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POLITEIA: Jurnal Ilmu Politik
Politeia, 13 (2) (2021): 29-46
ISSN 0216-9290 (Print), ISSN 2549-175X (Online)
Available online https://talenta.usu.ac.id/politeia
Quintuple Helix Analysis of ASEAN Human Securitization
Against Covid-19 As Regional Health Insecurity
Hino Samuel Jose*
Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jakarta, Daerah Khusus Ibu Kota Jakarta,
Indonesia, 12450
Submitted : 31 Mei 2021 Revision : 08 Juni 2021 Accepted : 19 Juli 2021
Abstrak
Pandemi Covid-19 yang berlangsung sejak Maret 2020 secara global berdampak pada mobilitas dan interaksi
kawasan pada semua level. Gangguan yang disebabkan Covid-19 telah melumpuhkan perdagangan kawasan,
interaksi dan mobilitas masyarakat, yang telah mengakibatkan krisis ekonomi di seluruh negara ASEAN.
Kontraksi ekonomi dan usaha untuk memulihkan kawasan sangatlah bergantung pada kebijakan kesehataan
di ASEAN ditengah ancaman virus terhadap keamanan manusia. Artikel ini menggunakan analisa kualitatif
dengan data yang diperoleh dari internet-based dan document-based research untuk eksplorasi substansi. Artikel
ini menggunakan kerangka Quintuple Helix dalam analisis serta konsepsi agenda keamanan manusia untuk
mengkonstruksikan argumen pada artikel ini. Artikel ini menyimpulkan bahwa sinergi pemangku
kepentingan dari pemerintahan, masyarakat sipil, industri, akademisi, dan lingkungan harus
diharmonisasikan untuk mencapai solusi inovatif dalam sekuritisasi kesehatan kawasan. Penelitian ini
menunjukan bahwa setiap peran dari helix yang ada itu penting dalam menangani penyebaran Covid-19 dan
akselerasi praktek kebijakan kawasan yang konkret dan kolaboratif dengan seluruh aktor dalam mencapai
solusi berkelanjutan.
Kata Kunci: ASEAN, Covid-19, Keamanan Kesehatan, Quintuple Helix, Kerjasama Regional
Abstract
The covid-19 pandemic that was started in March 2020 globally has impacted the mobility and regional interaction on all
levels. This disruption managed to hinder regional trade and people-to-people mobility, causing economic fallout in all
ASEAN member states. The contraction of the economy and its efforts to recover is dependent on the health policies in
ASEAN as the virus remains a threat to human security. This article discussed the research through a qualitative analysis
with the data gained from the internet-based and document-based research to explore the substances. The article analyzes
through the framework of quintuple helix under the concept of human security agenda to construct the arguments in this
paper. This paper concluded that the synergy of all stakeholders from the government, society, industry, academics, and
the environment should be harmonized to achieve innovative solutions in regional health securitization. This research has
shown that each helices’ role is important to curb the spread of Covid-19 and accelerating the best practices of regional
policies with a concrete collaboration from all actors in achieving sustainable solutions.
Keyword: ASEAN, Covid-19, Health Security, Quintuple Helix, Regional Cooperation
How to Cite: Jose, H, S. (2021), Quintuple Helix Analysis of ASEAN Human Securitization Against Covid-19
As Regional Health Insecurity, Politeia: Jurnal Ilmu Politik, 13 (2): 29-46
*Corresponding author:
E-mail: abrahamhinosamueljose@upnvj.ac.id
29Jose, H.S. Quintuple Helix Analysis of ASEAN Human Securitization Against Covid
INTRODUCTION the increasing Covid-19 cases globally
The 2021 status quo of the Covid- can be depicted as a signal for ASEAN
19 pandemic has just changed into a to brace themselves, as countries like
more challenging race for the global Singapore and Malaysia have
community to race against the time to tightened their circuit breaker and
prevent further exacerbation from the MCMO respectively. Furthermore, the
new Covid-19 mutated viruses. In late commitment from ASEAN and its
May 2021, the world has 167.492.769 member states to fight the pandemic is
cases in total with 3,4 million deaths – also driven by the external force such
however, the world successfully as the WHO, and their interaction
administered a total of more than 1,4 with China, as the major economic
billion doses of vaccine (WHO, 2021). powerhouse connected with ASEAN
With the Covid-19 vaccine from and as the starting point of the
multiple health, corporations have COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020.
been distributed through a unilateral The Covid-19 pandemic has
or multilateral framework, there are tremendously disrupted the global
still many member states in ASEAN economy with unprecedented impact
with substantial problems in acquiring and a significant shutdown on the
more vaccines. ASEAN states like global trade and monetary status quo.
