OASI News - Orwell Park Observatory
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No. 573 Registered Charity 271313 January 2021
OASI News
The newsletter of the Orwell Astronomical Society
Conjunction of Saturn & Jupiter
Photo by Graham Wood
Trustees: Mr Roy Adams Mr Neil Morley Mr David Payne
Honorary President: Dr Allan Chapman D.Phil MA FRAS
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Table of Contents
Society Notices..................................................................................................................................... 3
Committee Meeting..................................................................................................................................... 4
The AGM..................................................................................................................................................... 4
OASI and BAA Events.......................................................................................................................... 5
Meetings via Zoom............................................................................................................................... 6
OASI @ Newbourne............................................................................................................................. 6
Astronomy Workshops/Informal talks...................................................................................................7
Lectures – [eventually*] at St Augustine’s Church Hall.........................................................................7
Other local astronomy society meetings...............................................................................................8
Athaneum Astro Society.............................................................................................................................. 8
LYRA Lowestoft & Yarmouth Regional Astronomers..................................................................................8
DASH Astro................................................................................................................................................. 8
BAA news & webinars.......................................................................................................................... 8
From the interweb................................................................................................................................. 9
Telescope maps most of observable universe in record time......................................................................9
Cleopatra’s Eye nebula............................................................................................................................... 9
Surprise! First peek inside Mars reveals a crust with cake-like layers.........................................................9
Newly discovered ghostly circles in the sky can't be explained by current theories....................................9
Cornell postdoc detects possible exoplanet radio emission | Cornell Chronicle..........................................9
Unique prediction of 'modified gravity' challenges dark matter....................................................................9
The Night Sky in January 2021........................................................................................................... 10
Sun, Moon and planets............................................................................................................................. 10
Occultations during January 2021............................................................................................................. 11
Meteor showers during January 2021....................................................................................................... 11
Visible ISS passes ≥15º max altitude........................................................................................................ 11
Starlink passes.......................................................................................................................................... 12
Comets with magnitude brighter than magnitude 10.................................................................................12
Astronomy on the radio....................................................................................................................... 12
The Eclipse that never was (… and the Geminids … and the conjunction …)....................................13
An Historic Volume............................................................................................................................. 15
A Brief Look at Quantum Computing – From Bits to Qubits................................................................21
Nova in Perseus................................................................................................................................. 23
Jupiter & Saturn.................................................................................................................................. 24
The Great Conjunction........................................................................................................................ 24
Jupiter and its moons + Saturn........................................................................................................... 29
Jupiter and friend................................................................................................................................ 30
The Conjunction................................................................................................................................. 31
Fireball................................................................................................................................................ 32
Messier 35 and NGC 2158................................................................................................................. 35
Brainteasers. General Knowledge and Astronomy (Answers)............................................................36
New Year Quiz................................................................................................................................... 37
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Society Notices
Dear Members,
We have moved to using a Zoom Pro account. If you would like to join in, email Paul Whiting,
treasurer@oasi.org.uk
As a result of staying at home, plus many clear days and nights during the last three months, we have had many
observations and astro images submitted.
In the coming months, we will be guided by advice from the Government and Public Health England, as to when we
can resume some of our activities. These are likely to be very limited at first, the Committee will decide what could
be done, with the health and safety of everybody being the highest priority.
I would like to wish everybody clear skies, stay safe and I hope to see you soon.
Andy Gibbs, Chairman
Society Contact details
Email queries: info@oasi.org.uk
Facebook: Orwell Astronomical Please send material for the OASI
web site and newsletter
Twitter: @OASIpswich e.g. observations, notices of events, general in-
YouTube https://www.youtube.com/chan- terest articles, to
nel/UCHgxe3QAeRVWf7vkjKkCl2Q news@oasi.org.uk
The CLOSING date is the 15th day of the month
Members-only message board
https://groups.io/g/OASI
Observatory (meeting nights only)
07960 083714
Access into the School Grounds and Observatory Tower
The Observatory is closed.
Articles for OASI News
News, pictures and articles for this newsletter are always welcome. Details above.
Please submit your articles in any of the following formats:–
Text: txt, rtf, rtfd, doc, docx, odt, Pages, pdf
Spreadsheets: xls, xlsx, OpenOffice/LibreOffice, Numbers
Images: tiff, png, jpg Please send tables as separate files in one of the above formats.
If you don’t feel up to writing a major article, perhaps you might write a short note for OASI News along the lines of
“This month I have mostly been observing/constructing/mending/reading/etc.”?
Newsletter archive www.oasi.org.uk/NL/NL_form.shtml
Authors, please note that your articles will be publicly available worldwide!
Reproducing articles from OASI News
If you plan to reproduce an article exactly as per OASI News then please contact the Editor – otherwise, as a
matter of courtesy, please seek permission from and credit the original source/author. You may not reproduce
articles for profit or other commercial purpose.
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Committee 2020
Chairman Andy Gibbs Set overall agenda for OASI, Chair committee meetings, Press
and publicity,
Secretary Roy Gooding Outreach meetings (jointly with Chairman), observatory deco-
ration.
Treasurer Paul Whiting FRAS Finance, Supervision of applications for grants. Visits by outside
groups, Observatory tours, Public appreciation of astronomy,
Outreach activities.
Committee James Appleton Committee meeting minutes, Web site
Martin Cook Membership, Tomline refractor maintenance & user testing
Matt Leeks Safety & security
Peter Richards Lecture meetings, Email distribution lists
John Wainwright Equipment curator
Mike Whybray Astronomy Workshops, Child protection
officer, Orwell Park School Astronomy Club.
Andy Wilshere Librarian
Avtar Nagra OASI @ Newbourne
Assistants Martin Richmond-Hardy Newsletter, OASI @ Newbourne
Committee Meeting
This will be held on a date to be determined after the AGM. Contact Paul Whiting for details.
The AGM
This will be held via Zoom on Saturday 16th Jan 2021 8pm. Usual zoom access via Paul Whiting.
Members will be informed of the link by email.
In the event of anyone standing down, a nomination form is to be found on the last page of this magazine.
