LLAAYYMMAANN''SS SSUUMMMMAARRYY - LIFE05/TCY/TR164 PROMOTING CLIMATE CHANGE POLICIES IN TURKEY - European Commission
←
→
Page content transcription
If your browser does not render page correctly, please read the page content below
TÜRKİYE’DE PROMOTING
İKLİM DEĞİŞİKLİĞİ CLIMATE CHANGE
POLİTİKALARININ POLICIES
TANITILMASI IN TURKEY
LIFE05/TCY/TR164
PROMOTING CLIMATE CHANGE POLICIES IN
TURKEY
LAYMAN’S SUMMARY
PROJE EŞGÜDÜM VE YÖNETIM / PROJECT COORDINATION AND MANAGEMENT
REC TÜRKİYE
İLKBAHAR MAH. 571. CAD. 617. SOK NO:8 YILDIZ - ANKARA - TURKEY
TEL: +90 312 491 95 53 FAX: +90 312 491 95 40
info@rec.org.tr-rec@iklimlerdegisiyor.info / www.iklimlerdegisiyor.info - www.rec.org.trTÜRKİYE’DE PROMOTING
İKLİM DEĞİŞİKLİĞİ CLIMATE CHANGE
POLİTİKALARININ POLICIES
TANITILMASI IN TURKEY
Project Description
“LIFE05-TCY/TR164 – Promoting Climate Change Policies in Turkey Project”, has been implemented
between 2006-2008 by Regional Environmental Center Country Office Turkey (REC Turkey) as beneficiary,
in collaboration with General Directorate of Environmental Management of Turkish Ministry of Environment
and Exergia from Greece as partners, through the financial support provided by the LIFE Third Countries
Fund of the Environmental Directorate of the European Commission and co-finance provided by the Italian
Ministry of Environment, Land and Sea. Within the scope of Project activities, it is planned to achieve
progress in below areas;
• to support Turkey in fulfilling its obligations under the UNFCCC, and
• to demonstrate that a participatory process with the involvement of stakeholders can produce
effective Climate Change policies and ensure societal consensus.
• to build capacity related to Climate Change within national administration,
• promote intra-governmental cooperation,
• increase the awareness of societal actors and improve their role in Climate Change debate,
• support the development of Climate Change policies for priority sectors,
• enhance public participation and access to environmental information.
Project Activities
• Development of a web page
• Preparation of Reports: International developments in Climate Change, Evaluation of CO2
emissions reduction strategies in Turkey
• Conducting training for administration and NGOs
• Developing training manuals for administration and NGOs
• Establishing Sectoral Working Groups
• Preparation of Reports of Working Groups: Sectoral Strategies
• Preparation and dissemination of sectoral leaflets
• Organization of Final Workshop and Report
Project Outputs
• Project web page
• www.iklimlerdegisiyor.info, has been recognized as the most important source of information in
Turkish and English, based on the up-to-date information disseminated through the site on
progress in the efforts related to climate change at the national and international level and project
activities. Since Fall 2007, the project website has also been recognized as the first and only
independent Turkish website to host the project design documents of the voluntary carbon
projects that are in the process of Gold Standard. The Final Conference of the project realized on
January 9, 2008 has also been broadcasted live at the www.reclife.sempozyum.tv as Turkey’s first
climate change activity with a live web coverage.
PROJE EŞGÜDÜM VE YÖNETIM / PROJECT COORDINATION AND MANAGEMENT
REC TÜRKİYE
İLKBAHAR MAH. 571. CAD. 617. SOK NO:8 YILDIZ - ANKARA - TURKEY
TEL: +90 312 491 95 53 FAX: +90 312 491 95 40
info@rec.org.tr-rec@iklimlerdegisiyor.info / www.iklimlerdegisiyor.info - www.rec.org.trTÜRKİYE’DE PROMOTING
İKLİM DEĞİŞİKLİĞİ CLIMATE CHANGE
POLİTİKALARININ POLICIES
TANITILMASI IN TURKEY
• Project Activities
• Training of Pioneers: Training seminars are aimed to build technical capacities of experts from
government and technical staff of related institutions by means of technical background
information as well as comprehensive information about international processes in climate change
issue. At the beginning and end of each training, participants are requested to answer a 10-
question self assessment exercise to evaluate the progress achieved in trainings. At the beginning,
only 30% of participants were able to answer questions correctly whereas after trainings, with
more than 100% increase, 70% of participants could provide correct answers to questions.
• Meetings of NGOs for Climate Change: The aim of these 1-day meetings is to improve the capacity
of NGOs by means of increasing and strengthening their knowledge about climate change and
improving their roles in climate change debate. Participants were informed about possibilities and
ways of participating decision making process at national and international level within the scope
of discussion topics like “national and international developments in climate change”, “NGOs vision
towards climate change” and “partnerships in climate change; are they necessary? and how?”.