Thailand, with only 1,5% of its The rapid spread of the Covid-19
population being vaccinated has tried virus has urged the government to
to accelerate its efforts (Ratcliffe & directly impose restrictions,
Siradapuvadol, 2021) being vaccinated lockdowns, travel bans, workplaces,
and public debates about its and factory closures. Back in 2020,
effectiveness play a major role in the ASEAN faced unprecedented
fate of ASEAN post-pandemic difficulties in navigating their
recovery achievements. Vaccination cooperation due to the sudden global
must play a major standing shutdown of businesses and people-
benchmark for the pandemic recovery to-people interaction. However, with
especially in achieving the herd the new normal is adopted to let
immunity solution to contain the humans coexist with Covid-19,
spread and preventing disruptive ASEAN is now challenged to put the
impacts (Schuchat, 2011). However, ASEAN Comprehensive Recovery
research such as from Setiawan et al Framework (ACRF) alongside its
(2021) concluded that vaccination may action plans to be implemented
not significantly reduce Covid’s concretely. The 5 broad resilience-
mortality because it depends on social building strategies of the ACRF
and health policy interventions and covered 5 main issues: enhancement
not solely a solution to minimize of health system; strengthening
deaths (Setiawan, et al., 2021). Amid human security; maximizing the
30Politeia: Jurnal Ilmu Politik, 13 (2) (2021): 29-46
realization of the intra-ASEAN market point consensus on Myanmar and the
and increasing wider economic realization of Brunei Darussalam’s
integration; acceleration of digital Priority Economic Deliverables (PEDs)
transformation; and advancing the and the expansion of ASEAN Travel
region to achieve sustainable and Corridor Arrangement (ATCAF)
resilient fate after the pandemic (ASEAN, 2021). This can be concluded
(ASEAN, 2020). The said as the affirmation of ASEAN in
implementation of the ACRF was realizing the human security agenda
stipulated in a separate document, in ASEAN as most of the adopted
where the specific implementation statements and frameworks stipulated
plan implies that every 5 broad a people-centered approach.
strategies will be divided into specific However, this doesn’t mean that
key priorities, with each having ASEAN can go accelerate its people-
several initiatives and programs centered agenda without any
alongside its respective outputs and challenges; one of the notable issues
expected phase & the role of each is the shifting of the national agenda
sectoral bodies (ASEAN, 2020). to focus more on the health policies
The intersectional character of rather than development agenda like
these 5 broad strategies outlines a sustainability and poverty (Campbell,
notion that ASEAN has realized the 2011).
importance of the human security Therefore, with the current new
agenda as part of their non-traditional rising cases of Covid-19 in April –
regional security efforts in bringing May 2021, it is important for ASEAN
together all 10 state actors into the to respond and accelerate innovation
same synergy. a further part of this to their policies and synergizing the
implementation plan will be stakeholders to maximize the
elaborated on in the discussion. Aside potential results from their respective
from the comprehensive ACRF, roles as part of the ASEAN
ASEAN also implements a new community. A whole government
mechanism such as the ASEAN+3 approach isn’t sufficient enough to
Health Minister Meeting; ASEAN+3 address the crises, just as criticized by
FETN; ASEAN Coordinating Council Nugrahani et al (2021) that ASEAN
Working Group on Public Health cooperation is less visible and the
Emergencies (ACCWG-PHE); Special inability of the ASEAN community to
ASEAN Summit on COVID-19; Hanoi address each member states’ inability
Plan of Action on Strengthening the in adjusting and going to the new
ASEAN Economic Cooperation and normal with its questionable domestic
Supply Chain; and the recent ASEAN policies. The data and arguments used
Leaders Meeting 2021 that adopts the to compare EU and ASEAN as
statement which included the five- regional entities within the paper
31Jose, H.S. Quintuple Helix Analysis of ASEAN Human Securitization Against Covid
suggest that the EU scored better in member states amid Covid-19 will just
institutional commitment, budget for present further isolation and
assistance and recovery, and disintegration, which will harm the
regulations that oblige each actor to notion of the ASEAN community –
comply (Nugrahani, et al, 2021). although it may not be a long-term
Although one may respond that the posture for countries to uphold.