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OASI and BAA Events
For the latest event details, please see www.oasi.org.uk/Events/Events.php
There’s a Google Calendar on the OASI web site with the latest dates (and corrections!). If
you want to easily add OASI Events to your own computer/phone/tablet calendar application
click this button on the website Events page (bottom right of the calendar) or use this address to access this
calendar from other calendar applications.
https://calendar.google.com/calendar/ical/1jhs9db71ncki4sojo7092vfvc%40group.calendar.google.com/public/basic.ics
For other astronomy news and astro pictures try our
Twitter feed https://twitter.com/OASIpswich
Facebook page https://www.facebook.com/pages/Orwell-Astronomical/158256464287623
Date, Time
Contact Event
& Location
Weekly, every Martin Cook, OBSERVATORY CLOSED
Wednesday,
from 20:00 Roy Gooding Meet via Zoom.
Monday 28 Dec Paul Whiting Sky Notes by Bill Barton FRAS
from 19:30 via treasurer@oasi.org.uk Show your astro prezzies
Zoom There’s also a Christmas quiz.
2021
Monday 11 Jan from Paul Whiting “Galaxy Collisions” Paul Whiting
19:30 via Zoom treasurer@oasi.org.uk
Saturday 16 Jan Roy Gooding Annual General Meeting.
20:00 via Zoom secretary@oasi.org.uk
Contact Paul Whiting for Zoom access.
Paul Whiting
treasurer@oasi.org.uk
Monday 25 Jan Paul Whiting Meet via Zoom
treasurer@oasi.org.uk Sky Notes by Bill Barton
Monday 8 February Paul Whiting OASI@Newbourne Zoom
20:00 via Zoom treasurer@oasi.org.uk a talk by Prof. John Zarnecki (recorded)
“Spacecraft I’ve known and loved”
Monday 22 February Paul Whiting OASI@Newbourne Zoom
19:30 via Zoom treasurer@oasi.org.uk Sky Notes with Bill Barton followed by a
Beginner’s Q&A Session
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Date, Time
Contact Event
& Location
Monday 22 March Paul Whiting Sky Notes with Bill Barton followed by “Video
19:30 via Zoom treasurer@oasi.org.uk Meteor Detection” (recorded)
Please note that the listed events may change depending on the progress of the pandemic.
Meetings via Zoom
Paul Whiting has set up an OASI account on Zoom Pro which allows us to accommodate more participants.. To join,
please first contact Paul, treasurer@oasi.org.uk – OASI members only. Be sure to install the latest version of Zoom
– there’s no need to set up an account. Go to https://zoom.us/join and enter the meeting ID or personal link name.
You will have received a link from the meeting organiser.
We meet on Wednesday evenings from 19:30 and on Newbourne evenings (see below) from 19:30.
OASI @ Newbourne
Martin Richmond-Hardy newbourne@oasi.org.uk
We normally meet at Newbourne Village Hall, Mill Lane, IP12 4NP on the 2nd and 4th Mondays (with a few
exceptions). BUT In view of the COVID-19 situation all meetings at Newbourne are suspended. If OASI
members would like to meet up via Zoom on those evenings, please first contact Paul Whiting with your email
address to receive an invitation. Members only, please.
OASI@Newbourne Meetings
Subsequent meetings will be assessed in line with the current Government Guidelines in place at the time. Thank
you for your understanding.
Dec 28 (S, Q) Jan 11 (T) Jan 25 (S, T)
Feb 8 (T) Feb 22 (S, W) Mar 8 Mar 22 (S, T)
We open up for all meetings at 7:30pm. Star Guide (S) at 7:30pm Talks (T), Workshops (W) at 7:45pm and the
occasional Quiz (Q)
Stargazer's Guide
On the last meeting each month Bill Barton FRAS will give a short presentation of what can be viewed in the
following 4 weeks plus a reminder of OASI events. During the COVID-19 isolation period these will be available on
our website.
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Astronomy Workshops/Informal talks
Meetings will depend on COVID-19 situation. Talks will be via Zoom during lock-down.
Contact Mike Whybray Location: Newbourne Village Hall IP12 4NP
CLOSED (meetings currently via Zoom)
Meetings start at 7:30pm. Workshops / Talks start at 8pm
If you are a new OASI member, or haven’t been to one of these informal workshops before, they are a mixture of
events of different characters including beginners talks, interactive workshops, films, etc., suitable for all. They are
also a chance to chat with other members over a cup of tea and a biscuit, in a venue rather warmer than the
observatory dome on a winter’s night! Given a clear night, we can make use of the field for a workshop or continue
afterwards with some observing.
• 8pm Monday December 28th – OASI@Newbourne Zoom
A Christmas themed general knowledge quiz
• Monday January 11th – OASI@Newbourne Zoom “Galaxy Collisions” a talk by Paul Whiting
• Monday January 25th – OASI@Newbourne Zoom
Sky Notes with Bill Barton followed by “Multi-Messenger Astronomy” a short talk
• Monday February 8th – OASI@Newbourne Zoom
“Spacecraft I’ve known and loved” a talk by Prof. John Zarnecki (recorded)
• Monday February 22nd – OASI@Newbourne Zoom
Sky Notes with Bill Barton followed by a Beginner’s Q&A Session
• Monday March 22nd – OASI@Newbourne Zoom
Sky Notes with Bill Barton followed by “Video Meteor Detection” (recorded)
All meetings are via Zoom. The OASI@Newbourne events are via the usual meeting ID. Contact Paul Whiting if you
can’t find the details.
Bill Barton and James Appleton have offered to lead workshops as follows:
• Bill Barton: Celestial Coordinates, date TBA. New members at Newbourne have requested this
workshop; Bill is willing to lead it but will defer if anyone else would rather do so.
• James Appleton: Update on OASI All-Sky Meteor Cameras, date TBA.
Do you have a subject you could workshop/talk? You could do a short one, or share the effort with a partner. Drop
Mike Whybray a line! workshops@oasi.org.uk
Lectures – [eventually*] at St Augustine’s Church Hall
* Subject to COVID-19 restrictions
Contact: Peter Richards lectures@oasi.org.uk
We have an exciting and interesting set of lectures by guest speakers for the Autumn/Winter.
Once we’re clear of C-19, the venue for lectures will be:
St Augustine’s Church Hall
Bucklesham Road
Ipswich IP3 8TH.
The start time for all talks will be 8pm and, as usual, the talks will be held on Friday evenings.
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Other local astronomy society meetings
Athaneum Astro Society
www.3a.org.uk/index.htm
Meetings suspended during the Covid-19 situation.
