Socio-Economic Outcomes of Immigrants: What We Know, Where We Are Going, and Knowledge Gaps - Cédric de Chardon, Director Research and Evaluation ...
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Socio-Economic Outcomes of Immigrants: What We Know, Where We Are Going, and Knowledge Gaps Cédric de Chardon, Director Research and Evaluation P2P Preconference at the International Metropolis Conference June 24, 2019
Purpose and Outline
Purpose
• To present on data sources for measuring integration outcomes
• To present selected highlights of economic, social and health outcomes of
immigrants, refugees and children of immigrants
Overview
• Key data sources and strategic data development initiatives
• Historic Immigration Levels
• Select economic, social, heath and mental health outcomes
• Outcomes of Children of Immigrants
• Forward Plans
2Key Data Sources and Strategic Data Development Initiatives
• Immigration landing file (ILF): administrative data of permanent
residents
• Economic outcomes data sources:
• Longitudinal Immigration Database (IMDB)
• Labour Force Survey (LFS)
• Census
• Canadian Employer-Employee Dynamic Database
• Social and health outcomes data sources:
• Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS); CCHS linked to the IMDB
• General Social Survey (GSS); GSS linked to the IMDB
• Data development projects:
• iCARE (settlement service data) linked to the IMDB
3Historic Immigration Levels - How many are there?
• In 2018, the number of permanent residents admitted to Canada was 321,121. Canada’s
Immigration Plan for 2019-2021:
• 2019: 330,800; 2020: 341,000; 2021: 350,000
• Since 2015, there has been a notable increase in temporary residents (work permit and study permit
holders). In 2018, the number of work and/or study permit holders reached 793,289.
Number of Permanent Residents Admitted, Work and/or Study Permit Holders,
2000-2018
900,000
800,000
700,000
600,000
500,000
400,000
300,000
200,000
100,000
-
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Permanent Residents Work and/or Study Permit Holders*
*Note: Work and/or Study Permit holders denotes those with permits becoming effective in a given year 4 4
Permanent Resident Source: Netezza_DM2 - RDM, Permanent Residents, December 31, 2018
Temporary Resident Source: Netezza_DM2 - RDM, Temporary Residents, December 31, 2018“Believe nothing you hear, and only one half
that you see.”
― Edgar Allan Poe
What do we know?
Economic Outcomes of
immigrants
5Labour Force Indicators
How do they fare in the Canadian labour market?
Labour Force Participation Rates of Immigrants and Canadian-born (25-64)
Canadian citizens by birth 81
Immigrants 80
Refugees 76
Family class 78
Economic immigrants - spouses and dependents 79
Economic immigrants - principal applicants 88
Employment Rates of Immigrants and Canadian-born (25-64)
Canadian citizens by birth 76
Immigrants 74
Refugees 69
Family class 72
Economic immigrants - spouses and dependents 73
Economic immigrants - principal applicants 82
Unemployment Rates of Immigrants and Canadian-born (25-64)
Canadian citizens by birth 6
Immigrants 7
Refugees 9
Family class 8
Economic immigrants - spouses and dependents 8
6
Economic immigrants - principal applicants 6
Source: Census 2016Entry employment earnings
How much do they earn initially?
Median Entry Employment Earnings, by Immigration Category ($2016)
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Sponsored by family Skilled worker and skilled trades, principal applicant
Canadian experience class, principal applicant Provincial/territorial nominee, principal applicant
Economic Immigrant, spouse and dependent Refugee
Canadian Median All immigrants
Source: IMDB 2016, Statistics Canada Table: 11-10-0239-01 7
*Canadian median is calculated based on tax filers, excluding immigrants who arrived post-1980Social assistance
Do they use social assistance?
• The incidence of social assistance generally declines over time for all immigrant
categories, with the exception of the Family class.
Incidence of Social Assistance, by Immigration Category and Years Since Landing*
50%
YSL= 1 YSL = 5 YSL = 10 Canadian Average**
45%
40%
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
Sponsored by Economic Economic Refugee
family Immigrant, Immigrant,
principal spouse and
applicant dependent
Source: IMDB 2016, Statistics Canada Table: 11-10-0239-01 8
*Analysis based on the 2006 immigrant landing cohort.
