practices. Thus our human practices we used research instruments from the so-
main objective was to characterize livestock husbandry cial sciences applied to the environmental sciences
practices to identify those that increase the risk of predation (Supplementary Material ; Newing et al., ). We also col-
of livestock by jaguars in the rural communities adjacent to lected ecological information related to the identification of
the Montes Azules Biosphere Reserve. sites of livestock predation and landscape fragmentation, to
construct an overview of the human–jaguar conflict.
Study area We conducted four exploratory visits during –.
As a first step, following our ethical code of conduct, we ex-
The study was conducted in ‘ejidos’ (a system of land tenure plained the project to local people and asked the local au-
that combines individual and communal possession; thorities for permission to conduct the research. Gaining
Warman, ) adjacent to the Montes Azules Biosphere trust and empathy was essential, as jaguars are a protected
Reserve in the Selva Lacandona (Fig. ), which hosts a species and their elimination is sanctioned with fines and
high diversity of Neotropical flora and fauna (Miller et al., prison sentences (Tarrés, ). We collected data during
). Deforestation rates of up to % were recorded in five -day visits, in February and October , March
the study area during – (Carabias et al., ). and September and January , using participant ob-
Culturally, the Selva Lacandona comprises indigenous and servation, surveys (closed-ended questionnaires) and semi-
mestizo communities, which have migrated there since the structured interviews in which we asked open questions and
beginning of the th century, mainly from the mountain- allowed participants to talk freely (Table ; Taylor & Bogdan,
ous regions of Chiapas (De Vos, ). The Reserve is im- ; Patton, ). For practical purposes the surveys and
portant for jaguar conservation (Chávez & Ceballos, ) interviews were integrated into a single instrument, and we
but there may be only – individuals remaining there (de recorded the answers to both types of questions on a form.
la Torre & Medellín, ). Localities were selected based on evidence of jaguar pres-
ence nearby; key actors were identified as those whose live-
Methods stock had been attacked by jaguars. Thirty-two heads of
families agreed to participate in the study; these were en-
We used a socio-ecological systems research approach listed using the snowball sampling method (Newing et al.,
(Berkes & Folke, ). As our questions were related to ), where participants were asked to refer others who
Oryx, 2017, 51(2), 254–262 © 2016 Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605315001088
Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 46.4.80.155, on 11 Nov 2021 at 21:00:50, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605315001088256 J. L. Peña-Mondragón et al.
TABLE 1 Methods used for data collection. grazed on plots of pasture delimited by barbed wire fences,
which in some cases are adjacent to borders or transition
Method Objective
areas with forest patches. Livestock reproduction occurs in
Informal talks in the com- To establish initial contact with
the corral and pasture units. Livestock move within border
munity (Sanchez, 2004) local people, gain access to the
community & identify stakeholders
zones and forested lands to obtain water from streams or
Participant observation To record observations, events & natural springs.
(Sanchez, 2004) daily activities in relation to live- The various aspects of livestock husbandry practices are
stock management (including illustrated in Fig. . Four broad themes emerge from the
talking to people while participat- data: () general aspects of livestock practices, () herd im-
ing in local activities) provement, () economic income, and () economic losses.
Surveys (Hernández- To obtain information regarding These themes encapsulate the main aims of rural families in
Sampieri et al., 2008) specific aspects of cattle herds,
economic investments, products &
raising livestock: to increase production and economic in-
derivatives come to improve their well-being.
