M m The Magazine of the APPLE, KIM, PET and Other Systems - 6502.org
←
→
Page content transcription
If your browser does not render page correctly, please read the page content below
m m ®
The Magazine of the A P P L E , K I M , PET
and O th er System s
Apple | o f t w a r e
from RAINBOW
-»*« c w z t t r 4cc Von
4 So.i .«•-« tc - t i l K f -
NEW!
M in i UEP 1e TEXT EDITOP , z r l : « c f case -
.>■ t r a c t # ' s « : : z r 2 I
PIE TEXT EDITOR Machine Language, HIGH RESOLUTION CHARACTER
cursor-based text editor for 16K Apple. GENERATOR Machine language program
• Features format capabilities of most text for 16K Apple.
editors. • Define your own character set and graphic
• All commands are control characters. shapes.
• Enables you to define your own function • Complete English upper/lower case charac
commands. ter set.
Order PIE on Cassette:................... $19.95 • Complete Greek Alphabet with upper/low
On D iskette.................................$24.95 er character set.
• Scroll, vary window size, invert characters,
switch back and forth between two char
acter sets.
Order Hi-Res Char. Gen. on Diskette $19.95
SARGON for 24K Apple
• Flip back and forth between board and
text with ESC.
•Correct wrong moves
•Analyze your position
Order SARGON on Cassette........... $19.95
Call or write today for your FREE Apple
Software Catalog. We welcome B/A-VISA M|T MTV KfY T9 tTte BMC RfPBCCe«Mi
FASTGAMMON and Mastercharge. Sorry, no CODs. Please 3-D ANIMATION
A high quality, challenging game for you add $1.25 shipping and handling. Califor • Define a 3-D lo-res shape.
and the computer. nia residents add 6% Sales Tax. •Animate with full perspective.
• Includes 3 demo shapes.
Order FASTGAMMON on Cassette. $19.95 We ship promptly on receipt of your pre Order 3-D ANIMATION on diskette .$24.95
On Diskette....................................$24.95 paid order. Order direct from:
Garden Plaza Shopping Center
9719 Reseda Blvd., Northridge, Ca 91324 (213) 349-5560
§ P O W E R S O F T , IN C . products for the
P. O. BOX 157
PITMAN, NEW JERSEY 080 7 1
(609) 589-5500 APPLE n
APPLESOFT II UTILITY (Diskette Only) $12.45
The Applesoft II U tility program provides the user with the following features, a) Complete automatic renumbering of any Applesoft II
program, b) The creation of an EXEC File for subroutine file creation. This feature allows you to incorporate the same subroutine in various pro
grams. c) No modification of the program in machine memory (RAM), d) Automatic running of the program. No programmer should be without
this excellent utility program. REQUIREMENTS: Disk II, Applesoft II, 16K of memory.
REAL ESTATE ANALYSIS PROGRAM $14.95
The Real Estate Analysis Program provides the user with three features, a) A powerful real estate investment analysis for buy/sell decisions
and time to hold decisions for optimal rental/commercial investments, b) Generation of complete amorization schedules consistent with banking
practices and schedules, c) Generation of depreciation schedules for selecting the best depreciation schedule for your use and a determination of
optimal switch over points to straight line to maximize depreciation. All three features are designed for video screen or printer output. In addition,
the program will plot; cash flow before taxes vs. years, cash flow after taxes vs. years, adjusted basis vs. years, capital gains vs. years, pre-tax pro
ceeds vs. years, post-tax proceeds vs. years, and return on investment (%) vs. years. REQUIREMENTS: Applesoft II, 16K of memory without DOS
or 32K of memory with DOS (Disk II).
ADDRESS FILE GENERATOR $19.95
A professional piece of software which allows the user to create four different types of address files: a) Holiday File, b) Birthday File,
c) Home Address File, and d) Commercial Address File. The program contains a menu of seven major commands: 1) Create a File, 2) Add to File,
3) Edit File, 4) Display File, 5) Search File, 6) Sort File, and 7) Reorganize File. Most of the major commands have subordinate commands which
adds to the flexibility of this powerful software system. We doubt you could buy a better program for maintaining and printing address files.
REQUIREMENTS: Disk II, Apple Printer Card, 32K of memory with Applesoft ROM Card or 48K of memory without Applesoft ROM Card.
SUPER CHECKBOOK $19.95
A totally new checkbook program with a unique option . . . Bar Graphs. These bar graphs, outputed to a printer or video screen, provide
trend analysis data on code expense, income, expenses, or gain/loss on a month by month basis. The program contains a total of fourteen options:
1) Check/Deposit Entry & Modification, 2) Reconciliation of Checks or Deposits, 3) Sort by Check Number, 4) Sort by Code for Year, 5) Sort by
Code for Month, 6) Output Year to Date, 7) Output Month Activity, 8-11) Printer/Video Plot Trend Analysis-Bar Graphs, 12) Account Status,
13) Reconciled Check Status, and 14) Quit. An excellent program for maintaining your checkbook, or that of a small business. REQUIREMENTS:
Disk II, 32K of memory with Applesoft ROM Card or 48K of memory without Applesoft ROM Card.
FUNCTION GRAPHS AND TRANSFORMATIONS $14.95
This program uses the Apple II high resolution graphics capabilities to draw detailed
graphs of mathematical functions which the user defines in Basic syntax. The graphs appear in a
large rectangle whose edges are X and Y scales (with values labeled by up to 6 digits). Graphs
can be superimposed, erased, drawn as dashed (rather than solid) curves, and transformed. The
transformations available are reflection about an axis, stretching or compressing (change of scale),
and sliding (translation). The user can alternate between the graphic display and a text display
which lists the available commands and the more recent interactions between user and program.
Expected users are engineers, mathematicians, and researchers in the natural and social sciences;
in addition, teachers and students can use the program to approach topics in (for example)
algebra, trigonometry, and analytic geometry in a visual, intuitive, and experimental way which
complements the traditional, primarily symbolic orientation. REQUIREMENTS: 16K of
memory with Applesoft ROM Card or 32K of memory without Applesoft ROM Card.
Available at y o u r local com puter store
Call or w rite fo r our free SOFTWARE & ACCESSORIES CATALOG
P />
CL *
DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED
-o
• C heck o r M o n e y O rd e r
Q_
t v
~o • I nclud e $ 1 .0 0 fo r
s h ip p in g and h a n d lin g
BOX 120
ALLAMUCHY, N.J. 07820
inc. 201-362-6574
HUDSON DIGITAL ELECTRONICS INC.
THE HDE DISK SYSTEM.
HERE’S WHAT ONE USER HAS TO SAY .
REPRINTED BY PERMISSION FROM THE 6502 USER NOTES - ISSUE NO. 14
PR O D UC T R EVIEW of the HDE D ISC S Y S fo rg o t to say lin e s can a ls o be m oved around and read the d isc d ire c to ry to see if it c an find
TEM by the edito r, and d e le te d . This isn 't the c o m p le te list of it. If it's on th e disc it w ill read it in and e x e c u te
A n um ber of you have a sked fo r d e ta ils FO DS e d ito r c om m a nds, ju s t the one s that it. Sim ple right? I’ve added several com m ands
a b o u t th e HD E fu ll size d isc system . im m e d ia te ly c o m e to mind. to m y system and R E ALLY a p p re c ia te having
The system is b ase d a ro u n d th e SYKES 8 " A n o th e r very p o w e rfu l fe a tu re of th e s ys th is a b ility . Som e of the th in g s I've add e d
drive w ith th e 6 5 0 2 b ase d in te llig e n t c o n tro l tem is the a b ility to a c tu a lly e x e c u te a file c o n in c lu d e a d is a s s e m b le r, an e x p a n d e d v e r
ler. ta in in g a s trin g of com m a nds. For exam ple, sio n of XIM (the e x te n d e d m a c h in e la nguage
T his d rive is so ft s e c to re d , IBM c o m p a tib le , th e n e w s le tte r m a ilin g lis t is now b e in g s to re d m o n ito r from Pyram id Data). H y p e rta p e , and a
and sin g le d e n s ity w h ic h le ts you s to re a bo ut on disc. W hen I w a nt to m ake la bels, I w o uld n u m b e r of sy s te m u tilitie s w h ic h m ake life
a q u a rte r m e g a b y te of data on a disc. n o rm a lly have to load each le tte r file and run easier. By the way, to g e t back to th e system ,
The s ystem softw are, c a lle d FO DS (File O ri th e la b e ls p rin tin g program . But w ith FODS. I all you nee d to do is e x e c u te a BR K in s tru c
e n te d Disc S ystem ), m anage s s e q u e n tia l file s can b u ild up a “ JO B " file o f c o m m a n d s and tio n
on th e disc m uch th e s am e w ay file s are w rit e x e c u te it. HDE a ls o p ro v id e s a p ie c e of s o ftw a re th a t
te n on m a g n e tic ta p e - one a fte r a no ther. The jo b file in tu rn c a lls each le tte re d la bel le ts you in te rfa c e M ic ro s o ft 9 d ig it BASIC to
W hen a file is d e le te d , from a s e q u e n tia lly file in and runs the la b e l p rin te r a u to m a tic a l th e ir dis c system . The s o ftw a re a llo w s you to
m anage d file system , th e space th a t th e file ly. T he w ay c o m p u te rs are su p p o s e d to o p e r load the BASIC in te rp re te r its e lf fro m d is c as
o c c u p ie d is n o t im m e d ia te ly re a llo c a te d , as in ate rig h t? w e lla s s a v in g a n d lo a d in g BASIC P ro g ra m s to
so m e d is c o p e ra tin g s ystem s. As it tu rn s out, H e re 's a lis tin g o f th e jo b file I use to p rint and from th e disc. This p a rtic u la r ve rsio n of
th is can be an a d v a n ta g e as w ell as a d is a d m a iling labels: th e s o ftw a re d o e s n 't a llo w fo r saving BASIC
va n ta g e sin ce d e le te d file s on the FO DS sy s :LIS P R TLB L data but H D E m e n tio n e d th a t th is a b ility m ay
tem c a n be re co v e re d a fte r th e file has bee n 0 0 0 5 LO D A:RUN % LABEL:LO D B:JM P.E000: be p o s s ib le w ith a fu tu re version .
