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Scaling up to mass - 2021 edition - Electric ...
2021 edition

               _ scaling
               up to mass
               adoption
Scaling up to mass - 2021 edition - Electric ...
50 cities_

20 countries_

 5 continents_

10 policy recommendations to
   scale up EVs globally_

this is
the third
ev city
casebook _
Scaling up to mass - 2021 edition - Electric ...
PROJECT PARTNERS _

    _ a global
    analysis of
    inspiring ideas,   Urban Foresight® is a multidisciplinary
                       innovation practice that is dedicated to

    policy pioneers    accelerating the next generation of technologies,
                       services and policy frameworks for cities. We
                       work with ambitious organisations around the

    and city-led
                       world on projects that improve lives, protect the
                       environment and boost local economies.

                       urbanforesight.org

    innovation
    in electric        The IEA is at the heart of global dialogue on

    vehicles.
                       energy, providing authoritative analysis, data,
                       policy recommendations, and real-world
                       solutions to help countries provide secure and
                       sustainable energy for all.

                       iea.org

                       The EVI Global EV Pilot City Programme (EVI-
                       PCP) aims to build a network of cities to work
                       together on the promotion of electric mobility.
                       It is a multi-government policy forum dedicated
                       to accelerating the introduction and adoption of
                       electric vehicles worldwide.

                       iea.org/programmes/
                       electric-vehicles-initiative

_
                       The HEV TCP, with a membership of 19
                       countries, collaborates on shared projects (Tasks)
                       to better understand and address technical and
                       non-technical challenges, and provide guidance
                       to policy makers.

                       ieahev.org
Scaling up to mass - 2021 edition - Electric ...
01 _      EV CITY CASEBOOK 2021

                                    INTRODUCTION _

WHO IS THIS                         GETTING TO MASS EV ADOPTION
CASEBOOK FOR?

City managers
Officials in city administrations
who are looking to make
decisions, build alliances, and
design policies to move to          Since the first EV City
                                    Casebook in 2012, cities
mass EV adoption.

City political leaders
Elected figures who are
                                    around the world have
looking for inspiring examples
of social, economic, and
                                    overseen huge changes in
environmental change.               mobility.
National policy officials

                                       E
Individuals working at national                   lectric cars, buses,     So, the task facing policymakers
level who have an interest                        and taxis have           across the world is to accelerate
in EV policy, either setting                      rapidly increased in     the move to mass adoption – and
nationwide frameworks for                         numbers, moving          step towards a future of total
EVs or collaborating with           beyond early pilots and trials.        transport decarbonisation.
cities.                             New forms of micromobility and
                                    smartphone-based transport             What kind of policy, financial and
Managers in procurement,            systems have grown in popularity.      legal tools can they use to speed up
transport, and economic             Cities have broken new ground in       adoption? How do cities need to
development                         these innovative technologies and      work with vehicle manufacturers,
Operational leads in local          new policy ideas.                      energy providers and their citizens
government functions who can                                               to create support for faster change?
play a direct role in EV uptake.    Currently, most governments            How does policy on EVs need to
                                    have targets for continued EV          link up with exciting developments
EV and transport industry           growth. Many cities are planning       in autonomous vehicles, connected
Organisations and individuals       to ban fossil-fuelled vehicles         devices, and mobility as a service?
working in electric mobility,       altogether. There is unprecedented     How can cities learn from their
manufacturing, and transport        momentum around EVs, and a             counterparts around the world, to
operations who want to better       recognition of the role they play in   move to mass EV adoption?
understand how cities see the       cleaner, more sustainable cities.
challenge of mass EV adoption,                                             This casebook is a showcase of
and how mature markets have         But this progress needs to be          cities building better, cleaner
evolved.                            sustained. By any scenario,            mobility through EVs – designed
                                    avoiding catastrophic climate          to inspire others to move towards
Media, research and other           change will require further            mass electric mobility.
stakeholders                        reductions in greenhouse gas
This guide is intended to be        emissions from transport. In most
useful to anyone with a broad       countries, EVs still represent
interest in EVs, to understand      a minority of new vehicles
what cities can do to secure a      sold. Some EV types, like buses
sustainable, dynamic future.        and heavy goods vehicles, are
                                    developing quickly but are still
                                    relatively nascent technology.
Scaling up to mass - 2021 edition - Electric ...
INTRODUCTION    _ 02

electric vehicles
worldwide _

GLOBAL EV STOCK _                                                      2- & 3-WHEELERS _

CARS _
                                                                                          of all 2 & 3
2012                  183k                                                25%             wheelers
                                                                                          worldwide
2019                                                7.2m                                  are electric

                                                                       The majority are in Chinese cities
2- & 3-WHEELERS _                                                      that ban two-wheelers with
                                                                       internal combustion engines.
2012                   196k
2019                                                            251m
                                                                       LIGHT COMMERCIAL EV _

LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLES_
                                                                       ~70,000            sold in 2019
2012            18.3k
2019                             378k
                                                                       25,000                  43,000
                                                                       in Europe                in China
BUSES _

2012         7.7k*
                                                                       MICROMOBILITY _
2019                                     514k
                                                                       600 CITIES IN OVER
*all in China                                                          50 COUNTRIES HAVE
                                                                       E-SCOOTER, E-BIKE &/OR
                                                                       ELECTRIC MOPED SHARED
MEDIUM & HEAVY DUTY TRUCKS _                                           MOBILITY SCHEMES.
2012        259
                                                                       GLOBAL SHARED E-SCOOTER
2019            23.2k                                                  TRIPS ARE EXPECTED TO
                                                                       QUADRUPLE _

                                                                       2019           230m
Electric Vehicles are defined as Battery Electric and Plug-in          2028                       850m
Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Scaling up to mass - 2021 edition - Electric ...
03 _   EV CITY CASEBOOK 2021

CONTENTS _

HOW IS THIS CASEBOOK STRUCTURED?

                                   05_
This casebook                      global case studies
highlights inspiring               of ev innovation
examples from
around the world of                The first five chapters profile different
                                   vehicle modes. Each chapter presents case
cities which have                  study cities, with a brief description of their
taken actions to                   approach and key insights from their journey
                                   towards mass electric vehicle use.
accelerate mass
adoption of EVs. _

                                   07 _ buses

                                   17 _ taxis

                                   27 _ city fleets

                                   37 _ shared mobility

                                   49 _ private transport
Scaling up to mass - 2021 edition - Electric ...
INTRODUCTION    _ 04

59_                                             83_
policy guidance                                 references
for cities
An EV Policy Maturity Model is outlined, to     This casebook was informed by over 50
provide guidance to cities in benchmarking      interviews with city managers and experts,
progress and to help cities identify where to   covering cities in over 20 countries across
further develop their efforts.                  the world. In total, these cities have
                                                populations of 160 million people. Insights
                                                were also drawn from desk research and
                                                the global networks of the Electric Vehicles
                                                Initiative (EVI), the Hybrid and Electric
                                                Vehicle Technology Collaboration Program
                                                (HEV TCP), and partners.