Semi-structured interviews To obtain detailed information re- More than half of those interviewed (%) had subdivi-
(Sierra, 1998) garding processes, motivations & sions within their fenced grazing areas, and rotated livestock
needs of producers, which is diffi- every – days within each subdivision. Access to water for
cult to obtain through surveys livestock was limited to natural sources such as rivers,
streams and springs, which are abundant in the area; all par-
ticipants expressed a commitment not to log trees, and to
may have had similar problems. People were willing to talk protect vegetation surrounding sites that provided water.
and were open to providing information. During the field- The disposal of animal waste was another important aspect
work attacks on livestock by jaguars were confirmed of animal husbandry; dead animals were left where they were
through examining carcasses (Fig. ). found and were not buried or burned. Reproduction was car-
Data analysis consisted of quantifying responses to ried out through free mounting, in which a male is released
specific closed-ended questions, and constructing categories close to females. Sometimes directed mounting was carried
based on the responses provided to open questions (Strauss, out with a borrowed male stud. Reproduction was conducted
; Newing et al., ). The categories are intended to re- in corrals and in the grazing zones (Fig. ). None of the in-
flect the ideas and actions of people according to their own terviewees reported a schedule of vaccinations, and veterin-
perspectives, motivations and needs. Frequencies and per- ary assistance would be sought only after considerable losses
centages were calculated for each category. As participants had occurred. Only % of interviewees had control of their
could give more than one response to the same question, herd (by means of ear tags or burn marks); % reported in-
in some cases the percentages exceed %. A first analysis dividual numbering of each head of livestock, mainly to meet
consisted of spatially locating each category of livestock the requirements of governmental assistance programmes,
practices reported. A qualitative indicator of the vulnerabil- such as the Program of Stimuli for Livestock Productivity.
ity of livestock to predation by jaguars was constructed to Ear tags or brands are used to identify individuals within a
identify the variables involved and their relative importance, herd. In relation to infrastructure, possession of corrals
which was useful for informing recommendations (Table ). (%) and internal subdivisions (%) were most commonly
Forage, capture and prey consumption were the three reported by interviewees (Table ).
elements used to determine whether vulnerability was Herd improvement Herd improvement is based on nutrition,
high, medium or low, following optimal foraging theory and the only food supplement interviewees could provide was
(Gutiérrez, ). A value was then assigned for each activity mineral salt. Stud males, used to maintain the genetic health
involved in livestock management. of livestock herds, are acquired at livestock auctions or are
loaned from other producers (Table ). Females are returned
to their reproductive condition through early weaning of
Results
calves, and are crossed with a new male.
Figure relates livestock practices with the type of sur- Family income Families seek to increase their herds to sell
roundings where these take place (i.e. human settlement, animals or derivatives. For % of interviewees, live animals
corral, pastureland, border or transition zone, or tropical , months of age were the most lucrative product; only %
rain forest). Decisions concerning issues such as the location of respondents produced milk and cheese. Other sources of
of family plots and rainforest units are taken at the ejido income included economic support from governmental
community level. In the corral zone, animals may be re- agencies (% of interviewees) and self-employment (%).
moved and kept closer to the family home to avoid the Families also engaged in agricultural activities such as the
spread of disease or attacks by predators. Livestock are cultivation of maize (%) and beans (%; Table ).
Oryx, 2017, 51(2), 254–262 © 2016 Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605315001088
Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 46.4.80.155, on 11 Nov 2021 at 21:00:50, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605315001088Livestock predation by jaguars in Mexico 257
TABLE 2 Indicator of vulnerability of livestock to predation in relation to various management activities, with recommendations for miti-
gation, and the type of change needed.
Indicator of vulnerability1
Management Easy Easy Quick Vulnerability Type of changes
activity access capture consumption level2 Recommendations for mitigation needed
Livestock grazing 3 3 3 High Relocate grazing areas away from Economic
areas near con- forested lands. If this is not possible, investment
served forests create a double perimeter fence in
areas adjacent to forested areas.
Cattle drink water in 3 3 2 High Build drinking troughs away from ri- Economic
riparian zones parian areas; water can be extracted investment
from streams & moved through gravity
systems.
Inappropriate hand- 3 3 2 High Bury or burn livestock carcasses. Behavioural
ling of cattle change
carcasses
No control of re- 2 2 2 Medium Synchronize mating seasons for better Behavioural
production & control of births. change
births
Poor veterinary 2 2 1 Medium Establish vaccine schedules. Carry out Behavioural
supervision veterinary monitoring of herds change
throughout the year.
