Mgnrega As Employment Distribution Among Tribal Households In Tamilnadu - sersc
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International Journal of Disaster Recovery and Business Continuity
Vol.11, No. 1, (2020), pp. 3285–3294
Mgnrega As Employment Distribution Among Tribal Households In
Tamilnadu
*Jasminedeporal.G.D
*
Research Scholar, Department of Economics, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and
Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore.
**Dr.Arulselvam.K
**
Professor, Department of Economics, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher
Education for Women, Coimbatore.
Abstract:
Social and economic development is the main aim of rural development for rural people,
especially to bring about sustained improvement in their living condition through an increase in their
income and access to social goods. The status of women is intimately connected with their economic
status, which in turn, depends upon rights, roles and opportunity for the participation in economic
activities. The economic status of women is now accepted as an indicator of a societal development stage.
However, all development does not result in improving women economic activities. Pattern of women
activities are affected by the prevailing social ideology and are also linked with the stage of economic
development. Government implements different programmes to improve the social and economic
development in rural India. The introduction of National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS)
is one of the affirmative programme. The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act was enacted in
September 2005. The National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme was launched on 02.02.2006 and
was initially implemented in six districts in Tamil Nadu,viz., Cuddalore, Dindigul, Nagapattinam,
Sivagangai,Tiruvannamalai and Villupuram from 02.02.2006 onwards and in four more districts viz.
Thanjavur,Tiruvarur, Tirunelveli and Karur from 01.04.2007 onwards. From 01.04.2008 onwards, the
scheme was extended to the remaining twenty one districts of the state. Thus, the MGNREGA covers the
entire country with the exception of districts that have a hundred percent urban population. The mandate
of the Act is to provide 100 days of guaranteed wage employment on demand in a financial year to every
household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work. Besides having the potential of
creating useful assets, strengthening democracy and decentralisation by affecting transparency and
accountability this flagship programme of the Government endeavours to empowerment of the socially
disadvantaged, especially women, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, through the processes of a
rights-based legislation. Thus, MGNREGA with twin objectives of rural employment and development has
been perceived as a powerful instrument for inclusive growth in rural India because of its triple impact
on social protection, livelihood security and democratic empowerment.
Introduction:
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 (or, NREGA later renamed as the "Mahatma
Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act", MGNREGA), is an Indian labour law and social
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security measure that aims to guarantee the 'right to work'. It aims to enhance livelihood security in rural
areas by providing at least 100 days of wage employment in a financial year to every household whose
adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work. The act was first proposed in 1991 by P.V.
Narasimha Rao. In 2006, it was finally accepted in the parliament and commenced implementation in 625
districts of India. Based on this pilot experience, NREGA was scoped up to cover all the districts of India
from 1 April 2008. The statute is hailed by the government as "the largest and most ambitious social
security and public works programme in the world". In its World Development Report 2014, the World
Bank termed it a "stellar example of rural development".
The MGNREGA was initiated with the objective of "enhancing livelihood security in rural areas
by providing at least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment in a financial year, to every household
whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work". Another aim of MGNREGA is to create
durable assets (such as roads, canals, ponds and wells). Employment is to be provided within 5 km of an
applicant's residence, and minimum wages are to be paid. If work is not provided within 15 days of
applying, applicants are entitled to an unemployment allowance. Thus, employment under MGNREGA is
a legal entitlement. MGNREGA is to be implemented mainly by gram panchayats (GPs). The
involvement of contractors is banned. Labour-intensive tasks like creating infrastructure for water
harvesting, drought relief and flood control are preferred. Rural Development refers to process of
improving or uplifting the living conditions of the people living in rural areas. The people of India live
mostly in rural areas (villages).Therefore, it is in the heart of the villages that the nation lives. Indeed, “the
soul of India is in the toil of the rural areas”. The welfare of India depends upon the prosperity of the
villages.