• Working Groups: Sectoral studies have been conducted under working groups entitled “Mitigating
Climate Change”, “Adaptation to Climate Change”, “Climate Change Regime”. An additional
process entitled “Informal Briefing and Discussion Meetings with Turkish High Level Officials on
Kyoto Protocol" has also been designed in order to enable high level decision makers of public
institutions of Turkish government meet informally with senior negotiators of Swiss Government
and the European Commission.
• Final Conference: The Final Conference convened on January 9, 2008 has not only enabled to
present outputs of the project but also created a platform for the first time that helped to evaluate
publicly the outcomes of a Conference of the Parties meeting, together with the participating
Turkish delegation and representatives of Turkish NGOs.
Activity Date
October 17-19, 2006
Training of Pioneers December 13-15, 2006
February 7-9, 2007
November 3, 2006 (İstanbul)
Meetings of NGOs December 20 2006 (Adana)
January 26, 2007 (İzmir)
April 17, 2007
Climate Change Regime June 22, 2007
November 6, 2007
April 17, 2007
June 7, 2007 (İzmit)
Mitigating Climate Change
June 19, 2007
Working
October 4-5, 2007
Groups
May 2, 2007
Adaptation to Climate Change
June 29, 2007
Informal Briefing and
Discussion Meetings with Mr. Jose Romero (Switzerland, April 18, 2007)
Turkish High Level Officials on Mr. Artur Runge–Metzger (EC, November 23, 2007)
Kyoto Protocol
Final Conference January 9, 2008
PROJE EŞGÜDÜM VE YÖNETIM / PROJECT COORDINATION AND MANAGEMENT
REC TÜRKİYE
İLKBAHAR MAH. 571. CAD. 617. SOK NO:8 YILDIZ - ANKARA - TURKEY
TEL: +90 312 491 95 53 FAX: +90 312 491 95 40
info@rec.org.tr-rec@iklimlerdegisiyor.info / www.iklimlerdegisiyor.info - www.rec.org.trTÜRKİYE’DE PROMOTING
İKLİM DEĞİŞİKLİĞİ CLIMATE CHANGE
POLİTİKALARININ POLICIES
TANITILMASI IN TURKEY
• Project Publications
• Reports:
o International Developments in Climate Change (Eng)
o Analysis of Turkey’s GHG Emissions in 1990-2004 (Eng)
o Harmonization of Turkey with ECCP measures (Eng)
o CO2 Reduction policies based on Low and No cost measures (Eng)
o Voluntary Carbon Market for Turkey (Eng)
o A’dan Z’ye Iklim Degisikligi Başucu Rehberi (A 100-pages report that is a compilation and synthesis of all
project reports and activities in Turkish)
o Nairobi Work Programme (Tur)
• Brochures:
o Sectoral Brochures: “GHG Emissions of Turkey in 1990-2004”, “Mitigating Climate Change”,
“Adaptation to Climate”, “Low/No Cost Measures”, “Climate Change Regime”, “Voluntary Carbon
Trade”, (Turkish and English)
o Thematic Brochures: “Climate is Changing……And you?” (Turkish and English), “Voluntary Carbon
Trade” (for ICCI2008)
• Posters:
o “Comments for Turkey”, “GHG Emissions of Turkey in 1990-2004, “Chronology of Turkey’s Climate
Change Process” “GHG Emissions of Turkey in 1990-2004”, (Turkish and English)
o “Adaptation to Climate Change (Water, Agriculture, Health)”, “UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol”
“Turkey and Kyoto Protocol” (Turkish).
• Articles:
o “Analysis of Turkey’s Mitigation Options in the Period 1990-2004”, 31st General Assembly of IAEE,
18-20 June 2008, Istanbul.
o “Voluntary Carbon Trade as a Means to Facilitate Turkey’s Involvement in the Global Carbon
Markets in the Post-2012 Period”, 15th ICCI International Energy and Environment Conference,
15-18 May 2008, Istanbul.
• Project CD:
o A CD that contains all presentations, documentation publications, recordings developed within the
scope of project activities.
Key Achievements of Project
Excellent performance on public awareness on climate change at all levels
Supporting Turkey’s negotiation strategy on climate change and capacity building of senior negotiators
A new perspective for the analysis of Turkey’s GHG Inventory
Keeping Turkish officials informed about the new progress at the international and EU level
Launching of the informal dialogues of Turkish high/senior levels with their counter parts at the international
and EU level on Kyoto Protocol and post-2012 negotiations
First access to information, public level promotion, critical analysis of voluntary carbon markets/trade
Low/no cost measures in GHG mitigation and development of analysis and suggestions for sectoral studies.