We normally meet fortnightly on Thursdays, from 7.30pm, at our dark-sky site in the Walled Garden at Nowton
Park, just outside Bury St Edmunds. If you're planning on joining us for the first time, please contact us in advance,
just to make sure the meeting is going ahead. We recommend that you wear warm clothing (even summer nights
can be chilly, especially when the skies are clear!) and bring a flask, or insulated mug, for a warm drink. We have tea
and coffee-making facilities on-site. Events are listed here http://www.3a.org.uk/events.htm
LYRA Lowestoft & Yarmouth Regional Astronomers
www.lyra-astro.co.uk
Due to current Corona Virus outbreak all LYRA meetings are cancelled until further notice.
DASH Astro
Darsham And Surrounding Hamlets http://dash-astro.co.uk
Meetings are normally held at New Darsham Village Hall and all DASH Astro observing sessions will take place at
Westleton Common. ASOG observing sessions and locations may be arranged at the time of observation. Unless
stated all group meetings will take place from 7:30 pm. on Sundays.
Meetings will be assessed in line with the current Government Guidelines in place at the time.
Thank you for your understanding at this time. Stay Safe.
Note * Guest Speaker Evenings - Admission Fees:- Members Free, Non Members £2:00
BAA news & webinars
For full details of all meetings or cancellations, please go to https://britastro.org/meetings/2021.
2021
Saturday, 23 January BAA Meeting
Saturday, 20 February Solar Section Webinar
Saturday, 06 March Deep Sky Section Annual Meeting - Webinar
Wednesday, 31 March Special General Meeting and BAA Meeting
Saturday, 10 April BAA Winchester Webinar
Wednesday, 27 October BAA Annual General Meeting and BAA Meeting,
Saturday, 04 December BAA Christmas Meeting
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oasi.org.uk From the interweb Telescope maps most of observable universe in record time https://eandt.theiet.org/content/articles/2020/12/telescope-maps-most-of-observable-universe-in-record-time/ Cleopatra’s Eye nebula In Eridanus above Orion. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/16_Psyche Surprise! First peek inside Mars reveals a crust with cake-like layers https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-03562-0 Newly discovered ghostly circles in the sky can't be explained by cur- rent theories https://phys.org/news/2020-12-newly-ghostly-circles-sky-current.html Cornell postdoc detects possible exoplanet radio emission | Cornell Chronicle https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2020/12/cornell-postdoc-detects-possible-exoplanet-radio-emission Unique prediction of 'modified gravity' challenges dark matter https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-12/cwru-upo121620.php 2101OASINews Page 9 of 37
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The Night Sky in January 2021
Martin RH
All event times (GMT/UTC) are for the location of Orwell Park Observatory 52.0096°N,
1.2305°E.
Sun, Moon and planets
Sources: http://heavens-above.com/PlanetSummary.aspx
http://heavens-above.com/moon.aspx
Times UTC
Object Date Rise Set Mag. Notes
1 08:03 15:54
Sun
31 07:36 16:41
1 18:18 10:01 Last quarter 06 January 09:37
New Moon 13 January 05:00
Moon
First Quarter 20 January 21:02
31 20:03 09:18 Full Moon 28 January 19:16
1 08:51 16:10 -0.9 Max elongation 24 January
Mercury
Perihelion 29 January
31 08:01 18:04 0.8
1 06:37 14:22 -3.8
Venus
31 07:12 15:16 -3.8
1 11:50 01:50 -0.2
Mars
31 10:18 01:18 0.4
1 09:21 17:38 -1.8
Jupiter Superior conjunction 29 January
31 07:41 16:19 -1.8
1 09:18 17:31 0.6
Saturn Superior conjunction 24 January
31 07:29 15:53 0.6
1 12:17 02:39 5.7
Uranus
31 10:19 00:41 5.8
1 10:57 21:57 7.9
Neptune
31 09:01 20:04 7.9
Pluto is at Superior Conjunction on 14 January
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Occultations during January 2021
If you would like to know more about lunar occultations, please see:–
https://iota-es.de/moon/grazing_descrx101.html and
http://www.lunar-occultations.com/iota/bstar/bstar.htm
Observers are encouraged to download and install the Occult software program [Windows only] to generate
predictions for their own particular site coordinates.
Meteor showers during January 2021
Source: BAA Handbook 2021 p26-27 and https://in-the-sky.org//newsindex.php?feed=meteors
Max RA/ ZHR at
Shower Normal limits Maximum Notes
Dec.º Max
High activity, but with rather
15:18/ narrow peak. Good in 2014.
Quarantids Dec 28 – Jan 12 Jan 3d 11h 80+
49.0º Bright events leave persistent
trains. Moolight interferes
For radio observation, use reflections from Graves radar on 143.050MHz or the Brams transmitter in Belgium on
49.97MHz.
Visible ISS passes ≥15º max altitude
Source: http://heavens-above.com/PassSummary.aspx?satid=25544
Times are UTC. Predictions are approximate (20 Dec) due to craft adjustments. Check the day before.
Bright Start Highest point End
Date –ness
(mag) Time Alt. Az. Time Alt. Az. Time Alt. Az.
01 Jan -1 04:48:47 19° E 04:48:47 19° E 04:49:52 10° E
01 Jan -3.5 06:21:43 29° W 06:23:15 62° SSW 06:26:35 10° ESE
02 Jan -3.5 05:35:51 66° SE 05:35:51 66° SE 05:38:52 10° ESE
02 Jan -2.3 07:09:04 10° W 07:12:00 28° SSW 07:14:56 10° SSE
03 Jan -1 04:49:58 20° E 04:49:58 20° E 04:51:06 10° E
03 Jan -2.9 06:22:55 25° WSW 06:24:21 38° SSW 06:27:29 10° SE
04 Jan -3 05:37:04 46° S 05:37:04 46° S 05:39:54 10° SE
04 Jan -1.5 07:10:55 10° WSW 07:12:52 15° SW 07:14:47 10° S
05 Jan -1 04:51:14 18° ESE 04:51:14 18° ESE 04:52:13 10° ESE
05 Jan -2 06:24:11 18° WSW 06:25:16 21° SW 06:27:50 10° SSE
06 Jan -2.1 05:38:23 25° S 05:38:23 25° S 05:40:32 10° SSE
19 Jan -1.4 18:25:54 10° S 18:26:56 14° SSE 18:26:56 14° SSE
20 Jan -1.2 19:13:09 10° SW 19:14:07 17° SW 19:14:07 17° SW
21 Jan -2.5 18:25:29 10° SSW 18:28:15 29° SSE 18:28:15 29° SSE
22 Jan -2 17:38:00 10° SSW 17:40:37 21° SE 17:42:21 15° ESE
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Bright Start Highest point End
Date –ness
(mag) Time Alt. Az. Time Alt. Az. Time Alt. Az.