ASEAN regime doesn’t allow Countries like Indonesia rejected
supranational power to be exercised, nationalism to be the best solution,
the commitment of ASEAN member even more, Indonesia pushed that
states and their consensus to series of vaccines should be global public
frameworks and solutions may show goods, and ultra-nationalism should
whether they detest or trying tirelessly have refrained as it will hinder the
to achieve concrete actions. universality of global altruism.
Research by Shimizu (2021) argued
Research by Jati et al (2020) that the adoption of RCEP in 2020
discussed that the ASEAN response to amid the pandemic by ASEAN has set
the Covid-19 on its political and the trajectory that although China and
security spectrum reflected the need US competition is rising, ASEAN
for more cooperation, and agreed to secured its centrality through a mega-
discuss the pandemic under the scope trade agreement that tries to undo the
of APSC and its related meetings such frictions of US-China within the
as the ASEAN Foreign Minister Meeting region (Shimizu, 2021). This can be
(AFMM), ASEAN Defense Minister perceived as a solid stick that ASEAN
Meeting (ADMM), ASEAN Regional will remain neutral, and navigating
Forum (ARF), and its respective themselves to preserve
relevant informal conferences. This interdependence hence refraining
article argued that APSC’s awareness from building trust deficit. On the
of the Covid-19 issues as a threat to regional cooperation to stimulate the
security added by each member states’ economy and health security
consensus on the perspective shown achievement, Mangku (2021) argued
that the region is not acquiring an that above all frameworks and
inward-looking approach (Jati, recommendations, ASEAN managed
Farizka, Nasywa, & Meliana, 2020). to convince the public that the
We need to understand that the government is committed, and jointly
inward-looking approach is pretty sharing the discussions in establishing
much concerned by the global fiscal and ensuring that intra-ASEAN
community like the UN as it may pose trade could still be preserved with
a danger in the acceleration of global special arrangement while keeping
pandemic recovery (Voicu, 2020). their national virus spread minimum
Inward-looking responses from
32Politeia: Jurnal Ilmu Politik, 13 (2) (2021): 29-46
through the utilization of digital followed by a series of debates and
economy (Mangku, 2021). changes not only in the scholar
communities but also in the policy
On human security, the human practices in the international system
security concept was introduced itself. The non-traditional security
through the publication of the UN agenda as argued by Waever (1995)
Development Programme (UNDP) and Acharya (2002) discuss that the
Human Development Report (HDR) in threats have been evolving, and
1994, where the report outlined that changing the pattern of securitization
human security is the new global from unilateral/ self-help actions into a
development paradigm. The report more collective/ multilateral
argued that the traditional context of cooperation. Human securitization
security about state-to-state conflicts, might be the term to depicts the actions
the manifestation of foreign policy, and contributions from the
securitization, sovereignty, and global international cooperation in achieving
security cooperation is more state- the human security agenda, and this
centric (UNDP, 1994). The emergence will put humans as the referent object
of the human security agenda in the (Watson, 2011). With that position,
globalized world reflects that people’s humans will then become the sole actor
security transcends national interest in who receives the result of all security
securing territorial integrity and concerns (Floyd, 2007), and this is the
militaristic acts of securitization same as what this paper discussing
(Martin & Owen, 2013). Human which is the analysis of ASEAN’s
security has managed to redefine regional response to the Covid-19 as
international interest to widen the health security threats.