d e le te d . (This has saved my s a n ity m ore th a n LOD C JM P .E 0 00: The firs t th in g I do w ith a new p ie c e of s o ft
once!) Of c o u rs e w h e n you w a nt to re co ve r 0 0 1 0 LO D D:JMP.EOOO:LOD E .JM P .E 000: w a re a fte r I g e t used to using it is try to b lo w it
so m e of the d is c s p ace ta k e n up by a nu m b e r LO D F :JM P ,E 000: up. I d id m anage to fin d a w e ak s p o t or tw o in
of th e s e d e le te d files, you can sim p ly re -p a ck 0 0 1 5 LO D G :JM P.EO OO :LO D-HJM P.EO O O: th e very firs t version of FO DS (a p re -re le a s e
or co m p re s s th e d is c and all the a c tiv e file s LO D UMP.EOOO: version) b u t the later, re le a s e v e rs io n has
w ill be s h ifte d d o w n u n til th e re a re no d e le te d 0 0 2 0 LO D J:JMP.EOOO:LOD K :JM P .E 000: bee n very tight.
file s han g in g a ro u n d using up space. LO D L :JM P .E 000: The sta n d a rd s o ftw a re th a t is in c lu d e d w ith
FO D S has th is a b ility to re pack a disc. 0 0 2 5 LO D M:JMP.EOOO.LOD MC: JM P.E000: the sy s te m c o n s is ts of th e dis c d riv e r s o ft
W hen saving and lo a d in g in FO DS you w o rk LO D N J M P .E 0 0 0 : ware, th e system text, e d ito r and th e BASIC
w ith nam ed file s, not tra c k and s e c to r d ata or 0 0 3 0 LO D 0:JM P.EO O O :LO D P:JM P .E 000: s o ftw a re in te rfa c e . S e vera l c o m m a n d e x te n
I.D. bytes. This m akes life a lo t easier. I've LO D R :JM P .E 000: s io n s m ay also be in clude d. All th e n e c e s s a ry
se e n som e d is c s y s te m s w h e re you have to 0 0 3 5 LO D S:JMP.EOOO:LOD T:JM P ,E000: s tu ff like a p o w e r supp ly, th e K IM -4 in te rfa c e
sp e c ify tra ck and s e c to r in fo a n d /o r I.D. bytes. LO D V :JM P .E 000: card, and all ca b le s and c o n n e c to rs are in
W h a t a pain th a t can be! 0 0 3 5 LO D S:JMP.EOOO:LOD T:JM P .EOOO: c lu d e d . It to o k m e a b o u t 4 5 m in u te s to get
If you ju s t w a nt to save a sou rc e file te m p o r LO D V :JM P .E 000: th in g s up and ru n n in g the firs t tim e I p u t the
arily, you can do th a t on w h at's know n as 0 0 4 0 LOD W:JMP.EOOO:LOD XYZ: JM P.E000: system to g e th e r.
“ s c ra tc h -p a d s ” . T here are tw o of th e s e on a 0 0 4 5 LO D EXCH:JMP.EOOO:LOD C O M P: A d m itte d ly , a dual fu ll siz e d is c s y s te m from
disc, “ s c ra tc h -p a d A" and “ s c ra tc h -p a d B” , JMP.E000: HD E is p ro b a b ly b e yo nd the m e ans of m ost
each of these te m p o ra ry disc file s can hold up h o b b y is ts but if you o r your c o m p a n y is lo o k
R e m e m b e r the M O S /A R E S C O a s s e m b le r I
to 1 6K or if “ B" is not used. "A " can hold one ing fo r a d y n a m ite 6 5 0 2 d e v e lo p m e n t s ys
re v ie w e d s e v e ra l is s u e s a g o ? W e ll HDE w e nt
file up to 3 2 K in le ngth. T he only file s th a t can tem, I w o u ld rec o m m e n d th is one. I've used
and fixed up all th e pro b le m areas th a t I
be te m p o ra rily saved on s c ra tc h pad are file s the R o c k w e ll System 65 w h ile I w as at M OS
m e n tio n e d in the re v ie w a nd th e n to o k it
that have b ee n b u ilt using the s y s te m te x t and fe e l th a t d o lla r fo r d ollar, fe a tu re fo r
s e v e ra l s te p s fu rth e r. The HDE a s s e m b le r is
e d ito r. fe a tu re , th e HDE sy s te m c o m e s out on top.
an h o n e s t to g o o d n e s s tw o-pass a s s e m b le r
B e in g a dye d in the w o o l as s e m b ly la n The only place the H D E s y s te m fa lls s hort
w h ic h can a s s e m b le a n y w h e re in m em o ry u s
g u a g e pro g ra m m e r. I really a p p re c ia te th e w hen s ta c k e d up next to the S ystem 6 5 is in
in g m u ltip le s o u rc e file s from th e disc. The a s
FO D S text e d ito r! This lin e o rie n te d e d ito r is the a rea of pack a g in g . At th is po in t, th e re is no
s e m b le r is an o p tio n a l part of the system .
u p w a rd s c o m p a tib le w ith th e M O S /A R E S C O c a b in e t fo r th e disc d rives a va ila b le from HDE
e d ito r but in c lu d e s a b o u t e v e ry th in g you If y o u 're th e kind of p e rs o n (as I am) w h o So far, I've got n o th in g but g o o d th in g s to
c o u ld ask fo r in a lin e e d ito r. There is a fu ll and e n jo y s having th e a b ility to c u s to m iz e , m o d i say a bo ut HD E and th e ir p ro d u c ts . E v e ry th in g
s e m i-a u to m a tic lin e n u m b e rin g fe a tu re , lin e s fy. a nd e x pa nd e v e ry th in g you ow n - yo u 'll I've re ce ive d from them has b ee n in d u s tria l
can b e e d ite d w h ile th e y a re b eing e n te re d or e n jo y th e system e x p a n s io n a b ilitie s FO DS qu a lity . That in c lu d e s th e ir d o c u m e n ta tio n
re c a lle d and e d ite d la ter, s trin g s can be lo has to offer. A d d in g a new c om m a nd is as and p ro d u c t supp ort. I'm very im p re s s e d w ith
c a te d and s u b s titu te d , th e line nu m b e rs can s im p le as w ritin g th e program , g iv in g it a w h a t I've s een fro m th is c o m p a n y so far and
be re s e q u e n c e d , the file size can be found, u n iq u e th re e le tte r nam e and s aving it to disc. q u ite e n th u s ia s tic o v e r w h a t m y KIM has
the hex a d d re ss of a lin e can be k now n and W h e n e v e r y o u ty p e th o s e th re e le tte rs the b e c o m e sin c e a c q u irin g th e d is c sy s te m and
c o m m e n ts can be a p p e n d e d to an a s sem bly sy s te m w ill firs t go th ro u g h its ow n c om m a nd its a s s o c ia te d softw are.
file a fte r it has been fo u n d c o rre c t. O ops! I table, see th a t its not th e re and then g o out ERIC
THANK YOU MR. REHNKE!
H D E P R O D U C T S - B U IL T T O BE U S E D W IT H C O N F ID E N C E
A V A IL A B L E D IR E C T OR F R O M T H E S E F IN E D E A LE R S :
LONG ISLAN D
JO H N S O N COMPUTER PLAINSM AN MICROSYSTEMS ARESCO COMPUTER GENERAL STORE LONE STAR ELECTRONICS
Box 523 Box 1712 P.O. Box 43 103 A tlantic Avenue Box 488
Medina, Ohio 44 256 Auburn. Ala. 36 8 3 0 Audubon. Pa. 19407 Lynbrook. N.Y. 11 563 M anchaca. Texas 78 6 5 2
216-72 5-4 560 8 0 0 -6 3 3 -8 7 2 4 2 1 5-63 1-9 052 51 6-88 7-1 500 5 1 2 -2 8 2 -3 5 7 0m
1 m m M August 1979
Issue Number Fifteen
Table of C ontents
APPLE II Serial O u tp u t Made Sim ple 5 Staff
by Donald W. Bixby
9 Publisher.
Extending the SYM-1 M onitor Robert M. Tripp
by Nicholas Vrtis
Replace that PIA w ith a VIA 17 Editor
by E. D. Morris, Jr. Shawn Spilman
PET Cassette I/O •- 19 Business Manager
by Ronald C. Smith Maggie,E. Fisher,,
TOKENS 20
Circulation Manager
by E. D. Morris, Jr. Carol A. Stark
A B etter LIFE fo r your APPLE 22
by L. William Bradford Distribution
Eileen M,Enos
EPROM for the KIM 25 ; Jane.t Santaguida
by William C. Clements, Jr.
