GLOSSARY Selected Key Terms in English, French, German Dutch, Swedish and Japanese - iiSBE
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GLOSSARY
Selected Key Terms in English,
French, German Dutch, Swedish and Japanese
Annex 31
Energy-Related Environmental Impact of Buildings
International Energy Energy Conservation in Buildings and ANNEX 31
Agency Community Systems ProgrammeThis research project was partially funded by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC). The contents, views and editorial quality of this report are the responsibility of the author(s) and neither CMHC nor FaberMaunsell Ltd. accepts responsibility for them or any consequences arising from the reader’s use of the information, materials and techniques described herein. The complete Annex 31 project report is available electronically on the project website at www.annex31.org. Print copies of the Annex 31 Highlight Report and accompanying CD-ROM with the complete report are available from: ECBCS Bookshop International Initiative for a Sustainable Built Environment (iiSBE) C/o FaberMaunsell Ltd. 130 Lewis Street Beaufort House Ottawa, Ontario 94/96 Newhall Street K2P 0S7 Birmingham Canada B3 1PB Web: www.iisbe.org United Kingdom Email: larsson@iisbe.org Web: www.ecbcs.org Email: bookshop@ecbcs.org © 2004 Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation All property rights, including copyright, are vested in the Operating Agent (Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation) on behalf of the International Energy Agency Energy Conservation in Buildings and Community Systems Programme for the benefit of the Annex 31 participants. No portion of this book and CD-ROM may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation. Printed in Canada Produced by CMHC on behalf of IEA ECBCS Web site: www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca November 2001 (Final revisions 2004)
GLOSSARY Background Reports
CONTENTS
PREFACE ........................................................................................................................iii
GENERAL TERMS USED FOR ASSESSMENT METHODS
(English/French/German)...............................................................................................1
Data / Données / Daten ......................................................................................................................1
Data base / Base de données, banque de données / Datenbasis, Datenbank.........................1
Instruments, tools / Outils / Instrument,Werkzeug......................................................................1
Metadata / Metadata / Metadata........................................................................................................1
Method / Méthode / Methode ...........................................................................................................1
Methodology / Méthodologie / Methodologie ...............................................................................1
Model / Modèle / Model......................................................................................................................2
System / Système / System .................................................................................................................2
Typology / Typologie / Typologie ........................................................................................................2
TERMS SPECIFIC TO ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
(English/French/German)...............................................................................................3
Biosphere / Biosphère / Biosphere ...................................................................................................3
Category / Catégorie / Kategorie [ISO 97b] ................................................................................3
Comparative assertion / Affirmation comparative / Vergleichende Aussage ...........................3
Environment / Environnement / Umwelt.........................................................................................3
Environmental aspect / Aspect environnemental / Umweltaspekt...........................................4
Environmental indicator / Indicateur environnemental /
Umweltindikator [ISO 97b] ................................................................................................................4
Environmental interventions / Interventions environnementales /
Eingriffe in die Umwelt.........................................................................................................................4
Environmental issue / Question environnementale / Umweltfrage...........................................4
Environmental loads, loadings, burdens / Charges environnementales,
facteurs d'impact / Umweltbelastungen ...........................................................................................4
Environmental effect / Effet environnemental / Umwelteffekt (Umwelwirkung)..................4
Environmental problem / Problème environnemental / Umweltproblem ...............................5
Environmental theme / Thème environnemental / Umweltthema.............................................5
Functional unit / Unité fonctionnelle / Funktionseinheit .............................................................5
Goal and scope definition / Définition des objectifs et du domai-ne
d'application / Zieldefinition (Zielfindung und Abgrenzung)........................................................5
Impact / Impact / Wirkung ..................................................................................................................6
Impact category / Catégorie d'impact / Wirkungskategorie .......................................................6
Intervention : See Environmental Intervention ..............................................................................7
Life cycle / Cycle de vie / Lebensweg, Lebenszyklus.....................................................................7
Life cycle assessment (LCA) / Analyse du cycle de vie (ACV) /
Produkt-Ökobilanz (LCA), Lebenszyklus bilanz .............................................................................7
IEA ANNEX 31 ENERGY-RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF BUILDINGS Page iBackground Reports GLOSSARY
Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) / Evaluation de l'impact du cycle de vie / ...................7
Wirkungsabschätzung (Wirkungsbilanz) ..........................................................................................7
Life cycle inventory analysis / Inventaire du cycle de vie, écobilan / Sachbilanz.....................7
Life cycle interpretation / Interprétation du cycle de vie / Auswertung..................................7
Normalisation / Normation / .............................................................................................................8
Product system / Système de produit / Produktsystem ..............................................................8
Raw material / Matière Première / Rohstoff, Rohmaterial ..........................................................8
Source / Source / Quelle.....................................................................................................................8
Technical system / Système technique / Technische System .......................................................8
Technosphere / Technosphère / Technosphere...............................................................................8
Unit process / Procédé unitaire / Einzelprozess............................................................................8
Valuation / Evaluation / Wertung : See weighting...........................................................................8
Weighting / Pondération / Gewichtung............................................................................................8
TERMS SPECIFIC TO THE BUILDING SECTOR (English/French/German) ..........9
Building products typology / Typologie des Produits de construction /
Bauprodukte Typologie.........................................................................................................................9
Terms relevant for building construction or retrofit and for building fittings........................9
Terms relevant for building construction or retrofit..................................................................10
Building life cycle involved parties identification / Identification des acteurs
du cycle de vie d'un bâtiment / Baulebenszyklus Teilnehmer Identifizierung ......................10
TERMS SPECIFIC TO ENERGY (English/French/German).....................................14
Embodied energy / Contenu énergétique / vergegenständlichte Energie (G),
graue Energie (CH).............................................................................................................................14
Feedstock energy / Energie d'alimentation / vergegend-ständlichter Heizwert
(bei nichtenergetischer Nutzung) ...................................................................................................14
Final energy use / Consommation d'énergie finale / Aufwand an Endenergie......................14
Precombustion energy / Energie de précombustion /energetische Vorstufen .....................14
Primary energy use / Consommation d'énergie primaire / Aufwand an Primärenergie...14
SELECTED TERMINOLOGY: ENGLISH TERMS TO JAPANESE ..........................15
SELECTED TERMINOLOGY: ENGLISH,FRENCH,GERMAN,
DUTCH AND SWEDISH ............................................................................................20
REFERENCES ...............................................................................................................34
ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................36
PRINCIPAL CONTRIBUTOR
The principal author of this Glossary is Serge Sidoroff, Paris, France, working on behalf of
Sylviane Nibel, CSTB, France.