Scheduled Tribes (STs) are indigenous, have their own distinctive culture, geographically isolated
and are low in socioeconomic conditions. For centuries, the tribal groups have remained outside the realm
of the general development process due to their habitation in forests and hilly tracts. After Independence,
Government of India has scheduled the tribal groups in the Constitution and provided special provisions
for their welfare and development. There are about 654 ST communities across the States in India and 75
of the STs are most backward and are termed as Primitive Tribal Groups. Most of the tribal areas are
hilly, inaccessible undulating plateau lands in the forest areas of the country resulting in the bypassing of
general developmental programmes. Due to this, infrastructure and development facilities in tribal areas
for education, roads, healthcare, communication, drinking water, sanitation etc., lagged behind compared
to other areas which has resulted in further widening the gaps of development between the tribals and the
general population for a long time.
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Review of Literature:
Ahuja et.al., (2011), in their study on “Impact of MGNREGA on Rural Employment and
Migration: A Study in Agriculturally-backward and Agriculturally-advanced Districts of Haryana” The
study conducted in the state of Haryana has investigated the impact of implementation of MGNREGA in
two districts — one agriculturally-advanced (Karnal) and the other agriculturally-backward
(Mewat).Besides demographic characteristics, the paper has investigated the difference in the
employment status, income, landholding size, herd size and other assets of the sample farm households in
these two districts by taking 120 farm families, 60 from each district. The impact of MGNREGA within a
district has also been studied in terms of income and employment security, migration, debt repayment,
extent of participation in MGNREGA works, socio-economic status, etc. by seeking information from 30
participating and 30 nonparticipating households in MGNREGA works in each district. A significant
difference has been found in the extent of employment under MGNREGA works in agriculturally-
advanced Karnal (13.7%) and agriculturally-backward Mewat (24.6%) districts. The study has observed
that despite being a source of employment, MGNREGA has not been able to check the migration from the
developed region because of higher market wage rates at destinations. The study has concluded that
farmers owning large size of landholdings and more number of animals are not much interested in
participating in MGNREGA works.
Kantharaju, (2011) in his study “Impact Of Mgnrega On Employment Generation And Assets
Creation In Tumkur District Of Karnataka State” The study was conducted on Impact of MGNREGA
towards Employment Generation and Assets creation among randomly selected 120 beneficiaries from 4
Taluks in Tumkur District of Karnataka State. The findings of the study revealed that, half (50.00 %) of
the beneficiaries were middle aged, 53.33 per cent of the beneficiaries belonged to Other Backward
Castes (OBCs), 33.33 per cent of the beneficiaries were completed primary school, 61.67 per cent of
beneficiaries were small farmers, majority of the beneficiaries belonged to the above poverty line (65.83
%), 14.17 per cent of the beneficiaries were member to self help group. Agriculture was the main
occupation of cent per cent of the beneficiaries and had knowledge about the objectives of MGNREGA
on providing 100 days of wage employment. About 23.33 per cent of the beneficiaries got employment of
71-80 man days in a year, the major individual farm works were horticultural planting (33.33 %), 21.35
per cent of the beneficiaries were participated in desiltation of tanks and cleaning of community ponds in
case of community assets creation. The variables such as education, urban contact, social participation
and caste had positive and significant relationship with knowledge level and farm assets created by the
beneficiaries. The variables such as caste, land holding annual income and urban contact had negative and
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significant relationship with employment generation and community assets created by the beneficiaries.
Higher caste had significantly contributed in explaining the variation of knowledge, employment
generation and assets creation by the beneficiaries. Delay in payment of wages, insufficient wage rate and
creation of poor quality assets were the major constraints expressed by the beneficiaries. There is need to
enhance the wage rate, transparency in evaluating the works undertaken under MGNREGA, wages should
be paid in time and proper publicity for Grama Sabha were the major suggestions given by beneficiaries
for successful implementation of MGNREGA.
Soodan (2016) et.al., in the study they explain “A Study On Socio Economic Impact Of Mgnrega
On Beneficiaries In Rudrapryag District Of Uttarakhandindia” The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural
Employment Guarantee act or (MGNREGA) was notified in India on September 2005 with a mandate to
provide at least hundred days of guaranteed wage employment in a financial year to every rural household
whose members above the age of eighteen years volunteer to do unskilled manual work. The main focus
of the act is to facilitate the social protection for the people living in rural India by providing employment
opportunities and therefore contributing towards the overall development of the local people. The present
study was attempted to figure out the impact of MGNREGA on overall economic and social development
of beneficiaries in rudrapryag district of Uttarakhand. The study was carried out in the disaster affected
areas of rudraprayag with beneficiaries as respondents. The results found the MGNREGA has
significantly improved their social and economic well being.