29 * Micro-Systems Lab
W hat’s Where in the APPLE
James R. Witt, Jr.
by Prof. William F. Luebbert Stephen L. Allen
The MICRO Software Catalog: XI . 38
by Mike Rowe Comptroller -
■ Donna M. Tripp
Interfacing the Analog Devices 7570J A/D Converter 40 "■
by Dr. Marvin L DeJong MICRO™ Is published monthly by:
m SYMple Memory Expansion 42
MICRO Ink, Ino. ’
34 Chelmsford Street
by John M. Blalock Chelmsford, Massachusetts ■
6177256-5515
Define HIRES Characters fo r the APPLE II 44 Mailing address for all correspondence, subscrip
tions and address changes Is:
by Robert F. Zant MICRO ’ >
P. o : Box 6502
Common Variables on the APPLE II 47 Chelmsford, MA 01824 „ —•
by Robert F. Zant Application to mail at second-class postage rates
Is pending at: Chelmsford,-MA 01824.
6502 B ibliography: Part XII 53 Publication Number; COTR 3S5770
Subscription in United States:
by Dr. William R. Dial $15.00 per year/12 issues.
Entire contents copyright © 1979 by:
BAD Review 49 MICRO Ink, Inc.
by Robert M. Tripp
Advertiser’s Index
AB Computers 52 Programma International BC
ARESCO 52 Progressive Software 28
ComputerComponents 4 P.S. Software House 52
Computer Forum 16 PYGMY Programming 24
The Computerist, Inc. 6,7,8 Rainbow Computing, Inc. IFC
The Computer Shop 21 RNB Enterprises 46
Connecticut microcomputers 39 SKYLES Electronic Works 44,45
Electronic Specialists, Inc. 37 Softape 50
Elliam Associates 43 Softouch 24
Enclosures Group 56 SubLOGiC 37
EXCERT, Inc. 27 SYBEX 48
H. Geller Computer Systems 18 Weldon Electronics IBC
Hudson Digital Electronics 2 West Side Electronics 52
Powersoft, Inc. 1,37
S a n a a ©^ tn n r > ln ■■ See if you qualify for a CCI of 0C P/F Card
S J f jf jK Z II and get great discounts on selected
f 9 ■ purchases for your Apple and PET. ■
we have the Most complete Stock of apple and
PET Software in southern California.
(Send for our catalog — $1.00)
16K RAM CHIP SET FOR APPLE li Reference Books For a p p l e and p e t Owners
Tested & Burned in Only........................ $95.00 Programming the 6502 ................................... 9.95
pet User Manual (New from Commodore). . . . 9.95
WORKSHOPS: Call for details. MOS Tech Programming Manual (6502)....... 12.00
• PET—3rd Saturday of the Month MOS Tech Hardware M anual..........................12.00
• apple—4th Saturday of the Month Hands On Basic w ith a P e t...........................14.95
• Telecommunications Line fo r Apple 32 Basic Programs fo r the P e t .................. 14.95
users with Modems, 714-898-1984. 6502 Applications H andbook.....................12.95
Pet Machine Language G uide................... 9.95
CLASSES: Apple Topics
we offer a series of classes on Apple II to aquaint owners with some of the unique features and capabilities
of their system. Topics covered are Apple Sounds, Low Res. Graphics, Hi Res. Graphics, Disk Basics, and How to Use
Your Reference Material. Sessions are held every Thursday Night at 7:00 p.m.
HARDWARE FOR APPLE II PET HARDWARE
• upper & Lower Case Board
Now you can display both upper and lower case characters on • PET 2001-8 Computer standard PET with integral cassette
your video w ith the Apple li. includes assembled circuit board and calculator type keyboard 8K bytes of memory
(7167 n e t).............................................................................. $795.00
and instructions.......................................................................... 49.95
• P rogram m er A id e .................................................................. $50.00 • PET 2001-16N Computer PET with 16K bytes o f memory
and large keyboard w ith separate numeric pad and
PRINTER SPECIALS FOR APPLE AND PET graphics on keys. External cassette optional.
(15,359 n e t)........................................................................... $995.00
• TRENDCOM100 w ith interface fo r Apple or PET $450.00
• PET 2001-16B Computer As above but has standard type
• LITE PEN used w ith TV or m onitor screen...............................34.95 w rite r keyboard. No graphic keys..................................... $995.00
• ALF Music Synthesizer Boards.................................................. 265.00 • PET 2001-32N Computer identical to 2001-16N w ith 32K
• APPLE Disk u tility (DOS 3.2)......................................................... 25.00 bytes of memory. (31,743 net)...................................... $1295.00
• Supertalker................................................................................279.00 • PET 2001-32B Computer Identical to 2001-32B with 32K
• APPLE Clock..................................................................................195.00 bytes of memory. (31,743 net)...................................... $1295.00
• Anadex DP-8000 with tracter
8" paper width and Apple in te rfa c e ....................................... S1050 PERIPHERALS
• Centronics 779-2 fo r Apple li • PET 2022 Printer 80 column dot matrix printe r w ith plain
With parallel in te rfa c e ......................................................... $1245.00 paper or forms handling tractor feed. Has full PET
SOFTWARE FOR APPLE II g raphics................................................................................$995.00
PASCAL from Programma................................................ 49 95 • PET 2023 Printer 80 column dot matrix printer. Plain
FORTH............................................................................................. 49 95 paper printer w ith full PET graphics..................................$849.00
lisp—from Apple Software Bk No. 3 ................ n /c • PET 2040 Dual Drive Mini Floppy Disk* Dual drive intelligent
lisa —interactive disk assembler....................................................... 34.95 mini floppy system. 343K net user storage
WHATSIT—Excellent conversational data base capacity........................................................................... $1295.00
manager...............................................................32K 100.00 48K 125.00
SARGON—Champ of 2nd west Coast Computer Faire ........................19.95 •R etrofit kit required fo r operation w ith PET 2001-8.
apple pie—Excellent text e d ito r ........................................................24 95
FORTE—Music editor in hires.............................................................. 19.95 SOFTWARE FOR PET
FASTGAMMON—Excellent backgammon game Mirrors and Lenses...... . 19.95
w ith g ra p h ics......................................................Tape 20.00 Disk 25.00 Checkers and Baccarat 7 95
apple 21—Excellent blackjack game ...................................................9 95 The S tates....................... . 14.95 Chess................................. 19.95
BRIDGE CHALLENGER—Computer b ridg e .. 14 95 Real Estate 1 & 2 ........ . 59.95 Series and Parallel
FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Momentum and Energy . .19.95 Circuit Analysis.................. 19.95
• Accounts Payable • Ledger Processing Projectile M o tio n ...... .19.95 Home A c co u n tin g ............ 9 95
• Accounts Receivable • payroll M ortgage.................... . 14.95 BASIC Math......................... 29.95
• inventory Control • $800 Complete Dow Jones............. .7.95 Game Playing w ith basic
• $200 Each Package • $10 fo r Manual Petunia Player S ftw r....... . 14.95 vol. I, li, ill.................... 9.95 each
WHY SHOULD YOU BUY FROM US?
Because we can help you solve yo u r problem s and answer your questions. We d o n 't claim to know
everything, b u t we try to help our customers to the fu ll e xte n t o f o ur resources.
____________________ —Prices subject to change —
COMPUTER COMPONENTS OF ORANGE COUNTY
6791 Westminster Ave., Westminster, CA 92683 714-891-2584
Hours: Tues-Fri 11:00 AM to 8:00 PM—Sat 10:00 AM to 6:00 PM (Closed Sun, Mon)
Master Charge, Visa, B of A are accepted. No COD. Allow 2 weeks fo r personal check to clear.
Add $1.50 for handling and postage. For computer systems please add $10.00 for shipping, handling and
insurance. California residents add 6% Sales Tax.APPLE II Serial Output Made Simple
Is the APPLE II simple serial output as easy to im ple
ment as
,. . .
everyone
»
claims?
... ■
Almost!
• i
But ■a few helpful* cD*inalt I i B!?b?i
5 King Philip Trail
hints gleaned from this designer’s experience may get Norfolk,ma02056
that output port into service quite a bit sooner.
When Apple sent the new Apple II high. I replaced the Apple circuit with a 110 baud. Naturally I wanted the fastest
Reference Manual (January 1978), I single inverter (74LS04) driving an speed. For any speed higher than 110
jumped at the article on page 114, "A RS-232 driver integrated circuit manu baud, 1 stop bit is used instead of 2. This
Simple Serial O utput” . A printer output factured by Motorola (MC1488L). This is easily changed by w riting location
was badly needed in my system. I built worked fine. $03C6 with 0A.
the RS-232 output as described, The routine TTOUT4 causes a 9.091
The only other hardware problem related
typed in the program, borrowed a ter msec, delay (1/110 baud = 9.091 ms).
to page 115 in Apple’s manual. The state
minal from my place of business and For 300 baud, I needed 3.333 ms. This
ment, “ The signal output connects to
started things up. was accomplished by changing location
pin 3 of the DB-25 connector” , is con
An oscilloscope on the RS-232 output fusing. It is correct if you are connecting 03D4 from D7 to4E.
disclosed that the signal was reaching it to a DB-25 connector, which is to be The printer will now work at 300 baud
+ 12v, but going only slightly negative. used with a standard RS-232 cable with with three problems remaining. The first
the other end of the cable connected to was simple, the second took two weeks
The printer did work correctly, but I was
the printer. The cable connects pin 3 at to figure out and the third was minor.
concerned. Examination of the RS-232C
the source end to pin 2 of the receiving
specification disclosed that the printer When a carriage return is transmitted,
end. If you are connecting directly to the
on the data receiving end must have 3K the program sends the carriage return to
printer, use pin 2, not pin 3.
input impedance. The printer manual the printer, then autom atically sends a
stated only that the impedance was “ at Now the fun began. The printer I used line feed to the printer, then waits 200
least” 3K. Since the Apple circuit was can be operated at 110 baud, 150 baud, ms for the carriage return to be com
uses a 2.2K resistor to - 12v, the source or 300 baud, front panel switch select pleted. My printer requires the 200 ms.
impedance, when negative, is much too able. Apple’s program was all written for dealy, but others will be different. For ex
ample, the DECwriter requires no delay.