scope of human development that
needs unlimited thoughts (Gasper, The quintuple helix is a similar
2005) to interpret the reflection of a model with the penta helix and or the
human-centered perspective that is quadruple helix, however, the
intertwined with multidimensional quintuple model is wider in
issues (Truong & Gasper, 2011). The overarching the academics, civil
specific “multidimensional issues” society, industry, government, and the
themselves were outlined by UNDP environment (Carayannis, Barth, &
HDR 1994 as the following security Campbell, 2012). What differs the
fields: economic, health, personal, quintuple helix and the other well-
political, food, environmental, and known model such as the quadruple
community (UNDP, 1994). helix is only at the inclusion of the
environmental (sustainability) aspect as
Since the introduction of the part of the helices. The sustainability
human security agenda, it has been indicator that exists within the model
33Jose, H.S. Quintuple Helix Analysis of ASEAN Human Securitization Against Covid
focuses on 2 intersectional issues which This article employs qualitative
are: (1) the relationship of the society analysis through internet-based and
that lives in an ecosystem with the document-based research to construct
economic concerns; and (2) the the analysis. The data in this article is
interaction of society with its natural interpreted to the analysis used to
habitat as their environment (Adams, understand ASEAN regional efforts in
2006; Carayannis & Campbell, 2010). tackling health security issues using
The quintuple helix model combines the quintuple helix analysis and the
the helices into a single concept of human security agenda.
transdisciplinary and inter-disciplinary According to Bryman (2008), the
approach which offers to the society to research method is used after the
practice the interconnected scope of relation of theories in the research has
innovation with education (Barth, been established (Bryman, 2008).
2011). Qualitative research allows the writer
to analyze deeper using secondary
This kind of innovative model data from works of literature and
allows education to catalyze the usage documents (Lamont, 2015). The
of a linear innovation model which objective of this article is to discuss the
means that technology development following research questions of this
and its applications are directed to article: (1) How ASEAN community
achieve the goals and its expected respond to Covid-19 as a threat to the
commercialization (Edquist & regional health security using the
Hommen, 1999). Same as its quintuple analysis?: and (2) what is
predecessor, the quintuple analysis will the manifestation of human security
highlight the necessity of policies in agenda in ASEAN securitization
convening a synergized actors’ against Covid-19 and how it impacts
interaction to accelerate the transfer of the region? Those research questions
innovations, and to acquire successful guide the discussion within this
effective results through a superior paper.
innovation that eliminates challenges
(Halim, et al, 2015). And in this paper, RESULT AND DISCUSSION
the framework is used to contextualize As it is evident for ASEAN to
the regional policies in responding to brace themselves and isolating the
the multidimensional nature of Covid- virus to increase economic
19 impacts and how the region is productivity and stabilizing the
achieving its innovation in securing supply chain, the incorporation of
human security agenda against a non- health security agenda should be the
traditional threat. priority to open new cooperation
nexus between ASEAN and the other
RESEARCH METHOD actors. Although the concept of health
34Politeia: Jurnal Ilmu Politik, 13 (2) (2021): 29-46
security has already emerged since the sustainability concerns, and the
adoption of the UNDP 1994 Human economy (the industries) are needed
Development Report that outlined to ensure the effective implementation
human security, the Covid-19 of ASEAN Covid-19 response
pandemic has redefined the world’s solutions and regional innovations to
traditional view on health which overcome the setbacks imposed by
made people realizing how important Covid-19.
it is rather than the traditional This is not the first time ASEAN
national defense agendas. Research by cooperate to fight Covid-19, 2003
Yimer et al (2020) argued that the ASEAN has established several
Covid-19 pandemic has contested mechanisms for example the
countries and testing them in their ASEAN+3 emerging infectious disease
policy responses and interventions to program in 2004 – 2008, ASEAN
alleviate the social and economic Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza
impacts. The research argued further task forces, ASEAN Assessment of
that African Union, a region that is National Multi-Sectoral Pandemic
well known for its hardship managed Preparedness and Response (2007-
to perform remarkably to fight Covid- 2010), and the ASEAN – WHO
19 with their solidarity (Yimer, et al, Memorandum of Understanding
2020). We discuss this further by (Djalante, et al., 2020). ASEAN efforts
comparing with the major powers in to combat COVID-19 are perceived by
the global north (Europe) and the US its member states as a collective
where the western countries are problem and states stipulated their
struggling with the rise of populism in commitment through the adoption of
their political status quo that affects their consented chair statement.