60 _ common challenges in scaling up            84 _ project context & partners

62 _ 10 lessons on what has worked              85 _ acknowledgements

69 _ a maturity model for cities                88 _ casebook references
Scaling up to mass - 2021 edition - Electric ...
05 _   EV CITY CASEBOOK 2021

  GLOBAL STUDIES OF EV INNOVATION _

                                                                                                     36/56 _ Oslo

                                                                                         21 _ Dundee
                                                                                            15 _ London
                             16 _ Vancouver
                                                                                                44 _ Paris
      34 _ Modesto
                                 26 _ Denver                                             41 _ Madrid
53 _ San Francisco                                     25 _ Washington DC

47 _ Santa Monica        35 _ Los Angeles
                                                                        36 _ Rotterdam
                                                                             46 _ Utrecht
                                                                       57 _ Amsterdam

                                       14 _ Santiago

  07_                                  17_                                  27_
  Buses                                Taxis                                City Fleets
  11 _ Shenzhen _ China                21 _ Dundee _ UK                     31 _ Stockholm _ Sweden
  14 _ Santiago _ Chile                24 _ Nairobi _ Kenya                 34 _ Modesto _ USA
  15 _ Izmir _ Turkey                  24 _ Kigali _ Rwanda                 34 _ Berlin _ Germany
  15 _ London _ UK                     25 _ Taiyuan _ China                 35 _ Haikou, Hainan _ China
  16 _ Kolkata _ India                 25 _ Washington DC _ USA             35 _ Los Angeles _ USA
  16 _ Vancouver _ Canada              26 _ Denver _ USA                    36 _ Rotterdam _ The Netherlands
                                       26 _ Ahmedabad _ India               36 _ Oslo _ Norway
Scaling up to mass - 2021 edition - Electric ...
GLOBAL STUDIES OF EV INNOVATION   _ 06

31 _ Stockholm

47 _ Copenhagen
34 _ Berlin

46 _ Milan

    15 _ Izmir
                                         25 _ Taiyuan

                                             58 _ Liuzhou           48 _ Shanghai

                 26 _ Ahmedabad                                 11 _ Shenzhen

                                        16 _ Kolkata
                                                        35 _ Haikou

                                                            48 _ Singapore
              24 _ Nairobi

   24 _ Kigali

 57 _ Cape Town

                                                                                    58 _ Auckland

     37_                              49_
     Shared Mobility                  Private Transport
     41 _ Madrid _ Spain              53 _ San Francisco _ USA
     44 _ Paris _ France              56 _ Oslo _ Norway
     46 _ Utrecht _ The Netherlands   57 _ Amsterdam _ The Netherlands
     46 _ Milan _ Italy               57 _ Cape Town _ South Africa
     47 _ Copenhagen _ Denmark        58 _ Auckland _ New Zealand
     47 _ Santa Monica _ USA          58 _ Liuzhou _ China
     48 _ Singapore _ Singapore
     48 _ Shanghai _ China
Scaling up to mass - 2021 edition - Electric ...
07 _   EV CITY CASEBOOK 2021

GLOBAL STUDIES OF EV INNOVATION _

buses _
In the next five                    Rapid advances in technology, with electric
                                    buses improving range, power, and reliability,
years, almost a                     are encouraging cities around the world to

million electric                    electrify these services.

buses are expected                  In the next five years, almost a million electric

to be on the road                   buses are expected to be on the road. But the
                                    market is still relatively immature and there
                                    are still technical and operational challenges,
                                    such as the capital cost of EV buses. Many
                                    cities have invested in legacy diesel buses,
                                    and have a mix of public and private bus
                                    providers.

                                    How have cities overcome these challenges?
                                    How have cities worked with manufacturers
                                    and private firms to rapidly scale-up the use
                                    of electric buses?
GLOBAL STUDIES OF EV INNOVATION _ BUSES    _ 08

RECOMMENDATIONS _

Cities should look to scale up
bus electrification by:

01 _                             02 _                                 03 _
Direct                           Partnerships                         Focus on lower-
leadership                       or joint                             income groups
with targets,                    ventures with                        and the equity
contractual                      technology,                          of clean air
incentives, and                  manufacturing,
requirements                     and grid
                                 companies
Cities generally have            Buses have challenging               In many cities, bus use is
significant influence over       power and reliability                more extensive in lower-
bus fleets, either through       needs. Successful                    income groups. Buses are
direct ownership,                cities have built                    often a major contributor
procurement, or                  close partnerships in                to urban pollution.
licencing their operators.       manufacturing, utilities             EV buses therefore
To move from small               and energy generation                represent a major
numbers of electric buses        early on, to ensure these            opportunity to frame
to mass uptake, cities           standards are met, and               electrification as a matter
should use this influence        that sufficient charging             of social justice: this
to set clear targets,            capacity and grid                    can be emphasised by
require low-emissions            management processes                 focussing on electrifying
vehicles, and directly           were in place before                 the routes which serve
lead change.                     increasing uptake.                   poorer communities,
                                                                      and stressing the
                                                                      improvements to public
                                                                      health through
                                                                      cleaner air.
09 _   EV CITY CASEBOOK 2021

GLOBAL VIEW _

                  of the world's                     VANCOUVER
  99%             deployed                           0.3%
                  electric buses                     4
                  are in China

PROJECTED GLOBAL ELECTRIC BUS MARKET
VALUE (USD) _

2019                                        2026
42.3bn                               214.5bn

GLOBAL ELECTRIC BUSES REGISTERED _

       Total in 2020
       417,000

136,500                              835,200
Registered                         Projected total
in 2019                                  by 2026

                                                     SANTIAGO
                                                     8%
                                                     776
GLOBAL STUDIES OF EV INNOVATION _ BUSES   _ 10

Map shows percentage of total bus
fleet that has been electrified and the
number of electrified buses.

        LONDON                            IZMIR
        4.8%                              1.3%
        437                               20

                                          KOLKATA                      SHENZHEN
                                          4.7%                         100%
                                          80                           16,359
11 _   EV CITY CASEBOOK 2021

                      CASE STUDY _

                      SHENZHEN _ CHINA
Robert Bye/Unsplash
 

                         S
                                      henzhen faced rapid               majority of the city’s commuters are ‘captive
                                      population growth, from           riders’ - those whose lower income makes
                                      one million people in 1990        buses the only viable transport option. By
                                      to over 12.5 million today.       capping the number of new vehicle licence
                      This expansion placed significant pressure        plates granted each year, private ownership
                      on air quality and congestion, leading to         of vehicles was limited and demand for
                      new policies to tackle transport emissions .      effective and efficient public transport
                      Public transport accounted for 30% of urban       further increased.
                      air pollution from transport, even though it
                      only constituted 2% of vehicles on the road.      City leaders committed to fully electrify
                                                                        the entire bus fleet of 16,359 vehicles by
                      The policy response was to both direct            2017. This was a complete switchover of
                      citizens to use public transport, and rapidly     the existing service, with no increase in the
                      electrify bus services.                           overall number of buses in the fleet, and
                                                                        no increase in customer fares. To this date,
                      The city’s authorities reported existing high     Guangzhou is the only other city in the
                      utilisation of the public transit fleet, as the   world to have achieved this.
GLOBAL STUDIES OF EV INNOVATION _ BUSES     _ 12

Shenzhen was the first city
in the world to fully electrify
its bus fleet in 2017.