After speeding up to 300 baud, I was not
getting enough delay. I changed location
03AC from 58 to FF, an arbitrary choice,
10 REM PRINTER TEST AND MODIFY PROGRAM IN APPLESOFT BASIC and this problem was fixed.
15 CALL -936:PRINT:PRINT
The program is supposed to detect when
20 INPUT "110 OR 300 BAUD";A
30 IF As 110 THEN 70 the next column to be printed, COLCNT,
40 POKE 868,10 exceeds the number of columns avail
50 POKE 882,78 able, WNDWDTH, and then transmit an
52 PRINT:INPUT "200 OR 0 MS CARRIAGE RETURN DELAY";M automatic CR, LF, and delay. It won’t,
54 IF M=200 THEN M=255 it can’t and it didn’t. The intention of the
60 POKE 843,M Apple program routine, FINISH is to
70 PRINT:INPUT "HOW MANY CHARACTERS TO A LINE";N make CH equal to 39 and'then depend on
80 POKE 787,N the system m onitor routines to generate
90 PRINT:PRINT the CR, LF and delay. This doesn’t work.
100 PRINT N;"CHARACTERS TO A LINE" I have modified their program to make
110 IF A*300 THEN 220 this happen w ithin the TTY routines. If
120 POKE 868,11 COLCNT equals or exceeds WNDWDTH,
130 POKE 882,215 the program branches to RETURN. This
132 PRINT:INPUT "200 OR 0 MS CARRIAGE RETURN DELAY";M causes a carriage return and then
134 IF M*200 THEN M=88 branches to AUTOLF, the same section
140 POKE 843,M of program used for autom atic line feed
220 PRINT .'PRINT:INPUT "CHARACTERS TO BE PRINTED" ;A$ and delay by Apple.
230 PRINT:PRINT:PRINT A*
The last problem encountered involved
240 PRINT .'PRINT: PRINT "OUTPUT IS NOW GOING TO THE PRINTER AT A"; A; "BAUD
RATE" getting out of the printer routines and
250 CALL 778 back to the video display. New code was
260 FOR J=1 TO 10 written to solve this problem.
270 PRINT A$ The new program, shown here, has been
280 NEXT J relocated to addresses 30A through
300 CALL 914 3A2. W ith all the components, I believe
310 PRINT-.PRINT it is self explanatory. I also wrote an
320 INPUT "CONTINUE (Y OR N)";B$ A pplesoft BASIC program to modify and
330 IF B$r"Y" THEN 230 test the machine language program.
340 END
August, 1979 M IC R O -Th e 6502 Journal 15:5MICRO-WARE ASSEMBLER 65XX-1.0 PAGE 01
/ r—
tm
FOR
P i« J 3
AIM/SYM/KIM RS-232 DRIVER ROUTINES
8K STATIC RAM Pqwer REVISED 3-30-79 BY DONALD W. BIXBY
REVISED 6-6-79 BY MICRO STAFF
Sockets for 8K Eprom
TO CALL TTINIT FROM SYSTEM MONITOR: •0540: 033D 85 3E STA A2L
0550: 033F A5 6E LDA $006E
/ r b y C om m o d o re 0560: 0541 85 3F STA A2H
The O r ig in a l 6502 System
0570: 0343 A0 00 LDYIM $00
0580: 0345 20 2C FE JSR $FE2C USE MONITOR MOVE ROUTINE
SEC COMPUTE DISPLACEMENT
20 m A C u rre n t Loop TTY In te rfa c e
0590: 0348 38
0600: 03*19 A5 6B LDA $006B TO ARRAYS
A u d io C assette In te rfa c e 0610: 03*16 E5 69 SBC $0069
0620: 034D 85 1C STA EL
15 User I/O lines
0630: 034F A5 6C LDA $006C
2 In te rv a l Tim ers 0640: 0351 E5 6A SBC $006A
0650: 0353 85 1D STA EH
1 K - RAM BACK TO BASIC
0660: 0355 60 RTS
2K K IM M o n ito r R O M 0670: •
LDA CL •••ENTRY 770 - RECALL VARIABLES
0680: 0356 A5 1A RECJ
H ex K e ypad/LED D is play
0690: 0358 85 3C STA AIL SET UP MOVE
0700: 035A A5 1B LDA CH
0710: 035C 85 3D STA A1H
0720: 035E A5 18 LDA DL
0730: 0360 85 6F STA $006F START OF STRINGS
0740: 0362 85 3E STA A2L
The Ultimate Enclosure 0750: 0364 A5 19 LDA DH
0760: 0366 85 70 STA $0070
for the KIM-1 STA A2H
0770: 0368 85 3F
P rotec ts Y o ur K IM -1 0780: 036A A5 69 LDA $0069 START OF NUMERICS
0790: 036C 85 42 STA A4L
N eat, A ttra c tiv e , P rofessional
0800: 036E A5 6A LDA $006A
F u ll A ccess to th e Expansion a n d 0810: 0370 85 43 STA A4H
A p p lic a tio n C on ne ctors
0820: 0372 A0 00 LDYIM $00
0830: 0374 20 2C FE JSR $FE2C USE MONITOR MOVE ROUTINE
Enhances th e LED D is p la y w ith a Red Lense
0840: 0377 18 CLC COMPUTE START
R oom fo r th e K IM -1 a n d O ne
0850: 0378 A5 69 LDA $0069 OF ARRAYS
A d d itio n a l 8 o a rd such as
0860: 037A 65 1C ADC EL
ENCLOSURE PLUS M E M O R Y PLUS o r V ID E O PLUS.
$006B
0870: 037C 85 6B STA
for KIM: $30°° LDA $006A
0880: 037E A5 6A
0890: 0380 65 1D ADC EH
0900: 0382 85 6C STA $006C
by R o c k w e ll In te rn a tio n a l
SEC COMPUTE END OF NUMERICS
0910: 0384 38
m T he C o m p le te 6502 S ystem
0920: 0385 A5 6F LDA $006F
20 C o lu m n T he rm a l P rin te r 0930: 0387 E5 1A SBC CL
H ig h Speed A u d io Cassette
0940: 0389 85 6D STA $006D
20 C h a ra c te r LED D isplay
0950: 038B A5 70 LDA $0070
U p to 4K R A M o n b o a rd
0960: 038D E5 1B SBC CH
0970: 038F 85 6E STA $006E TEMP STORAGE
0980: 0391 18 CLC
0990: 0392 A5 6D LDA $006D
U p to 12K a d d itio n a l R O M 1000: 0394 65 69 ADC $0069
1010: 0396 85 6D STA $006D TEMP VALUE
V e rs a tile 8K R O M M o n ito r
1020: 0398 A5 6E LDA $006E
1030: 039A 65 6A ADC $006A
A IM 65: $37500 1K R A M -S 4 2 0 0 0 4 K R A M 1040: 039C 85 6E STA $006E TEMP VALUE
1050: 039E A5 6D LDA $006D SUBTRACT ONE
1060: 03A0 DO 02 BNE A2
1070: 03A2 C6 6E DEC $006E END OF NUMERICS
1080: 03A4C6 6D DEC $006D A2
1090: 03A6 60 RTS BACK TO BASIC
ENCLOSURE 0030- * ROUTINE TO SAVE AND RECALL
WITH BUILT IN 0040: * COMMON VARIABLES FOR INTEGER BASIC
0050- * PROGRAMS ON THE APPLE II
POWER SUPPLY
0060: *
SPECIFICATIONS: 0070. « WRITTEN 03/16/79 BY ROBERT F. ZANT
INPUT: 110/220 VAC 50/60 Hz 0080• » MODIFIED 7/4/79 BY MICRO STAFF
OUTPUT: +5V ® 5A ■
+ 24V ® 1A 0090:
0 1 0 0 : 0 318 CL • $001A
GROUNDED THREE-WIRE LINE CORD
CH ■ $001B
ON/OFF SWITCH WITH PILOT LIGHT 0 1 1 0 : 0318
Enclosure has room lor the AIM and one 0 1 2 0 : 0302 ORG $0302
additional board: MEMORY PLUS or VIDEO PLUS
0130: 0302 4C OF 03 JMP RECALL •••ENTRY 770
0140: 0305 00 BRK
AIM PLUS: $100°° AIM and AIM PLUS: $475°° LDA $00CC •••ENTRY 774 - SAVE VARIABLES
0150: 0306 A5 CC
0160: 0308 85 1A STA CL SAVE END OF
6 7 7 / 2 5 6 -3 6 4 9 0170: 030A A5 CD LDA $00CD VARIABLE TABLE
0180: 030C 85 1B STA CH
0190: 030E 60 RTS BACK TO BASIC
0200:
RECALL LDA CL ENTRY 770 - RECALL VARIABLES
0210: 030F A5 1A
0220: 0311 85 CC STA $00CC RESET END OF
LDA CH VARIABLE TABLE
PO Box 3 0230: 0313 A5 IB
0240: 0315 85 CD STA $00CD
S Chelmsford. (Tlfl OI824 RTS BACK TO BASIC
0250: 0317 60
15:7
MICRO - The 6502 Journal
August, 1979032C A9 A0 LDAIM $OOAO PRINT A SPACE
032E 2C 09 03 TESTCT BIT RTS1 IS CHARACTER A CONTROL?