Poor control of herd 2 1 1 Medium Establish adequate recording of sales, Behavioural
deaths, births, & losses from various change
causes.
Poor handling 1 1 1 Low Keep mature females with experience Behavioural
in defending their calves. Avoid change
dehorning.
Poor infrastructure 2 1 0 Low Invest in perimeter fencing to improve Economic
for mitigating separation between pasture lands & investment
livestock forested areas. Invest in nocturnal
predation confinement corrals to protect young
animals.
Nutritional 2 2 0 Medium Invest in food supplements that fortify Economic
management animals. When possible, use native investment
forage plants as supplements.
Fertility 1 1 0 Low Do not wean early. Seek veterinary Behavioural
management advice to establish strategies for fertil- change
ity increase.
Sourcing of stallions 0 1 0 Low Source males from various places to Economic invest-
improve genetic pools. ment & behav-
ioural change
, no influence; , low influence; , medium influence; , high influence
Sum of vulnerability indicators: –, low; –, medium; –, high vulnerability
Economic loss Diseases were perceived to be one of the main allows us to identify factors that impede or restrict changes
factors affecting livestock production; % of interviewees in practices that could mitigate predation.
reported rabies (viral encephalomyelitis) and % reported
anthrax (Bacillus sp.). Predators were another relevant fac-
Discussion
tor in economic losses, according to % of interviewees.
Although we did not ask directly about livestock theft, as Few studies have examined the role of rural peoples’ livestock
it is a sensitive subject, it was mentioned by at least inter- practices in relation to predation by jaguars. Our field experi-
viewees (Table ). ence indicates that the conflict is accepted among rural inha-
Vulnerability to predation The management practices that bitants, government authorities and conservationists
expose livestock to risk of predation by jaguars are outlined working in the Selva Lacandona region. However, cam-
in Table . The qualitative indicator of livestock vulnerability paigns and mitigation programmes have been conducted
Oryx, 2017, 51(2), 254–262 © 2016 Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605315001088
Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 46.4.80.155, on 11 Nov 2021 at 21:00:50, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605315001088258 J. L. Peña-Mondragón et al.
FIG. 2 Spatial distribution of
the major components of
livestock practices in ejidos
adjacent to the Montes Azules
Biosphere Reserve (Fig. ). The
shading indicates the intensity
of the activity (black, high
intensity; dark grey, medium
intensity; light grey, low
intensity).
FIG. 3 Categories and specific practices relating to general livestock husbandry, herd improvement, income and economic losses in
south-eastern Mexico (Table ), and the relationships between them (solid and dashed lines represent positive and negative
relationships, respectively). The categories within the grey-shaded boxes correspond to management practices that affect livestock
predation by jaguars, and those within white boxes indicate responses of interviewees.
without a deep understanding of the views of those affected throughout the jaguar’s natural range (Azevedo & Murray,
by the conflict. Our results may be restricted to the Selva ; Palmeira et al., ; Donikar et al., ; Soto-
Lacandona region but the context of our study is similar to Shoender & Giuliano, ; Garrote, ; Zarco-González
that in other places in Mexico, as well as in Central and South et al., ; Soh et al., ). We also identified this pattern,
America (Burgas et al., ; Tortato et al., ). with cattle becoming vulnerable to predation when they
Livestock grazing near well-preserved portions of jaguar move near natural areas to obtain food and water.
habitat has been reported as a major cause of predation Another factor that contributes to livestock vulnerability is
Oryx, 2017, 51(2), 254–262 © 2016 Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605315001088
Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 46.4.80.155, on 11 Nov 2021 at 21:00:50, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605315001088Livestock predation by jaguars in Mexico 259
TABLE 3 Categories and specific practices relating to the general management of livestock, herd improvement, income and economic losses,
with the percentage of interviewees (n = ) who used each practice.