Facilitating Turkish governments dialogue with the IPCC to host an IPCC event in Turkey
Supporting Turkish delegation at SB26, COP13
PROJE EŞGÜDÜM VE YÖNETIM / PROJECT COORDINATION AND MANAGEMENT
REC TÜRKİYE
İLKBAHAR MAH. 571. CAD. 617. SOK NO:8 YILDIZ - ANKARA - TURKEY
TEL: +90 312 491 95 53 FAX: +90 312 491 95 40
info@rec.org.tr-rec@iklimlerdegisiyor.info / www.iklimlerdegisiyor.info - www.rec.org.trTÜRKİYE’DE PROMOTING
İKLİM DEĞİŞİKLİĞİ CLIMATE CHANGE
POLİTİKALARININ POLICIES
TANITILMASI IN TURKEY
Facilitation of first Turkish NGO accreditation to the UNFCCC
Hosting the first official meeting/consultation process of government and NGOs on agenda/outcome of
COP/SB sessions
Facilitating works of Research Commissions and Environment Commissions of Turkish Parliament
First web-broadcasting of a climate change event in Turkey
Findings and Recommendations of the Project 1
Adaptation to Climate Change
Definition of vulnerable countries pursuant
Turkey’s Position
to Article 4.8 of UNFCCC
(a) Small island countries; - Low-lying areas, including river deltas constitute a
(b) Countries with low-lying coastal areas; significant part of Turkey. (b)
(c) Countries with arid and semi-arid areas, - A great majority of Turkey’s the geography represent
forested areas and areas liable to forest an arid or semi-arid climate. Around 25% of Turkey’s
decay; area consists of forest area, of which 50% consists of
degraded forests. Due to climatic conditions, these
(d) Countries with areas prone to natural
areas are vulnerable to forest fires.(c)
disasters;
- Due to unique landscape characteristics that involve
(e) Countries with areas liable to drought
mountainous areas, non-regulated rivers and land
and desertification;
use challenges, Turkey has highly risky areas with
(f) Countries with areas of high urban respect to floods, droughts and earthquakes. (d)
atmospheric pollution;
- The country is under serious threat of drought, due
(g) Countries with areas with fragile to the fact that the country is placed in the Eastern
ecosystems, including mountainous Mediterranean basin. (e)
ecosystems;
- Due to the factors like the lack of sustainable urban
(h) Countries whose economies are highly planning, low fuel quality, inefficient heating
dependent on income generated from the technologies, limited air pollution control measures,
production, processing and export, and/or industrial activities and urban transport, many of the
on consumption of fossil fuels and Turkish provinces suffer from air pollution especially
associated energy-intensive products; and in winter time. (f)
(i) Land-locked and transit countries.
- Based on the fact that Turkey fulfills 5 out of 8 criteria the UNFCCC that defines vulnerable countries,
Turkey shall be considered among those countries that are vulnerable to the adverse affects of
climate change.
- The modeling studies at the national, regional and global level consistently prove that, in the near
future, it is most likely that climate in Turkey will shift to a hotter, drier and more unstable
precipitation characteristics.
- As these new climatic characteristics will primarily lead to a decrease in the availability of water
resources, within the scope of adaptation efforts, it would be more appropriate to give priority to
implementation of long term and comprehensive measures in the agriculture sector. Thus, due to the
fact that it will be likely to observe more heat extremes, drought should be considered within the
scope of definition of disaster, drought risks shall be covered under agriculture insurance, efforts
related to technical and institutional capacity building efforts shall be facilitated.
1
It is essential to note that these proposals shall not be considered as official positions of neither General Directorate of Environmental
Management of Turkish Ministry of Environment and Forestry nor the General Directorate of the European Commission.
PROJE EŞGÜDÜM VE YÖNETIM / PROJECT COORDINATION AND MANAGEMENT
REC TÜRKİYE
İLKBAHAR MAH. 571. CAD. 617. SOK NO:8 YILDIZ - ANKARA - TURKEY
TEL: +90 312 491 95 53 FAX: +90 312 491 95 40
info@rec.org.tr-rec@iklimlerdegisiyor.info / www.iklimlerdegisiyor.info - www.rec.org.trTÜRKİYE’DE PROMOTING
İKLİM DEĞİŞİKLİĞİ CLIMATE CHANGE
POLİTİKALARININ POLICIES
TANITILMASI IN TURKEY
- Adaptation is being more seriously considered within the scope of the second phase of the European
Climate Change Programme that has commenced in 2005. It is possible that a White Paper on the
issue might involve actions like development or improvement of legislation in leading sectors like
related to adaptation to climate change like water, agriculture, tourism, health, biodiversity, urban
infrastructure.
- The possibility of extension of drought conditions inn the Mediterranean to a greater area in Europe
leads to the fact that European and Mediterranean basins shall be evaluated through a more
comprehensive and interactive approach. Turkey can propose to define a new working group as Euro-
Mediterranean within the scope of IPCC studies, so that Turkey can also be involved together with
Europe in this group and thus related studies can be conducted more efficiently.