Page ii IEA ANNEX 31 ENERGY-RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF BUILDINGSGLOSSARY Background Reports
PREFACE
This Annex 31 glossary has been designed to improve communications amongst international
groups addressing the environmental performance of buildings.
The glossary emerged as a result of ongoing communications difficulties experienced within
the IEA Annex 31. Academics and researchers in 14 countries needed to standardise the
many specialised terms used for describing building performance. Often the existing literature
used different English terms interchangeably.Varying translations compounded this problem.
The solution was to carefully review the use of all terminology, with special reference to terms
used in international standards, and then to translate the English terms for other languages
commonly used within the Annex.
It is hoped that the glossary produced by the Annex will assist future efforts to share
information on the environmental performance of buildings.
IEA ANNEX 31 ENERGY-RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF BUILDINGS Page iiiGLOSSARY Background Reports
GENERAL TERMS USED FOR ASSESSMENT METHODS
(ENGLISH/FRENCH/GERMAN)
Data / Données / Daten
The smallest unit of information in the form of numbers, letters and similar signs that say
something about concrete objects, situations, or events. Data commonly used in most building
assessments are generated or created from ‘original data', by means of methods and models
[ETH 96].
Data base / Base de données, banque de données / Datenbasis, Datenbank
A database is a collection of pieces of data structured according to a coherent set of rules.
These data owe (hopefully) a certain coherence and homogeneity regarding their origin,
accuracy and quality. In a computerised form, a database also includes procedures for handling
(retrieving, updating, or changing) the data it contains [AHO 97].
Instruments, tools / Outils / Instrument,Werkzeug
Instruments and tools are practice-oriented working tools that facilitate a larger process, and
that are built upon scientific methods and principles. Instruments and tools help to translate
insights gained from scientific methods to standard decision-making in the day-to-day course
of business [ETH 96]. Instruments and tools thus systemize methods in a form suitable for
practical problem solving [AHO 97].
Metadata / Metadata / Metadata
Metadata includes all types of descriptive data used to operationalise a tool or method, including
the subsystem structures, boundaries, quality, representativity, energy/transport/waste models,
and other descriptors that can be used to support the choice of relevant data sets [SPOLD 96].
Method / Méthode / Methode
A procedure for the creation of scientific insight and practical results through the application
of a set of rules, based upon a rationale and scientifically-oriented procedure [ETH 96].
Methodology / Méthodologie / Methodologie
A methodology is a theoretical framework suitable for analyzing events. A methodology
includes definitions of basic concepts, description of ground models used to simplify reality,
and a transparent application of scientific principles.The LCA approach is a methodology.
IEA ANNEX 31 ENERGY-RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF BUILDINGS Page 1Background Reports GLOSSARY
Model / Modèle / Model
Models designate the simplified representations of the characteristics determining the
behaviour (static or dynamic) of an object or a system and its interaction with its surroundings.
Models can be used to represent the functions fulfilled by the object or the system, and/or to
investigate, predict or explain the dynamic development of a situation [ETH 96 + AHO 97].
System / Système / System
A system is a collection of connected unit objects (or processes) that perform one or more
defined functions [AHO 97].
Typology / Typologie / Typologie
A study of characteristic features in a data set, in order to determine types or systems.
Page 2 IEA ANNEX 31 ENERGY-RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF BUILDINGSGLOSSARY Background Reports
TERMS SPECIFIC TO ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
(ENGLISH/FRENCH/GERMAN)
Biosphere / Biosphère / Biosphere
The region of the earth's crust and atmosphere occupied by living organisms. "Modelling the
biosphere" thus involves predicting all of the loadings, effect potential and impacts external to
the system.
Category / Catégorie / Kategorie [ISO 97b]
A group or class of inventory inputs and outputs that shares common environmental attributes
such as a mutual mechanism of action that can lead to a possible endpoint. A "flow category" is
used to distinguish between emissions, products, wastes and raw materials.An "impact category"
is used to group flows according to their potential impacts.
• Category indicator
The full expression for this term is "life cycle impact category indicator".This refers to a
modelled estimate that represents an overall or aggregate value of the emission loadings
or resource use in the given category. [ISO 42.2]
• Category endpoint
A selected representation of the natural environment, human health or resource depletion
used to designate an impact category. [ISO 42.2 & 42.3]. It is the explicit concern that
constitutes the basis to define a category - either through a known mechanistic network
or through a more qualitative, subjective description. [ISO 97b]. A category endpoint should
be selected to align with a relevant environmental endpoint or issue of concern. It does
not demonstrate that the loading and resource actually results in an effect. [ISO 97b].
• Environmental (category) endpoint
The explicit, actual, measurable or observable effect in the environment that identifies the
assessment endpoint as relevant and meaningful, and that allows evaluation of the significance
of the results of life cycle impact assessment. [ISO 97b].
Comparative assertion / Affirmation comparative / Vergleichende Aussage
An environmental claim regarding the superiority or equivalence of one product versus
a competing product which performs the same function [ISO 40].
Environment / Environnement / Umwelt
The surroundings in which an organisation operates, including, air, water, land, natural resources,
flora, fauna, humans and their interrelation. [ISO 97b, ISO 50]. Surroundings in this context extend
from within an organization, to the global system (ISO 14001 definition). [ISO 97b, ISO 50].