Prakasam (2015) in his study “Analyzing the Performance of MGNREGA Scheme using Data
Mining Technique” Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) is one of
the schemes implemented by the government of India in keeping mind that “The soul of India lives in its
villages", Most of the people in the rural part of the country are depending on the unskilled manual works
for their survival. Many works have been done early in the process of criticizing the positive and negative
impacts of this scheme. All works has some limitations such as it lack in the intelligent prediction, and to
use suitable technique for the research, that motivates me to take up this specific scheme. This paper is
analyzing the Success of MGNREGA in Kanchipuram District, using Data Mining Technique along with
the comparison of previous year statistic data provided by the government. The aim of this study is to
analyze the performance and success of this scheme.
Objectives:
To study the growth of MGNREG scheme in the state of Tamil Nadu and
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To study status of MGNREG scheme in different districts of Tamil Nadu.
Methodology
The study has been undertaken with secondary data. The data were collected from various
Reports of MGNREGA, Ministry of Rural Development, and Government of India. The study used trend
analysis and percentage as statistical tools. The period of the study covered nine years from 2006-07 to
2014-15.
a. Tamil Nadu in MGNREG Scheme
Table 1 shows the percentage share of number of job issued to the state of Tamil Nadu on total
number of job issued in the country.
Table-1
Year – wise Job Issued of Tamil Nadu in MGNREGA
Scheme Year No. of Job Issued in India No. of Job Issued in TN Share of TN (%)
2006-07 3,57,43,241 11,57,525 3.24
2007-08 6,41,89,909 22,00,437 3.43
2008-09 9,87,28,651 55,12,827 5.58
2009-10 11,22,35,517 65,35,710 5.82
2010-11 11,98,05,512 73,47,187 6.13
2011-12 12,68,34,576 83,71,307 6.60
2012-13 13,24,63,332 92,28,418 6.97
2013-14 13,00,66,745 84,97,290 6.53
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2014-15 12,31,91,858 81,73,896 6.64
Source: Reports of MGNREGA, Ministry of Rural Development Government of India.
Table - 1 explain that a total accounted 2006-07as 3.24 per cent of the total share. During 2007-
08, 6.42 crore job were issued in India, of which 3.43 per cent were issued in Tamil Nadu and the
percentage share of Tamil Nadu in issue of job increased to 5.58 per cent during 2008-09 and it increased
further during 2009-10 to 5.82 per cent. During 2010-11, a total of 11.98 crore job issued throughought
India, of which 73.47 lakh job were issued in Tamil Nadu, it accounted 6.13 per cent of total job. The
percentage share of issue of job in Tamil Nadu increased further during 2011-12 to 6.60 per cent and it
increased again to 6.97 per cent during the year 2012-13. During 2013-14 a total of 13.01 crore job were
issued in India, of which 84.97 lakh were issued in the state of Tamil Nadu, the percentage share of job
of Tamil Nadu decreased slightly to 6.53 per cent and during 2014-15 the percentage share of job issued
in Tamil Nadu increased to 6.64 per cent. The results showed that in the beginning of the study period
least preference was given to the state of Tamil Nadu in issue of job under MGNREG scheme, the
percentage share of Tamil Nadu in issue of job was around 3 per cent only but from 2010-11 onwards the
percentage share of Tamil Nadu was more than 6 per cent.
b. MGNREG scheme in different districts of Tamil Nadu.
There are 31 districts in Tamil Nadu. In order to know the status of MGNREG scheme in various
districts of Tamil Nadu, total number of job issued, to SC, ST and other community people, their share on
total job issued for each district and rank of district in terms of total number of job issued are discuses in
table 2.
Table – 2
MGNREGA Scheme in Different Districts of Tamil Nadu.