Mitigating Climate Change
Comparison of various socio-economical and carbon indicators of Turkey
1990 2004 1990-2004
GDP (PPP) (billion USD 2000) 306.9 502.0 64%
Population (million cap) 56.2 71.8 28%
Data Per Capita GDP (PPP) (USD 2000/cap) 5,466 7,055 29%
Total Primary Energy Supply (Mtoe) 53.0 87.8 66%
Total Electricity Generation (billion kWh) 57.5 150.7 162%
Socio- Energy Supply per Capita (toe/cap) 0.94 1.22 30%
Economy Electricity Generation per capita (kWh/cap) 1,024 2,099 105%
Share of Energy in the Total Primary Supply 11% 14% 25%
Indicators Share of Renewables in Total Primary Energy Consumption 18% 12% -33%
Share of Renewables in Electricity Production 40% 31% -24%
Energy Consumption for Electiricity Production (Toe/1000 kWh) 0.10 0.08 -21%
Energy Intensity of Economy (Toe/1000 USD) 0.173 0.175 1%
Total GHG Emissions (million ton CO2-eq) 170.1 296.6 74%
Data
Elektricity GHG Emissions (million ton CO2-eq) 30.4 70.7 132%
Per Capita GHG Emissions (ton-CO2-eq/cap) 3.0 4.1 37%
Carbon Carbon Intensity of Economy ( ton CO2-eq/1000 USD) 0.55 0.59 7%
Indicators Carbon Intensity of Electricity (kg CO2-eq/kWh) 0.53 0.47 -11%
Carbon Intensity of Electricitiy Production (ton CO2-eq/Toe) 5.3 5.9 12%
Carbon Intensity of Energy Supply (ton CO2-eq/Toe) 3.2 3.4 5%
Potential of Low/No Cost measures in leading sectors in Turkey
m illion ton CO2-eq
Behavioural change
7.0
Technological operation and
maintenance
6.0 1.4 Fuel change
5.0
4.0 2.5 1.3
3.0
1.0
0.4
2.0
1.1
2.4
2.0
1.0
0.8
0.0
Buildings Transport Industry
PROJE EŞGÜDÜM VE YÖNETIM / PROJECT COORDINATION AND MANAGEMENT
REC TÜRKİYE
İLKBAHAR MAH. 571. CAD. 617. SOK NO:8 YILDIZ - ANKARA - TURKEY
TEL: +90 312 491 95 53 FAX: +90 312 491 95 40
info@rec.org.tr-rec@iklimlerdegisiyor.info / www.iklimlerdegisiyor.info - www.rec.org.trTÜRKİYE’DE PROMOTING
İKLİM DEĞİŞİKLİĞİ CLIMATE CHANGE
POLİTİKALARININ POLICIES
TANITILMASI IN TURKEY
- As of 2004, per capita GHG emissions of Turkey (4.1 ton CO2-eq/cap) are still well below average
figures OECD and Annex-I Parties, and almost equal to global and non-Annex-I Parties.
- However, in the period 1990-2004, increase in total GHG emissions (74%) and per capita GHG
emissions (37%) are higher than increase in economical income (68%) and increase in population
(28%). Similarly, increase in carbon intensity of economy (7%) is higher than increase in energy
intensity of economy (1%). All these figures indicate that life style and economical choices of Turkey as
a nation have turned into a more carbon intensive structure.
- In this period, increase in per capita electricity consumption (105%) is considerably higher than the
increase per capita energy supply (30%). Although, electricity consumption is considered as the
indicator of industrialization, lower level of increase in GDP (64%) show that efficient of the use of
generated electricity should be examined in detail.
- In this period, lower level of increase in GHG emission from electricity production (132%) as compared
to increase in total electricity generation (162%) is remarkable. Although, use of renewable energy
sources which are mostly concentrated on hydroelectricity decreased by 24%, carbon intensity of
electricity production show a limited increase (12%). Also, as a result of decrease in energy
consumption for electricity production by 21%, carbon intensity of electricity decreased by 11% in the
period 1990-2004.
- The fact that Turkey was not able to participate in international collaborations held under UFCCC in the
period 1990-2004, constituted one of the main reasons for the slow pace of improvements in the fields
of renewable energy and energy efficiency.
- In 1990-2004 period, as a result of efforts of both government, local administrations and also private
sector, successful initiatives such as increased use of low-carbon fossil fuels in energy and electricity
sector, wider use of light rail systems in urban transportation, energy recovery from municipal solid
waste disposal sites, development of insulation sector, use of low carbon vehicles and improvement of
energy efficiency in industry have been accomplished. Although these initiatives were not aimed to
design to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions directly, such initiatives limited the level of increase of
GHG emissions of Turkey. Furthermore, these initiatives have some risks like increase in energy source
dependency. Moreover, it has to be taken into consideration that these initiatives have been totally
realized by national funds, without the use of any of the carbon funds which have become widespread
all over the world since 2000 especially.