Shenzhen’s electric bus fleet        Fiscal Incentives                     are also open to private cars, which
now consumes 72.9% less energy       The three major bus operators         brings in additional income.
than in 2016, resulting in a total   in the city were incentivised to
reduction of 1.353 million tons of   make the transition with an annual Optimising scheduling
CO2 per year.                        subsidy of USD                                  The majority of buses are
                                     75,500 for each                                 charged overnight when
                                     vehicle, 80%                                    energy tariffs are lower.
                                     funded by the
                                                          Shenzhen’s                 The buses have a 250
                                     Shenzhen city        electric    bus fleet      km range, so operating
Full bus                             authorities          now consumes               schedules were changed
                                     and 20%                                         to include a recharging
electrification has                                       72.9% less
                                     from central                                    session for any service
                                                          energy     than
been achieved                        government.                                     over this length.
                                     This brought         in 2016.”
through fiscal                       electric buses                                  Industry partnership
                                     into price parity with diesel buses.  The bus manufacturer BYD is
incentives,                          Each electric bus had to travel       based in Shenzhen. To speed up
rapidly deployed                     more than 60,000 km each year         the development of new vehicles,
                                     (a distance representing sustained    the city adopted a partnership
infrastructure, and                  use in the city’s network) before     model, where it helped BYD refine
                                     the supplier received the subsidy.    its technology by giving detailed
optimisation of                                                            technical feedback on early
scheduling.                          Charging Infrastructure               versions of its electric buses.
                                     The city has introduced 510 bus
                                     charging stations with a total of
                                     8000 charge points. Many of these
13 _   EV CITY CASEBOOK 2021

                                          KEY PLAYERS _

                                          SHENZHEN _ CHINA                                                       NEW ENERGY
                                                                                                                 VEHICLE (NEV)
                                                                                                                 POLICY

                                                                                                                 The New Energy Vehicle
                                                                                                                 (NEV) policy is a long-
                                          Local and                          Vehicle                             term supply-side policy
                                                                                                                 to increase the number of
                                          national                           manufacturer                        EVs manufactured and sold
                                                                                                                 in China. This mandates
                                          government in                                                          the number of NEVs (fully
                                                                                                                 electric, plug-in hybrid,
                                          partnership                                                            hydrogen fuel cell vehicles)
                                                                                                                 which are produced
                                                                                                                 in the country by each
                                          Shenzhen’s efforts were led        More than 80% of the electric       manufacturer. Credit targets
                                          by the City Mayor’s office,        buses deployed have been supplied   are assigned by NEV type
                                          but underpinned by clear           by BYD. The close partnership       and manufacturers must
                                          direction by the central Chinese   between the city and manufacturer   meet their average annual
                                          government. As well as support     sped up adoption, and gave the      NEV credit target.
                                          for bus subsidies from central     city greater assurance in making
                                          government, Shenzhen also          the switch. For example, BYD        The Chinese government
                                          became a pilot city for the        developed a ‘lifetime guarantee’    identified 5 pilot cities,
                                          introduction of New Energy         so that any faults or battery       testing new technologies
                                          Vehicles (see box).                failures would be covered by the    and attempting to drive
                                                                             manufacturer.                       down costs by rapid scaling-
                                                                                                                 up of infrastructure and
                                                                                                                 vehicle numbers. The pilot
                                                                                                                 ran from 2009 to 2020.
Zhang Yat Ming Sumsum/Wikimedia Commons
   
GLOBAL STUDIES OF EV INNOVATION _ BUSES    _ 14

CASE STUDY _

SANTIAGO _ CHILE

Santiago de Chile has changed its bus service
procurement model to rapidly accelerate bus
fleet electrification.

   W
               ith a population of over 7 million                     Procurement
               people, Santiago de Chile is one of the                Santiago is now changing its
               largest metropolitan areas in South                    procurement of city bus services
               America.                                               to encourage electric buses. The
                                                                      model was changed to separate
The city has historically suffered from high levels of                the operation of services from the
particulate emissions and deteriorating air quality.                  provision of vehicles - and though
Chile’s national government also committed to the                     it is not mandatory for suppliers to
Paris Agreement and Atmospheric Decontamination                       use electric buses, contract lengths
Plan and its successor agreements and targets.                        for services are 14 years, compared
                                                                      to the standard 10 year contract,
As a result, Santiago’s                                               if the supplier’s fleet is more than
leadership has increasingly                                           50% fully electric.
worked to reduce transport
emissions. In 2018, the          Overcoming challenges                Industry Engagement
city became the first in                                              Utility companies, operators,
                                 in the procurement
the region to demand its                                              consulting institutes, and
vehicle suppliers for public     process, including                   manufacturers have been working
transport meet Euro VI                                                together to understand grid
emission standards and, in
                                 defining technical                   capacity needs, carry out pilot
late 2020, the first electric    specifications to ensure             tests, analyse route selection
buses entered circulation.                                            and build business and service
                                 operational efficiency and           models. To tackle the challenge
Santiago now has the largest     interoperability, is a key           of the high capital cost, an
deployment of electric buses                                          innovative financing mechanism
in absolute numbers of any       element in a fleet-wide              was developed. Vehicles were
city outside China, with 776                                          purchased by utility companies
                                 electrification strategy for
electric buses in operation.                                          and leased to bus operators,
It also has the first electric   public transport”                    allowing the up-front costs of bus
corridor with segregated                                              procurement to be separated from
lanes in South America, with                                          operational costs.
access to bus depots with
charging infrastructure at
either end of the electric
bus corridor.
15 _   EV CITY CASEBOOK 2021

CASE STUDIES _

IZMIR _                                         LONDON _
TURKEY                                          UNITED KINGDOM

A solar power plant at the                      Strategic direction from the
bus depot provides surplus                      Mayor and the integrated
energy for Izmir’s electric                     transport authority has
bus fleet.                                      resulted in the largest
                                                electric bus fleet in Europe.

The City of Izmir has been a testing ground     Mayoral policy to reduce air pollution in
for electric buses. The city municipality       London has paved the way for the largest
signed agreements to reduce greenhouse gas      electric bus fleet in Europe. There are now
emissions by at least 20% by 2020.              437 electric buses, operating across 27
                                                bus routes. 4.8% of the fleet operates with
The transportation                              e-buses.. This has been achieved through
company of the                                  buy-in from Transport for London (TfL)
metropolitan                 We generate        and the Mayor and the drive from all
municipality (ESHOT)                            stakeholders to have zero emission buses in
tested 20 electric
                             enough power       the fleet.
buses on all of its          with our Solar
340 routes to better                            TfL has successfully overcome challenges
understand electric bus      PV to transition   and managed timescales for infrastructure
performance under a          our fleet to       installation and vehicle acquisition. For
range of conditions, and                        example, ensuring bus depots have enough
determine which routes       electric buses.”   power capacity with adequate infrastructure
were suitable for electric                      installation is important for the start dates
buses.                                          of new contracts and routes awarded with
                                                electric buses. Electric buses can take up
A key part of the project is the installation   to 12 months to build depending on the
of 10,000 m2 of Solar PV (with a total power    specification, building this into timescales of
supply of 835 kW) on the bus depot roof.        bus deployment is imperative.
The daily energy needed to power the first
20 buses is exceeded by this provision,
saving 3,776 tonnes of CO2 annually. ESHOT
has chosen to only charge buses overnight at
the depot, to utilise this energy without the
need to rely on opportunity charging.

Now Izmir has a strategy in place to build on
this technical understanding of EV use and
this energy infrastructure, by scaling up to
reach 400 buses by 2024.
GLOBAL STUDIES OF EV INNOVATION _ BUSES     _ 16

KOLKATA _                                      VANCOUVER _
INDIA                                          CANADA

Kolkata is tackling air                        Interoperable overhead
pollution by incorporating                     charging of electric buses.
electric buses into
multimodal transport routes
across the city.