IEA ANNEX 31 ENERGY-RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF BUILDINGS Page 3Background Reports GLOSSARY
Environmental aspect / Aspect environnemental / Umweltaspekt
The element of an organisation's activities, products or services that can interact with the
environment. [ISO 40, ISO 97b]. A significant environmental aspect is an environmental aspect
that has - or can have - a significant environmental impact. (ISO 14001 definition) In LCA, an
environmental aspect is the elementary flow of resources, emissions and wastes across the
boundaries into and out of the system.The potential "interaction" should be clearly
distinguished from impact where an observable change takes place. [ISO 97b]
Environmental indicator / Indicateur environnemental / Umweltindikator
[ISO 97b]
A specific expression that provides information about an organisation's environmental
performance, efforts to influence that performance or the conditions of the environment.
Environmental performance indicators (EPI's) are used in relation to the organisation's
management and operations. Environmental condition indicators (ECI's) are used to describe
the local regional/national or global conditions of the environment in relation to the organisation.
Environmental interventions / Interventions environnementales /
Eingriffe in die Umwelt
The physical interaction between a system studied and the environment, defined in terms
of the extraction of natural resources, or substances emissions to the environment media
(air, soil, superficial and ground water), or space occupied by waste, building, and other
disturbances. [CML 95]
Environmental issue / Question environnementale / Umweltfrage
The inputs and outputs (from LCA) and - if additionally conducted - environmental indicators
(from LCIA), which are defined in general terms as being important in the goal and scope
definition. [ISO 43]
Environmental loads, loadings, burdens / Charges environnementales,
facteurs d'impact / Umweltbelastungen
The total releases of pollutants of different classes to the environment [SPOLD 93, CAN 94].
An environmental load or impact factor is a chemical substance or a physical non-material flux
(e.g. heat, acoustic pressure) emitted by a source into one of the environmental media (air,
water, ground). Example: emission of CO2 by a boiler [NIBEL 97]. (In French, the expression
"facteur d'impact" should not be confused with "classification factor" [CML 95] or
"characterisation factor" [NORDIC 95].)
Environmental effect / Effet environnemental / Umwelteffekt
(Umwelwirkung)
The consequence of an environmental intervention in the environmental system. [CML 95]
Or measurable or observable change in the environment, human health or natural resource,
which may be beneficial or adverse. [ISO 97b] This includes any consequence of the activities,
Page 4 IEA ANNEX 31 ENERGY-RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF BUILDINGSGLOSSARY Background Reports
products or services of the organism [i.e. firm or institution] on the environment, whether
adverse or beneficial. [AFNOR 93] Effects are physical phenomena, which may induce
secondary and further order effects, in a cause-to-effect relationship. [ATEQUE 02]
(Note that in some German texts, the use of the words ‘effect’ and ‘impact’ is inverted.)
Environmental problem / Problème environnemental / Umweltproblem
Environmental effects or impacts are generally summarised into general categories, referred to
as environmental problems or themes, or impact categories. For instance, [UNEP 96] defines
the main environment problems used in LCA as: abiotic depletion, energy depletion, human
toxicity, ecotoxicity (aquatic and terrestrial), acidification, nutrification, ozone depletion, global
warming and photochemical oxidant formation.
Environmental theme / Thème environnemental / Umweltthema
A type of environmental problem scored during an impact assessment.The themes as stated by
CML are summarised as depletion, disturbance and pollution. Depletion concerns the theme
abiotic depletion, biotic depletion and energy depletion; disturbance, e.g. to ecosystems, has to
be described qualitatively; pollution concerns the theme human toxicity, aquatic and terrestrial
ecotoxicity, acidification, nutrification, ozone depletion, global warming, photochemical oxidant
formation and smell. Other items sometimes quantified are waste and water use [CML 95].
Environmental problems or themes and impact categories may be considered as synonymous.
Functional unit / Unité fonctionnelle / Funktionseinheit
Quantified performance of a product system for use as a reference unit in a LCA study.
[ISO 40] It is a measure of the performance of the functional outputs of the product system.
It is a reference to which the inputs and outputs are related. [ISO 97b]
Goal and scope definition / Définition des objectifs et du domai-ne
d'application / Zieldefinition (Zielfindung und Abgrenzung)
The goal of an LCA study shall unambiguuously state the intended application, the reasons for
carrying out the study and the intended audience, i.e. to whom the results of the study are
intended to be communicated [ISO 40]. Goal definition is sometimes referred to as initiation
(SPOLD, CAN).
The scope of an LCA study shall consider and clearly describe [ISO 40]:
• the functions of the product system, or, in the case of comparative studies,
the systems;
• the functional unit;
• the product system to be studied;
• the product system boundaries;
• allocation procedures;
• types of impact and methodology of impact assessment, and subsequent interpolation
to be used;
• data requirements;
IEA ANNEX 31 ENERGY-RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF BUILDINGS Page 5Background Reports GLOSSARY
• assumptions;
• limitations;
• inital data quality requirements;
• type of critical review, if any; and
• type and format of the report required for the study.
The scope should be sufficiently well defined to ensure that the breadth, the depth and the
detail of the study are compatible and sufficient to address the stated goal. Because LCA is an
iterative technique, the scope of the study may need to be modified while the study is being
conducted, as additional information is collected.
Impact / Impact / Wirkung
A change to the environment and the associated consequences for both humans and other
ecosystem components caused directly by the activities of product or service development and
production. Impacts include secondary and tertiary consequences with direct upstream links to
primary changes to environmental systems [CAN 94]. From the point of view of the receptor
in the environment, the "impact" concept is the result of an interpretation phase, where the
opinion of experts regarding outdoor environment, human health and comfort is located on a
value scale.This point of view depends on non-scientific criteria and may also evolve according
to the scientific knowledge available [ATEQUE 02].