0331 F0 03 BEQ PRNTIT IF SO, BRANCH TO PRINT IT
0333 EE 07 03 INC COLCNT IF NOT, INCREMENT COLUMN COUNT A ll In c lu d e th e F o llo w in g Features:
0336 20 5F 03 PRNTIT JSR DOCHAR PRINT THE CHARACTER
0339 68 PLA RESTORE CHARACTER ALL M E T A L H EAVY D U TY CASE
033A 48 PHA AND PUT BACK ON THE STACK O N /O F F S W ITC H an d P ILO T LIG H T
033B 90 E6 BCC TT0UT2 DO MORE SPACES FOR TAB CHAR
11 5 /6 0 H r o r 230/50HZ IN P U T
033D 49 0D E0RIM $000D CHECK FOR CARRIAGE RETURN
033F 0A ASLA ELIMINATE PARITY G R O U N D E D THREE-WIRE
0 3 ^0 DO 0D BNE FINISH DONE UNLESS HAVE CARRIAGE RETU POWER C O R D
0342 8D 07 03 AUTOLF STA COLCNT CLEAR COLUMN COUNTER POW ER PLUS 5: + 5V at 5A, ± 1 2 V a t 1A S7500
0345 A9 8A LDAIM $008A POW ER PLUS SUPER 5: + 5V at 10A , ± 12V a t 1A $9500
0347 20 5F 03 JSR DOCHAR PRINT A LINE FEED POW ER PLUS 5/24: + 5 V a t 5A, + 2 4 a t2 .5 A , ± 1 2V a t 1A $95
034A A9 58 LDAIM $0058
034C 20 A8 FC JSR VIAIT 200 MS DELAY FOR CR LF
034F AD 07 03 FINISH LDA COLCNT
0352 F0 07 BEQ SETCH BRANCH IF COLUMN COUNTER = 0
0354 E5 21 SBC WNDWDT ELSE SUBTRACT WINDOW WIDTH
0356 B0 30 BCS RETURN RETURN IF IN THE MARGIN SPECIFICALLY DESIGNED FOR THE A IM 65
0358 AD 07 03 LDA COLCNT
Sm all Enough to Fit In sid e th e A IM Enclosure
035B 85 24 SETCH STA CH STORE NEW VALUE IN CH
035D 68 PLA RESTORE THE STACK Enough Pow er fo r th e A IM 65 F u lly Loaded
035E 60 RTS RETURN FROM TTOOT
Plus an A d d itio n a l Bo ard
035F 8C 08 03 DOCHAR STY YSAVE ROUTINE TO PRINT A
0362 08 PHP CHARACTER W orks on 1 15 V /60 H r o r 230V/50HZ
0363 A0 0B LDYIM $000B FOR 11 BITS Provides R egulated + SV at 5A an d + 24V at 1A
0365 18 CLC (2 STOP BITS)
G rou nd ed T hree-W ire Pow er C ord
0366 48 TT0UT3 PHA POWER A PLUS: $50°°
0367 B0 05 BCS MARK0U O N /O F F S w itch a n d P ilo t Light
0369 AD 59 CO LDA SPACE SEND A SPACE
036C 90 03 BCC TTOUT4
036E AD 58 CO MARK0U LDA MARK SEND A MARK
0371 A9 D7 TT0UT4 LDAIM $00D7 DELAY 9.091 MS FOR 110 BAUD
0373 48 DLY1 PHA
0374 A9 20 LDAIM $0020 ALL THE POWER A
DLY2 LSRA KIM-1/SYM-1 NEEDS
0376 4A
0377 90 FD BCC DLY2 N e a t, C o m p a ct, E co n o m ica l
0379 68 PLA Thousands in Use
037A E9 01 SBCIM $0001 IN P U T : 115V/60H Z
037C DO F5 BNE DLY1 O U T P U T S : R eg u la te d + 5 V a t 1 . 4 A
+ 12V at 1.0A
037E 68 PLA U n re g u la te d + 8V u p to 4.3A
+ 16V u p to 1.0A
037F 6A R0RA NEXT BIT
0380 88 DEY DECREMENT Y W ill Pow er a KIM -1/SYM -1 a n d on e
A d d itio n a l Bo ard
0381 DO E3 BNE TT0UT3 IF Y IS NONZERO, Such as M E M O R Y PLUS o r V ID E O
0383 AC 08 03 LDY YSAVE DO THE NEXT BIT POWER PLUS: $40°° PLUS
0386 28 PLP
0387 60 RTS RETURN FROM DOCHAR
0388 A9 8D RETURN LDAIM $008D
038A 20 5F 03 JSR DOCHAR PRINT CARRIAGE RETURN
038D A9 00 LDAIM $0000
038F 4C 42 03 JMP AUTOLF SUPERSCOPE C-190
0392 A9 F0 VIDINI LDAIM $OOFO POINT TO VIDEO DISPLAY R0UTIN1 by Marantz
0394 85 36 STA CSWL LOW ORDER BYTE A H ig h Q u a lity Cassette R ecorder
0396 A9 FD LDAIM $00FD w ith a ll o f th e Features R eq uired
fo r M ic ro c o m p u te r Systems:
0398 85 37 STA CSWH HIGH ORDER BYTE
039A A9 28 LDAIM $0028 V U M e te r D isplays R e co rd in g Level
039C 85 21 STA WNDWDT 40 COLUMN WINDOW WIDTH 110V AC o r 6#VD C o r B a tte ry O p e ra tio n
039E A9 00 LDAIM $0000 Tape L o c a tio n C o u n te r
03 A0 85 24 STA CH SET HORIZONTAL CURSOR T hree R eco rd ing M e th o d s
RTS TO 0 AND RETURN FROM VIDINIT V a ria b le Speed C o n tro l: - 20 % SUPERSCOPE C-190: $90°°
03A2 60
R em ote C o n tro l Leaves E le ctro n ics O N
6 1 7 / 2 5 6 -3 6 4 9
SYMBOL TABLE 2000 209C
AUTOLF 0342 CH 0024 COLCNT 0307 CSWH 0037
CSWL 0036 DLYQ 0373 DLYR 0376 DOCHAR 035F
(g(gMPyT§[s)0©T
FINISH 034F MARK C058 MARK0U 036E PRNTIT 0336
RETURN 0388 RTSQ 0309 SETCH 035B SPACE C059
TESTCT 032E TTINIT 030A TTOUT 0321 TTOUTR 0323 PO Box 3
TTOUTS 0366 TT0UTT 0371 VIDINI 0392 WAIT FCA8 S Chelmsford, mfl OI824
WNDWDT 0021 YSAVE 0308
MICRO - The 6502 Journal August, 1979
15:8Extending the SYM-1 Monitor
A program relocator, a program listing utility and a Nicholas vrtis
selective, extended trace routine illustrate how true 5863%°netSree s!e.
monitor extensions can implement additional functions Kentwood, mi 49508
and commands.
When Synertek wrote the monitor for my system, but then I decided to change Before I go into a discussion about
the SYM-1, they left it open-ended by it to low memory. the programs, I would like to mention the
vectoring many of the major functions interfaces to the SYM m onitor that are
through a system RAM vector table. By Almost everyone has scratch memory used, and a few that aren’t but are sort
changing the addresses in the vector there to work on a program. After you of handy anyway. The programs them
table, it is relatively easy to implement enter it, check the memory dump, and selves are not complicated, and I try to
additional functions and commands. run a few tests; you can use the program keep them pretty well commented.
to relocate itself!