The Government of West Bengal procured         The Canadian Urban Transit Research &
80 electric buses and deployed them on         Innovation Consortium (CUTRIC) worked
routes in densely populated, polluted, and     with a consortium of bus manufacturers,
congested areas – so that they had the         transit agencies, city authorities and
greatest impact on improving air quality and   electricity providers to demonstrate the
ensured equal access to public transport.      feasibility of interoperable high-powered
                                               overhead pantograph charging in cities.
With a complex
mix of existing                                Vancouver was the first city to deploy the
transport systems,    Kolkata, the city        buses in full revenue service. Four electric
the city was keen                              buses were deployed in the fleet. They
to ensure that new    of joy, has run an       were designed to charge with the high-
forms of transport                             power pantograph chargers based on the
integrated with
                      electric tramway         Oppcharge (opportunity) protocol, which
old. So these         for more than a          provides a standardised, interoperable
routes were                                    technology for charging buses and large
designed to           century. The city        vehicles "on-route". The demonstration
connect with          is now also taking       evaluated how the technology operated
ferries, trams, and                            and could be expanded to additional routes
passenger rail to     a leading role to        to enable the broader adoption of electric
create seamless       introduce electric       transit buses.
multi-modal
transportation        buses for public         Sharing data was at the heart of the project:
in the city –                                  Vancouver shared its experience and data
ultimately leading
                      transport.”              with two other transit agencies in Canada,
to faster uptake by                            York Region Transit and Brampton, which
the public.                                    are deploying EV buses across 2020 and
                                               2021.
This will be complemented by using
procurement to drive uptake further,
with future contracts issued by the city’s
transport authority requiring providers to
use electric or CNG buses.
17 _   EV CITY CASEBOOK 2021

GLOBAL STUDIES OF EV INNOVATION _

taxis _
Taxis offer one of the              However, taxi industries can be resistant to
                                    change. Concerns over range and charging
strongest cases for                 time are genuine.

electrification: they
                                    The cities in this chapter understand these
are high-mileage,                   dynamics, and work hard to engage their

intensively-used                    taxi operators – and build infrastructure and
                                    policy that creates a compelling commercial
vehicles which many                 basis for a switch to EVs.

cities already regulate
or licence.
GLOBAL STUDIES OF EV INNOVATION _ TAXIS    _ 18

RECOMMENDATIONS _

Cities should look to scale up
taxi electrification by:

01 _                               02 _                                  03 _
Thinking long-                     Licence                               Using familiar
term about                         requirements                          vehicle types
incentives and
infrastructure
Many cities are aware that high-   Requiring taxis to be electric to     Taxi vehicles vary significantly
mileage users like taxis could     receive licencing is a powerful       by city. Successful cities have
be important to long-term          tool to drive mass uptake. It         often focussed on electric
business models for charging       can set deadlines by which a          versions of familiar vehicles
networks. Cities are designing     taxi has to switch to EV, reduce      – working with the grain of
incentives with an awareness       costs for EVs, or give faster         traditions of rickshaws, two-
of the trade-offs between          approval for EV licences. Early-      wheelers or distinct taxi-cab
short-term uptake and long-        stage EV taxi programmes              designs.
term sustainability: initially     often begin with some kind
delivering comprehensive taxi-     of incentive or discount in
only or shared infrastructure,     licencing: mass uptake can
and introducing low tariffs,       be driven by moving these
but thinking about how these       regulations to EV-first or EV-
features evolve in future.         only approaches.

These features vary by city, but
the concept is to consider the
long-term future of incentives
and infrastructure policy as
early as possible.
19 _   EV CITY CASEBOOK 2021

GLOBAL VIEW _

ONLY 2                                                                         DENVER
cities worldwide have 100%                                                       200
electrified taxi fleets -                                                        2.8M
Taiyuan & Shenzhen

USD163bn
Expected total global
revenue from taxi and ride-
hailing services in 2020

TAXI & RIDE-HAILING COMPANIES LONG TERM
ELECTRIFICATION TARGETS _

DIDI                        UBER               OLA

1M                          100%               20%
EVs available               shift to EV        of fleet to be EV
currently                   by 2040            by 2021

10m
EVs available by 2028

RIDE-HAILING & TNCS                   regulation over TNC operations,
                                      with regulation set at a state,
Recent years have seen the            regional or national level.
disruption of the traditional Taxi
& Ride-hailing model by Transport     Trips from these global ride-hailing   WASHINGTON DC
Network Companies (TNCs).
Companies such as Didi, Uber,
                                      companies are growing fast. In
                                      the USA, trips with TNCs have
                                                                               97
Lyft, Ola, and Grab offer an app-     exceeded taxi trips in many cities:      5.3M
based booking system. Different       for example, in Washington DC
licencing laws in different           TNCs account for approximately
countries mean that in some cities    60 million trips, compared to just
there is no control or city-level     9 million taxi trips per year.
GLOBAL STUDIES OF EV INNOVATION _ TAXIS   _ 20

Number of Electric Taxis
                                City Population
and Private Hire Vehicles

DUNDEE                                                     TAIYUAN
    134                                                        8,292
    149K                                                       3.9M

KIGALI                      NAIROBI                        AHMEDABAD
    50                        11                               UNKNOWN
    1.1M                      1.8M                             8.1M
21 _   EV CITY CASEBOOK 2021

                        CASE STUDY _

                        DUNDEE _ UNITED KINGDOM
Alpegor / Adobe Stock
 

                        Dundee, Scotland’s 4th biggest                  Dundee has a typical taxi fleet for a
                                                                        small city, with over 700 taxis serving a
                        city, is recognised as one of                   population of 150,000. The first electric
                        Europe’s leading cities in the                  taxi was introduced in 2015, and through
                                                                        a combination of regulation, incentives,
                        deployment of electric vehicles.                and direct financial support, almost one in
                                                                        five (19%) of taxis and private hire vehicles
                                                                        are now purely electric. The city’s council,

                           H
                                       armful NOx and particulate       taxi operators, and vehicle companies now
                                       matter levels led to an air      share a commitment to improving the
                                       quality management zone          environment for Dundee’s citizens.
                                       being created in 2012, and
                        the city has looked to electrification as the
                        central component of its strategy to improve
                        air quality.
GLOBAL STUDIES OF EV INNOVATION _ TAXIS     _ 22

Dundee has worked closely with
the taxi industry to deliver a range
of policy changes, incentives,
and infrastructure to support and
encourage the trade to make the
switch to electric vehicles.

                                                        over 100,000 charging sessions per year.
                                                        Over 65% of usage at these hubs is from
Installation of three rapid                             commercial organisations. Taxi companies
charging hubs across the city has                       report that the creation of this infrastructure
accelerated the electrification of                      was crucial to their willingness to switch to
                                                        EVs.
the taxi fleet.”
                                                        Financial support for taxi owners
                                                        Annual safety inspections fees are £11 lower
                                                        for electric taxis, passing on the savings
Using licencing to scale up                             from avoiding emissions test and engine oil
electrification                                         tests on to the vehicle operator.
To encourage electrification of the taxi
fleet, significant changes to taxi licensing            Until November 2019, EVs had access to free
policy were introduced following extensive              electricity at charge points and free parking
engagement with the industry. All new                   in any Dundee City Council bay. The tariffs
private hire licences (known as ‘plates’) have          introduced are designed to cover costs
to be electric for the life of the plate, and if a      only and still lead to operational savings
driver wishes to change a personal plate into           for drivers, but were created to build better
a company plate, then it would have to be               long-term sustainability into the business
electric for the lifetime of that plate.                model for the city.