• Potential impact
An impact which could be either hypothetical or ‘not now, but later’. LCIA focuses on
"non-actual" impacts (not real, observed or measured). [ISO 97b]
• Indirect impact
A natural environmental, human health or natural resource impact whereby the original
loadings or resource uses may act indirectly through other types of impacts or components
of the natural environment. [ISO 97b]
• Impact assessment
Phase of LCA aimed at structuring, organising, translating and analysing the inventory input
and output data to arrive at a better understanding of the magnitude and significance
of the environmental loadings and resource uses of a product system. [ISO 97b]
Impact category / Catégorie d'impact / Wirkungskategorie
Environmental impacts are generally summarised into impact categories (see also
environmental themes or problems also defined above).Three major impact categories
are identified by [NORDIC 95] :
1. resource depletion : energy, material, water, land,
Page 6 IEA ANNEX 31 ENERGY-RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF BUILDINGSGLOSSARY Background Reports
2. human health impacts : toxicological and non-toxicological, excluding work
environment, human health impacts in work environment,
3. ecological impacts : global warming, depletion of stratospheric ozone, acidification,
eutrophication, photo-oxidant formation, ecotoxicological impacts, habitat alterations
and impacts on biological diversity.
Environmental problems or themes and impact categories may be considered as synonymous.
Intervention : See Environmental Intervention
Life cycle / Cycle de vie / Lebensweg, Lebenszyklus
Consecutive and interlinked stages of a product system, from raw material acquisition or
generation of natural resources to the final disposal [ISO 40].
Life cycle assessment (LCA) / Analyse du cycle de vie (ACV) /
Produkt-Ökobilanz (LCA), Lebenszyklus bilanz
The overall process of assessing the life cycle impacts associated with a system, function,
product or service. Sometimes considered to include the Initiation, Inventory, Impact Analysis
and Improvement stages [SPOLD 93]. A concept and a method to evaluate the environmental
effects of a product holistically, by analysing its entire life cycle.This includes identifying and
quantifying energy and materials used and wastes released to the environment, assessing their
environmental impact, and evaluating opportunities for improvement [CAN 94].
Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) / Evaluation de l'impact du cycle
de vie / Wirkungsabschätzung (Wirkungsbilanz)
The phase of LCA aimed at understanding and evaluating the magnitude and significance of the
potential environmental impacts of a product system [ISO 40, ISO 97b].The main difference
between LCA and LCIA is the focus on "potential".
Life cycle inventory analysis / Inventaire du cycle de vie, écobilan / Sachbilanz
The phase of LCA involving the compilation and quantification of inputs and outputs, for a
given product system throughout its life cycle [ISO 40]. Note, to avoid confusion, avoid using
acronyms of this term.
Life cycle interpretation / Interprétation du cycle de vie / Auswertung
The phase of LCA in which the findings of either the inventory analysis or the impact
assessment, or both, are combined consistent with the defined goal and scope in order
to reach conclusions and recommendations [ISO 40, ISO 98].
IEA ANNEX 31 ENERGY-RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF BUILDINGS Page 7Background Reports GLOSSARY
Normalisation / Normation /
Normalisation involves factoring results by a common unit (persons, years, area, and so on)
in order to allow for a fair comparison of the relative significance of impacts. Normalisation
is sometimes required in preparation for additional procedures such as weighting or
interpretation. [ISO 42]
Product system / Système de produit / Produktsystem
Collection of materially and energetically connected unit processes which performs one or
more defined functions [ISO 40].
Raw material / Matière Première / Rohstoff, Rohmaterial
Primary or secondary material that is used to produce a product [ISO 40].
Source / Source / Quelle
Sources are physical elements of the system under study (boiler, window, light bulb), which,
by their characteristics, have an influence on the environment during the product life cycle.
Technical system / Système technique / Technische System
A collection of product systems which perform one or more defined functions, and are suitable
for modeling and assessment.Technical systems exist at all scales, from appliances to buildings
and whole cities.
Technosphere / Technosphère / Technosphere
The subset of the biosphere influenced and changed by human planning and activity.
Unit process / Procédé unitaire / Einzelprozess
Smallest portion of a product system for which data are collected when performing a LCA
[ISO 40].
Valuation / Evaluation / Wertung : See weighting.
Weighting / Pondération / Gewichtung
Weighting is an optional procedure within life cycle impact assessment that involves ranking
or possibly aggregating the indicator results across impacts categories. For example, resource
depletion may be combined with pollution indices.Weighting is based on value choices.The
weights are not exclusively based on scientific knowledge, but always involve some element
of subjective judgment. [ISO 42] Note that the term "weighting" is preferable to "valuation"
because French terms do not differentiate between "evaluation" and "valuation".
Page 8 IEA ANNEX 31 ENERGY-RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF BUILDINGSGLOSSARY Background Reports
TERMS SPECIFIC TO THE BUILDING SECTOR
(ENGLISH/FRENCH/GERMAN)
Building products typology / Typologie des Produits de construction /
Bauprodukte Typologie
The following definitions are translated from [OLIVE 97].The terms in italics are defined
elsewhere in the paragraph.
• Terms relevant for building construction or retrofit and for building fittings
• Basic building material / Matériau de construction de base / Baumaterial, Grundmaterial
A basic building material is one of the following materials:
• a natural rough product, not treated beyond the treatment required for extraction
(mining, etc.),
• a natural product, physically or chemically treated,
• a combination of several rough and/or treated natural products.
The following list of basic building materials may be representative:
Earth (generic term for earths and clays)
Wood
Stone (generic term for any kind of natural stone used in building construction)
Gypsum (generic term for gypsum and anhydrite)
Cement (mix of clay and lime)
Sand and gravel
Fired clay and ceramics (treated clay)
flat glass (treated sand)
Cast iron
Steel
Copper
Zinc
Lead
Aluminium
Plastic (treated oil products)
• Packaging products / Produits de conditionnement / Packstoffe,Verpackungsmaterialen
Products used to contain marketed products to provide delivered products.
• Complementary products for implementation / Produits complémentaires de mise
en oeuvre / Ergänzungsverbindungsprodukte
Building products needed to implement building half products, elements or components,
e.g. bonds (cement, mortar, glue, weld, bonding or fixing elements), gaskets and seals.
• Building final product / Produit de construction fini / Fertigbauprodukt
Building product implemented on site as such, which may be either a building element,
or a building component.