The three routines described in this ar The SYM manual contains a small ex
ticle are almost permanently resident in Actually, what you have to do is block ample showing how to add a command
my system. They have been coded as move the program to the desired ad to the monitor, but isn ’t really clear
true m onitor extensions in that they use dress and use the new UO command to about how it works. For one thing, the
only addresses already allocated to the perform the relocation on the new copy. monitor uses the unrecognized com
monitor and could easily be put into Tell it the correct FROM and TO address, mand vector for more than just the UO
ROM. but make the program starting address through U7 user commands. It does a
the new location. There are three loca jump via this vector whenever it en
The programs are not complex or tions that must be changed manually, counters a command it cannot process,
large, but that is also one of their good and you are all set up. or a character that is non-hex.
points. I have them sitting up in high
memory where they are out of the way
but available when needed. MICRO-WARE ASSEMBLER 65XX-1.0 PAGE 01
The first program is a modified ver
sion of one that appears in The First
Book o f KIM. It is a program relocator 0010
that adjusts all the branches, jumps, and 0020
absolute address locations in a program 0030 SYM-1 USER MONITOR FUNCTION EXTENSIONS
so that you can relocate it. It is really the 0040 MODIFIED 7/3/79 BY MICRO STAFF
next best thing to a relocating loader. 0050 UO - RELOCATE PROGRAM
0060 P1 r FROM ADDRESS
0070 P2 = TO ADDRESS
The second routine is a little program
0060 P3 = START OF PROGRAM
lister that prints your program, putting 0090 U1 - MINI-PROGRAM LISTER
one instruction on each line. This is 0100 P1 = PROGRAM STARTING ADDRESS
easier to read and check than the stan 0110 P2 = PROGRAM ENDING ADDRESS
dard Verify or Paper tape formats. 0120 --- USER TRACE ROUTINE Y-X-A-FLAGS-STACK
0130 A626 = INCLUSIVE TRACE STARTING ADDRESS
Finally, there is an extended trace 0140 A62C = EXCLUSIVE TRACE ENDING ADDRESS
routine that displays the values of all the 0150
registers, and additionally allows you to 0160 SYM COMMAND 'E 20O' WILL SET UP VARIOUS ADDRESSES
specify that only a portion of your pro 0170 AND VALUES FOR THESE EXTENSIONS
gram is to be traced. Did you ever 0180
wonder what was happening to the 0190 0200 ORG $0200
registers when one of your subroutines 0200 0200 53 INITCO = $53 STORE "SD" USER ROUTINE VECTOR
0210 0201 44 $44
is executed only five times in a two thou
0220
sand repetition loop? This utility lets you
0230 * CHANGE THE FOLLOWING WHEN RELOCATING THE PROGRAM
determine just that. There is a price that 0240
is paid, but I will get to that later. 0250 0202 32 $32 STORE "22C” AND CHANGE
0260 0203 32 $32 IF ADDRESS CHANGES
If you have looked at the program 0270 0204 43 $43
code yet, you may have wondered at the 0280 0205 2C $2C STORE ",A66D"
unusual address. After all, who ever puts 0290 0206 41 $41
an extension in low memory? When I 0300 0207 36 $36
decided to write this article, I intended 0310 0208 36 $36
to use addres $C00, where I have it on 0320 0209 44 $44
August, 1979 MICRO - The 6502 Journal 15:90330: 020A OD = $0D This means that it gets used for a lot
0340: 020B 4D = $4D STORE "MA658" AND CHANGE of junk in addition to the defined user
0350: 020C 41 = $41 MAX RECORD commands. It also means that you can
0360: 020D 36 = $36 TO BE
use characters other than Un as com
0370: 020 E 35 = $35 TWENTY-FOUR
mand extensions, if you want, as long as
0380: 020F 38 = $38 BYTES LONG
they are not used for valid SYM com
0390: 0210 OD = $0D
= STORE "18"
mands with the same number of para
0400: 0211 31 $31
= $38
meters.
0410: 0212 38
0420: 0213 0D = $0D
0430: 0214 53 $53 SET TRACE VECTOR The monitor saves the command value
0440: 0215 44 = $44 in a location called LSTCOM. When a
0450: 0216 38 = $38 STORING STRING "SD80C0,A67A" carriage return is entered, the monitor
0460: 0217 30 = $30 reloads the command into the A register
0470: 0218 43 $43 and loads the number of parameters into
0480: 0219 30 $30 X.
0490: 021A 2C = $2C
0500: 021B 41 $41 So, the first thing our monitor exten
0510: 021C 36 = $36 sion should do is check the character in
0520: 021D 37 = $37 A against the value in LSTCOM. If they
0530: 021E 41 = $41
are the same, the program was called
0540: 021F OD = $0D
= STORE "SD"
after normal command term ination. If
0550: 0220 53 $53
0560: 0221 44 = $44 they are different, the command was not
terminated properly and we want to
0570:
make sure the carry is set and return
0580: • CHANGE THE FOLLOWING WHEN RELOCATING THE PROGRAM *
0590:
with an RTS instruction.
0600: 0222 33 - $33 STORE "341" AND CHANGE IF ADDRESS
0610: 0223 34 = $34 This will cause the monitor to print the
0620: 0224 31 = $31 standard “ ER xx” message and return to
0630: 0225 2C $2C STORE ",A6?4" command mode.
0640: 0226 41 z $41
0650: 0227 36 = $36 Once we know that the command was
0660: 0228 37 = $37 terminated properly, we have to deter
0670: 0229 34 $34 mine which command it was. As I men
0680: 022A OD = $0D tioned earlier, the monitor does not
0690: 022B 00 $00 ZERO IS END OF EXEC REQUEST verify the command character as it is
0700: fft«*f*fff* * • * * * * * * * • * • * * * * • • » * • » * * * « * • • * * * • • *
entered, so we could be here for any
0710: • PAGE ZERO ADDRESS LOCATIONS • thing, including a “ valid” command with
0720:
the wrong number of parameters.
0730:
0740: 022C CURAD « $00FE SYM-1 "OLD ADDRESS LOW ORDER
0750: 022C CURADK • $00FF AND HIGH-ORDER Finally, if we are on the right com
0760: 022C ADJUST « $00FC SYM-1 PAGE ZERO SCRATCH AREA LOW-OF mand, and if it was terminated properly,
0770: 022C ADJUSH • $00FD AND HIGH ORDER the last check is to make sure that exact
0780: ly the correct number of parameters has
0790: • BY JIM BUTTERFIELD (SEE "THE FIRST BOOK OF KIM") • been entered. If not, there will be miss
0800: « MODIFIED BY N. VRTIS TO RUN AS MONITOR * ing information, or information will be in
0810: • EXTENSIONS ON THE SYM-i * the wrong place. For any errors, all the
0820: f * extension has to do is guarantee that
0830: « THIS PROGRAM ADJUSTS ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE « the carry is set and return to the monitor
0840: • ADDRESSES OF A PROGRAM SO IT CAN BE RELOCATED « with an RTS instruction.
0850: • OR EXPANDED f
0860: • > > » > NOTES •
As an aside, the command processor
0870: • 1- PAGE ZERO REFERENCES ABOVE $8000 WILL NOT «
does not initialize the stack register, and
0880: • BE CHANGED UNLESS SPECIFIED AS ABSOLUTE «
0890: « THREE -BYTE INSTRUCTIONS «
so, if you are debugging an extension
0900: « 2- ANY REFERENCES ABOVE $8000 WILL NOT BE « and stop it before the RTS to the
0910: « CHANGED * monitor, you can quickly use up a lot of
0920: « 3- PROGRAM STOPS WHEN IT FINDS AN ILLEGAL • the stack area. This only hurts if you
0930: • OPERATION CODE (CAN USE $FF) * have a routine or two located there, as I
0940: « 4- DON'T RELOCATE DATA « usually do.
0950: * *
0960: • INPUT PARMS • The manual claims that locations $F8
0970: • PARM1 - RELOCATE FROM ADDRESS « through $FF are reserved for monitor
0980: * (FIRST OPCODE THAT WILL MOVE) « use. Did you ever wonder what they are
0990: • PARM2 - RELOCATE TO ADDRESS (WHERE PARM1 * used for? Unfortunately, these locations
1000: * WILL BE MOVED TO) * were not assigned a variable name in the
1010: « PARM3 - PROGRAM START ADDRESS (FIRST « monitor assembly, so there are no cross
1020: * INSTRUCTION IN PROGRAM * references to them in the listing. I have
1030:
tracked down most of the applications,
1040: 022C CD 57 A6 CMP LSTCOM SEE IF COMMAND TERMINATED PROPERLY
1050: 022F F0 02 BEQ JO
but I don’t guarantee that I didn’t miss
YES — SEE WHICH COMMAND
1060: 0231 38 COMERR SEC ELSE SET CARRY AS ERROR FLAG one.
1070: 0232 60 RTS AND RETURN TO MONITOR FOR ER XX
1080: The most used locations are probably
1090: 0233 C9 14 U0 CMPIM >14 MAKE SURE IT IS "U0" $FE and $FF. These are the locations
1100: 0235 F0 03 BEQ UOCOMM BRANCH IF IT IS
15:10 MICRO - The 6502 Journal August, 1979that the m onitor uses for almost all of 1110:: 0237 4C DE 02 JMP U1 GO TRY AS U1 COMMAND
it’s indirect addressing. If you look at the 1120:; 023A E0 03 UOCOMM CPXIM $03 MAKE SURE HAVE THREE PARMS
(\J
tjO
command descriptions, this is where the DO F3 BNE C0MERR BRANCH FOR ERROR IF NOT
O
1130:
o
“ OLD” address is kept. 1140:
1150: • NOW COMPUTE THE ADJUSTMENT INCREMENT
These programs use it in the same 1160:
manner that the monitor does. It’s im 1170: 023E 38 SEC SET BORROW
possible to display these locations via 1180: 023F AD 4C A6 LDA P2L GET LOW-ORDER "TO"
the monitor commands directly, but do 1190: 0242 ED 4E A6 SBC P 1L CALC DIFFERENCE
1200: 0245 85 FC STA ADJUST SAVE IN PAGE ZERO LOW-ORDER
ing a Verify or Memory will show you
1210: 0247 AD 4D A6 LDA P2H SAME FOR HIGH-ORDER
what they are pointing to. Also, if you 1220: 024A ED 4F A6 SBC P1H
plan to use them, none of the monitor 1230: 024D 85 FD STA ADJUSH IT GOES INTO PAGE ZERO ALSO
routines w ill change them, but almost 1240:
any command will. 1250: * NOW PUT PROGRAM POINTER Tu PACE ZERO
1260:
Another important pair of locations is 1270: 024F 20 A7 e2 JSR P3SCH
$FA and $FB. These contain the address 1280:
of the next byte to be obtained as input 1290: * GET AN CPCODE HERE *
when processing in the execute mode. If 1300:
your program modifies these locations, 1310:
it can’t be invoked from the execute 1320: 0252 20 24 03 GETOP JSR DETLEN FIND OPCODE LENGTH AND TYPE
mode. 1330: 0255 30 07 BMI TRIPLE MINUS IS LENGTH 3 OR BAD TYPE
1340: 0257 F0 2A BEQ BRANCH ZERO IS A BRANCH
1350:
As another aside about the execute
1360:
mode, all input comes from RAM, so if 1370: • HERE, WE HAVE TO SKIP FORWARD TO NEXT OPCODE *
you do a JSR INCHR and expect to get 1380:
keyboard input while in execute mode it 1390:
w on’t work. The execute command is the 1400: 0259 20 n 03 SKIP 1 JSR ADVANC
only one that modifies these addresses. 1410: 025C F0 F4 BEQ GETOP AND THEN GO GET THE NEXT OPCODE
The other locations are pretty much 1420:
scratch locations; you can probably use 1430:
them without affecting command opera 1440: » GOT A 3 BYTE OPCODE / ILLEGAL / OR END (SPECIAL) *
tion, but I would not count on them be 1450:
ing the same after any call to monitor 1460:
service routines. 1470: 025E C8 TRIPLE INY BUMP Y BY ONE
1480: 025F F0 OF BEQ FIX3BY IF NOW ZERO IT IS A 3 BYTER
The cassette routines use $FC and 1490:
1500 : 0261 20 16 83 QblTDO JSR CRLFSZ OUTPUT LAST ADDRESS
$FD, as does the block move command.