- However, there exist a significant potential in Turkey to decrease emissions of greenhouse gases
which can be realized by investing in low/no cost measures in building, transportation and industry
sectors. Regardless of the discussions of Turkey’s accession to the Kyoto Protocol, this huge potential
could be financed by sources like governmental funds and/or IPA funds to conduct studies on
legislations, awareness raising and capacity building. Achievements that would be accomplished to
reduce greenhouse gas emissions by initiating efforts in these fields could not only contribute to global
efforts but might also create a positive reference for Turkey within the scope international climate
change negotiations.
- Considering the huge potential that has not been realized until now and the increasing drought risk as
a result of global climate change, for the purpose of mitigating emissions of greenhouse gases, it
would be a more realistic approach to prioritize efforts in energy efficiency and non-hydro renewable
energy. Accounting of baseline emissions of greenhouse gases and the level reached after the
implementation of these projects, will also help to mobilize international financial support through
voluntary carbon markets for these projects.
PROJE EŞGÜDÜM VE YÖNETIM / PROJECT COORDINATION AND MANAGEMENT
REC TÜRKİYE
İLKBAHAR MAH. 571. CAD. 617. SOK NO:8 YILDIZ - ANKARA - TURKEY
TEL: +90 312 491 95 53 FAX: +90 312 491 95 40
info@rec.org.tr-rec@iklimlerdegisiyor.info / www.iklimlerdegisiyor.info - www.rec.org.trTÜRKİYE’DE PROMOTING
İKLİM DEĞİŞİKLİĞİ CLIMATE CHANGE
POLİTİKALARININ POLICIES
TANITILMASI IN TURKEY
Carbon Markets
- The main aim of voluntary carbon markets which take place in all over the world and Turkey is to
facilitate further involvement of reductions of emissions of greenhouse gases in countries and sectors
that are not covered by Kyoto Protocol and to provide financial support for these offsetting efforts.
- Based on the information provided by project developers, as of May 2008, it has been estimated that
the number of wind, geothermal, biogas and hydroelectricity energy projects that have been involved in
the voluntary carbon market have reached up to 30, with an annual greenhouse emissions reduction
potential of more than 3 million tons of CO2-eq.
- However, various assessments held both at the EU and UN, imply that many sectors, including
specifically emissions from international civil aviation, that are not currently covered by Kyoto Protocol
might be integrated in the global market in the post-2012 period. Within this context, regardless of the
decision at the UNFCCC level, the European Commission has already taken necessarry measures to
include international civil aviation in the EU-ETS starting from 2011.
- In this case, the introduction of new sectors might lead to the enlargement of global compulsory carbon
markets and lead to a decrease in voluntary markets. Thus, if Turkey becomes excluded from the global
market in the post-2012 period, it can be concluded that, the current flow international funds through
the voluntary carbon markets might not be valid for Turkey in the post-2102 period.
- Even if Turkey accedes to the Kyoto Protocol in near future, pursuant to her position in the annexes of
both UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol, until 2012, she will not be able to join the Clean Development
Mechanism (CDM), Joint Implementation (JI) and Emission Trading Scheme (ETS) as a carbon seller or
carbon buyer country. Thus, until 2012, voluntary carbon markets will exist as the only tool for business
community and for the projects related to reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.
- Following the accession to Kyoto Protocol, it is expected that Turkey might involve in the international
official carbon markets in the post-2012 period. Thus, voluntary markets in Turkey should be evaluated
not only as the only aim but rather as a tool to enable Turkey’s involvement in the international carbon
markets. In this context, existing processes should be evaluated as a tool that supports Turkey’s
negotiations and efforts to be considered as carbon seller country by hosting CDM/JI projects in the
post-2012 period.
- Meanwhile, as a differentiation of the country’s practices from that of other countries, Turkey shall
consider a more active role of government in the voluntary carbon process so that the institutional
framework and the process for monitoring, permission, registry issues might lead to the establishment
of a Designated National Authority (DNA) and registry system in the country in the post-2012 period.
Thus, voluntary carbon market applications in Turkey that would include relevant legislations,
implementation, monitoring and auditing mechanisms in the period before 2012, can facilitate Turkey’s
involvement in the international process in the post-2012 period without any delay and in a way that
serves for the national interests of the country.
- Meanwhile, policies and applications that involve both accounting of greenhouse gas emissions of
activities of public institutions and big companies and offsetting a certain amount of these emissions
within the scope of corporate social responsibility should be promoted. Such an effort will lead to the
creation of a demand in carbon reductions at the national level and facilitate participation of national
carbon buyers in voluntary carbon markets.