IEA ANNEX 31 ENERGY-RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF BUILDINGS Page 9Background Reports GLOSSARY
• Building element / Elément de construction / Bau element, Element
Homogeneous simple shaped building product, which is a final product, involving a basic
building material, complementary products for implementation and packaging products.
• Building component / Composant de construction / Bauteil, Bauwerksteil
Heterogeneous or complex shaped building product, which is a final product, involving one
or several basic building materials, complementary products for implementation and packaging
products.
• Building half-product / Semi-produit de construction / Zwischenprodukt, Halbzeug
Building product sized on site, involving one or several basic building materials,
complementary products for implementation and packaging products.
• Terms relevant for building construction or retrofit
• Complementary products for combination / Produits complémentaires de combinaison /
Ergänzungskombinationsprodukte
Building products needed to implement basic building products, e.g.: water and solvents,
additives and admixtures, reinforcement products (steel reinforcement, tendons for
prestressing, fibers), accessories and devices.
• Basic building products / Produits de construction de base / Basisbauprodukte
Building product shaped on site, constituted either by constituents mixed on site, or by mix
of constituents prepared off site.
• Constituents mixed on site / Constituants mélangés sur le chantier /
an der Arbeitsstätte gemischte Bestände
Basic product, involving one or several basic materials and complementary products for
combination mixed on site, complementary products for implementation and packaging products.
• Mix of constituents prepared off site / Mélange de constituants préparés
hors chantier / Gemisch von aus der Arbeitsstätte verfertigte Bestände
Basic product, involving one or several basic materials and complementary products for a
combination mixed off site, complementary products for implementation and packaging products.
• Building life cycle involved parties identification / Identification des
acteurs du cycle de vie d'un bâtiment / Baulebenszyklus Teilnehmer
Identifizierung
• The pole of collective interests / Le pôle d'intérêt collectif / Vertreter der Öffentlichkeit
• Elected representatives / élus / gewählte Repräsententen
The elected representatives constitute the legislative or legislative-oriented power
at the national and European scales.
Page 10 IEA ANNEX 31 ENERGY-RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF BUILDINGSGLOSSARY Background Reports
• Administrations / administrations / Verwaltung/Regierung
The administrations hold the state power to make regulations at any geographical scale
(e.g. government, ministries, prefectures, Regional Directions of the Ministries in charge
of Industry, Environment, Agriculture, Planning and Housing, etc.)
• Governmental agencies / agences / staatliche Stellen, Ämter
The governmental agencies hold the incentive power at any geographic scale
(e.g. Environmental Protection Agencies,Water Agencies, etc.)
• Regional and departmental (f) or county (uk) authorities / collectivités régionales
et départementales / regionale Behörden
The regional and departmental authorities are the elected representatives of the
regional and departmental Councils and their technical services, taken as patrimony
(i.e. building stocks) managers.
• Local authorities / collectivités locales / lokale Behörden
The local authorities are the elected representatives of the district / communal councils
or inter-district / communal syndicates.
• Research institutions and technical centres / organismes de recherche
et centres techniques / Forschungseinrichtungen
The research institutions and technical centres have thematic purposes, sector-based or
professional (e.g. Building Research Institutes, Building Products Technical Centres, etc.)
• Vocational training institutions/ organismes de formation/
Berufsausbildungseinrichtungen
The vocational training institutions include technical high schools and universities and
continuing educational centres.
• Consumers associations / associations de consommateurs /
Verbraucherorganisationen
The consumer associations comprises the public and private organisms defending
the consumers’ interests (quality, price, health, etc.) at any geographic scale.
• Associations for environmental protection / associations de protection
de l'environnement / Umweltschutzorganisationen
The associations for environmental protection include organisms working to promote
the respect of the environment at any geographic scale.
• The pole of operational decision-making / Le pôle de décision opérationnelle /
Gruppe der Unternehmer/Investoren
• Development companies / sociétés d'aménagement /
Projektentwicklungsgesellschaften
The development companies act as public or private decision makers (e.g. public and
semi-public development corporations).
IEA ANNEX 31 ENERGY-RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF BUILDINGS Page 11Background Reports GLOSSARY
• Non-managing building owners / maîtres d'ouvrage non gestionnaires /
nicht verwaltere Hausbesitzer
The non-managing building owners are the public or private property developers
who build and sell.
• Managing building owners / maîtres d'ouvrage gestionnaires / verwaltere
Hausbesitzer
The managing building owners build and manage their building stocks (e.g. public sector
housing organisms (French HLM), bank property companies (French SCIC), some investors,
etc.)
• Backers / financeurs / Finanzierer
The backers include the funders not involved in the ownership development, e.g. the
bankers and the insurers which help among others the building owners and the contracting
authorities, (investors and private individuals).
• The pole of design / Le pôle de conception / Gruppe der Planer
• Prime contractors (including architects) / maîtres d'oeuvre / Baumeister
The prime contractors (including architects) are commissioned by the client to design the
construction, to manage the project, to control the performance of the contractors and to
propose the acceptance of their work and their payment.
• Technical consultants / bureaux d'études techniques / beratende Ingenieure
The technical consultants are in a broad sense the engineers and technicians commissioned
to design technical parts of the building (structure, external works, services, planning /
scheduling, etc.) as firms (offices, etc.) or as freelancers (consulting engineer, etc.).
• Town planners / urbanistes / Stadtplaner
The town planners are the designers of the layout of the urban areas.
• Landscape engineers / paysagistes / Landschaftsplaner, Raumplaner
The landscape engineers are not only planners / designers of the open-spaces neighbouring
the building but also contribute to the planning, urban and architectural studies.
• Construction surveyors / économistes de la construction / Vermessungsinspektoren
The construction / quantity surveyors use construction costs data bases to assess if a
project cost is realistic regarding a given budget.They can also estimate the indirect costs
of a construction, by establishing a relationship between investment budget and operating
budget, etc.
Page 12 IEA ANNEX 31 ENERGY-RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF BUILDINGSGLOSSARY Background Reports
• The pole of project carry-through / Le pôle de réalisation / der Ausführungsbereich
• Industrialists and distributors / industriels et distributeurs / Hersteller und Händler
The industrialists and distributors manufacture and/or deliver building products and fittings.