1510: 0264 20 42 83 JSR SPACE FOLLOWED BY A SPACE
Terminal input uses $F8 as a character
1520: 0267 A0 00 LDYIM $00 AND THE OPCODE
buildup area, and terminal output uses 1530: 0269 B1 FE LDAIY CURAD
$F9 to hold the character as it is being 1540: 026B 20 FA 82 JSR 0UTBYT
output. There may be a few other uses, 1550: 026 E 18 CLC CLEAR THE CARRY
but I would stay away from these unless 1560: 026F 60 RTS AND RETURN TO SYSTEM
you are really desperate for page zero 1570:
space, or you are writing monitor exten 1580: 0270 C8 F1X3BY INY MAKE Y=1 NOW
sions. 1590: 0271 B1 FE LDAIY CURAD L0W-0RDER PART OF ADDRESS
1600: 0273 AA TAX PUT INTO X
The System RAM areas are much bet 1610: 027 4 C8 INY NOW MAKE Y=2
ter documented in the monitor listing. 1620: 0275 B1 FE LDAIY CURAD HIGH-0RDER PART OF ADDRESS
They have also been assigned names, 1630: 0277 20 B6 02 JSR ADJST GO CHANGE ADDRESS IF NECESSARY
and therefore appear on the assembly ID=02
cross reference list. These programs
0010:
only deal with two main areas. This is STAIY CURAD PUT HIGH-ORDER BACK
0020: 027A 91 FE
$A630 through $A63F, and they are 0030: 027C 88 DEY MAKE Y=1
monitor scratch areas. The two bytes us 0040: 027D 6a TXA L0W-0RDER TO A
ed here are not used by the monitor, ac 0050: 027E 91 FE STAIY CURAD PUT IT BACK ALSO
cording to the cross reference lists. 0060: 0280 4C 59 02 JMP SKIP1 • GO SKIP FORWARD TO NEXT OPCODE
0070:
The locations $A64A through $A64F 0080:
are the addresses where the monitor col 0090: • GOT A BRANCH - HAVE TO CHECK
lects input parameters. Each is a two 0100: • BOTH "TO " AND "FROM" ADDRESSES
byte parameter area, and all three areas 0110:
are initialized to zero at the start of com 0120:
mand processing. The problems begin 0130: 0283 C8 BRANCH INY MAKE Y=1
when you find that the labels P1, P2 and 0140: 0284 A6 FE LDX CURAD GET CURRENT LOCATION LOW-ORDER
P3 are a little misleading. The monitor 0150: 0286 A5 FF LDA CURADH AND HIGH-ORDER
starts collecting parameters in the P3 0160: 0288 20 B6 02 JSR ADJST FIX IT IF NECESSARY
area, and rotates the whole area 16 bits 0170: 028B 8E 30 A6 STX SCR0 SAVE LOW-ORDER FOR NOW
0180: 028E A2 FF LDXIM $FF SET FLAG FOR BACK REFERENCE
left for each new parameter. It works out
0190: 0290 B1 FE LDAIY CURAD GET RELATIVE BRANCH AMOUNT
all right for three parameters, but two
0200: 0292 18 CLC
parameters will end up in P3 and P2, 02 ADCIM $02
0210: 0293 69 ADJUST THE OFFSET
while one ends up in P3. 0220: 0295 30 01 BMI OVER BRANCH IF BACKWARDS BRANCH
August, 1979 MICRO - The 6502 Journal 15:110230: 0297 E8 INX FORWARDS - MAKE FLAG ZERO
0240: 0298 8E 31 A6 OVER STX SCR 1 SAVE THIS ALSO The addresses I used for the high and
0250: 029B 18 CLC low trace lim its are entries in the jump
0260: 029C 65 FE ADC CURAD CALCULATE "TO" LOW-ORDER table. I picked these for two reasons.
02 70: 029E AA TAX PUT INTO X The first is that I don’t use the jump
0280: 029F AD 31 A6 LDA SCR 1 00 OR FF, REMEMBER? table, so am not worried about changing
0290: 02A2 65 FF ADC CURADH CALCULATE "TO" HIGH-ORDER
it. The second is slightly more im port
0300: 02A4 20 B6 02 JSR ADJST FIX IT IF NECESSARY
ant. If you will note, the default values
0310: 02A7 CA DEX TAKE BACK OFFSET
0320: 02A8 CA DEX
set in these locations during system
0330: 02A9 8A TXA PUT LOW-ORDER BACK INTO A reset turn out to cover normal user RAM.
0340: 02AA 38 SEC RE-CALCULATE RELATIVE BRANCH This means I don’t have to worry about
0350: 02AB ED 30 A6 SBC SCR0 making sure they get set every tim e I
0360: 02AE 91 FE STAIY CURAD AND PUT IT BACK reset the system.
0370: 02BO 20 CE 02 JSR SIGNCH GO CHECK FOR SIGN CHANGE
0380: 02B3 4C 59 02 JMP SK1P1 GO SKIP FORWARD TO NEXT OPCODE There are a number of obscure SYM
0390: monitor routines used here, and some
0400: explanation of their function is in order
0410: • EXAMINE ADDRESS AND ADJUST IT IF NEEDED now. Where possible, the names corres
0420: • HIGH-ORDER IS IN A pond to names in the monitor listing.
0430: • LOW-ORDER IS IN X
0440:
The routine P3SCR takes the two
0450:
bytes from the P3 area and moves them
0460: 02B6 C9 80 ADJST CMPIM $80 MAKE SURE REFERENCE NOT TOO FAR
0470:
to page zero locations $FE and $FF for
02B8 B0 13 BCS OUT DONE IF TOO HIGH
0480: 02BA CD 4F A6 CMP P1H CHECK HIGH-ORDER FIRST
indirect addressing. P2SCR does the
0490: 02BD DO 03 BNE TEST 2 BRANCH IF NOT EQUAL same thing, but with the P2 data instead
0500: 02BF EC 4E A6 CPX P1L EQUAL - NEED TO CHECK LOW-ORDER ALSO of P3. To my knowledge, there is no
0510: 02C2 90 09 TEST2 BCC OUT BRANCH IF LOW P1SCR or equivalent.
0520: 02C4 48 PHA ELSE SAVE HIGH-ORDER ON STACK
0530: 02C5 8A TXA PUT LOW-ORDER INTO A CRLFSZ is a very handy routine that
0540: 02C6 18 CLC outputs a carriage return, a line feed,
0550: 02C7 65 FC ADC ADJUST ADD LOW-ORDER ADJUSTMENT and the contents of $FF and $FE (i.e. the
0560: 02C9 AA TAX PUT BACK INTO X current address). The routine INCCMP
0570: 02CA 68 PLA PULL HIGH-ORDER BACK OUT does a 16 bit add of 1 to the contents of
0580: 02CB 65 FD ADC ADJUSH ADD IN HIGH ORDER ADJUSTMENT CURAD, and compares the result to the
0590: 02CD 60 OUT RTS AND RETURN value of P3. The compare is ignored in
0600:
the relocate program; but for the lister,
0610:
0620: * CHECK TO MAKE SURE SIGN P3 has the program ending address so it
0630: * BEFORE BRANCH IS SAME AS AFTER knows when to quit. There is a reverse of
0640: this routine, called DECCMP, that sub
0650: tracts 1 and does the compare. It isn’t
0660: 02CE 4D 31 A6 SIGNCH EOR SCR 1 SEE IF SIGNS ARE THE SAME used in these routines, but might be han
0670: 02D1 10 OA BPL SIGNOK BRANCH IF THE SAME dy some time.