- In order to facilitate the existing process, intensive awareness and promotion actions shall be
undertaken by the public institutions related to the sectoral priorities and concerns that have to be
taken into consideration during the implementation of the projects.
PROJE EŞGÜDÜM VE YÖNETIM / PROJECT COORDINATION AND MANAGEMENT
REC TÜRKİYE
İLKBAHAR MAH. 571. CAD. 617. SOK NO:8 YILDIZ - ANKARA - TURKEY
TEL: +90 312 491 95 53 FAX: +90 312 491 95 40
info@rec.org.tr-rec@iklimlerdegisiyor.info / www.iklimlerdegisiyor.info - www.rec.org.trTÜRKİYE’DE PROMOTING
İKLİM DEĞİŞİKLİĞİ CLIMATE CHANGE
POLİTİKALARININ POLICIES
TANITILMASI IN TURKEY
International Climate Change Negotiations
The main bottlenecks in the existing implementation of the Kyoto Protocol include; covering a relatively a
short period of time, posing commitments of reductions of greenhouse house gases to a limited number
of countries (39, in Annex-B) although a broad number of countries (183) are a Party, exclusion of
mitigation commitments in sectors like international civil aviation and emissions from deforestation and
existence of no provisions related to the concept of adaptation.
Thus, it is expected that the new regime that will be defined by the end of 2009 shall include provisions to
improve existing procedures or develop new concepts in issues like; covering a longer period like 2013-
2020; include new sectors like international civil aviation, bunker fuels or reductions of emissions from
deforestation in the scope of mitigation efforts; pursuant to the outcomes of negotiations under AWGKP,
enlargement of Annex-B by including Belorussia (entry into force of Dec.10/CMP2), Cyprus and Malta (due
to their accession to the EU as of 2004) and increased mitigation commitments of Annex-B countries (-10
or 20% in 2020 compared to 1990 levels); pursuant to the outcomes of AWGLCA and Second Review of
the Kyoto Protocol, stepping up of some countries that are not listed in Annex-I or Annex-B to commit
reduction of emissions of greenhouse gases with less binding targets and as an addition to Annex-B
countries, inclusion of provisions related to adaptation and funding of adaptation, more effective use of
emissions trading and other flexibility mechanisms.
Turkey’s experience and success in the implementation of the Montreal Protocol, in fact, can be considered
as an excellent case study to prove that, multilateral environmental agreements, provided that they are
designed and implemented appropriately, shall be as one of the most powerful tools for the
implementation of sustainable development in developing countries. Thus, taking into consideration that
the issue of Turkey’s position under the UNFCCC has been resolved by Dec.26/CP7 adopted in 2001,
achieving a position in the first and post-2012 period of Kyoto Protocol that is similar to the position of the
country in the Montreal Protocol, can be considered as the overarching priority of Turkey as of today.
Basis of international negotiations for the post-2012 period
Process Definition Coverage Issues
Bali Action Plan (BAP) defines concepts as mitigation,
Long term
adaptation, technology transfer and financing. Item 1.b.i
AWGLCA cooperation of all
of BAP focuses on mitigation commitments of “developed
UNFCCC parties to the
(2007) countries” whereas item 1.b.ii states that mitigation
UNFCCC for the
actions of “developing countries” will be supported by
post-2012 period
financing and capacity building.
Commitments of
Mitigation potentials, options for mitigation targets,
AWGKP Annex-I Parties in
means to reach targets, new commitments of Annex-I
(2005) the Post-2012 Period
Parties
(Art.3.9)
Use of revenues from CDM and JI projects for the
Kyoto financing of adaptation, definition of new commitments in
Protocol Annex-B, rights and immunities of experts, improvement
Second All Parties to the of flexibility mechanisms, reduction of adverse effects of
Review Kyoto Protocol mitigation, climate insurance, type of new commitments,
(2006) (Art.9) emissions from international aviation and bunker fuels,
more support to renewable energy and energy efficiency,
clarification of definitions like “developed”, “developing”,
“vulnerable” countries, etc.