Category Specific practices %
General management of livestock
Type of grazing Free within fenced area 100
Grazing rotation 62.5
Water sources Rivers & streams 100
Carcass control Carcasses not moved 81.25
Moved when useful 18.75
Reproduction Free mount 100
Mount directed 3.12
Disease control When necessary (corrective) 100
Herd control Individual marking 46.87
Family tree 25
Written control 25
Record of individuals 18.75
Record of deaths 9.37
Handling of herd Vaccination 100
Anti-mite shower 100
Dehorning 37.37
Castration 12.5
Infrastructure Management corrals 59.37
Internal subdivisions 50
Internal roads 46.87
Feeders 43.75
Night corrals 12
Barns 6.25
Herd improvement
Nutrition Mineral salt 100
Fertility increase Early weaning 50
Male effect 12.5
Hormonal 9.37
Origin of stallion Auction 46.87
Other cattle owner 46.87
Own 21.87
Income
Livestock products Sale of cattle 96.87
Milk 6.05
Cheese 6.25
Supplementary economic activities Workforce 3.12
Government support 21.87
Local business 12.5
Local transport 3.12
Temporary employment 3.12
Agricultural supplies Corn 75
Subsistence 75
Sale 50
Bean 71.8
Subsistence 71.8
Sale 53
Economic losses
Disease Rabies (viral encephalomyelitis) 56.25
Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) 50.5
Malignant edema (Clostridium septicum) 37.5
Blackleg (Clostridium chauvoei) 21.87
Dehydration 3.12
Predators Jaguar Panthera onca 50
Theft
Other Stuck in mud 9.37
Attack by vultures 3.12
Oryx, 2017, 51(2), 254–262 © 2016 Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605315001088
Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 46.4.80.155, on 11 Nov 2021 at 21:00:50, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605315001088260 J. L. Peña-Mondragón et al.
the handling of dead animals. In the study area carcasses are Taking into account factors such as disease and preda-
not removed, and this can encourage carnivores to attack tion, livestock production becomes an activity that requires
livestock, and may even create some dependency or prefer- high levels of investment, which is impossible for the major-
ence for livestock as a source of food (Hoogesteijn & ity of families in the Selva Lacandona. Livestock theft must
Hoogesteijn, ). Thus incineration or burying of dead an- also be evaluated as it results in significant losses for produ-
imals is a recommended practice (Sander et al., ; cers, as has occurred in South America (Hoogesteijn &
Hoogesteijn & Hoogesteijn, ). Proper handling of repro- Arenas-Avella, ).
duction activities and management of calves are also import- A broad conclusion derived from our findings is that sev-
ant factors in reducing predation by carnivores (Schiess-Meier eral specific livestock husbandry practices make herds in the
et al., ). Providing special confinement corrals for vulner- Selva Lacandona more vulnerable to attack by jaguars (these
able young calves (, months) provides security (Van practices and our recommendations are outlined in Table ).
Bommel et al., ; Hoogesteijn & Hoogesteijn, ) and Two broad types of changes were identified to implement
facilitates vigilance by livestock keepers. these recommendations: () economic investment, and ()
A relevant issue that emerged is the need for a written re- behavioural changes in communities and in relation to the
cord of every animal that is sold or has died, whether by nat- cultural and educational histories of families. Both matters
ural or other causes (e.g. disease, drowning, snake bite or require technical and communication interventions, with
attack by a predator). This practice was not evident in our the provision of financial support. Mitigation programmes
study, resulting in overestimation of the damage caused by already in existence should consider not only a payment for
jaguars (Hoogesteijn & Hoogesteijn, ). We found that animals lost in attacks by carnivores (which is helpful) but
the approach to disease management was remedial rather also the implementation of a more integral strategy that in-
than preventive, and this behaviour has been passed down cludes a capacity-building perspective (Abella & Fogel,
through generations. Good health management results in ). Training workshops that provide technical advice
fewer losses at birth and in general, which in turn increases should be accompanied by visual educational materials de-
productivity, and thus losses caused by predation are not as signed for people with poor literacy skills or who have little
devastating to the family economy. In most cases livestock experience of using written materials. Provision of certifi-
losses to predators are fewer than those caused by other fac- cates for good livestock practices may help people to get ac-
tors, including disease (Hoogesteijn & Hoogesteijn, ). At cess to economic support and resources such as materials
present, disease management is mostly confined to vaccin- for fences or veterinary assistance. One important recom-
ation programmes administered by government agencies. mendation relates to the monitoring of livestock herds. We
This economic incentive accompanied by an educational advise the use of written records of all livestock, which could
campaign could raise awareness of the benefits of more ef- be maintained by marking in special notebooks designed for
ficient livestock practices. those with a low level of literacy (Supplementary Fig. S).