22 Jan -1.7 19:13:40 10° WSW 19:15:18 26° WSW 19:15:18 26° WSW
23 Jan -3.5 18:25:46 10° WSW 18:29:03 51° SSE 18:29:20 49° SE
24 Jan -2.9 17:37:57 10° SW 17:41:07 39° SSE 17:43:19 17° E
24 Jan -1.9 19:14:21 10° W 19:16:15 31° W 19:16:15 31° W
25 Jan -3.8 18:26:20 10° WSW 18:29:42 75° SSE 18:30:12 59° ESE
26 Jan -3.5 17:38:21 10° WSW 17:41:42 63° SSE 17:44:08 17° E
26 Jan -2 19:15:04 10° W 19:17:04 33° W 19:17:04 33° W
27 Jan -3.9 18:27:00 10° W 18:30:23 87° S 18:31:00 57° E
28 Jan -3.8 17:38:57 10° W 17:42:20 83° S 17:44:55 16° E
28 Jan -2.2 19:15:43 10° W 19:17:51 35° W 19:17:51 35° W
Starlink passes
https://heavens-above.com/AllPassesFromLaunch.aspx
For a dynamic 3-D display, see https://heavens-above.com/StarLink.aspx
Comets with magnitude brighter than magnitude 10
Source: https://heavens-above.com/Comets.aspx and BAA Handbook p95.
Click on the comet name for more information (remember to set your location in heavens-above.com).
Location
Comet Brightness
1 January 31 January
C/2020 S3 Erasmus 7.8 Too close to the Too close to the
Sun Sun
C/2020 M3 ATLAS 7.9 Near to Jupiter in Near to Jupiter in
Piscis Austrinus at Piscis Austrinus at
8pm 8pm
Astronomy on the radio
Bill Barton’s Radio Broadcast
ICRFM (Ipswich Community Radio) 105.7 MHz at about 08:25 in the morning of the first Wednesday of each
month. I aim to cover what there is to see in the sky and then a little bit on something topical. ICRFM is also
available to listen to over the Internet and there is a listen again option on their website. http://www.icrfm.com
David Murton’s Radio Broadcast
On 1st Tuesday of the month, 2.40pm (note change of time) on the Lesley Dolphin show on BBC Radio Suffolk –
now digital (channel 10c) and FM 103.9 (Ipswich), 104.6 (west Suffolk), 95.5 (Lowestoft), 95.9 (Aldeburgh) and the
internet. https://www.bbc.co.uk/radiosuffolk
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The Eclipse that never was
(… and the Geminids … and the conjunction …)
Paul Whiting
All bought and paid-for two years in advance, flights booked, club class of course, with airmiles, and then Covid-19
happened. “It’ll all be over by the Summer” they said in March. “Well possibly by the eclipse?”. Sadly no. Normally it
is only extreme geographic remoteness that prevents me from travelling to an eclipse – like the south pole (2003) or
a viewing site within a war zone. Who’d have thought it would be a pandemic this year?
This was going to be a good eclipse, as my selected viewing site was in an area I know quite well (the Atacama
Desert), having visited there several times over the last few years – with good weather prospects. Additionally, the
trip would cover the peak of the Geminid meteor shower, with dark sky viewing conditions and no Moon to provide
natural light pollution.
To add icing to the cake the approaching conjunction of Saturn and Jupiter would have been a fantastic sight in the
dark skies.
But it was not to be. So how to make the best of it? Obviously view the various phenomena from home? The eclipse
could be seen online, however the meteor shower required a clear sky, which (following the trend) was not to be.
So, radio observation seemed to be the only alternative.
Using the French Graves Radar as a source, I recorded meteor reflection pings on 143.050 MHz from 21:00 to 03:00
on the night of 13th / 14th December. It took some time to reduce the data to sift probable meteor pings from
reflections by other types of radio propagation phenomena. Figure 1 shows the results received at Felixstowe. The
results suggest a double peak around 23:00 and again around 03:00.
Figure 1: Meteor pings received at Felixstowe
To calibrate these results, I cross-checked them with figures obtained from the MeteorScan website. The Mete-
orScan receiver station is fully automatic and uses a software filter to extract true meteor signals from all the sig-
nal returns. Figure 2 was obtained from their published data.
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Figure 2: Meteor ping count derived from MeteorScan published data.
As can be seen this data also shows a twin peak around 22:00-23:00 and again around 03:00.
But what about the eclipse? The NASA streaming location in Chile was rained out. However, there was another
website stream from the area of Argentina where I was supposed to be - the Neuquén Province. For those that
missed it, here are some screen captures – not the same as being there!
Figure 3 : The Corona and post-totality diamond ring, Argentina, 2020 December 14
Page 14 of 37 2101OASINewsoasi.org.uk
An Historic Volume
Bill Barton FRAS
An interesting book has just come into my possession which has connexions both to Suffolk in general and Nacton in
particular.
The book is a copy of the Reverend Edmund Ledger’s ‘The Sun: its Planets and their Satellites’ and it was published in
London in 1882 [Fig 1]. It is of octavo size (5⅞ x 8¼ x 1½ inches, 150 x 210 x 38mm), has 14 pages of introduction
followed by 432 pages of text. The, intact in this case, frontispiece is a fold-out equatorial chart of the planet Mars
based on observations made by Nathaniel Everett Green (1823-1899) from Madeira during the particularly
favourable approach of 1877 [Fig 2]. So favourable, in fact, was this approach was that it allowed the American
astronomer Asaph Hall (1829-1907) to discover its two moons. This book is further illustrated with three
Woodburytypes, five lithographs, by William Henry Wesley (1841-1922), and 94 woodcuts. The Woodburytypes,
which were manually pasted onto the relevant pages, are of the solar corona during the total eclipse of 12
December 1871, the Moon photographed on 6 March 1865 by the American Astronomer Lewis Morris Rutherfurd
(1816-1892), and what is purportedly the lunar crater Copernicus, in fact one of James Nasmyth's plaster models
[Fig 3]. For further examples of these models see the book he co-authored with James Carpenter The Moon:
Considered as a Planet, a World, and a Satellite (1885). The lithographs show solar prominences in 1871 & 1872 (in
colour) [Fig 4], sun-spots and faculæ in 1870 & 1880, disc drawings of Mars again by N E Green in 1877, a drawing of
Jupiter by George Denton Hirst (1846-1915) BAA New South Wales Branch President 1904-1906, and finally a
drawing of Saturn by Étienne Léopold Trouvelot (1827-1895). There is a copy of Ledgers book available online, but
as with most on-line books the scanned version fails to correctly include the fold out. However another version of
the chart is available here.
