Psychological frameworks to explain rebound effects in car-based mobility
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Stuttgart Research Center on Interdisciplinary
ZIRIUS Risk and Innovation Studies
Psychological frameworks to explain rebound
effects in car-based mobility
Sophia Becker sophia.becker@sowi.uni-stuttgart.de
ZIRIUS - Stuttgart Research Center for Interdisciplinary Risk and
Innovation Studies, University of Stuttgart, Germany
Helmholtz Alliance ENERGY TRANS
Stuttgart Research Center on Interdisciplinary
ZIRIUS Risk and Innovation Studies
Content
• From an economic to a psychological analysis of
rebound
• Psychological framework
• How to study R?
• How to deal with R?
Stuttgart Research Center on Interdisciplinary
ZIRIUS Risk and Innovation Studies
Definition by Economists
Direct rebound-effect = technological efficiency gains lead
to higher consumption through gains in money or value
Efficiency = energy input/ performance output a relational measure
Stuttgart Research Center on Interdisciplinary
ZIRIUS Risk and Innovation Studies
Analysis and relevance of rebound
• Controversy about estimation methods and results
(e.g. Frondel et al. 2012: 57-62% vs. Gillingham et al. 2013: 5-30%)
Substantial risk of rebound
• Private car use accounts for 33% of household energy
consumption in Germany (Frondel et al. 2013, p. 77)
high impact behavior
How do people use energy efficient cars?
• focus on cars with combustion engines (Grüttner et al. 2013)
Stuttgart Research Center on Interdisciplinary
ZIRIUS Risk and Innovation Studies
Multi-causal definition
Rebound = The discrepancy between the decrease in
energy consumption expected from technical efficiency
improvements (engineering savings) and the actual total
energy consumption affected by consumer behavior.
ICCT(2013): huge discrepancy between official and real-world
fuel consumption and CO2 emissions (EU, USA), in average 25 %
Stuttgart Research Center on Interdisciplinary
ZIRIUS Risk and Innovation Studies
Rebound vs. Spill-over
• Rebound
– technical component: efficiency gain
– Human-technology interaction
– Focus on energy consumption and money
• Spill-over (e.g. Thøgersen & Crompton, 2009)
– Positive: one pro-environmental behavior leads to another
– Negative: moral licencing
– Behavioral change as starting point
– Focus on ecological impacts of behavior
Stuttgart Research Center on Interdisciplinary
ZIRIUS Risk and Innovation Studies
3 forms of direct rebound in
consumer behavior
1. Buying vehicles that are more efficient but bigger,
heavier and more powerful than their previous ones
– e.g. changing from a station-wagon to a sport utility vehicle
2. Driving longer distances with the more efficient car
– e.g. changes of modal split in favor of car-based mobility
3. Adopting more energy-intensive use patterns
– e.g. driving faster or with less anticipation
Stuttgart Research Center on Interdisciplinary
ZIRIUS Risk and Innovation Studies
Heterogenous previous findings
• “How do people buy fuel-efficient cars?” (Peters 2009)
• Psychological and other determinants
– Environmental knowledge more fuel efficent cars, but no effect on
numbers of cars or miles driven (Flamm 2009)
– R found only for cars with > 8 l/ 100 km and for diesel cars; R if
household head enjoys driving, no worry for the environment (Matiaske,
Menges, Spieß 2012)
– R (miles driven) if belief in ecological advantage of Prius (Ohta & Fujii
2010)
R is NOT a direct function of financial savings
(Matiaske et al. 2012)Stuttgart Research Center on Interdisciplinary
ZIRIUS Risk and Innovation Studies
CADM (Klöckner & Blöbaum 2010) – modified and
adapted to rebound in car-based mobility
Habitual Mobility
processes behavior
routines
Normative Intentional
NON-ecological
processes processes
behavior
Moral leakening Money-saving attitude
Social comparison (1) bigger car
Sufficiency attitude
(2) driving more
Situational (3) driving faster
Influences
Objective more money
facilitations more comfort
Subjective Facilitations
less environm. impactStuttgart Research Center on Interdisciplinary
ZIRIUS Risk and Innovation Studies
How to study R in behavioral science?