District Name SC % ST % Others % Total % Rank
Share Share Share Share
Ariyalur 36,612 1.58 1,860 1.43 1,35,386 2.37 1,73,858 2.13 25
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Coimbatore 57,508 2.47 5,093 3.92 96,058 1.68 1,58,659 1.94 26
Cuddalore 1,63,494 7.03 2,022 1.56 2,85,852 5.00 4,51,368 5.52 3
Dharmapuri 35,682 1.54 7,528 5.79 1,84,368 3.22 2,27,578 2.78 17
Dindigul 78,172 3.36 781 0.60 2,12,135 3.71 2,91,088 3.56 12
Erode 56,849 2.45 3,260 2.51 1,29,824 2.27 1,89,933 2.32 24
Kanchipuram 1,40,336 6.04 4,987 3.84 1,95,447 3.42 3,40,770 4.17 6
Kanniyakumari 6,029 0.26 558 0.43 91,412 1.60 97,999 1.20 30
Karur 37,109 1.60 94 0.07 1,05,266 1.84 1,42,469 1.74 27
Krishnagiri 30,872 1.33 1,769 1.36 2,23,082 3.90 2,55,723 3.13 14
Madurai 66,255 2.85 517 0.40 2,35,298 4.11 3,02,070 3.70 9
Nagapattinam 1,03,769 4.46 362 0.28 1,27,903 2.24 2,32,034 2.84 16
Namakkal 62,141 2.67 14,599 11.23 1,27,670 2.23 2,04,410 2.50 20
Perambalur 36,061 1.55 313 0.24 75,566 1.32 1,11,940 1.37 29
Pudukkottai 53,502 2.30 103 0.08 2,19,062 3.83 2,72,667 3.34 13
Ramanathapuram 54,312 2.34 49 0.04 1,54,409 2.70 2,08,770 2.55 19
Salem 87,245 3.75 25,234 19.41 2,90,476 5.08 4,02,955 4.93 5
Sivagangai 46,633 2.01 54 0.04 1,65,619 2.90 2,12,306 2.60 18
Thanjavur 93,342 4.02 193 0.15 2,19,274 3.83 3,12,809 3.83 8
The Nilgiris 18,125 0.78 4,400 3.39 27,977 0.49 50,502 0.62 31
Theni 32,920 1.42 220 0.17 1,02,422 1.79 1,35,562 1.66 28
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Thoothukkudi 60,970 2.62 293 0.23 1,36,081 2.38 1,97,344 2.41 22
Tiruchirappalli 73,994 3.18 3,060 2.35 2,37,137 4.15 3,14,191 3.84 7
Tirunelveli 84,238 3.62 254 0.20 2,07,288 3.62 2,91,780 3.57 11
Tiruppur 76,185 3.28 226 0.17 1,17,145 2.05 1,93,556 2.37 23
Tiruvallur 1,16,796 5.03 7,148 5.50 1,70,710 2.98 2,94,654 3.60 10
Tiruvannamalai 1,12,226 4.83 19,527 15.02 3,66,474 6.41 4,98,227 6.10 2
Tiruvarur 97,547 4.20 110 0.08 1,01,579 1.78 1,99,236 2.44 21
Vellore 1,11,702 4.81 7,714 5.93 3,26,130 5.70 4,45,546 5.45 4
Villupuram 2,18,021 9.38 17,392 13.38 4,75,297 8.31 7,10,710 8.69 1
Virudhunagar 75,624 3.25 261 0.20 1,77,297 3.10 2,53,182 3.10 15
Tamil Nadu 23,24,271 100 129,981 100 57,19,644 100 81,73,896 100
Total
Source: Reports of MGNREGA, Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India.