0680: 02D3 48 PHA SAVE "A" ON STACK
0690: 02D4 20 16 83 JSR CRLFSZ OUTPUT CURRENT ADDRESS There are two other SYM m onitor loca
0700: 02D7 20 42 83 JSR SPACE AND A SPACE tions used which are not labeled monitor
0710: 02DA 4C 77 81 JMP ERNOCR AND ERROR MESSAGE addresses. The ERNOCRLF label is a
0720: 02DD 60 SIGNOK RTS RETURN IF SIGN IS OK few instructions into the ERMSG rou
0730:
tine. It is after the carriage return and
0740:
line feed subroutine jump. Unfortunate
0750: • SYM-1 FUNCTION - MINI LISTER
07 60 : • BY: NICK VRTIS — LS1/CCSD — APRIL 1979
ly, where I enter, ERMSG has already
0 7 70 : • pushed Aon the stack, so always JMP to
0780: • LIST A PROGRAM BY INSTRUCTION PER LINE it from a subroutine and let it do the
0790: • return from your subroutine, or else your
0800: • INPUT PARMS: stack will get out of sync.
0810: • PARM1 - PROGRAM STARTING ADDRESS
0820: • PARM2 - PROGRAM ENDING ADDRESS The last address I call DBRTN. I use it
0830: in the extended trace. It is actually the
0840: last couple of instructions of the normal
0850: 02DE C9 15 U1 CMPIM $15 MAKE SURE ON RIGHT COMMAND trace routine. It does a check of the carry
0860: 02E0DO 04 BNE U1ERR BRANCH IFWRONG and continues tracing if the carry is
0870: 02E2 EO 02 CPXIM $02 MAKE SURE 2 AND ONLY 2 PARMS GIVEN clear; otherwise it returns to the monitor.
0880: 02E4FO 02 BEQ U1STRT BRANCH TOSTART IF CORRECT
This works out conveniently since the
0890: 02E6 38 U1ERR SEC
routines INSTAT and DELAY return with
0900: 02E7 60 RTS
0910: 02E8 20 9C 82 U1STRT JSR P2SCR SET UP BEGINNING ADDRESS
the carry set if a key is down or the break
0920:
key on the terminal has been pressed.
0930:
0940: • LIST PROGRAM EITHER 1 AT A TIME OR "MAXRC" AT A TIME The remaining addresses and routines
0950: •#•••••»•• used in the programs are defined ade
0960: quately in the SYM manual, so I won’t
0970: 02EBAD 58 A6 LISTER MAXRC if OF LINES CONTROLLED LDA
BY "MAXRC” bother discussing them here.
0980: 02EE8D 31 A6 COUNT SAVE IN SCRATCH AREA STA
0990: The relocate program should not be
1000: 02F1 20 16 83 LISTLP JSR CRLFSZ PUT OUT CURRENT ADDRESS d ifficu lt to follow. The program is made
15:12 MICRO - The 6502 Journal August, 1979possible by the subroutine DETLEN. I 1010:
1020: 02F4 20 42 83 CUR0P JSR SPACE LEADING SPACE
have to give credit to Jim Butterfield and
1030: 02F7 20 24 03 JSR DETLEN MAKE SURE GOT CURRENT LINE LENGTH
The First Book o f KIM for that routine
1040: 02FA A0 00 LDYIM $00 INIT Y TO ZERO
and for most of the relocate program. 1050:
DETLEN not only determines the instruc 1060: 02FC B1 FE CURRLP LDAIY CURAD GET CURRENT OPCODE
tion length, but also classifies it as one 1070: 02FE 20 FA 82 JSR 0UTBYT OUTPUT IT
of four types: a branch (Y = 0) an ab 1080: 0301 C8 INY BUMP TO NEXT BYTE
solute address reference (Y = FF) an ‘‘in 1090: 0302 CC 32 A6 CPY BYTES SEE IF DONE
valid" instruction (Y = FE) and all others 1100: 0305 DO F5 BNE CURRLP LOOP FOR CURRENT NUMBER OF BYTES
(Y = number of bytes in the instruction). 1110:
1120: 0307 20 1A 03 JSR ADVANC ADVANCE TO NEXT INSTRUCTION
The invalid opcodes detected are only 1130: 030A B0 OC BCS PGMDON SEE IF TO END
those with bits 0 and 1 on. This is not all- 1140: 030C CE 31 A6 DEC COUNT ELSE DECREASE LINE COUNT
inclusive, but it does cover quite a few of 1150: 030F 10 E0 BPL LISTLP GOT MORE TO DO IF POSITIVE
the undefined opcodes. The normal pro 1160:
cedure for operating the program is to 1170: 0311 20 IB 8A JSR INCHR WAIT FOR ANY CHARACTER
insert an FF after the last program state 1180: 0314 F0 02 BEQ PGMDON EQUAL MEANS C/R AND HE WANTS QUITS
ment, since the relocate program stops 1190: 0316 DO D3 BNE LISTER ELSE CARRY ON
12 00 :
when it encounters an “ invalid” opcode. 1210: ••••*••« *•••*••••••**••« ••••*••» •**» *# » ******# # #
1220: • END OF PROGRAM ENCOUNTERED - RETURN TO MONITOR
This sometimes catches an attempt to 1230: « •*•**•******•************••*•*••****•**•*•« •**■
relocate a data area instead of a pro 1240:
gram, which is a definite no-no. The pro 1250: 0318 18 PGMDON CLC CLEAR CARRY FOR OK RETURN
gram can’t tell the difference between 1260: 0319 60 RTS AND RETURN
most data and instructions, so make 1270:
sure you stop it before it tries to “ fix ” 1280:
the “ addresses” in your data. If you get 1290: * ADVANCE TO NEXT INSTRUCTION
into the habit of collecting your data 1300:
areas in one place, your programs will be 1310:
easier to relocate. 1320 : 031A AE 32 A6 ADVANC LDX BYTES GET BYTE COUNT
1330 : 031D 20 B2 82 ADVILP JSR INCCMP BUMP CURRENT ADDRESS
If you follow the code, you will see 1340 : 0320 CA DEX DECREASE COUNT
that there is a lot more work involved in 1350 : 0321 DO FA BNE ADVILP LOOP UNTIL ALL BYTES ARE COUNTED
1360 : 0323 60 RTS RETURN HERE
relocating a branch instruction than in
1370
fixing an absolute address reference.
1380
This is because the program has to com 1390 * DETERMINE THE INSTRUCTION LENGTH
pute the effective FROM and TO ad 1400
dresses before it can determine whether 1410
the relative byte count has changed. 1420 : 0324 A0 00 DETLEN LDYIM $00 INIT Y TO ZERO
1430 : 0326 B1 FE LDAIY CURAD PICK UP CURRENT OPCODE
I have also included a routine to verify 1440
that the sign (bit 7) of the new displace 1450 * ENTER HERE IF "A" ALREADY HAS OPCODE IN IT
ment is the same before and after the 1460
relocation. This routine was added 1470 : 0328 A8 DETLN1 TAY SAVE IN Y
shortly after the first tim e I relocated a 1480 : 0329 A2 07 LDXIM $07 GOT SEVEN TABLE ENTRIES TO CHECK
backward branch into a forward branch, 1490
by overflowing the sign, and started ex 1500 : 032B 98 CHKLOP TYA PUT OPCODE BACK INTO A
ecuting one of the 6502’s INMI instruc 1510 : 032C 3D 82 03 ANDX TABOUT -01 REMOVE THE DON’T CARE BITS
1520 : 032F 5D 89 03 EORX TABTST -01 TEST THE REST
tions (INMI = Ignore Non-Maskable In
1530 : 0332 F0 03 BEQ FOUND BRANCH IF FOUND THE MATCH
terrupt).
1540 : 0334 CA DEX ELSE TRY NEXT ENTRY
1550 : 0335 DO F4 BNE CHKLOP UNTIL ALL ARE LOOKED AT
The program lister was really easy to 1560
do with subroutine DETLEN available. I 1570 : 0337 BC 99 03 FOUND LDYX TABLEN GET LENGTH FROM TABLE
have a CRT running at 1200 baud, so I 1580 033A 8c 32 A6 STY BYTES SAVE THE LENGTH
set the program up to list a screenfull of 1590 033D BC 91 03 LDYX TABTYP NOW LOAD THE OPCODE TYPE
lines at a time, and then wait for any key 1600 0340 60 RTS AND RETURN
before continuing with the listing. If you 1610
have a printer, or run at a slower baud 1620
rate, you might want to ignore the MAX ID=03
RC count, do a call to INSTAT after each
line, and only stop when the break key is 0010
entered. Remember, INSTAT returns 0020
with the carry set if the break is entered, 0030
0040 * ALTERNATE USER TRACE ROUTINE
and clear otherwise. *
0050
0060 • BY: NICK VRTIS — LSI/CCSD FEBRUARY 1979
The e x te n d e d tra c e ro u tin e is 0070 •
probably the hardest to understand. It 0080 « ALTERNATE TRACE ROUTINE TO PRINT ADDITIONAL DATA
also requires one hardware change as 0090 *
outlined in the SYM manual. That 0100 « WILL PRINT PROGRAM COUNTER-Y-X-A-FLAGS-STACK
change is the installation of jumpers 0110 • ONLY PRINTS FOR PROGRAM ADDRESS IN RANGE OF ADDRESS
W-24 and X-25. These enable software 0120 « SPECIFIED BY:
control of the debug flip-flops, but only 0130 * A62C - EXCLUSIVE ENDING ADDRESS
up to a certain point. 0140 • (SYM DEFAULT IS 0000)
August, 1979 MICRO - The 6502 Journal 15:13You can also read