Public Charging Infrastructure
In 2018 Dundee City Council installed three
charging hubs with 6 rapid charge points
at each hub. These hubs have registered
23 _   EV CITY CASEBOOK 2021

                                        KEY PLAYERS _

                                        DUNDEE _ UNITED KINGDOM

                                        City                        Working                     EV                             National
                                        authority                   Group                       Champion                       Government

                                        Dundee City Council         Strong communications       New firms have often           Funding from both
                                        identified and introduced   and engagement meant        recognised that new            Scotland’s devolved
                                        key policy changes          that industry needs were    technology and licencing       government and
                                        that are supporting the     understood and acted        can be a source of             the UK’s national
                                        transition to a 100% zero   on. A long-standing Taxi    competitive advantage,         government supported
                                        emission taxi fleet – but   Liaison Group was used      prompting others to            the development of the
                                        the crucial element in      to discuss plans well in    follow their innovation.       charging hubs in Dundee.
                                        the city’s success was      advance, with discussion    One taxi firm was
                                        consensus and sustained     of incentives, pressures    instrumental in driving
                                        support from elected        on taxis, and feedback on   change in the sector:
                                        politicians, officials,     the location of charging    David Young, the owner
                                        and wider public sector     infrastructure. Around      of the 203020 taxis,
                                        institutions.               2 years of planning and     introduced a fleet of
                                                                    discussion took place       30 electric vehicles
                                                                    before the first EV taxi    in 2015 and became a
                                                                    was rolled out. With the    passionate advocate
                                                                    council and taxi trade      who encouraged other
                                                                    unions represented, the     businesses to follow
                                                                    group offers a shared       his lead. This kind of
                                                                    forum to agree the role     peer-to-peer promotion
                                                                    of taxis in the city’s      is seen in the city as
                                                                    ambitions.                  influential, given taxis are
                                                                                                a tightly-knit sector.
Urban Foresight / Dundee City Council
   
GLOBAL STUDIES OF EV INNOVATION _ TAXIS       _ 24

CASE STUDY _

NAIROBI _ KENYA

Private provision of             NopiaRide, a private provider, is installing charging
                                 hubs to support the expansion of its electric ride-
charging hubs to support an      hailing fleet. These EVs are designed to mitigate
electric ride-hailing venture.   urban air pollution while retaining the potential of
                                 a new flexible service for mobility in the city. Three
                                 hubs equipped with DC Fast Chargers were built in
                                 shopping malls cross the city. NopiaRide (which is
                                 backed by the EV car share company EkoRent from
                                 Helsinki) is scaling up from 50 EVs to the goal of
                                 having 1,500 vehicles on the road by the end of 2021
                                 – led in part by driver demand, because the lower
                                 running costs of EVs has resulted in a 30-50% increase
                                 in earnings.

CASE STUDY _

KIGALI _ RWANDA

Partnerships between             Rwanda’s capital, Kigali, is aiming to leap-frog
                                 traditional fossil fuel transport with a partnership
utilities and vehicle            between Volkswagen and Siemens. Volkswagen has
manufacturers to bring           a plant in the city, and in December 2019 launched
                                 a ride-hailing app called Move, developed by a local
about an electric ride-          IT start-up. It launched with 50 electric cars and 15
                                 charging stations built by Siemens.
hailing scheme.
25 _   EV CITY CASEBOOK 2021

CASE STUDIES _

TAIYUAN _                                       WASHINGTON DC _
CHINA                                           USA

Financial support led to                        Purpose-built EV
rapid transition of the entire                  charging to support taxi
taxi fleet.                                     electrification.

All 8,292 taxis in Taiyuan were electrified     To encourage taxi drivers
in an eight month period as a result of a       to switch to electric-only      Investing in a
planned taxi fleet renewal supported by         vehicles in Washington DC,
financial subsidies. The city was due to        dedicated taxi charging         charge point
re-licence its fleet, and as that approached,   points were built at the        in central
the city developed strong incentives            central transport hub of
to encourage every taxi to switch. BYD          Union Station. Two Level 3      station
opened a factory in the city to support         charge points were installed
the transition. Subsidies were introduced       which can only be used by
                                                                                dedicated
to cover around two-thirds of the cost of       taxis – not by TNCs or the      for the taxi
a new vehicle. This reduced the capital         general public – thanks to a
costs of a typical electric taxi from around    partnership between a taxi      industry.”
RMB 309,000 (USD 46,000) to only RMB            operator, city government,
109,800 (USD 14,500). This was achieved         and private infrastructure
through subsidies of RMB 100 from the           operator, ChargePoint.
Municipal government, RMB 50,000 from
the Provincial government and RMB 50,000        Charging fees were set at a favourable rate
from Central government.                        of USD 4.50 compared to around USD 9-11
                                                for charge points elsewhere in the city. The
                                                infrastructure has proved popular with the
                                                97 electric taxis in the city, with between
                                                800 to 1000 charging sessions daily in 2019.
GLOBAL STUDIES OF EV INNOVATION _ TAXIS   _ 26

DENVER _                                        AHMEDABAD _
USA                                             INDIA

Changes to the EV                               Serving first and last-mile
tax credit supporting                           journeys with e-rickshaws.
electrification of TNCs.

Legislators opened up Colorado’s electric       E-rickshaws are quieter, faster, cleaner
vehicle tax credit program to rental            and cheaper to operate than traditional
companies and businesses with fleets.           auto rickshaws. In India they offer similar
As part of a series of tax incentives to        opportunities and challenges to e-scooters
encourage electrification, Colorado enabled     in other countries. Ahmedabad has invested
this EV tax credit to be used for TNCs – an     in public transport, including introducing
incentive which few US states offer. This       a new rapid bus service in 2009 and
has resulted in over 200 Kia Niros being        construction of a new metro starting in
deployed for Lyft drivers who can now lease     2015 – but the city still faced significant
the vehicles at a cheaper rate. These drivers   congestion in central locations, as a result
also pay a weekly fee that will give them       of first- and last-mile connections from bus
all-you-can-charge access to electricity from   stations being taken by rickshaw.
several different providers.
                                                In response, the Ahmedabad Municipal
                                                Corporation provided a parking dock
                                                for e-rickshaws in the city, the regional
                                                government introduced subsidies to
                                                stimulate adoption, and at the end of 2020
                                                issued a tender to buy 5,000 e-rickshaws to
                                                sell on to drivers.
27 _   EV CITY CASEBOOK 2021

GLOBAL STUDIES OF EV INNOVATION _

city
fleets _
Urban freight is                    City centres across the world are busy with
                                    fleets owned by logistics firms, municipalities
responsible for one-                themselves, and private businesses. These

quarter of urban                    city fleets tend to be high mileage and
                                    concentrated in city centres, operating in a
transport emissions                 commercial context with tight margins and

in most advanced                    time pressure for journeys: so persuading
                                    them to switch to EVs requires sustained
economies.                          incentives and encouragement.

                                    Working with businesses to address these
                                    challenges and switch these fleets to electric
                                    is essential if cities are to achieve their
                                    decarbonisation goals.
GLOBAL STUDIES OF EV INNOVATION _ CITY FLEETS   _ 28

RECOMMENDATIONS _

Cities should look to scale up
city fleet electrification by:

01 _                             02 _                                 03 _
Shifting                         Road access                          Business
procurement                      and use tools                        engagement
from some                                                             programmes
EVs, to EV-by-
default
Many cities looked to            Many city fleets, like               City fleets have a wide
procurement of EVs in            logistics companies and              range of ownership
municipal fleets to begin        business owners, want                models, and hugely
their electrification            access to city centres or            variable patterns of
journey. Mature EV               business districts. Policy           replacement cycles
cities now operate               tools like clean air zones,          and vehicle lifespans.
procurement so that              congestion charging,                 Comprehensive
municipal fleets buy EVs         clean-logistics zones, or            communications
in all but exceptional           lane use can be effective            plans for a business
circumstances.                   in moving from early to              audience are important
                                 mass adoption of EVs by              to understanding their
                                 these vehicle users.                 concerns, persuading
                                                                      firms to make the switch
                                                                      to EVs, and generating
                                                                      support from a wide
                                                                      range of stakeholders.
29 _   EV CITY CASEBOOK 2021