• Contractors / réalisateurs / Auftragnehmer
The contractors are the builders and installers working on the building site (e.g. general
and trade-specific contractors, artisans, etc.)
• Control offices / bureaux de contrôle / Prüfingenieure
The control offices are in a broad sense the engineers and technicians commissioned to
control the quality and check the safety (conformity controls, project documentation
checking and on-site construction checking).
• The pole of use / Le pôle d'utilisation / Gruppe der Nutzer
• Service providers / prestataires de services / Dienstleister
The service providers intervene to insure the normal operation of the building during its
use phase (e.g. the heating operating companies, the maintenance firms, the electricity, water
and gas providers, etc.).
• Building managers / gestionnaires / Gebäudebetrieber
The building managers manage their own assets (e.g. the public sector housing) or the
assets of others (e.g. condominiums).
• Users of residential buildings / usagers des bâtiments résidentiels /
Gebäudebewohner
The users of residential buildings are considered only as occupiers, either as owners
or as tenants.
• Users of service-providing buildings / usagers des bâtiments tertiaires /
Gebäudenutzer
The users of service-providing buildings are only considered as occupiers.
• Insurers / assureurs / Versicherungsgesellschaften
The insurers insure the whole building, including during its use phase (ten-year guarantee
in particular).
IEA ANNEX 31 ENERGY-RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF BUILDINGS Page 13Background Reports GLOSSARY
TERMS SPECIFIC TO ENERGY
(ENGLISH/FRENCH/GERMAN)
Embodied energy / Contenu énergétique /
vergegenständlichte Energie (G), graue Energie (CH)
The sum of the energy used to manufacture a product from cradle to the input gate of the use
site and of its feedstock.
Feedstock energy / Energie d'alimentation / vergegend-ständlichter
Heizwert (bei nichtenergetischer Nutzung)
Feedstock energy quantifies the potential of raw material inputs, such as wood or plastic
materials, to deliver energy if they were used as fuel for heating.
Final energy use / Consommation d'énergie finale / Aufwand an Endenergie
Energy consumption measured at the final or end use level. For a building, this would be the
energy inflow measured at the gate of the building, excluding passive solar gains and heat
recovery from human beings.The end use energy is opposed to the primary energy use.
Precombustion energy / Energie de précombustion /energetische Vorstufen
The total energy used to produce, transport and store a fuel during its whole life cycle
upstream of the burner.
Primary energy use / Consommation d'énergie primaire / Aufwand an
Primärenergie
The energy consumption measured at the natural resource level. For electricity, the primary
energy used to produce 1 kWhel may be a mix of several primary energies :
• fossil fuels (crude oil, natural gas, uranium),
• geothermal,
• renewable fuels (biofuels, wood)
• and renewable forces (hydropower, solar, wind, tidal).
This mix is typically a characteristic shared within a grid at the regional or national scale, and
can vary significantly.The conversion from final use electricity to primary energy inputs requires
assumptions about the structure of the electricity production and about the conversion
efficiency of electrical power plants. For example, the IEA expresses primary energy use
in toe (tons of oil equivalent) units and uses a conversion factor of :
• 0.086 toe/TWhel for hydro, solar, wind and tidal energies,
• 0.258 toe/TWhel for nuclear energy
• 0.86 toe/TWhel for geothermy [IEA].
The French Ministry of Industry uses a mean conversion factor reflecting the French electricity
mix of 0.222 toe/TWhel [SESSI 92].
Page 14 IEA ANNEX 31 ENERGY-RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF BUILDINGSGLOSSARY Background Reports
SELECTED TERMINOLOGY: ENGLISH TERMS
TO JAPANESE
IEA ANNEX 31 ENERGY-RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF BUILDINGS Page 15Background Reports GLOSSARY Page 16 IEA ANNEX 31 ENERGY-RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF BUILDINGS
GLOSSARY Background Reports IEA ANNEX 31 ENERGY-RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF BUILDINGS Page 17
Background Reports GLOSSARY Page 18 IEA ANNEX 31 ENERGY-RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF BUILDINGS
GLOSSARY Background Reports IEA ANNEX 31 ENERGY-RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF BUILDINGS Page 19
Background Reports GLOSSARY
SELECTED TERMINOLOGY: ENGLISH, FRENCH,
GERMAN, DUTCH AND SWEDISH
ENGLISH FRENCH GERMAN DUTCH SWEDISH
abiotic abiotique, minéral abiotisch abiotsch abiotisk
acceptable noise Confort akzeptabler Geräuschpegel acceptabel geluidsniveau acceptabel ljudnivå
level acoustique (m) (m)
acceptance test Essai (m) de Abnahmeprüfung (f) acceptans test
réception (f)
administration Administration (f) Verwaltung, Regierung (f) overheid administration
ageing, Vieillissement (m) Alterung (f) veroudering
weathering
aggregation Agrégation (f)
air change rate Taux (m) de Luftwechselrate (f) luchtversingssnelheid luftomsättning
renouvellement
(m) d'air
air conditioning Air conditionné Klimaanlage (f) klimaatregeling klimatisering
(m)
air tightness Etanchéité (f) à Luftundurchlässigkiet (f), lufttäthet
l'air (m) Luftdichtheit (f)