Early weaning is a harmful practice used to increase ani- Finally, we recommend that agents such as the govern-
mal production. It is not recommended as it can lead to low ment and NGOs provide educational interventions
meat production; a young calf left with its mother can be (awareness-raising and training) as well as economic sup-
more productive (Arias et al., ). It can also lead to di- port to help families improve their livestock husbandry
gestive and respiratory illnesses, as well as diseases related practices. Conversion to efficient and productive practices
to poor adaptation as a result of weak body state and/or re- would improve families’ economic circumstances, which
tarded growth (Soni, ). Thus, early weaning produces could translate into greater investment in infrastructure
weaker individuals that may be more susceptible to diseases, and veterinary care, and ultimately increase productivity.
and vulnerable to predation by carnivores such as the jaguar. Such actions can be effective in mitigating conflict, and
Changing this practice will require training to ensure that may create a scenario of greater tolerance for jaguars in
producers understand the infrastructure required for the ap- the Selva Lacandona.
propriate management of both mothers and young.
Livestock production in the Selva Lacandona represents a
source of complementary income for families, as in other Acknowledgements
parts of Mexico and elsewhere (FAO, ; Davies et al.,
). There is a need to supplement the family economy This paper constitutes a partial fulfilment of the Graduate
with governmental support and subsistence agriculture Programme in Biological Science (Posgrado en Ciencias
partly because livestock production does not provide the Biológicas) of the National Autonomous University of
yields expected. However, this creates a circular problem: Mexico (UNAM). AC acknowledges the PhD scholarship re-
because livestock does not provide the necessary earnings ceived from the National Council of Science and Technology
people do not invest in better management of their livestock, (CONACYT) and the support received from the Instituto de
although this would increase their returns in the long term. Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad of UNAM.
Oryx, 2017, 51(2), 254–262 © 2016 Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605315001088
Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 46.4.80.155, on 11 Nov 2021 at 21:00:50, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605315001088Livestock predation by jaguars in Mexico 261
Funding was provided by Idea Wild, Cleveland Metroparks H.A. Mooney, F. Schneider & L.E. Neville), pp. –. Island
Zoo and the Cleveland Zoological Society. We thank Keith Press, Washington, DC, USA.
D E L A T O R R E , J.A. & M E D E L L Í N , R.A. () Jaguars Panthera onca in
MacMillan and Mary-Ann Hall for editing the English. We
the Greater Lacandona Ecosystem, Chiapas, Mexico: population
are especially grateful to all those in the rural communities estimates and future prospects. Oryx, , –.
who kindly participated in this research. D E V O S , J. () Oro verde. La conquista de la Selva Lacandona por los
madereros tabasqueños, –. Fondo de Cultura Económica,
Mexico City, Mexico.
D O N I K A R , R., P AT I L , V., N A R K H E D E , S., R A N E , A., M O K AT , D. &
References B H AV E , S. () Circumstantial and response attitudes of people
affected with livestock depredation by leopards Panthera pardus
A B E L L A , G. & F O G E L , R. () Principios de intervención en la Linnaeus in Ratnagiri District, Maharashtra, India. Journal of the
capacitación comunitaria. Naciones Unidas PNUMA, Mexico. Bombay Natural History Society, , .
A M A D O R -A L C A L Á , S., N A R A N J O , E.J. & J I M É N E Z -F E R R E R , G. () FAO (F O O D A N D A G R I C U LT U R E O R G A N I Z A T I O N O F T H E U N I T E D
Wildlife predation on livestock and poultry: implications for N AT I O N S ) () El estado mundial de la agricultura y la
predator conservation in the rainforest of south-east Mexico. Oryx, alimentación, la ganadería a examen. FAO, Rome, Italy.