PROJE EŞGÜDÜM VE YÖNETIM / PROJECT COORDINATION AND MANAGEMENT
REC TÜRKİYE
İLKBAHAR MAH. 571. CAD. 617. SOK NO:8 YILDIZ - ANKARA - TURKEY
TEL: +90 312 491 95 53 FAX: +90 312 491 95 40
info@rec.org.tr-rec@iklimlerdegisiyor.info / www.iklimlerdegisiyor.info - www.rec.org.trTÜRKİYE’DE PROMOTING
İKLİM DEĞİŞİKLİĞİ CLIMATE CHANGE
POLİTİKALARININ POLICIES
TANITILMASI IN TURKEY
Negotiation process for the Post-2012 period
Track-1
Mitigation Bali Action Plan
UNFCCC
The ratification The new
Adaptation
Russian process of the international
Proposal new agreement regime
Technology
Track-2 AWG (Annex-I/B)
Finance
KP Second Review
2009 2012
COP15 - Copenhagen KP (end of CP1)
Turkey and other critical countries with respect to UNFCCC and KP as of 2008
UNFCCC Relevant KP Critical Parties to the KP Critical Non-KP
List KP Articles List Parties
Annex-II Annex-B USA
Article 3.9 Non Belarus
Annex-I Turkey
Annex-B (until entry into force of Dec.10/CMP2)
Cyprus and Malta
(Member of EU as of 2004)
Kazakhstan
Mexico and S.Korea
Non Non (Urges to be evaluated
Article.9 (member for OECD since 1994 and
Annex-I Annex-B as Annex-I in the KP)
1996)
Argentina
(Announced voluntary targets at COP4)
PROJE EŞGÜDÜM VE YÖNETIM / PROJECT COORDINATION AND MANAGEMENT
REC TÜRKİYE
İLKBAHAR MAH. 571. CAD. 617. SOK NO:8 YILDIZ - ANKARA - TURKEY
TEL: +90 312 491 95 53 FAX: +90 312 491 95 40
info@rec.org.tr-rec@iklimlerdegisiyor.info / www.iklimlerdegisiyor.info - www.rec.org.trTÜRKİYE’DE PROMOTING
İKLİM DEĞİŞİKLİĞİ CLIMATE CHANGE
POLİTİKALARININ POLICIES
TANITILMASI IN TURKEY
Compared to other 40 Annex-I Parties, TURKEY’s
Rank in Key Rank in Performance Indicators In brief, TURKEY;
Parameters
1st; in the Rate of Population Increase in 2020- is a very crowded country with a rapidly increasing
5th; The Most Populated 2004 population, however, the overall and general quality of
40th; in Human Development Index life of this big population is not as high as expected;
14th; The Highest Total can not provide adequate amount of energy, when
40th; Highest Per Capita Energy Supply
Primary Energy Supply compared to the size of the population;
38th; Highest Per Capita Income in spite of relatively inadequate energy supply per
30th; The Highest
26th; Highest Energy Consumption Per Income capita, the absolute value of energy consumption is also
National Income
Generated not effective in terms of economical productivity;
40th; Highest Per Capita GHG Emissions
the energy profile that is huge in absolute terms,
16th; Highest GHG Emissions Per Income inadequate in meeting the demand, less efficient in
Generated terms of economic productivity,
13th; The Highest Total
GHG Emissions 8th; Highest GHG Emission Per Energy Supply also yields in a relatively carbon intensive energy sector,
which provides a significant potential in reduction of
1st; Highest Rate of Increase in GHG Emissions
emissions of greenhouse gases.
in 1990-2004
Total GHG Emissions Change in GHG
Population in 2000 GHG Increase Rate
(millon ton CO2-eq) Emissions in 1990-2000
(million) (%)
2000 (millon ton CO2-eq)
1 China 1321 China 4882,7 China 1247 G. Kore 97
2 India 1100 India 1606,5 India 457 Indonesia 97
3 Indonesia 245 Brezilya 949,8 G. Kore 246 Iran 93
4 Brasil 183,9 Mexico 573,3 Iran 178 S. Arabia 91
5 Pakistan 169 G.Kore 524,7 Indonesia 164 India 70
6 Mexico 103,3 Indonesia 502,7 S. Arabia 148 Pakistan 60
7 Iran 70 S.Africa 441,6 Brezilya 125 Turkey 59
8 Turkey 67,4 Iran 422,1 Turkey 100 Brasil 57
9 S.Korea 48,8 S. Arabia 319,6 Mexico 87 China 49
10 S.Africa 44,2 Argentina 296,1 S.Africa 69 Mexico 28
11 S. Arabia 27 Turkey 280 Pakistan 40 S.Africa 23
- Currently, and most likely until 2012, Turkey will be considered as the only country that is listed in
Annex-I of the UNFCCC that had not defined a target for greenhouse gas limitation or reduction until
2012 in the Kyoto Protocol. In addition the fact that Turkey is the only non-EIT Annex-I Party that
received a funding support from GEF for the preparation of Initial National Communication, such a
position of Turkey in the Kyoto Protocol, can be considered as the most concrete and important
indicator of the Turkey’s position that is different than that of other counties in Annex-I List, as adopted
in Dec.26/CP7 in 2001. Turkey’s accession to the KP at any given time before December 31, 2012, will
not yield in any changes in Turkey’s position in the Kyoto Protocol. Pursuant to the fact that Turkey will
be a country that is not listed in Annex-B, upon accession to the Kyoto Protocol, Turkey will exempted
from any of the commitments of Art.3.1 that address Annex-B.