allocation Affectation (f) Allokation, Zuordnung (f) toewijzing allokering
allotment, Lotissement (m) Parzellierung (f) toewijzing kluster
cluster,
development
ambiance Ambiance (f) Umgebung, Ambiente (f) omgeving omgivning
apparent Taux apparent Rezyklier-/ recycling återvinningtakt
recycling/ reuse (m) de recyclage/ Wiederverwertungsanteil/ -
rate réemploi (m) rate (f)
assembling, Assemblage (m) Zusammenbau (m), assemblage sammanfoga
joining (mise en oeuvre) Montage (n)
assembly Assemblage (m) Zusammenbau (m) het geassembleerde, sammansättning/
(résultat) gemonteerde montering
assessment Evaluation (f) (Ab-,Ein)schätzung, beoordeling värdering
Beurteilung (f)
association for Association (f) de Umweltschutzorganisation organisatie van miljöskyddsförening
environmental protection (f) de (f) milieubeheer
protection l'environnement
(m)
assumption Hypothèse (f) Annahme (f) aanname/hypothese hypotes/antagande
average Moyenne (f) Durchschnitt (n) gemiddelde genomsnittlig
Page 20 IEA ANNEX 31 ENERGY-RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF BUILDINGSGLOSSARY Background Reports
ENGLISH FRENCH GERMAN DUTCH SWEDISH
backer Financeur, Finanzierer (m), Geldgeber bankier finanicär, investerare
investisseur (m) bzw. Investor (m)
basement Fondation (f) Grundmauer (f) grondbewerking grund
basement Cave (f) Keller (m) kelder källare
bearing wall Mur porteur (m) tragender Mauer (f) dragende muur bärande vägg
benchmark Valeur repère (f) (Fixpunkt) Vorgabewert im standaard referensvärde
Sinne Grenz-/Zielwert (m)
biotic biotique, biotisch biotisch biotisk
biologique
boiler Chaudière (f) Kessel (m) ketel brännare
building element Elément (m) de Bauelement (n) bouwelement byggnadselement
construction (f)
building Enveloppe (f) du Gebäudehülle (f) schil van een gebouw byggnadsskal
envelope bâtiment (m)
building manager Gestionnaire (m) Gebäudebetrieber (m) gebouwbeheerder fastighetsförvaltare
building owner Propriétaire (m) Gebäude-/ besitzer/ - gebouweigenaar fastighetsägare
du bâtiment (m), eigentümer (m)
Maître (m) de
l'ouvrage (m)
building site (uk) Chantier de Bauplatz (m), Baustelle (f) bouwplaats byggplats
construction (m)
building stock Parc (m) de Gebäudebestand (m) gebouwvoorraad fastighetsbestånd
bâtiments (m)
byproduct Sous-produit (m) Nebenprodukt (n) bijproduct biprodukt
calculation Calcul (m) Berechnung (f) berekening beräkning
calorimeter Compteur (m) de Wärmemengenzähler (m) warmtemeter kalorimeter/
chaleur (f) värmemätare
capital goods Biens (m, pl) Investitionsgüter (m, pl) kapitaalgoederen kapitalvaror
d'investissement
(m)
case, Cas, exemple (m)/ Fallbeispiel (n)/ Fallstudie fallstudie, exempel
example/case étude (f) de cas (f)
study
characterisation Caractérisation (f) karakterisatie karaktärisering
classification Classification (f) Klassifizierung (f) classificatie klassificering
closed/open loop Recyclage (m) en (Wieder-/Weiter) open-loop- recycling öppet/ slutet kretslopp
recycling boucle verwertung (f)
fermée/ouverte (f)
Collection Collecte (f) Sammlung (f) collectie/ verzameling samling
IEA ANNEX 31 ENERGY-RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF BUILDINGS Page 21Background Reports GLOSSARY
ENGLISH FRENCH GERMAN DUTCH SWEDISH
comparability Comparabilité (f) Vergleichbarkeit (f) vergelijkbaarheid jämförbarhet
construction Economiste (m) bouwopzichter mängdberäknare
surveyor de la construction
(f)
consumers Association (f) de Verbraucherorganisation (f) consumentenorganisatie konsumentförening
association consommateurs
(m)
contractor Réalisateur (m) Auftragnehmer (m) opdrachtnemer entreprenör
control office Bureau (m) de Prüfeinrichtung (m) controlebureau kontrollant
contrôle (m)
coproduct Coproduit (m) Kuppelprodukt, co-product samprodukt
Koppelprodukt (n)
coverage Couverture (d'un Dachwerk (n), Bedachung bereik taktäckning
(building -) bâtiment) (f) (f)
critical review Revue critique (f) kritische Begleitung (f) kritisch overzicht kritisk granskning
cut-off criterion, - Critère (m) de Abschneidekriterium, -rien criteria om te stoppen avgränsningskrterier
ria négligeabilité (f), (n)
de coupure (f)
daily intake Dose quotidienne tägliche Dosis (f) dagelijke dosis dagligtintag
(f)
data données (f, pl) Daten (n, pl) data data
daylight factor Facteur de Tageslichtquotient (m) daglichtfactor dagsljusfaktor
Lumière du Jour
(FLJ) (m)
degree days Degrés-jours (m, Heizgradtage (m, pl) graaddagen graddagar
pl)
design Conception (f) Entwurf (m) ontwerp design
detached house Maison isolée (f) Einzelhaus (n) vrijstaand huis småhus
development Société (f) Projektentwicklungs- projectontwikkelaar utvecklingsföretag
company d'aménagement gesellschaft (f)
(m)
distributor Distributeur (m) Händler (m) distributeur distributör
district heating Chauffage urbain Fernwärme (f) warmtenet fjärrvärme
(m)
disturbance Perturbation (f) Störung (f) storing störning
documentation Documentation (f) Gebäudepass (m) byggnadsbeskrivning
sur le bâtiment
documentation Descriptif (m) Objektbeschreibung (f) beskrivning
domestic waste Déchets Kehricht, Hausmüll (n) huishoudelijk afval hushållsavfall
ménagers (m)
Page 22 IEA ANNEX 31 ENERGY-RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF BUILDINGSGLOSSARY Background Reports
ENGLISH FRENCH GERMAN DUTCH SWEDISH
dominance Analyse (f) de Dominanzanalyse (f) dominantie analyse dominansanalys
analysis dominance (f)
ecobalance Ecobilan (m) Ökobilanz (f)
ecolabel Marque Umweltzeichen (n) eco-balans miljömärkning