The first connexion to Suffolk is that Edmund Ledger (1841-1913) although born in London served as Rector of
Barham, North-West of Ipswich from 1877 until he retired from clerical duties twenty-one years later in 1898.
Astronomically he was both a fellow of the RAS (Royal Astronomical Society) from 1876 and an Original Member of
the BAA (British Astronomical Association) from its foundation in 1890. He was Gresham College Professor of
Astronomy in London (1875-1908) and this book is based on the lectures he gave there in 1881 and 1882.
Shortly after moving to Barham Ledger set up a 5½” (140mm) aperture refracting telescope and reported
observations of the solar transit of Mercury on the 6 May 1878 and later the Great Comet of 1882 (C/1882 R1) on
the 23 October 1882 in The Observatory magazine.
Locally he was involved with the Ipswich Scientific Society:-
Firstly, at the monthly meeting held in the Art Gallery (adjacent to the then New Museum on the High Street) on
3 April 1889 he gave a lecture on "Celestial Photography". Mr W Vick (most likely William Vick (1833-1911) the
Ipswich photographer) showed Mr Ledger's splendid series of transparencies, very satisfactorily with his oxy-hy-
drogen lantern. A vote of thanks was proposed by Mr J J Plummer (Colonel George Tomline’s Astronomer at
Orwell Park). The motion was seconded by Mr Westhorp, (possibly Sterling Westhorp (1825-1895), solicitor, JP
& Mayor of Ipswich 1884-85, residence; Oaklands, Belstead Road, Ipswich. Later an Original Member of the BAA
(1890) and also Honorary President of Ipswich Museum 1890-95.) and was carried unanimously. Members were
invited to introduce their friends, some 300 tickets were issued, and a large number of ladies and gentlemen at-
tended.
Secondly, at a meeting in the Old Museum Rooms (in Museum Street, currently Arlington’s café) on the 1 De-
cember 1891 his subject was "Shooting Stars, Meteorites and Comets". 270 tickets were issued and around 250
people attended.
Thirdly, at the monthly meeting held at the New Ipswich Museum (on the High Street) on the 8 March 1893 he
lectured on "The Planet Mars". A newspaper report of the time refers to the difficulty in finding a hall large
enough for all those who wished to hear the Rev Ledger when he spoke in the town and that the 33 acre (13 ha)
Ipswich Dock would be a mere plaything to the canal builders of Mars, which was greeted with laughter!
Maybe it was in recognition of these lectures that on the 5 April 1893 Edmund was made an honorary member of
the society.
So much for the Rev Ledger, but what makes this particular volume more apposite is the inscription on the fly leaf,
‘John M Wiseman from Revd. Frederic Pretyman Jan (?) 31. 1898’ [Fig 5].
2101OASINews Page 15 of 37oasi.org.uk George Tomline (the owner of Orwell Park and its observatory) had the following siblings:- 1. Frances, born in 1812, an unmarried sister who died age 27 years in Folkestone on 30 July 1839 from con- sumption (Tuberculosis). 2. William Thomas, born on 23 March 1814, a brother who married Lady Fanny Charlotte Gage (ca. 1838-23 January 1883), but died age 69 years at home in Whitehall Gardens, London without issue on 14 May 1883 from prostate disease (cancer?) 3. Mary, born in 1815, a second unmarried sister who died age 23 in Kings Bromley, Staffordshire on 6 March 1839 from heart disease. 4. John, born in 1816, an unmarried brother who died aged 35 years in Brighton on 5 October 1851 from atro- phy. Thus when George died on 25 August 1889 his branch of the family tree became extinct and there was no one to directly inherit his estate. Instead it went to the eldest son of one of his cousins, a Captain Ernest George Pretyman (1859-1931). The donor of this book was his father (and George Tomline’s uncle) the Reverend Canon Frederic Pretyman (21 October 1819-14 February 1905) who matriculated at Balliol College, Oxford, in 1838, and was subsequently granted a Bachelor of Divinity in 1852. He was Fellow of Magdalen College from 1842 to 1858 and Rector of Great Carlton, Lincolnshire from 1850 to 1891 as well as Canon and Rural Dean of Lincoln from 1873. The donation took place around eight-and-a- half years after the Colonel’s death. On the other hand we cannot be so certain when it comes to the recipient as there were two John M Wiseman’s in Nacton at the time. The elder was born in Sheerness in Kent in 1863 and was the village schoolmaster who was involved in the village institute/reading room debacle. The younger was his youngest child and only son who was born in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire in 1888 and died on the Image courtesy of The Collection: Art & western front of the Great War in Belgium in Archaeology in Lincolnshire. 1917 after approximately five-and-a-half months service. He is also recorded on the Nacton Village War Memorial. However given the brevity of the book’s inscription I feel it unlikely that the present was to a ten year old school-boy. The U.K. census taken on the 5th April 1891 records two J M Wiseman’s living at the School House, Nacton. The elder was age 28 and employed as elementary school teacher. The younger was 2. The next census was taken on the 31st March 1901 and records that the elder J M Wiseman has been replaced at the village school by Henry Barnard Hooper (26) and his wife Laura (37). J M Wiseman is now 38 years old and employed as an estate clerk, but has moved to Levington. The younger John Wiseman is now 22, an assistant secondary school teacher, and has moved to Richmond, Surrey. So, was this gift intended to be a reference work for elementary lessons in the local village school or was it to introduce an estate employee to astronomy so he could operate the ‘big-house’ telescope for weekend party guests? I suspect we’ll never know. Despite passing through I don’t know how many hands since it was published nearly 140 years old the gifting inscription on the fly-leaf is the only annotation throughout this volume. Page 16 of 37 2101OASINews
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Fig 1, Front cover of ‘The Sun: its Planets and their Satellites’ by the Reverend Edmund Ledger, show-
ing the sizes of the Sun and Planets to scale.