Table - 2 shows that a total of 81.74 lakh job were issued in Tamil Nadu during 2014-15, of
which 23.24 lakh were issued to scheduled castes, 1.30 lakh job were issued to scheduled tribes and
57.20 lakh were issued to other community people. The district of Villupuram ranked first in issue of
number of job under MGNREG scheme with 8.69 per cent of total job issued in the state, out of which
2.18 lakh issued to SC, 0.17 lakh job were issued to ST and 4.75 lakh job were issued to other community
people. Tiruvannamalai district was ranked second in issue of job under MGNREG scheme, it accounted
6.10 per cent of total job issued in the state. The districts of Cuddalore and Vellore were ranked 3rd and
4th with 5.52 and 5.45 per cent shares of the state’s total. The districts of Salem, Thanjavur were ranked
5th, 6th, 7th and 8th respectively with the share of 4.93, 4.17, 3.84 and 3.83 per cent of the total job
issued in the state. Nilgiris district was the least concentrated district in implementation of MGNREG
scheme in terms of number of job issued, in this district only 0.50 lakh job were issued, it accounted
0.62 per cent of the total job issued in the state, the reason because population of the district is lower than
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other districts. Kanniyakumari district was ranked 30th with issue of 0.98 lakh job and it accounted 1.20
per cent of total job issued in the state. The districts of Perambalur, Theni, Karur and Coimbatore were
ranked 29th, 28th, 27th and 26th respectively with the share of 1.37, 1.66, 1.74 and 1.94 per cent of total
job issued in the state of Tamil Nadu. The district of Villupuram was ranked first in issue of job to
scheduled caste people, where 9.38 per cent of the total issued to SC in Tamil Nadu. The districts of
Cuddalore, Kanchipuram and Tiruvallur were ranked 2nd, 3rd and 4th respectively with the share of 7.03,
6.04 and 5.03 per cent respectively. The district of Kanniyakumari was ranked last in issue of job to
scheduled castes, where only 6,029 job were issued to scheduled castes, which accounted 0.26 per cent of
state’s total card issued to SC. The districts Nilgiri, Krishnagiri and Theni were ranked 30th, 29th and
28th respectively with the share of 0.78, 1.33 and 1.42 per cent.
Result of the table - 2 discuss that Salem district was ranked first in issue of job cards to
scheduled tribes with 19.41 per cent share of the state. The district Tiruvannamalai was ranked second
with 15.02 per cent. The districts Villupuram and Namakkal were ranked 3rd and 4th with 13.38 and
11.23 per cent shares. The district Ramanathapuram was ranked last in issue of job cards to scheduled
tribes with the share of 0.04 per cent of state’s total. The district Sivagangai was ranked 30th. The
percentage share of job cards issued to scheduled tribes in the districts Karur, Pudukkottai and Tiruvarur
was very low with 0.07, 0.08 and 0.08 per cent respectively.
Conclusion:
The present study discusses about MGNREGA as Employment Distribution Among Tribal
Households in Tamil Nadu and its status in various districts of Tamil Nadu. The results of the study
showed that there was a drastic growth in implementation of the scheme in terms of issue of job to
beneficiaries. Total number of job issued in the state increased around eight times during the study period
of nine years from 2006-07 to 2014-15. Share of Tamil Nadu in getting benefit from MGNREG scheme
on nation’s total, was increasing over the study period. The state of Tamil Nadu gets more than 6 percent
benefit from the scheme. It was also evidenced that the district of Villupuram standing first in getting
benefit under MGNREG scheme in the state followed by Tiruvannamalai and the state of Nilgiri was
raked last. The state of Villupuram was also ranked first in giving benefit to Scheduled caste and the
district of Salem ranked first in giving benefit to scheduled tribes under MGNREG scheme.
Reference:
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Vol.11, No. 1, (2020), pp. 3285–3294
1. Usha Rani Ahuja, Dushayant Tyagi*, Sonia Chauhan and Khyali Ram Chaudhary (2011), “Impact of
MGNREGA on Rural Employment and Migration: A Study in Agriculturally-backward and
Agriculturally-advanced Districts of Haryana” Agricultural Economics Research Review Vol. 24
(Conference Number) 2011 pp 495-502.
2. Soodan (2016) et.al., in the study they explain “A Study On Socio Economic Impact Of Mgnrega On
Beneficiaries In Rudrapryag District Of Uttarakhandindia” International Journal of Management
and Applied Science, ISSN: 2394-7926 Volume-2, Issue-10, Oct.-2016 pp.44-47
3. Sugapriyan and Prakasam (2015)“Analyzing the Performance of MGNREGA Scheme using Data
Mining Technique” International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) Volume 109 – No.
9, January 2015.
4. https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12220
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