GLOBAL VIEW _

URBAN FREIGHT CO2 EMISSIONS _                                                MODESTO
                of global
                transport GHG
   6%           emissions

                of European
                city urban
  25%           transport
                emissions

GLOBAL LOGISTICS MARKET _

USD6TN                4.5%            45%
Estimated market      Annual          of global
worth by end          growth          spend is
of 2020               forecast        from Asia
                                      Pacific

GLOBAL LOGISTICS                      prescribed specifications. Amazon
COMPANIES                             has ordered 100,000 Rivian
ELECTRIFYING                          e-trucks, 10,000 electric rickshaws,
                                      and 1,000 e-cargo bikes. UPS has
Multinational logistics companies     ordered 10,000 trucks from the         LOS ANGELES
are developing long term plans        London based start-up Arrival.
to transition significant parts of    FedEx has deployed 1,000 Chanje
their fleets to electric. Many have   V8100 electric delivery vehicles
started publishing targets. DPDHL     with plans to electrify 42 FedEx
has already deployed more than        stations in California to allow the
10,000 electric StreetScooters –      deployment of more vehicles in
an electric delivery van made to      the future.
GLOBAL STUDIES OF EV INNOVATION _ CITY FLEETS   _ 30

E-commerce has increased freight volume in cities and shifted logistics
vehicles to local streets and arterials. As the EV market grows, electrification
of logistics vehicles can play a significant role in reducing air pollution in cities.

        OSLO                                STOCKHOLM

        ROTTERDAM                           BERLIN                              HAIKOU
31 _   EV CITY CASEBOOK 2021

                         CASE STUDY _

                         STOCKHOLM _ SWEDEN
Micael Widell/Unsplash
 

                         Stockholm is a growing city,
                                                           D
                                                                        ecarbonising transport whilst
                                                                        extending services to meet
                         with forecasts estimating a                    population growth is high on
                         population increase of 25%                     the agenda for city officials.
                                                        The city has a decarbonisation target of
                         by 2030 from the current       2040, and the key mechanism for reducing
                                                        its fleet emission has been the innovative
                         one million people.            Clean Vehicles in Stockholm programme.
                                                        This has been run by the City of Stockholm
                                                        since 1994, and focusses on driving adoption
                                                        through procurement.
GLOBAL STUDIES OF EV INNOVATION _ CITY FLEETS    _ 32

Stockholm has supported EV
adoption in its municipal fleet by
delivering a leading procurement
strategy that considers EVs first
for any vehicle replacement and
transport service.

The strategy has focused on a range of clean             there is a single annual procurement
vehicles – those with tailpipe emissions less            to create lower costs for the authority,
than 50 g CO2/km, including ethanol, biogas,             replacing 100 vehicles per year across the
hybrid, and plug-in hybrids. The city’s fleet            city’s departments.
now consists of 99% clean
vehicles of which 27% are                                         Charging ahead of demand
fully electric, and has a                                         Deploying charging infrastructure
specific target of completely
decarbonising by 2030.
                                A progressive                     has been a key challenge. Some
                                                                  council sites are rented or vehicles

EV-first procurement
                                procurement                       are parked on street, so the
                                                                  city had to increase provision
Ensuring procurement
considers EVs first was key     framework                         elsewhere and in its own sites.
                                                                  There are dedicated charge
to Stockholm’s transition
to electric. When a new         helped to deliver                 points for the city’s own vehicles,
                                                                  reducing reliability concerns
vehicle is considered for
purchase, the fleet manager     our low carbon                    from staff.

                                transport
assesses the needs of
the department to see if

                                ambitions.”
choosing an EV is possible,
or if e-bikes or cargo bikes
might be suitable. To help
staff consider this switch,
a suitable EV is available to
test drive for a couple of weeks to reduce
any concerns. The fleet manager ensures
33 _   EV CITY CASEBOOK 2021

                       KEY PLAYERS _

                       STOCKHOLM _SWEDEN

                       Senior                              Municipal Fleet
                       Government                          Lead
                       officials

                       National political leadership       The city’s Central Fleet
                       catalysed the decarbonisation of    Management has played a central
                       the municipal fleet in Stockholm.   role in electrification. The Fleet
                       This started with the 1994 EV       Managers assess each new vehicle
                       programme, and top-down             request to ensure that electric
                       political support has continued     vehicles are procured first if they
                       in the development of the           can fit the purpose.
                       programme.
Gemma Evans/Unsplash
 
GLOBAL STUDIES OF EV INNOVATION _ CITY FLEETS       _ 34

CASE STUDY _

MODESTO _ USA

With financial assistance,                Frito-Lay is a food manufacturer with a major
                                          plant in Modesto, California. This will become its
Frito Lay has led one of the              first to use an entirely sustainable fleet of vehicles,
biggest electrifications of               enabled by governmental financial support and the
                                          assistance of CALSTART. Frito-Lay is deploying 15
logistics in the world.                   Tesla semis, 38 Volvo natural gas-powered semis,
                                          six electric Peterbilt box trucks, 12 electric forklifts
                                          and three electric yard tractors. This was supported
                                          by a USD 15.4 million grant from the California Air
Proud to use an entirely sustainable      Resources Board, a USD 13.5 million in matching
                                          funds from Frito-Lay with another USD 1.8 million
fleet of vehicles as part of a holistic
                                          coming from American Natural Gas. This support is
approach to reduce the plant’s            driving one of the largest electrifications of a private
                                          logistics facility in the world.
carbon footprint.”

CASE STUDY _

BERLIN _ GERMANY

Over the past six years 1000              The push for zero-emission delivery led the company
                                          to adopt and integrate new vehicles such as cargo
electric logistics vehicles               bikes for urban deliveries. It built electric into each
(including delivery vans,                 part of the delivery journey across a modern logistics
                                          firm operating at scale - as well as manufacturing its
e-bikes, and e-trikes) have               own StreetScooter delivery van for its fleets. There
                                          are now over a thousand e-bikes and e-trikes in Berlin
been deployed across                      delivering parcels and letters for DHL. The company
several of DHL’s Berlin                   has a target that by 2025, 70% of first and last mile
                                          trips will be electrified, up from the current rate of
depots for delivering parcels             35-36%. All charging of the logistics fleet takes place
                                          in DHL’s depots, and DHL has three infrastructure
and letters.                              partners for development of
                                          further facilities.
35 _   EV CITY CASEBOOK 2021

CASE STUDIES _

HAIKOU, HANAN _                                   LOS ANGELES _
CHINA                                             USA

The first province in China                       Supporting electrification of
to announce official targets                      municipal fleets across the
to shift to clean energy                          USA by the Climate Mayors
vehicles in municipal fleets                      Electric Vehicles Purchasing
by 2030.                                          Collaborative.

In 2019, Hainan became the first province         The City of Los Angeles is electrifying its
in China to announce official targets for a       entire government fleet, with more than 800
transition to 100% clean energy vehicles for      electric vehicles already deployed.
its fleets set out in “Development Plan of
Clean Energy Vehicles in Hainan Province”.        One of the key mechanisms to support the
This will be achieved through three five-         city government’s fleet electrification is the
year phases, which will initially target public   Climate Mayors’ Purchasing Collaborative:
fleets, such as government vehicles and           an online platform and resource portal that
buses, and will apply to private passenger        guides and encourages city leaders and
and commercial fleets in later years. In          public bodies across the USA to buy EVs
2020, Government, bus, taxi, postal/              collectively, reducing costs and sharing
logistics service, and car share services must    best practice on implementation. This was
purchase EVs when updating their fleets.          launched by the Los Angeles Mayor Eric
                                                  Garcetti in 2018, and participating cities
The regional strategy sets out a clear            have collectively committed to purchasing
technology roadmap. It recognises that as         more than 2,000 EVs to date. For example,
an interim step, plug-in hybrid and natural-      one of the other cities in the collective,
gas vehicles might be necessary – but as          Austin, Texas, has now deployed 330 EVs in
costs reduce and technology matures,              its municipal fleet.
battery electric and fuel cell vehicles are the
ultimate goal.
GLOBAL STUDIES OF EV INNOVATION _ CITY FLEETS      _ 36

ROTTERDAM _                                      OSLO _
THE NETHERLANDS                                  NORWAY

Creating a fast-charging                         Catalysing electrification of
plaza to support a 2025                          logistics by introducing a
zero-emissions target.                           LEZ.