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Fig 2, Fold-out frontispiece.
Fig 3, Woodburytype image of Nasmyth's plaster model of Copernicus.
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Fig 4, Coloured lithograph of solar prominences in 1871 & 1872 by W H Wesley.
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Fig 5, Inscribed fly-leaf
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A Brief Look at Quantum Computing – From Bits to Qubits.
A short article from the library
Andy Willshere
Quantum theory was proposed in 1900 with a presentation by Max Plank, in which he proposed that energy and
matter subsist as separate units. Plank became a professor of theoretical physics in 1892 at the Frederick-Wilhelms-
Universitat in Berlin. In 1896 one of his colleagues William Wein produced a formula known as Wein’s displacement
law. This indicates that the black-body curve for different temperatures will crest at different wavelengths, being
inversely proportional to the temperature. Plank attempted to trace back this law using the second law of
thermodynamics:
“The second law of thermodynamics states that the total entropy of an isolated system can never
decrease over time, and is constant only if all processes are reversible.”
Referenced from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_law_of_thermodynamics
However he discovered that by 1900 other scientists had found that Wein’s Law was only sound at high frequencies.
In 1897 Plank published his Treatise on Thermodynamics and later he proposed a formula that answered questions
that were raised by black-body radiation. This specified that (E=Nhf. Energy=Integer*contant*frequency). This
‘Plank’constant was later considered fundamental and is used today as a physical stable formula. He described
energy as being emitted in small packages which he called ‘quanta’. This new energy theory allowed Einstein to
establish his Theory of Relativity. It wasn’t until the 1980’s under the guidance of the American physicist Paul
Benioff, that quantum computing began to look feasible. He proposed to utilise the mathematics of the Turing
machine to fabricate a quantum mechanical model. The Turing machine was formulated as a mathematical instrument
that could never be wrong and would unvaryingly identify tasks that on paper could not be demonstrated as either
true or false. However although there have been many research studies performed since this date; the ‘Holy Grail’
of coherence has become very illusive.
At present there are several representations of quantum
computing, with the forerunner described as the
quantum circuit, which is based on the Qubit (quantum
bit). These qubits are comparable in certain respects to
the standard bit in a traditional computer. The difference
between the two is that a conventional bit is based on
binary logic. It is annotated as logical high being binary 1
and logical low given binary 0. These bits 1 and 0 have
different representations in various electronic integrated
circuits, such as CMOS and TTL. Qubits can either be in
1 or 0 quantum state or a superposition of the 1 and 0 Mathematical representation of a Qubit
state. In quantum mechanics, superposition exists when Image credits: University of Strathclyde.
two or more quantum states are added together, giving
another logical quantum state.
This means that as a quantum bit it can exist in both states at the same time, so if three qubits are available, they can
store all eight bits of data at the same time: four qubits will store 16 data inputs at the same time. It is when large
numbers are used for example 284 , that this type of computer will come into its own in sheer speed of calculation,
making it much faster than a standard computer. This is considered to be in the 10 teraflop range. In this case it
would have the potential to perform 1.93 * 1025 calculations in a single action.
In classical computing the truth variables, true and false are given numerical values 0 and 1.This is described as
Boolean algebra or Binary algebra and is utilised in logical manipulations. Within a computer system there are hosts
of transistors and capacitors that can be only in one state, either 1 or 0. There is a finite speed at which switching of
these devices can be performed. This is one of the handicaps of this type of computer as both physical and electronic
limits are reached. As described earlier the quantum computer with a two mode logic gate is able to transform into
a superposition of 0 and 1. Elementary particles can also be coerced into use, by making them polarized and
2101OASINews Page 21 of 37oasi.org.uk annotating them as zeroes or ones. How these particles behave is the crux of quantum computing, with superposition and entanglement being two of the major features. If interference peaks are obtained from an electron beam used in a double slit investigation, the wave characteristics observed depict that of a quantum system. The key point of quantum superposition is that if a physical system can be in any one of many set ups, the most probable will be an amalgam of them all, with each segment being registered as a complex number. Quantum entanglement is a physical event that happens when at least a pair, or a group of particles are generated and then interact in such a way that it is impossible to express the state of the others from an individual point of view. However a quantifiable measurement of the whole system can be ascertained. Qubits that are separated by considerable distances are permitted by quantum entanglement to interact instantly. Entanglement will remain for as long as the particles remain isolated. Quantum physics will allow quantum computing to forge ahead when compared to a classical computer especially in the processing power of numbers. A great amount of experimental work has been accomplished by targeting the qubit. By improving this device, the change from transistor will be seamless. The generation of a superconducting qubit, which is based on microfabrication apparatus and electrical management, is among the avenues being explored. This will provide function to house many qubits in one single processor, especially as coherence times have been upgraded. So how do we control these superconducting qubits? The answer is to use intricate pulsed microwave signals on numerous channels with exacting synchronization. If additional numbers of qubits and channels are added, a greater number of electronic comparison controls are required. At this stage in the gestation of the quantum computer a myriad of problems have occurred with the following causing scientists the maximum amount of insomnia. Decoherance or interference can cause quantum systems to collapse; error rectification of qubits is critical, with failure causing computational collapse, and output data retrieval can jeopardize disc corruption. Oh! I had almost forgotten the cost. If you would like to pre-order a 12 qubit one, it’s going for about 10 million dollars. Get saving!!. However at this point in the century numerous conglomerates are working to provide solutions in all aspects of production. Essentially, the ability of a system to interpret a qubit’s quantum condition, is one of the prime incentives of quantum computing design, and the corner stone for progress into the future. References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_superposition https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_entanglement https://www.zhinst.com/sites/default/files/zi_uhf_appnote_qubit_characterization_1.pdf https://www.zmescience.com/science/physics/quantum-computing-regulating-device-05032015/ Page 22 of 37 2101OASINews
oasi.org.uk
Nova in Perseus
Nigel Evans
The BAA sent out an alert on 26 Nov 2020 regarding a nova that had appeared in Perseus the night before. Last
night there was a fairly narrow window between twilight and the advancing fog to record some images - it is
probably overexposed in a single 1 minute exposure.