, –. G A R R O T E , G. () Depredación del jaguar (Panthera onca) sobre el
A R I A S , A.A., R E V I D AT T I , M., S LO B O D Z I A N , A., C A P E L L A R I , A. & ganado en los llanos orientales de Colombia. Mastozoología
B E N Í T E Z , O. () Diferencias en la ganancia de peso atribuibles al Neotropical, , –.
destete precoz en terneros cruza en el NO de Corrientes. Revista G U T I É R R E Z , G. () Estrategias de forrajeo. In Manual de Análisis
Argentina de Producción Animal, , . experimental del comportamiento (eds R. Ardila, W. López, A.
A Z E V E D O , F.C.C. & M U R R AY , D.L. () Evaluation of potential M. Pérez & R. Quiñones), pp. –. Librería Nueva, Madrid,
factors predisposing livestock to predation by jaguars. The Journal of Spain.
Wildlife Management, , –. H E R N Á N D E Z -S A M P I E R I , R., F E R N Á N D E Z -C O L L A D O , C. & B A P T I S TA ,
B E R K E S , F. & F O L K E , C. () Linking social and ecological systems P. () Metodología de la Investigación. McGraw-Hill, Mexico
for resilience and sustaintability. In Linking Social and Ecological City, Mexico.
Systems: Management Practices and Social Mechanisms for Building H O O G E S T E I J N , R. & A R E N A S -A V E L L A , R. () Tópicos de sobre
Resilience (eds F. Berkes & C. Folke), pp. –. Cambridge University seguridad y abigeato en hatos ganaderos. In XXIII Cursillo sobre
Press, Cambridge, UK. Bovinos de Carne (eds R. Romero, J. Salomón, J. De Venanzi &
B E Z A U R Y -C R E E L , J. & G U T I É R R E Z C A R B O N E L L , D. () Áreas M. Arias), pp. –. Universidad Central de Venezuela, Facultad de
naturales protegidas y desarrollo social en México. In Capital Ciencias Veterinarias, Maracay, Venezuela.
Natural de México (eds J. Soberón, G. Halffter & J. Llorente- H O O G E S T E I J N , R. & H O O G E S T E I J N , A. () Conflicts between cattle
Bousquets), pp. –. CONABIO, Mexico City, Mexico. ranching and large predators in Venezuela: could use of water
B U E N O , A. () Impacto del puma (Puma concolor) en ranchos buffalo facilitate felid conservation? Oryx, , –.
ganaderos del área natural protegida ‘‘Cañón de Santa Elena’’, H O O G E S T E I J N , R. & H O O G E S T E I J N , A. () Estrategias
Chihuahua. MSc thesis. Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Xalapa anti-depredación para fincas ganaderas en Latinoamérica: una guía.
Enríquez, Mexico. PANTHERA, Campo Grande, Brazil.
B U R G A S , A., A M I T , R. & L O P E Z , B.C. () Do attacks by jaguars H U L L , V., Z H A N G , J., Z H O U , S., H U A N G , J., V I Ñ A , A., L I U , W. et al.
Panthera onca and pumas Puma concolor (Carnivora: Felidae) on () Impact of livestock on giant pandas and their habitat. Journal
livestock correlate with species richness and relative abundance of for Nature Conservation, , –.
wild prey? Revista Biología Tropical, , –. INE (I N S T I T U T O N AC I O N A L D E E C O LO G Í A ) () Perspectivas del
C A R A B I A S , J., M E L I , P. & H E R N A N D E Z , G. () Evaluación de los medio ambiente en México. GEO México, INE, PNUMA,
impactos de proyectos de desarrollo sustentable sobre la reducción del SEMARNAT, Mexico City, Mexico.
cambio de uso de suelo en ejidos de Marqués de Comillas, Chiapas. M I L L E R , K., C H A N G , E. & J O H N S O N , N. () En busca de un enfoque
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto Nacional de común para el Corredor Biológico Mesoamericano. World Resources
Ecología, Mexico City, Mexico. Institute, Washington, DC, USA.