environnementale
(f), écolabel (m)
ecological Ecorareté (f) ökologische Knappheit (f) oecologische schaarste ekoknapphet
scarcity
eco-profile Ecoprofil (m) Ökoprofil (n) milieuprofiel miljöprofil
ecotoxicity/ Ecotoxicité/ Ökotoxizität/ ecotoxicologie ekotoxisk/
ecotoxicology écotoxicologie (f) Ökotoxikologie (f) ekotoxikologi
efficiency Rendement Wirkungsgrad (m) efficiëntie effektivitet
(chaudière) (m),
efficacité (pompe
à chaleur) (f)
effluent Effluent (m) Ausfluss (m) effluent utflöde
elected Elu (m) gewählte Repräsentent (m) gekozen utvald
representative vertegenwoordiger
elementary flow Flux élémentaire Elementarfluss (m) elementenstroom grundflöde
(m)
ELU, Unité de charge Umweltbelastungseinheit milieubelastingseenheid miljöbelastningsenhet
Environmental environnementale (f)
Loading Unit (f)
embodied energy Contenu vergegenständlichte, graue energie- inhoud inbyggd energi
énergétique (m) Energie (f)
emergency Mesure (f) Notfallmassnahme (f) noodmaatregel kritiskt värde
response d'urgence (f)
emission Emission (f) Emission (f) emissie emission/utsläpp
energetic Analyse Energieanalyse (f) energie-analyse energianalys
analysis énergétique (f)
Energy passport Passeport Energieausweis (m) energipass
énergétique ? (m)
energy carrier Vecteur Energieträger (m) energiedrager energibärare
énergétique (m)
energy Consommation, Energieverbrauch (m), energieconsumptie energianvändning
consumption, utilisation Endenergie (f)
energy use d'énergie (f)
energy recovery Récupération Abwärmenutzung (f) hergebruik van energie energiåtervinning
d'énergie (f)
IEA ANNEX 31 ENERGY-RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF BUILDINGS Page 23Background Reports GLOSSARY
ENGLISH FRENCH GERMAN DUTCH SWEDISH
energy Besoins Energiebedarf (m), benodigde energie energibehov
requirement énergétiques (m, Nutzenergie (f)
pl)
energy Signature Energiekennzahl (m) milieu energisignatur
signature énergétique (f)
environment Environnement Umwelt (f) omgeving, milieu miljö
(m)
environment Milieu (m) Umgebung (f), omgeving, milieu omgivning
Wirkungskreis (m), Milieu
environmental Eco-audit (m) Öko-Audit milieu-audit miljöredovisning
audit
environmental Effet (m) sur Umwelt(ein-/aus) wirkung milieu-effect miljöeffekt
effect l'environnement (f)
(m)
environmental Charge Umweltbelastung (f) milieubelasting miljöbelastning
loading environnementale
(f)
environmental Management Umweltmanagement milieubeheer miljöledning
management environnemental
(m)
environmental Profil Umweltbelastungsprofil (n) milieuprofiel miljöprofil
profile environnemental
(m)
evaluation Evaluation (f) Bewertung, Auswertung (f) evaluatie utvärdering
exhaust air Air extrait (m) Abluft (f) afvoerlucht frånluft
feedstock Energie vergegendständlichter voedingsenergie värmevärde
d'alimentation (f) Heizwert (bei
nichtenergetischer
Nutzung) (m)
final residual Déchets ultimes Reststoffe (m, pl) reststoffen restprodukter
(m, pl)
financial terms Termes monetäre Grösse, financi‘le termen finansiella termer
monétaires (m) Wertgrösse (n)
flow chart Diagramme (m) Prozesskette (f) procesdiagram flödesschema
des flux (m)
flow diagram Diagramme (m) Flussdiagramm stofstroomdiagram flödesdiagram
des flux (m)
fossil fuel Combustibles fossiler Energieträger (m) fossiele brandstoffen fossilt bränsle
fossiles (m)
from cradle to du berceau à la von der Wiege bis zum van wieg tot poort från vaggan till grinden
gate sortie de l'usine Fabriktor
Page 24 IEA ANNEX 31 ENERGY-RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF BUILDINGSGLOSSARY Background Reports
ENGLISH FRENCH GERMAN DUTCH SWEDISH
from cradle to du berceau à la von der Wiege bis zum van wieg tot graf från vaggan till graven
grave tombe Grab
fuel Combustible Brennstoff (m) brandstof fastbränsle
(usage fixe) (m)
fuel Carburant (usage Brennstoff (m) brandstof flytande bränsle
mobile) (m)
functional unit Unité funktionelle/funktionale functionele eenheid funtionell enhet
fonctionnelle (f) Einheit, Funktionseinheit (f)
global energetic Contenu globaler Energiegehalt (m) globale energie - inhoud övre värmevärde
content énergétique
global (m)
global warming Réchauffement globale Erwärmung (f) warmer worden van de global uppvärmning
global (m) aarde
goal definition Définition (f) des Zieldefinition doelbepaling måldefinition
objectifs (m)
governmental Agence (f) staatliche Stelle (f), Amt (n) overheidsinstelling statligt verk/ myndighet
agency
greenhouse Effet (m) de serre Treibhauseffekt broeikaseffect växthuseffekt
effect (f)
gross energy Energie primaire Primärenergie primaire energie primärenergi
(f) Bruttoenergie (f) (von
ETHZ)
guideline Recommandation Leitfaden rekomendation
(f)
hazardous waste Déchets spéciaux Sonderabfall (m) schadelijk afval farligtavfall
(m)
heat gain Gain thermique Wärmegewinn (m) värmetillskott
(m)
heat loss Perte thermique Wärmeverlust (m) värmeförlust
(f)
heating Chauffage (m) Heizung (f) verwarming uppvärmning
heating capacity Capacité Heizleistung (f) verwarmingscapaciteit värmekapacitet
calorifique (f)
heating load Charge (f) de Heizleistung (f) värmelast
chauffage
heating period Saison (f) de Heizperiode (f) verwarmingsperiode uppvärmningperiod
chauffe (f)
heating value Pouvoir Heizwert (m) verwarmingswaarde värmevärde
calorifique (m)
home-job traffic Trafic pendulaire Pendlerverkehr, woon-werk-verkeer pendeltrafik
(m) Berufsverkehr (m)
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