It is located midway between Capella and nu Persei (the left foot of Perseus) and is around mag 9
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Jupiter & Saturn
Nigel Evans
Less than 2 degrees apart and getting closer…
The Great Conjunction
Nigel Evans
The 2020 conjunction between Jupiter and Saturn would not be visible from my observatory. All the photos I have
shown were taken from the street outside my house. For this rather special event I decided to take the big scope
out of the observatory and put it on a portable mount (indeed the one I had before the observatory was built). But I
wasn’t going to set up in the street near my house – I was going out of town to a site with a good southwestern
horizon, near Capel St Mary.
The forecast for Thursday 17th December not particularly promising but I decided to give it a go. As I reached the
site I could see there would be an issue – would the sky get dark enough before the cirrus clouds from the
southwest obscured both Jupiter and Saturn, as well as the crescent Moon nearby? I quickly assembled the mount,
not even bothering to properly polar align, as Polaris was not visible through the cirrus clouds above me. I managed
to focus on the Moon, then took a few photos of Jupiter and Saturn.
But that soon stopped as the cirrus clouds make their presence known. Both Jupiter and Saturn faded from naked-
eye visibility - the Moon was also heavily obscured. However in my camera viewfinder I could still see two spots –
the view of Jupiter and Saturn had not been obliterated. To the naked eye all I could see was an orange slab of cloud,
lit up by Colchester.
Over the next half hour or so I patiently waited for the cirrus clouds to move on, or for Jupiter and Saturn to re-
emerge from the lower side of the cloudbank – I could there was a clear patch further on. I took several series of
photos, more in hope than anything else.
Eventually Jupiter and Saturn emerged from under the clouds which had steadfastly stayed still. While the view was
now clearer and Jupiter satellites could be seen, additional factors came to play. There is the natural atmospheric
extinction at low altitudes, as well chromatic dispersion starting to stretch the images. In addition the wind had
Page 24 of 37 2101OASINewsoasi.org.uk
picked up. There was no avoiding the wind as it was coming from the southwest, making the images dance about a
bit. Eventually I called it a day.
So what did I record? As the Moon was near the duo there was a photo opportunity.
201217 Moon_J_S_7530_NSE shows the grim wide view towards Colchester. Jupiter and
Saturn were not visible to the naked eye, even though they are captured on camera.
201217 Moon_J_S_7551_NSE shows a later view where Jupiter, Saturn and the 3 day old Moon are
proceeding towards the horizon through a clearer space, but I am not convinced it was cloud or haze
free, just less well illuminated.
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And the big scope? If it was not a rare event like this I would not have bothered taking pictures through the clouds.
To put the following pictures in context, the Sony camera settings I used on the 8” Celestron can capture the moons
of Jupiter in 1/10 second easily.
201217 Moon_J_S_1592_NSE captures just the planets themselves. Both appear rather featureless us-
ing an ordinary camera that is not a planetary webcam – at least Saturn is Saturn-shaped! Damian
Peach has nothing to fear from me! (Exp=3sec)
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201217 Moon_J_S_1562_NSE shows Jupiter’s satellites, an overexposed image of Jupiter and a
stronger image of Saturn. In this view Europa and Ganymede appear as one, as Europa had passed
some 3 arcseconds north of Ganymede some 20 minutes earlier (Exp=15sec)
201217 Moon_J_S_1622_NSE is an exposure of over a minute, through the heaviest of the clouds – no
stars! (Exp=68sec)
2101OASINews Page 27 of 37oasi.org.uk
201217 Moon_J_S_1717_NSE is a long exposure in a clearer sky, showing the Moons of Jupiter, as
well as Titan and some field stars, with their magnitudes - no decimal. (Exp=39sec)
201217 Moon_J_S_1756_NSE shows that chromatic dispersion on Saturn but it is less than 4 degrees
from the horizon (Exp=1.5sec)
So that was the 17th. Last night (19th) I ventured out again. Eventually clouds hid the planets for good, but it was
windy all the time - I have a lot of photos to pick through, looking for the least blurred. Watch this space.
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Jupiter and its moons + Saturn
Graham Wood
I took this last night [20 Dec] on Foxhall Heath.
Identification – thanks to Nigel Evans:
The big one is Jupiter and just to the lower right is Europa. To the upper left is
Ganymede and then Callisto. The next object is not a moon, it is a star
HIP99314. The last Galilean moon, Io, has just finished transiting Jupiter and is
too close to Jupiter to be seen on this scale
The other bright one is Saturn. To the right of Saturn is the largest moon,
Titan.
2101OASINews Page 29 of 37oasi.org.uk
Jupiter and friend
Martin Cook
Arriving home from work on the 17/12/2020 the crescent Moon was clearly visible but Jupiter and Saturn didn’t
appear until 16:30. They were low down in the south-west popping in and out of high cloud and moving closer to an
occultation with the house at the bottom of the garden.
I quickly opened up my observatory, powered up the telescope, inserted a 25mm eyepiece and plugged in the
handset (software always takes longer to load when in a hurry) and aligned the Skywatcher 200p onto the pair of
planets.
Both were in the same field of view, but would I have time to photograph them before the house came into play?
Running back indoors I grabbed my camera (canon 1100d), camera to telescope adapter and an android tablet.
Switching the tablet on to save time as I returned to the observatory.
The camera was attached to the scope and the tablet connected to the camera via a USB lead. The DSLR controller
app automatically fired up when turning the camera on. This piece of software allows you to control any Canon
camera from the tablet. Not only do you get a better image of the object you are trying to photograph but you can
quickly change exposure, aperture, iso, etc. without being a contortionist .
Jupiter and Saturn easily fitted the field of view of the camera so at 16:55 I was under way taking different exposure
photos of this rare spectacle.
The house at the bottom of the garden came into play therefore it was time to pack up and go inside for some tea.
Photos attached 0.5sec exposure iso 800 17/12/2020 16.57hr
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The Conjunction
James Appleton
My effort at the conjunction is attached. Canon 6D Mk II with Canon 300 mm lens, f/5.6. Times as specified in image.
LHS: ISO 1000, 0.8 s. RHS: ISO 10,000, 1.0s.
Motion of the planets relative to each other is apparent, and motion of the pair relative to Hip 99314 is also visible.
Taken from an upstairs bedroom window at Appleton Towers.