- As a result of the fact that Turkey is not binded by any commitments related to limitation or reduction
of emissions of greenhouse gases with respect to 1990 levels, being a Party to the Kyoto Protocol will
not impose any direct economical restrictions, sanctions or financial commitments for Turkey.
- Additionally, together with S.Korea and Mexico, Turkey is also considered as one of the 3 countries of
the OECD that do not have a target for the limitation or reduction of emissions of greenhouse gases
PROJE EŞGÜDÜM VE YÖNETIM / PROJECT COORDINATION AND MANAGEMENT
REC TÜRKİYE
İLKBAHAR MAH. 571. CAD. 617. SOK NO:8 YILDIZ - ANKARA - TURKEY
TEL: +90 312 491 95 53 FAX: +90 312 491 95 40
info@rec.org.tr-rec@iklimlerdegisiyor.info / www.iklimlerdegisiyor.info - www.rec.org.trTÜRKİYE’DE PROMOTING
İKLİM DEĞİŞİKLİĞİ CLIMATE CHANGE
POLİTİKALARININ POLICIES
TANITILMASI IN TURKEY
with respect to 1990 levels until 2012. However, unlike Turkey, the other two OECD countries have
been seriously benefiting from the international carbon funds, due to the fact that they are not listed in
Annex-I of the UNFCCC.
- Cyprus and Malta are not listed in Annex-B to the Kyoto Protocol due to the fact that they are not listed
in Annex-I to the UNFCCC. Thus, these countries do not have a commitment for limitation or reduction
of emissions of greenhouse gases with respect to 1990 levels until 2012. As a result of their positions
with respect to UNFCCC and KP, the first GHG mitigation commitments of these two countries have
started within the scope of the 2013-2020 commitments of the EU, 8 years after their membership to
the EU.
- Within the scope EU accession process, the European Commission asks Turkey to become a Party to all
international agreements that EU is a Party to. However, the European Commission is not in a position
to urge Turkey to become listed in Annex-B to the Kyoto Protocol. Thus, upon accession to the Kyoto
Protocol, it is possible that Turkey can commence various partnership opportunities with the EU,
including capacity building activities.
- Pursuant to Dec.26/CP7, as a continuation of Turkey’s position that is different from that of other
Annex-I Parties, for the post-2012 period, Turkey can propose to be considered as the only Annex-I
country that is included in a list that is different than Annex-B. This new list, that involves some other
countries than Turkey, might indicate less binding sectoral greenhouse gas emission reduction targets,
that is different than that of absolute GHG emission reduction targets with respect to 1990 levels, as
indicated in Annex-B.
- Turkey’s membership to the OECD and EU Accession process, can be evaluated as an advantage,
rather than a disadvantage, to support Turkey’s proposal to adopt commitments that is defined in a
different list, together with different countries and with a different scope. Such a new initiative, might
enable Turkey to play a more active and facilitative role to support developed countries, specifically EU,
to reach their goals to involve advanced developing countries in global efforts related to reduction of
emissions of greenhouse gases.
- The capacity of the country in renewable energy and energy efficiency that leads to a potential of
reductions of emissions of greenhouse gases, enables Turkey to fulfill any types of commitments
related to the control of emissions of greenhouse gases that can be defined in a list that is other than
Annex-B.
- The decision making process at the national level in Turkey has been revised twice in 2000 and 2004,
pursuant to the progress achieved related to the position of the country at the international level.
Taking into account of the framework and the importance of actions that will be taken after becoming a
party to the Kyoto Protocol, it will become a necessity to revise the institutional framework that will
serve the needs of the new conditions. Within this scope, it is recommended to revise the Coordination
Board on Climate Change that will enable to the representation of civil society including local
administrations, environmental groups, academia and business community. Similarly, a high level
Energy and Climate Change Negotiator, at the Ambassador level, pursuant to the recommendation of
the Prime Minister and approval of the President, shall be designated to support and lead the works of
the Coordination Board on Climate Change, so that negotiations at the national and international level
can be conducted more effectively and in a coordinated manner.
- Within the scope of priority actions upon being a Party to the Kyoto Protocol, pursuant to Art.3.2 of the
Kyoto Protocol, Turkey can consider to submit voluntarily a “Demonstrable Progress Report” to the
COP/MOP that involves information on actions that have been taken in the period 1990-2004.
PROJE EŞGÜDÜM VE YÖNETIM / PROJECT COORDINATION AND MANAGEMENT
REC TÜRKİYE
İLKBAHAR MAH. 571. CAD. 617. SOK NO:8 YILDIZ - ANKARA - TURKEY
TEL: +90 312 491 95 53 FAX: +90 312 491 95 40
info@rec.org.tr-rec@iklimlerdegisiyor.info / www.iklimlerdegisiyor.info - www.rec.org.trYou can also read