C A S O , A., L O P E Z -G O N Z A L E Z , C., P AY A N , E., E I Z I R I K , E., D E N E W I N G , H., E A G L E , C., P U R I , R.K. & W AT S O N , C. () Conducting
O L I V E I R A , T., L E I T E -P I T M A N , R. et al. () Panthera onca. In The Research in Conservation: Social Science Methods and Practice.
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species : e.TA Routledge, New York, USA.
[accesed May ]. P A L M E I R A , F.B., C R AW S H AW , JR, P.G., H A D D A D , C.M., F E R R A Z ,
C H A U V E T , M. () Los nuevos retos de la ganadería. In Historia K.M.P. & V E R D A D E , L.M. () Cattle depredation by puma
ambiental de la ganadería en México (ed. L. Hernández), pp. –. (Puma concolor) and jaguar (Panthera onca) in central-western
Instituto de Ecología A.C., Mexico City, Mexico. Brazil. Biological Conservation, , –.
C H Á V E Z , C. & C E B A L LO S , G. () El jaguar mexicano en el Siglo P AT T O N , M.Q. () Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods.
XXI: situación actual y manejo. CONABIO, UNAM, Alianza WWF/ Sage Publications, Inc, Thousand Oaks, USA.
Telcel, Mexico City, Mexico. P E Ñ A -M O N D R A G Ó N , J.L. & C A S T I L LO , A. () Livestock predation
C O N F O R T I , V.A. & A Z E V E D O , F.C.C. () Local perceptions of by jaguars and other carnivores in Northeastern Mexico. Therya, ,
jaguars (Panthera onca) and pumas (Puma concolor) in the Iguaçu –.
National Park area, south Brazil. Biological Conservation, , R I P P L E , W.J., E S T E S , J.A., B E S C H T A , R.L., W I L M E R S , C.C., R I T C H I E ,
–. E.G., H E B B L E W H I T E , M. et al. () Status and ecological effects of
D AV I E S , J., N I A M I R -F U L L E R , M., K E R V E N , C. & B A U E R , K. () the world’s largest carnivores. Science, , .
Extensive livestock production in transition: the future of R U M I Z , D.I., P O L I S A R , J. & M A F F E I , L. () El futuro del jaguar en el
sustainable pastoralism. In Livestock in a Changing Landscape: Gran Chaco. Situación en Bolivia, Paraguay y Argentina. Wildlife
Drivers, Consequences, and Responses (eds H. Steinfeld, Conservation Society, Santa Cruz, Bolivia.
Oryx, 2017, 51(2), 254–262 © 2016 Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605315001088
Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 46.4.80.155, on 11 Nov 2021 at 21:00:50, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605315001088262 J. L. Peña-Mondragón et al.
S A N C H E Z , R. () La observación participante como escenario y T H I R G O O D , S., W O O D R O F F E , R. & R A B I N O W I T Z , A. () The impact
configuración de la diversidad de significados. In Observar, escuchar of human–wildlife conflict on human lives and livelihoods. In
y comprender. Sobre la tradición cualitativa en la investigación social People and Wildlife. Conflict or Coexistence? (eds R. Woodroffe,
(ed. M.L. Tárres), pp. –. Miguel Angel Porrua Editores, Flacso, S. Thirgood & A. Rabinowitz), pp. –. Cambridge University
El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Mexico City, Mexico. Press, New York, USA.
S A N D E R , J.E., W A R B I N G T O N , M.C. & M Y E R S , L.M. () Selected T O R T AT O , F.R., L A Y M E , V.M.G., C R AW S H AW , J R , P.G. & I Z Z O , T.J.
methods of animal carcass disposal. Journal of the American () The impact of herd composition and foraging area on
Veterinary Medical Association, , –. livestock predation by big cats in the Pantanal of Brazil. Animal
S C H I E S S -M E I E R , M., R A M S A U E R , S., G A B A N A P E LO , T. & K Ö N I G , B. Conservation, , –.
