NICHOLAS WISE, PHD LIVERPOOL JOHN MOORES UNIVERSITY

Nicholas Wise, PhD
Liverpool John Moores University

▪ Migration into Europe – Challenges of Assimilation
 ▪ Refugees are marginalized and vulnerable groups

▪ Working Towards More Enabling Social and Economic Futures
 and Understandings

Sense of Community – Enterprise/Entrepreneurship Opportunities

                        Local Site/Situation

        Inductive Research       ↔      Policy and Solutions

Inductive understanding
▪ Allows for the ability to critique subjective insight
▪ Interaction, knowledge not available elsewhere

Haitians in the Dominican Republic
▪ Migration – Economic Opportunity
▪ Inclusion and Exclusion
▪ Social Impacts

Membership – Belonging
Influence – Attitudes
Integration and Fulfillment of Needs
Shared Emotional Connections

       Responsibility and Participation

▪ Each Place is Different – no one-size fits all solution
▪ Does Migration Challenge Sense of Community?
▪ Or does it Threaten a Community?
▪ Leads to Debates of Opportunities (Concerning Integration and Assimilation)

▪ Overcoming Difference and Othering
  ▪ Inclusion and Exclusion

▪ Integration (Living and Work)
  ▪ Influence social change
  ▪ Values
  ▪ Attitudes

Enterprise and Entrepreneurship

▪ Assimilation (Social, Culture, Language)
  ▪ Influence economic change
  ▪ Value added
  ▪ Skills
  ▪ Diversity

▪ It is estimated that 180,000 refugees currently
 reside in Italy (Demarco, 2018)
  ▪ African and Middle Eastern migrants entering
    Europe seek to escape struggles of war,
    famine and political instability
▪ Refugees become marginalized and struggle to
 assimilate
▪ Social policy and debates over how migrants
 are treated and managed when they settle in a
 new place (see Eugster 2018)

▪ Little academic work has consider how events
 can be used to help assimilate migrants

▪ Display of local, regional and national
 culture and place identity

So what about Migrants: Problem? or
Opportunity?

▪ Migrants bring culture and skills –
 place diversity

Can a capital of culture showcase
contemporary place culture? or
‘traditional’ culture…

▪ Sport studies and Participation Initiatives for Migrants and Refugees
  ▪ e.g. Doidge & Sandri 2018; Jeanes et al. 2015; Spaaij 2015
  ▪ Social Impacts – Sport and Social Transformation

▪ Employment and Integration/Assimilation –
  ▪ Combating Isolation (Exclusion)
  ▪ Social and Economic Impacts – Place and Community Transformation

▪ Enabling Skills – Education, Traineeships, Business Funds
▪ Challenges us to Reconsider Policy and Inclusion
  ▪ To Support Social and Economic Integration

▪ Local Enterprises, Entrepreneurship Promote Employment
  ▪ Integration
  ▪ Combat Negative Images and Sentiment

▪ Mendoza (2016) mentions in Matera and Basilicata “some locals are
 reluctant to open their doors to refugees.” However, there is a strategy in
 Basilicata, where they are “using the arrival of asylum seekers as a means
 of developing its labour force and to boost services” (Mendoza, 2016:
 online)
▪ Theatre to connect young Italians and migrants from Africa (Einashe, 2017)
  ▪ uniting people through shared interests and association

▪ Events industry requires socialisation and communication between
 stakeholders and business operators (Bratti & Conti, 2018)
▪ Cultural entrepreneurship responds to changing economies and social
 enterprises are initiatives where a society profits (Dwivedia &
 Weerawardena, 2018); for migrants it is about profiting by collaborating
 with local residents and local business owners
  ▪ Events are about value creation
  ▪ Training (refugees to gain adequate skills to start a new business)
  ▪ Partnerships

▪ Events (opportunities now) and Tourism (sustained opportunities)
  ▪ Combat Othering using creative and cultural industries
  ▪ Beyond labour intensive jobs