A fast charging plaza was built in Rotterdam,    Oslo has implemented a Low Emission Zone
with eight parking spaces to support zero-       in the form of three toll rings around the
emission parcel transport in and around          city, where the toll rates are dependent on
the Rotterdam city centre – meeting the          type of fuel. Toll rates for diesel cars are the
city’s overall 2025 zero-emissions target for    most expensive, while EVs pay only 50 per
logistics.                                       cent of petrol cars for entering the different
                                                 zones. Zero-emission trucks (weight above
The FLEX EV consortium included a range          3.5 ton) are exempt from paying the toll.
of organisations, including the Dutch            This has incentivised logistics companies to
transport research agency TNO, a charging        deploy zero emissions vehicles. For example,
infrastructure provider, electric truck          DB Schenker has opened a zero-emission
developer EMOSS, and logistics firms DHL         city hub with 23 electric vehicles, including
and Road Runner couriers – all working           electric trucks, vans and bicycles. Every day,
together to design logistics fleets around the   around 800 consignments in Oslo will be
charging plaza.                                  delivered from this depot using an electric
                                                 vehicle.
This was made possible with financial
support of EUR 1.9 million (USD 2.24
million) from Demonstration Climate
Technologies and Innovations in Transport
(DKTI-Transport), a Dutch government
scheme to support demonstration projects
which might have potential to move to
mass adoption.
37 _   EV CITY CASEBOOK 2021

GLOBAL STUDIES OF EV INNOVATION _

shared
mobility _
Shared mobility                     Car share schemes have grown in popularity,
                                    while scooters, e-scooters, bike share
schemes include                     schemes and e-bikes have all rapidly

some of the newest                  increased in numbers, fuelled by new apps
                                    and mobile technology.
and most exciting
technologies in                     These forms of shared mobility can
                                    directly replace car use. They usually have
transport.                          lower manufacturing and battery costs.
                                    So they have the potential to lead mass
                                    adoption faster and more easily than other
                                    technologies. How can cities use these
                                    innovations to get to mass electric mobility?
                                    How can EV efforts integrate with these other
                                    technologies?
GLOBAL STUDIES OF EV INNOVATION _ SHARED MOBILITY     _ 38

RECOMMENDATIONS _

Cities should look to
scale up shared mobility
electrification by:

01 _                                                 02 _
Clear principles                                     Future-proofing for
for space and use                                    digital integration
of micromobility                                     between systems
schemes
Concerns over street clutter, access                 Even if cities encourage private markets in
to charging, and space use can create                mobility, city administrations play a major
opposition to micromobility schemes from             role in making systems coherent for their
political and business stakeholders. Clear           citizens. In practice, mass EV adoption
locations for storage and charging, and clear        is more likely if systems are digitally
road and pavement access rights for e-bikes,         integrated, with single ticketing, charging
e-scooters and micromobility schemes                 and access systems – even if the providers
can take advantage of these exciting new             compete with each other. Cities should see
technologies, without undermining support            their role as enabling future integration and
for them.                                            modal switch away from private petrol and
                                                     diesel cars more likely, by brokering data and
                                                     information-sharing protocols.
39 _   EV CITY CASEBOOK 2021

GLOBAL VIEW _

OVER 600                   OVER 2900
cities, across 50           e-bike sharing
countries, offer            schemes operate
shared mobility             worldwide
devices                                                    SANTA MONICA
                                                             3,200
NUMBER OF SHARED E-BIKES _

    ASIA                                36,963
       EUR                      25,564
N.AMER                  13,894

PROJECTED GROWTH OF SHARED E-SCOOTERS _

2019                                                2024
774,000                                        4.6M

USD41.98BN                  85,000
Projected value of shared   Shared e-scooters
e-scooter market            available in North
by 2030                     America, 2018

CAR SHARE SCHEMES AVAILABLE WORLDWIDE _

3128 CITIES IN 59 COUNTRIES
OPERATE CAR SHARE SCHEMES

                     of these 59 countries
    66%              have introduced EVs as
                                                                     MADRID
                     part of a car share fleet in
                     at least one of their cities                      2,000

OVER 236              managing either free-
                      floating, station based or
OPERATORS             peer-to-peer car share
                      services
GLOBAL STUDIES OF EV INNOVATION _ SHARED MOBILITY   _ 40

Number of car    Number in
share EVs        micromobility fleet

UTRECHT         COPENHAGEN                      SHANGHAI
   250              2,000                            6,400

PARIS           MILAN                           SINGAPORE
    21,000        510                                1,200
41 _   EV CITY CASEBOOK 2021

                            CASE STUDY _

                            MADRID _ SPAIN
Giuseppe Buccola/Unsplash
  

                               M
                                          adrid is a city with                      larger area restricting access for
                                          low private car                           highly polluting vehicles.
                                          ownership – only        Competitive
                                          around one in five      car share         100% electric vehicles benefit from
                            residents own a car. This is due to   market along      free parking on-street and in public
                            good public transport provision,                        car parks with no time limit, and
                            high population density, and          with our Low      plug-in hybrid vehicles pay 50% of
                            concerted policies to reduce car      Emission Zone     the parking cost with a time limit
                            use.                                  is pushing our    of 2 hours.

                            The city introduced a Low
                                                                  switch to EVs.”   The LEZ is monitored by ANPR
                            Emission Zone in central Madrid                         cameras which use the national
                            but faced growing poor air quality                      database to ensure vehicles adhere
                            issues outside the central zone.                        to legislation.
                            To tackle this, ‘Madrid 360’ was
                            introduced in January 2020 as a
GLOBAL STUDIES OF EV INNOVATION _ SHARED MOBILITY       _ 42

Users have access
to over 2,000
electric vehicles
in the city.
Multiple car share    Policy framework for private          automotive industry. Share Now is
                      provision                             owned by Daimler AG and BMW,
schemes are           Car share schemes have operated       Zity is backed by Renault, and
operating in Madrid   within the city since 2016,           PSA Groupe operate Emov. All the
                      two years before the LEZ was          companies that operate car share
in a dynamic,         established. The car share services   schemes in the city have their
                      are all private initiatives which     own app to book vehicles. There
competitive market.   are not regulated by the city         is some initial work ongoing to
                      government.                           integrate these apps together into
                                                            the ‘MaaS Madrid’ app – a good
                      There are few to no barriers to       example of how electrification
                      setting up car share schemes - with   policy interacts with emerging
                      no subsidies, no allocated bays,      mobility as a service concepts.
                      and no direct intervention from
                      the city. But thanks to the LEZ’s     Reducing user need to
                      overarching regulation of vehicle     charge
                      use, car share operators have still   Users of the car share schemes are
                      switched to EVs – and so public       not required to plug vehicles into
                      policy goals of reducing emissions    charge points. Instead, companies
                      have still been advanced.             remotely monitor the state of
                                                            charge of vehicles and collect them
                      Digital spin-offs from major          to recharge them when necessary.
                      autos                                 This enables ‘free floating’ car
                      Some of the car share schemes         schemes, rather than cars based at
                      operating in Madrid are backed by     fixed locations – making it much
                      large organisations involved in the   easier for a user to access cars.
43 _   EV CITY CASEBOOK 2021

KEY PLAYERS _

MADRID _ SPAIN

                           FLEET SIZE & TYPE _            PRICING MODEL (USD) _

ShareNow
                           500                            0.22 - 0.36
                           Smart cars                     per minute (plus 0.39 per km
                                                          above 200km)

Zity
                           658                            0.21 - 0.31
                           Smart cars and                 per minute. Flat rates for 4, 8
                           Renault Zoes                   and 24 hours.