• Conscious (over-estimated) vs. unconscious
determinants
• Consumption measure (fuel consumption/tkm) AND
self-descriptions
• Money, time, comfort, conscience, symbolics + social
practices of car-use
• Cross-cultural transferability of R studies?
• Contextual influences and actors: automobile industry,
(EU-)politics: pre-shaping of individual‘s decision?Stuttgart Research Center on Interdisciplinary ZIRIUS Risk and Innovation Studies
Stuttgart Research Center on Interdisciplinary
ZIRIUS Risk and Innovation Studies
How to deal with rebound?
• Societal
– Technology as the solution?
– Material consumption and the „good life“?
• Political
– Efficiency AND sufficiency!
• Actors and individual
– Label Fuel-Efficiency and parsimony as core innovative
characteristics of a car (not big size, power range etc.)
– „You do contribute to ecological conservation by an efficient car –
but only if you really decrease your total energy consumption“
enhancing spill-over instead of reboundStuttgart Research Center on Interdisciplinary
ZIRIUS Risk and Innovation Studies
References
• Azevedo, Ines Lima; Sonnberger, Marco; Thomas, Brinda; Morgan, Granger; Renn, Ortwin (2013): The
Rebound Effect: Implications of Consumer Behaviour for Robust Energy Policies. Lausanne: International Risk
Governance Council.
• Flamm, Bradley (2009): The impacts of environmental knowledge and attitudes on vehicle ownership and use.
In: Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 14 (4), S. 272-279.
• Frondel, Manuel; Ritter, Nolan; Vance, Colin (2012): Heterogeneity in the rebound effect: Further evidence for
Germany. In: Energy Economics 34 (2), S. 461-467.
• Gillingham, Kenneth; Kotchen, Matthew J.; Rapson, David S.; Wagner, Gernot (2013): Energy policy: The
rebound effect is overplayed. In: Nature 493 (7433), S. 475–476.
• Klöckner, Christian A.; Blöbaum, Anke (2010): A comprehensive action determination model: Toward a
broader understanding of ecological behaviour using the example of travel mode choice. In: Journal of
Environmental Psychology 30 (4), S. 574-586
• Madlener, Reinhard; Alcott, Blake (2011): Herausforderungen für eine technisch-ökonomische Entkopplung
von Naturverbrauch und Wirtschaftswachstum. unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Systematisierung von
Rebound-Effekten und Problemverschiebungen. Kommissionsmaterialie M-17(26)13. Deutscher Bundestag,
Enquete-Kommission Wachstum, Wohlstand, Lebensqualität. Zürich.
• Matiaske, Wenzel; Menges, Roland; Spiess, Martin (2012): Modifying the rebound: It depends! Explaining
mobility behavior on the basis of the German socio-economic panel. In: Energy Policy 41 (null), S. 29–35.
• Ohta, Hiroyuki; Fujii, Satoshi (2010): Does purchasing an “eco-car” increase the vehicle distance travelled?
Paper presented at the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology. Melbourne, Australia, 2010.
• Santarius, Tilman (2012): Der Rebound-Effekt. Über die unerwünschten Folgen der erwünschten
Energieffizienz. Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie GmbH. Wuppertal (Impulse zur
Wachstumswende).
• Thoegersen, John & Crompton, Tom (2009): Simple and Painless? The Limitations of Spillover in Environmental
Campaigning. Journal of Consumer Policy, Vol. 32, pp. 41-163Stuttgart Research Center on Interdisciplinary
ZIRIUS Risk and Innovation Studies
Behavioral measurement of R
• Form 1
– Comparison of technical attributes of car 1 and car 2
– Find out how consciously people think about and know the
efficiency degree of their cars and other technical characteristics
– Akteursanalyse wichtig
• Form 2 of R
– In l/tkm (Santarius?...)
– Siehe Ohta und Fuji
• Form 3
– GPS tracking
– questionnairesYou can also read