**Canadian average is based on the incidence of social assistance among Canadians from 2006 to 2016.Economic Outcomes – Additional Highlights
Other Economic Outcomes
• Employment earnings:
• Annual earnings of high-skilled principal applicants surpass the Canadian
average soon after landing and increase over time.
• Time needed to catch up:
• Economic principal applicants reach the Canadian average in less than 5 years
for all cohorts, while refugees and family class immigrants need much more
time to catch up to the Canadian average.
• Net direct fiscal contribution:
• Immigrants as a group have positive net direct fiscal contributions (average
income tax paid net of government transfers), while economic principal
applicants have higher net contributions than other immigrants and average
Canadians.
• The average net direct fiscal contributions of refugees and family class
immigrants are consistently below the national average, though the gap narrows
with time spent in Canada.
9Use of settlement services
Who is more likely to use IRCC Settlement Services?
• Refugees, especially Government-assisted refugees are more likely to use settlement
services, while immigrants in the Canadian Experience category were the least likely to
utilize services.
Percentage of immigrants who used services, by immigration class and category
Refugees
100% 91%
Economic immigrants 80%
80% Family class 73%
62% 60%
60%
44% 46%
37% 34% 36%
41% 38% 34%
41%
40% 31%
30%
20% 11%
0%
Note: The estimates use data as of October 2014 for immigrants landed from 2007/08 to 2014/15, excluding those landed in QC, in BC before 10
2014/15, and in MB before 2013/14.What do we know?
Social Outcomes
11Social well-being: life satisfaction
Are they satisfied with life?
• Economic immigrants have a comparable level of life satisfaction with the Canadian-
born, while refugees are less satisfied with life than other immigrants and the
Canadian-born.
Percentage of the population who are “satisfied with life,” by immigration class and
length of time in Canada
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
Economic immigrants Family class Refugees
Recent Established Canadian-born
Note: “Recent” means the length of time in Canada is less than 10 years, and “established” means the length of time is greater than or equal to
10 years.
Source: CCHS-IMDB linkage produced in 2017, the chart uses CCHS variables in the 2013/2014 cycle.
12Social well-being: life stress
Are they stressed?
• Compared to the Canadian-born, recent immigrants feel less or comparable
levels of stress in life…
… but stress increases, especially among refugees and family class immigrants, as
more time is spent in Canada.
Percentage of the population that reported life stress to be “quite a bit/extremely
stressful," by immigration class and length of time in Canada
30%
20%
10%
0%
Economic immigrants Family class Refugees
Recent Established Canadian-born
13
Source: CCHS-IMDB linkage produced in 2017, the chart uses CCHS variables in the 2013/2014 cycle.Health
Do they report being healthy?
• Recent economic and family class immigrants reported a better or
comparable health status compared to the Canadian-born.
- but their perceived health declines as more time is spent in Canada, suggesting a
“healthy immigrant effect.”
Percentage of the population who reported "excellent or very good health,” age
80% standardized by immigration category and length of time in Canada
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Economic immigrants Family class Refugee
Recent Established Canadian-born 14
Source: CCHS-IMDB linkage produced in 2017, the chart uses CCHS variables in the 2013/2014 cycle.Mental health
Do they report being in good mental health?
• Recent economic immigrants and refugees are more likely to report
“excellent or very good mental health” than the Canadian-born.
but established immigrants, especially established refugees report a worse state of
mental health, supporting the notion of a “healthy immigrant effect.”
Percentage of the population who reported "excellent or very good mental
90%
health," age standardized by immigration category and length of time in Canada
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Economic immigrants Family class Refugee
Recent Established Canadian-born 15
Source: CCHS-IMDB linkage produced in 2017, the chart uses CCHS variables in the 2013/2014 cycle.What about their children?