Emov
                           500                            0.22 - 0.36
                           Citreon C-Zero                 per minute (plus 0.31 per km
                                                          above 250km)

Wible

                           500                            0.29             7.06
                           Kia Nero Plug-ins              per minute       per hour

                                                          Beyond Madrid boundaries,
                                                          5.88 per day with 100km inc.

Wishlife
                           35                             0.94             0.47
                           Nissan Leaf, Renault Zoe,      first 10km       per km for
                           Tesla Model 3, Jaguar I-Pace                    further
                           & VW e-Golf                                     distance
GLOBAL STUDIES OF EV INNOVATION _ SHARED MOBILITY      _ 44

CASE STUDY _

PARIS _ FRANCE

Building on a successful bike share
scheme, the city is regulating operators
who have now deployed thousands of
electric bikes and e-scooters.

   P
              aris is globally recognised                       micromobility devices can only park in the
              for its work in shared                            2,500 spaces the city has allocated for this
              micromobility, and a                              purpose, or in car/motorcycle on-street
              combination of regulation,                        spaces.
financial support, and spatial policy has built
on this reputation in newer technologies.                       Financial support
                                                                The Velib docked e-bike sharing scheme
Road Space Allocation                                           was procured with financial support from
Paris faced challenges in                                       the city. The management contract is for 15
potential conflicts over use         Regulation                 years (starting in 2018) held by a syndicate
of public space. Many bikes                                     of 31 local authorities in and around Paris.
and micromobility vehicles           is key to
drive and park on sidewalks,
often in central areas with high     successful
density of pedestrians. This led
to concerns over the impact          to shared
on pedestrians, particularly
elderly and disabled citizens.       micromobility
To resolve this issue, the City
created 2500 stations with           schemes.”
15,000 parking spots reserved
for e-scooters. Docked e-bikes
have approximately 32,000
parking spaces across
the city.

Rules and Regulations
Legislation has been enacted nationally
and by city authorities to ensure devices
benefit the city. Since 2019, micromobility
operators (except the Velib scheme) pay a
fee to operate in the city. These operators
are limited on the number of devices
they can deploy in the city. Free floating
45 _   EV CITY CASEBOOK 2021

                            KEY PLAYERS _

                            PARIS _ FRANCE

                                              Lime             Doot             Tier             Velib            Jump

                            VEHICLES _        5000             5000             5000             6000             500
                                              Electric foot-   Electric foot-   Electric foot-   Electric bikes   Electric bikes
                                              scooters         scooters         scooters

                            CHARGING _        Free-floating    Free-floating    Free-floating    Public           Free-floating
                                                                                                 station-
                                                                                                 based

                            FINANCING _       Self-            Self-            Self-            Subsidised       Self-
                                              financed, pay    financed, pay    financed, pay    by the city,     financed, pay
                                              a fee to the     a fee to the     a fee to the     under city       a fee to the
                                              city             city             city             contract         city
Robin Berg/We Drive Solar
  
GLOBAL STUDIES OF EV INNOVATION _ SHARED MOBILITY     _ 46

CASE STUDIES _

UTRECHT _                                            MILAN _
THE NETHERLANDS                                      ITALY

An innovative car share                              Long term vision for electric
scheme linking microscale                            car sharing with policies
renewables to EV charging.                           to ensure electrification of
                                                     services for new vehicles
                                                     from 2024.

We Drive Solar consists of a fleet of around         Milan has multiple car share schemes
70 EVs in Utrecht which are charged through          operating EVs, including ShareNow and
roof-mounted Solar PV in a microgrid. The            Sharengo. These schemes are a mixture
vehicles park in charging plazas which We            of free floating and station-based car
Drive Solar owns. The                                share services, with dedicated charging
company focuses on                                   infrastructure associated with EV car share
people who would use                                 parking spaces.
the cars on a regular         Organic
basis.                        growth of car          The services are let under contract from
                                                     the city government for up to seven
The project is               share vehicles          years, and from 1st January 2024 the car
particularly innovative                              share companies are obliged to switch to
                             enabling
as it uses the vehicles                              electric vehicles for any new purchases or
along with bi-directional    reduction in            substitutes into the scheme. The car share
charging infrastructure                              companies have to pay the city authority
as ‘mobile storage’ on
                             car ownership           EUR 1,200 (USD 1,428) per year per space,
the microgrid. EVs offer     for residents.”         but this is waived if the vehicle is electric.
fast response, short term                            17% of the 3,000 car share vehicles in the
storage to balance the                               city are now electric.
grid, with only a million
vehicles needed to balance the grid in The
Netherlands, We Drive Solar is a solution
that supports the grid and encourages EVs.

The initiative has been supported by
a multitude of partners including the
municipality of Utrecht, Renault, Last Mile
Solutions (the charging station management
service provider), and Elaad NL(the
knowledge and innovation center of the
Dutch grid/network operators on EV and
smart charging). We Drive Solar operations
are expanding sustainably across other cities
such as Rotterdam, Amsterdam, and
The Hague.
47 _   EV CITY CASEBOOK 2021

CASE STUDIES _

COPENHAGEN _                                     SANTA MONICA _
DENMARK                                          USA

Bike sharing scheme                              First city to see the spread
supported by the city                            of dockless e-scooters
authority.

Copenhagen has adopted a new vehicle             In 2017, Santa Monica became the first city
sharing platform for its e-bike fleet.           to see hundreds of e-scooters deployed
Bike sharing has been commonplace in             across the city. With no municipal
Copenhagen since the 1990s, and a new            regulation, permits, or requirements, and
partnership between the Italian technology       a high number of tourists visiting the city
and engineering firm SITAEL, and Bycyklen,       to use the devices,
a Danish cycling start-up, won a tender led      it was viewed by
by the city to create a new platform. It now     micromobility
has over 2000 electric bikes available across    providers as an ideal      As one of the
the city.                                        test ground.
                                                                          first cities to
The scheme has features to help its effective    In September 2018,
                                                                          see dockless
management, such as a safe locking system        these e-scooters
for the vehicles, a satellite geolocation        became regulated with    micromobility take
feature, and access to usage data and            permits from the city.
diagnostic information of fleets in real time.   These were issued to
                                                                          off – practically
                                                 four companies with a    overnight – we
From a user perspective, the app enables         vehicle cap.
riders to undock vehicles with their                                      paved the way
smartphone, look up vehicle availability,        Throughout the 18        in regulation
take advantage of promotions to support          month pilot, data
bikes’ redistribution operations, and make       was collected to         to create a
automatic payments for sharing sessions.         understand how
                                                                          framework for
                                                 people used the
                                                 vehicles, what the       these companies
                                                 challenges were, and
                                                 how they could be
                                                                          to operate.”
                                                 addressed. As a result,
                                                 Santa Monica still has
                                                 the early dynamism of
                                                 a start-up market in micromobility – with no
                                                 requirement for suppliers to provide docks
                                                 – but in the context of publicly-regulated
                                                 market which the city’s authorities can
                                                 shape.
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