If you’d like to see more of the Great Conjunction, go to
http://www.oasi.org.uk/Obsvns/20201221_PALG/20201221_PALG.php
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Fireball
Alan Smith
There was a very bright fireball seen last night [20 Dec.] and widely reported from the East coast of UK and the
coasts of Euroland at 2015 hrs UT.
The attached image shows the object just before it disappeared behind my house roof (ignore the obvious aircraft
trail). Bah..!
The green colour is real and may have been caused by copper or magnesium in the object. The breaks in the trail are
caused by a liquid crystal shutter which chops the trail to give an indication of speed. This shutter breaks the image
at a rate of 10 breaks per second, showing that this object was visible in my field of view for just over a second, but
did carry on for at least another second.
The object appears to have been largely over the North sea ending its flight just off the coast of the Netherlands.
More info as I get it!
On this occasion, the object doesn’t appear to be associated with any obvious shower radiant, so is likely to a
‘sporadic’ object.
Given that some of the group may have been out looking at the ‘Christmas star’ last night did anyone else see,
photograph, CCTV the object (especially those of you in the Felixstowe area)?
Postscript
Further to my previous post regarding the fireball widely seen from the UK east coast and the coast of Euroland, the
Dutch Meteor Society (DMS) have performed a preliminary reduction of the images captured by myself at
Grundisburgh (EN911) and another member of the DMS at Ermelo in the Netherlands
The object began its visible flight at 86.32km altitude and entered its ‘dark flight’ phase at 37.2 km, finally traveling at
just over 32km/sec.
Its maximum brightness was at 59.7 km altitude when it glowed at magnitude -9.32 (photometric).
Page 32 of 37 2101OASINewsoasi.org.uk (The brightest object in the night sky is the moon with a magnitude of around -12, Venus is around -4, and the brightest star (Sirius) about -1.5) As can be seen from the track it was a short, steep entry completely over the North Sea, so if it did drop any material it will have been lost to Davy Jones Locker! 2101OASINews Page 33 of 37
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Track of the meteor
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Messier 35 and NGC 2158
John Hughes
The weather recently has been foul as you will know and camera time has been limited when those windows of
opportunity do arrive. Sadly, my imaging has also been curtailed by a desire not to be sat in front of a computer
screen any more than I have to as 'working from home' has gradually morphed into 'living at work’.
Sunday presented one brief opportunity which I grasped and took advantage of Messier 35 and NGC 2158 rising in
the East before the clouds and rain came in.
This is an LRGB shot with 12 frames taken for each channel at an exposure time of 2 minutes per frame. I selected
these targets as I hoped they would be bright enough to produce a reasonable image with a small amount of data and
I do love an open cluster.
I have one final image for the year to follow next week but for now thank you for all your kind words during 2020.
My astrophotography has been a welcome distraction to a tough year and your comments and encouragement have
been most welcome.
2101OASINews Page 35 of 37oasi.org.uk Brainteasers. General Knowledge and Astronomy (Answers) 1 26 L of the A 26 letters of the alphabet 2 13 S in the USF 13 stripes in the United Staes flag 3 90 D in a R A 90 degrees in a right angle 4 24 H in a D 24 hours in a day 5 13 L in a B D 13 loaves in a bakers dozen 6 9 P in S A 9 provinces in South Africa 7 15 M on a D M C 15 men on a dead mans chest 8 E in G Eagle in Golf 9 F in the G Foot in the grave 10 1 P in a P T 1 partridge in a pear tree 11 3 C in a F 3 coins in a fountain 12 8 N in a O 8 notes in an octave 13 9 L of a C 9 lives of a cat 14 10 M in a C 10 millimeters in a centimeter 15 5GL 5 great lakes 16 4 H of the A 4 horseman of the apocalypse 17 3 S to the W 3 sheets to the wind 18 180 M S at D 180 maximum score at darts 19 88 P K 88 piano keys 20 79 A N of G 79 Atomic number of gold 21 1001 A N 1001 Arabian nights 22 23 P of C in the H B 23 pairs of chromosomes in the human body 23 66 B in the B 66 books in the bible 24 1805 B of T 1805 battle of Trafalgar 25 64 S on a C B 64 squares on a chess board 26 6 R around N 6 rings around neptune 27 2 S of M 2 satellites of mars 28 229,228.3 E M D 229,228.3 Earth Moon Distance. 29 56 P in the H B 56 phalanges in the human body 30 6 M S in a game of C 6 murder suspects in a game of Cluedo 31 236 E of F 236 episodes of Friends 32 14 L in a S 14 lines in a sonnet 33 1= W on a U 1 wheel on a unicycle 34 7 W of the A W 7 Wonders of the ancient world 35 21 = D on a D 21 dots on a die. (modern English "dice") 36 206 B in a B 206 bones in a body (human) 37 8 L on a S 8 legs on a spider 38 M103 O C in C M103 open cluster in Cassiopeia 39 4.3 km/sec E S from M 4.3 km/sec escape speed from Mercury 40 C of a C circumference of a cirsle 41 27 M of U 27 moons of Uranus Page 36 of 37 2101OASINews
oasi.org.uk New Year Quiz Andy Willshere 1 3 S to the W 26 90 D in a RA 2 4 S on a DB 27 6 S on the F of A 3 12 H on the BS 28 1852 M in a NM 4 82 B on a D 29 15 M on a DMC 5 206 B in the HB 30 36 BK on a P 6 225 S on a SB 31 225 S on a SB 7 39 B of the OT 32 8 N in an O 8 76 T lead the BP 33 13 L in a BD 9 1000 Y in a M 34 2 Q in a C 10 2 S to an A 35 3 B in a T 11 3 G in a HT 36 3 M in a B 12 13 P in a RLT 37 5 R on the OF 13 13 C in a S 38 6 S on a H 14 14 L in a S 39 9 L of a C 15 25 Y in a SA 40 50 Y for a GW 16 8 T on an O 41 39 B in the OT 17 4 F on a P 42 28 P on a MB 18 24 C in PG 43 57 HV 19 21S on a D 44 1605 GP 20 7B for 7B 45 1815 B of W 21 4 G in the B 46 1953 C of QE2 22 4 H of the A 47 27 B in NT 23 4 S by V 48 2 M around M:P and D 24 6S on a CG 49 88 K on a CP 25 2 P in a P 50 1805 B of T 2101OASINews Page 37 of 37
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