▪   Bratti, M., & Conti, C. (2018). The effect of immigration on innovation in Italy. Regional        sector: Experiences from the Cultural Olympiad programmes of Torino 2006 and London
    Studies, 52(7), 934-947.                                                                          2012. European Urban and Regional Studies, 23(3), 441-454.
▪   Clark, J., & Wise, N. (Eds.). (2018). Urban Renewal, Community and Participation: Theory, ▪ Richards, G., de Brito, M.P., & Wilks, L. (Eds.). (2013). Exploring the Social Impacts of
    Policy and Practice. Berlin: Springer.                                                      Events. London: Routledge.
▪   Demarco, N. (2018). Government plan promotes refugee integration in Italy. Borgen             ▪   Richards, G., & Palmer, R. (2010). Eventful Cities: Cultural Management and Urban
    Magazine, 2 April, http://www.borgenmagazine.com/refugee-integration-in-italy/                    Revitalization. London: Elsevier.
    [accessed 21/5/2018].
                                                                                                ▪ Spaaij, R. (2015). Refugee youth, belonging and community sport. Leisure Studies, 34(3),
▪   Doidge, M., and Sandri, E. (2018). ‘Friends that last a lifetime’: The Importance of          303-318.
    emotions amongst volunteers working with refugees in Calais. British Journal of Sociology.
    ISSN 0007-1315                                                                              ▪ Wise, N. (2011). Transcending imaginations through football participation and narratives
                                                                                                  of the other: Haitian national identity in the Dominican Republic. Journal of Sport &
▪   Dwivedia, A., & Weerawardena, J. (2018). Conceptualizing and operationalizing the             Tourism, 16(3), 259-275.
    social entrepreneurship construct. Journal of Business Research, 86, 32-40.
                                                                                                ▪ Wise, N. (2014). Layers of the landscape: Representation and perceptions of an ordinary
▪   Edwards, C. (2017). Italy launches first official migrant integration plan: Five things you   (shared) sport landscape in a Haitian and Dominican community. Geographical Research,
    need to know. The Local 27, September, https://www.thelocal.it/20170927/italy-launches- 52(2), 212-222.
    first-official-migrant-integration-plan-five-things-you-need-to-know.
                                                                                                ▪ Wise, N. (2015). Football on the weekend: Rural events and the Haitian imagined
▪   Eggenhofer-Rehart, P.M., Latzke, M., Pernkopf, K., Zellhofer, D., Mayrhofer, W., &            community in the Dominican Republic. In A. Jepson & A. Clarke (Eds.) Exploring
    Steyrer, J. (2018). Refugees' career capital welcome? Afghan and Syrian refugee job           Community Festivals and Events (pp. 106-117). London: Routledge.
    seekers in Austria. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 105, 31-45.
                                                                                                ▪ Wise, N. (2015). Placing sense of community. Journal of Community Psychology, 43(7),
▪   Einashe, I. (2017). How theatre is bringing young African migrants and Italians together.     920-929.
    The National, 1 June, https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/how-theatre-is-bringing-
    young-african-migrants-and-italians-together-1.85040 [accessed 21/5/2018].                  ▪ Wise, N., Mulec, I., & Armenski, T. (2017). Towards a new local tourism economy:
                                                                                                  understanding sense of community, social impacts and potential enterprise opportunities
▪   Eugster, B. (2018). Immigrants and poverty, and conditionality of immigrants’ social          in Podgrađe Bač, Vojvodina, Serbia. Local Economy, 32(7), 656-677.
    rights. Journal of European Social Policy, DOI: 10.1177/0958928717753580
                                                                                                ▪ Wise, N., & Perić, M. (2017). Sports tourism, regeneration and social impacts: New
▪   Jeanes, R., O’Connor, J., and Alfrey. L. (2015). Sport and the resettlement of young people opportunities and directions for research, the case of Medulin, Croatia. In N. Bellini & C.
    from refugee backgrounds in Australia. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 39(6), 480-500.    Pasquinelli (Eds.) Tourism in the City: Towards and Integrative Agenda on Urban Tourism
                                                                                                  (pp. 311-320). Berlin: Springer.
▪   Matera 2019 (2015). Post-designation progress report. https://www.matera-
    basilicata2019.it/it/                                                                       ▪ Wise, N., Aquilino, L., & Armenski, T. (2018). Preparing for Matera 2019: Local resident
                                                                                                  participation in research and perceptions of destination competitiveness. In J. Clark & N.
▪   McMillan, D.W., & Chavis, D.M. (1986). Sense of community: A definition and theory.           Wise (Eds.) Urban Renewal, Community and Participation: Theory, Policy and Practice (pp.
    Journal of Community Psychology, 14(1), 6-23.                                                 161-180). Berlin: Springer.

▪   Mendoza, N. (2016). Italy’s rural south welcomes refugees with open arms. France24, 15        ▪   Yalcinkaya, N.S., Branscombe, N.R., Gebauer, F., Niedlich, C., & Hakim, N.H. (2018). Can
    May, http://www.france24.com/en/20161205-focus-italy-basilicata-rural-depopulation-               they ever be one of us? Perceived cultural malleability of refugees and policy support in
    asylym-seekers-schools-public-services-economy [accessed 21/5/2018].                              host nations. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 78, 125-133.

▪   Pappalepore, I. (2016). Exploring the intangible impacts of cultural events on the creative