the global landscape. Health security However, subsequent challenges like
policies argued by Rushton (2010) are information-sharing, lack of sufficient
dependent on how the public health health infrastructures and medical
issues are being framed, and this will supplies, and the socio-economic
shape its foreign policy approach. In hurdles disrupted each member
ASEAN, the rural societies tend to states’ synergy to recover at the same
have a different view on their opinion collective pace. Cross-border health
to Covid-19. Many of them can also be capacity upskilling is also considered
anti-vaccine, religious, and might important in supporting the limited
disregard scientific facts over capacity of the national laboratory in
religious, customs, and political providing the support and assessment
affiliations and beliefs to dogma. This outlined by the ASEAN standard
narrative showcased that participation (Purwanto, 2020).
from civil society, governmental
policies, academic analysis,
35Jose, H.S. Quintuple Helix Analysis of ASEAN Human Securitization Against Covid
Quintuplehelix Analysis of the and microeconomic development
ASEAN Response to Covid-19 as (Nguyen, 2020).
Regional Health Insecurity We can see that countries with a
Starting from the governmental more democratic political system tend
actor as part of the central entities in to struggle more in curbing the virus.
regional interaction, the government In countries like Indonesia, when the
negotiates and regulates the policy large scale of social restrictions (PSBB)
implementation agreed from ASEAN policy was adopted triggered various
meetings into their national status pro and cons public responses,
quo. Government is the main actor in Indonesia’s informal sectors that
handling the political and security depended on in-person mobility were
sector as it is also important and can’t weakened and a mass exodus of
be put as the second priority since it’s unemployment was happening.
part of the national interests. Through Indonesia predicted that 4,89 million
the regulation from article 20, para 1-4 people will be put at risk through the
of the ASEAN Charter, member states PSBB implementation, and this has
can exercise the relevant political proven that economic stimulus isn’t
dynamics model to achieve decision enough as the sole solution to
and also to settle disputes (Jati, et al, minimize household economic issues
2020). Aside from the normative (Andriani, 2020). The 4 indicators
views, the political dynamics within when lifting PSBB are carefully
the ASEAN discussion also came from considered by the government as the
the stance of member states that are prerequisites, those 4 are the time,
being determined from their domestic cases, coordination, and coordination
political system. A single-party state among decision-makers. Public
like Vietnam imposed a stricter and outrage because of the exacerbated
centralized movement order since economy and the packed medical
March – April 2020, and this timely facilities burdened the government’s
anticipation rewarded them as the dilemma in letting the people move to
first country to be remarkably praised the next weaker PSBB phase.
for the lowest Covid-19 cases in the Responding to these 2 examples in
third and fourth quarter of 2020 ASEAN, the region implemented
(Chinazzi, Davis, & Ajelli, 2020). ASEAN Covid-19 Response Fund to
Following their success, Vietnam was overcome medical supply shortages
the first country to mobilize its and to reallocate the intra-ASEAN
citizens in the new normal and lifted funding and external actors’ support
its social distancing measures while to refrain government from restricting
empowering domestic tourism to the necessary trade flow to keep the
restart its stagnant macroeconomic industry productive (Widian &
Omega, 2020). ASEAN also responded
36Politeia: Jurnal Ilmu Politik, 13 (2) (2021): 29-46
by adopting Strategy No. 1 in the understanding and obscured the facts
ACRF which is the enhancement of – and this may also cost lives and
health capacity, the region agreed to unnecessary efforts that will just
enforce health services, detection exhaust the precious limited
capacity, public health nutrition, and resources. Academic also plays an
safety, and vaccine security as important role in researching the best
mandated by the WHO Asia-Pacific practices and evidence-based policy
Strategy for Emerging Diseases and recommendations to be considered by
Public Health Emergencies (APSED) the practitioner on its application
and norms laid out by the IHR 2005 (Wigginton, et al., 2020).