Generation status University completion rate (aged 25-44)
Total generation status 34%
Third generation or more 26%
Second generation 39%
1.5 Generation 42%
First generation 48%
1.5 generation by immigration category for immigrants landed since
1980
Total admission category and appilcant type 42%
Caregivers 16%
Family class 24%
Government-assisted refugees 30%
Privately sponsored refugees 33%
Protected persons in Canada or dependants abroad 35%
Skilled workers 53%
Business programs 61%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
Notes:
• First generation includes immigrants who landed at age 15 or above.
• 1.5 generation includes those who immigrated to Canada at age under 15.
• The second generation includes those who were born in Canada and had at least one parent born outside Canada. 16
• Third generation or more includes persons who were born in Canada to two Canadian-born parents
Source: 2016 CensusTo cling to the known is to remain a
prisoner of ignorance.
Yvon Rivard
Where are we going?
17Settlement service effectiveness
Settlement Services - Are they effective?
• A key knowledge gap is understanding how effective settlement services are.
• E.g.: What are the economic outcomes of settlement service users, and how do
their outcomes compare to non-users? How effective are settlement services in
improving the economic outcomes of clients?
• In order to do so, IRCC recently completed a data linkage between settlement
service data (iCARE) with immigrant tax data (IMDB).
• Planned research projects for 2019-2020 include:
1. Economic outcomes of settlement service users and non-users
2. An in-depth examination of the impact of language training on immigrants’
economic outcomes
• Preliminary results indicate that overall, settlement services are being used by
immigrants who need them (i.e. those who are unemployed and/or those who
need help acquiring the skills, resources, language proficiency etc. in order to
enter the labour market.
18Additional Forward Plans
• Examine the interactive relationships of economic, social, health
and mental health characteristics of immigrants and refugees,
and how they impact immigrant outcomes
• Differences in outcomes of landed permanent residents vs those
who transitioned from temporary status
• The economic and fiscal impact of immigrants, refugees and
temporary residents
19"A conclusion is when you start to be
tired of thinking"
Harold Fricklestein
20Conclusion
• IRCC has been able to consistently report on the economic
outcomes of immigrants for many years.
• Overall, immigrants, particularly economic principal applicants, have strong,
positive economic outcomes.
• Despite being admitted to Canada based on a humanitarian basis, refugees
become increasingly self-sufficient with more time spent in Canada.
• The social outcomes of immigrants and refugees has been more
difficult to measure. Further discussion is needed on which
indicators provide reliable, objective information on their social
integration.
• What are other social measures that would enhance our understanding of
how immigrants are integrating?
• How do other countries measure social integration of immigrants and
refugees?
21THANK YOU!
He who asks is a fool for five minutes, but he who does not
ask remains a fool forever.
Chinese Proverb
QUESTIONS ?
Cédric de Chardon – Director, Research & Evaluation
Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada
Cedric.dechardon@cic.gc.ca
22Annex: Supporting Research Projects
• “2014 Longitudinal Immigration Database (IMDB) : Current Measures of Immigrant
Economic Outcomes and Strategic Enhancements,” April 2017, IRCC, Research and
Evaluation Branch, Policy Research Division (H. Zhang)
• “Children of Immigrants : Recent Findings,” June 2017, IRCC, Research and Evaluation,
Policy Research Division (L. Xu)
• “The Economic and Fiscal Impacts of Immigration: the Canadian Evidence,” November
2017, IRCC, Research and Evaluation Branch, Policy Research Division (H. Zhang)
• “Research Insights in Settlement Services : Uptake, Mobility of Clients and Service
Outcomes,” October 2018, IRCC, Research and Evaluation, Policy Research Division (H.
Zhang, J. Zhong & R. Lee)
• “Social, Health and Mental Health Outcomes of Immigrants: the Canadian Evidence”
(working title) forthcoming, IRCC, Research and Evaluation, Policy Research Division
(H. Zhang)
23Example 2: Direct fiscal contribution What is the direct fiscal contribution of immigrants? Source: IMDB 2014 and Statistics Canada’s T1 Family File (2014) 24
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