() Livestock predation—insights from problem animal control V A N B O M M E L , L., B I J D E V A AT E , M.D., D E B O E R , W.F. & D E I O N G H ,
registers in Botswana. The Journal of Wildlife Management, , – H.H. () Factors affecting livestock predation by lions in
. Cameroon. African Journal of Ecology, , –.
SEMARNAP (S E C R E T A R Í A D E M E D I O A M B I E N T E R E C U R S O S W A R M A N , A. () El campo mexicano en el siglo XX. Fondo de
N AT U R A L E S Y P E S C A ) () Reserva de la Biosfera Montes Azules. Cultura Económica, Mexico City, Mexico.
Instituto Nacional de Ecología, Mexico City, Mexico. W O O D R O F F E , R. () Predators and people: using human densities
SEMARNAT (S E C R E TA R Í A D E M E D I O A M B I E N T E Y R E C U R S O S to interpret declines of large carnivores. Animal Conservation, ,
N AT U R A L E S ) () Programa de Acción para la Conservación de –.
la Especie: Jaguar (Panthera onca). Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Z A R C O -G O N Z Á L E Z , M.M., M O N R OY -V I L C H I S , O. & A L A N Í Z , J.
Recursos Naturales, Ciudad de México, Mexico. () Spatial model of livestock predation by jaguar and puma
S I E R R A , F.C. () Función y sentido de la entrevista cualitativa en in Mexico: conservation planning. Biological Conservation, ,
investigación social. In Técnicas de investigación en sociedad, cultura –.
y comunicación (ed. J.C. Galindo), pp. –. Addison Wesley
Longman, Mexico City, Mexico.
S O H , Y.H., C A R R A S C O , L.R., M I Q U E L L E , D.G., J I A N G , J., Y A N G , J.,
S T O K E S , E.J. et al. () Spatial correlates of livestock depredation Biographical sketches
by Amur tigers in Hunchun, China: relevance of prey density and
implications for protected area management. Biological J U A N L . P E Ñ A - M O N D R A G Ó N is interested in the socio-ecology of
Conservation, , –. large carnivores, and human–wildlife conflict. He works to develop
S O N I , C. () Enfermedades que afectan a los terneros de destete measures to mitigate livestock depredation by large carnivorous mam-
precoz. Su prevención. Noticias y comentarios Instituto Nacional de mals, involving local people in the conservation of species and the eco-
Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria systems they share with wildlife. A L I C I A C A S T I L L O is interested in the
Mercedes, , –. social aspects of ecosystem management, with a particular focus on
S OT O -S H O E N D E R , J.R. & G I U L I A N O , W.M. () Predation on common pool resources and human–wildlife conflict. A L M I R A
livestock by large carnivores in the tropical lowlands of Guatemala. H O O G E S T E I J N is a veterinarian and has worked on wildlife conserva-
Oryx, , –. tion projects in the Americas and Europe for . years. Her main re-
S T R A U S S , A.L. () Qualitative Analysis for Social Scientists. search focus is on the impact of pesticides and heavy metals on human
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. and animal health, and stock management strategies to decrease pre-
T A R R É S , M. L. () Observar, escuchar y comprender. Sobre la dation. E N R I Q U E M A R T Í N E Z - M E Y E R is interested in understanding
tradición cualitativa en la investigación social. Región y Sociedad, , how environmental changes affect biodiversity, and how this pressure
–. can be reduced. He has worked on global change biology issues, focus-
T AY LO R , S.J. & B O G D A N , R. () Introducción a los métodos ing on the application of ecological niche theory and methods, conser-
cualitativos de investigación. Paidós, Barcelona, Spain. vation biology, climate change and biogeography.
Oryx, 2017, 51(2), 254–262 © 2016 Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605315001088
Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 46.4.80.155, on 11 Nov 2021 at 21:00:50, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605315001088You can also read