(ASEAN, 2020). ASEAN also adopted In regards to the misinformation,
the Regional Reserve Medical ASEAN specifically adopted the
Supplies (RRMS) in 2020 to ensure ASEAN Framework and Joint
that IHR implementation and an Declaration to Minimize the Harmful
appropriate public health response Effects of Fake News back in June
can be executed with the assistance of 2014. Although this was adopted
external donors outside of ASEAN before Covid-19, the commitment of
(VNA, 2020). each member states to combat fake
In the academic field, think-tank news adopted a follow-up joint
networks play an important role in statement on the Minimize the
organizing programs to build Negative Effects of Covid-19 through
awareness, publicizing efforts and the ASEAN Ministers Responsible for
recommendations, and doing research Information (AMRI) meeting in
that may take extra efforts those that August 2020 (ASEAN, 2020). The
are not prioritized by the government penetration of the internet and
due to operational capacity and digitalization amid the society 5.0
priorities. Not only that, but notion that was brought possible by
educational preservation during Covid-19 presents a significant impact
Covid-19 is also part of the to the GDP growth (Amiri & Reif,
government’s policies in ensuring that 2013), and also the threats to domestic
its human capital knowledge building sales into certain products or sector in
isn’t disrupted. Academic also plays a the market (Ferdiawan, et al., 2019).
role in providing infodemic in In civil society, the first part
Southeast Asian countries during the that will be discussed is the policy
pandemic to combat fake news, false implementation, as health security
pieces of information, policies argued by Rushton (2010) are
misunderstanding, and policy dependent on how the public health
miscommunication within the public issues are being framed this will shape
society (Ruddy, 2021). Misinformation ASEAN states' foreign policy
and hoaxes may lead to false approach. In ASEAN, the rural
37Jose, H.S. Quintuple Helix Analysis of ASEAN Human Securitization Against Covid
societies tend to have a different view 19. This was adopted to support
on their opinion to Covid-19. Many of business interaction among the
them can also be anti-vaccine, ASEAN states as usual before the
religious, and might disregard pandemic, while also trying to re-
scientific facts over religious, customs, negotiate on the tourism sector. The
and political affiliations and beliefs to government’s concern for its people
dogma. This narrative showcased that also brought the idea of where the
the participation from civil society and government trying to accelerate
the inclusion of grassroots actors mobility’s arrangement to prevent
using a suitable people-to-people further logistic chain disruption
approach are needed to ensure the (Zakiyy, Santoso, & Alviano, 2020).
effective implementation of ASEAN Vietnam’s chairmanship agenda
Covid-19 response solutions can be “Cohesive and Responsive” became
accepted. An indigenous community, the guiding principle in multiple
for instance, may have a lower diplomatic negotiations among
understanding of health protocols, ASEAN working groups in ensuring
socio-economic inequities, and might that regional connectivity is preserved
rejects rules those are against their through the intensive regional sectoral
customs (Goha, et al., 2021). The progress and the implementation of
second part of this is the concern that the MPAC 2025 mid-term review
high poverty rates substantiate (VNA, 2020).
challenges against the adjusted On the industry, we all seen
government welfare policies as the much research about the economic
social restriction forced bureaucracy impact, this paper would just argue
to be taken virtually with a more that the strategic scheme urgencies for
extensive mechanism for its trade-in-goods,trade-in-services, and
procurement. intellectual property should increase
ASEAN responds to this the region’s participation in the
specific civil society concern by weakened global value chain. Several
implementing the broad strategy No. notable measures within the
2 (enforcing human security), and No. framework such are (1) ATIGA
5 to advance to a more resilient and framework enforcement to achieve
sustainable regional future (ASEAN, ASEAN+1 FTAs, RCEP, and CEPA;
2020). Practically, ASEAN adopted (2) subsequent ASEAN Framework
the Travel Corridor Arrangement Agreement on Services (AFAS); (3)
alongside the RCEP in November 2020 building the intra-ASEAN
to as soon as possible prioritizing investments and operational flexibility
health safety rules in developing a of financial tools; (4) cross-cutting
pre-departure and post-arrival solutions in capital liberalization; and
screening and protection from Covid- (5) collective efficient and innovative
38Politeia: Jurnal Ilmu Politik, 13 (2) (2021): 29-46
regional GVCs systems in ASEAN powers in the world have encouraged
(ASEAN, 2015). ASEAN also adopted and spearheaded the green
the ASEAN Plus Three Plan of Action development agenda to suppress
on Mitigating the Economic Impact of climate change proliferation. Research
the Covid-19 Pandemic. The plan of by Barouki et al (2021) argued that the
the action itself stipulated several changing global environmental
guiding principles such are: (1) landscape in Covid-19 has caused
ensuring market and export-import unprecedented behavioral and societal
accessibility during the Covid-19 implications. This has directly
pandemic; (2) building resilience for impacted the emergence of zoonotic
the economic sector and facilitating diseases and ecosystem changes
smooth flow for essential goods, which affect biodiversity thus the
commodities, and short term other micro aspects such as pollutants
measures to revive the regional from waste increased energy use due
economy interconnectivity; (3) to WFH policies, and a wide range of
MSMEs empowerment and business other associated issues (Barouki, et al.,
networks sharing; and (4) information 2021). Previous research by Khan
and trade burden-sharing on essential (2020) also argued that the stricter
goods and supply chain during the human mobility during Covid-19 has
Covid-19 pandemic (ASEAN, 2020). opened many possibilities to increase
During the Covid-19 pandemic, sustainability; the same was argued
ASEAN member states also filed their by Henriques (2020) and Yunus et al
trade policy adjustment to the WTO (2020) where he argued that a 50%
and notifying other member states reduction of pollution emission
also as their confidence building in globally due to the social restriction
economic interdependence, brought GHG drastic drop and the
approximately 285 trade measures lockdown also successfully slashed
ranging from export control, water pollution and harmful human
quarantine impact assessment, anti- activities.
dumping duty, trade facilitation, and In regards to the environment,
tariff measures increased during the previous research only concludes
Covid-19 pandemic, even the tariff about the impact of Covid-19 on the
measures alone is increasing into 134 tourism sector that has drastically
measures to adjust the import-export reduced pollution, where the research
affairs during Covid-19 in ASEAN also discussed the extent of causality
(Chandra, Mujahid, & Mahyassari, between Covid-19 and environmental
2020). degradation (Beh, 2021). Until now,
Lastly, the environmental aspect there are no specific measures that
is now becoming a global agenda to have been adopted by ASEAN
achieve sustainability as many major specifically to address the
39Jose, H.S. Quintuple Helix Analysis of ASEAN Human Securitization Against Covid
interlinkages between Covid-19 and consider on how the increased medical
environmental concerns. However, waste from masks, medicines, and
the ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity other wastes caused by the Covid-19
(ACB) in December 2020 has pandemic impacts the environment.
successfully convened the Wildlife Although there has been no formal
Conservation and Zoonotic Disease ratification of regional concern
forum that discussed the ASEAN regarding this, research from Wardani
public health and species loss during (2020) argued that the infectious waste
Covid-19. The forum highlights that may pose another risks that increases
protected areas should be preserved cases among medical and public
and ASEAN member states should personnels. The most common method
consider legislating the management is now using incinerator, however this
of wild species trading and may affect the air pollution level as the
implementing the “One Health” burning process emits gases (Wardani
approach (ASEAN Cooperation on & Azizah, 2020).
Environment, 2020).
ASEAN also already calls for
CONCLUSION
member states in refraining marine
With the analysis in this paper,
plastic pollution due to the increased
it can be concluded that quintuple
usage during the pandemic to achieve
helix analysis shown that ASEAN
SDG 11, 12, and 14 subsequently
member states have many converging
through public awareness and
points in Covid-19 recovery and
common access to waste management
health security concerns. ASEAN may
system. It can be concluded that
take the further top-down approach in
although no concrete statement or
finding the solutions on their regional
framework has been decided by
consultation, however ASEAN right
ASEAN, these actions can still be
now seems to be more focused on
counted as normative possibilities for
trade and economic interconnectivity
ASEAN to integrate it into its broad
as after the adoption of RCEP, there
ACRF strategy. Member states like
are many simultaneous trade
Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, and
cooperation upgrades Intra ASEAN or
Vietnam have started their
with its external partners. The
engagement in non-traditional
innovative solutions that are being
markets such as renewable energy and
taken by ASEAN are now more
electric vehicle, so we may expect
people-centered, which open the
further research to consider this part
possibility for member states to
to be deliberated.
catalyze further their regionalism in
In regards of the environment, addressing more human-related non-
it is advised that further researc should traditional security agenda rather than
40Politeia: Jurnal Ilmu Politik, 13 (2) (2021): 29-46
the usual state-centric concerns. The Canberra: Australian National
innovation brought by the Covid-19 University.
pandemic also opens overarching
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