SCIENTIFIC REPORT 2015-2017 - Max Planck Institute for Chemistr y (Otto Hahn Institute)
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MF SCIENTIFIC REPORT 2015-2017 Max Planck Institute for Chemistr y ( O t t o Ha h n I n s t i t u t e )
Atmospheric Chemistry · Biogeochemistry · Climate Geochemistry ·
Multiphase Chemistry · Particle Chemistry
SCIENTIFIC REPORT
2015–2017
MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR CHEMISTRY | SCIENTIFIC REPORT 2015–2017
CONTENT
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6 Preface 42 BIOGEOCHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT 74 MULTIPHASE CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT 108 FURTHER RESEARCH GROUPS
46 The life cycle of aerosols in the natural atmosphere 78 Aerosol, cloud & surface interactions (H. Su ) 110 Aerosols & regional air quality (Y. Cheng)
8 GENERAL INFORMATION (M. O. Andreae)
80 Biomolecular analyses & interactions (J. Fröhlich) 112 High pressure chemistry and physics (M. Eremets)
9 Objectives and organization 48 Aerosol analysis in the Amazon rainforest (C. Pöhlker)
82 Inflammatory processes (K. Lucas) 114 Terrestrial palaeoclimates (K. Fitzsimmons)
11 Organization chart 50 Fluxes of reactive nitrogen species and ozone (M. Sörgel)
84 Microbial communities & processes (B. Weber) 116 Satellite remote sensing (T. Wagner)
12 Major collaborations and projects 52 Process-related enclosure studies with plants and soils to un-
derstand biosphere-atmosphere exchange of carbonyl sulfide 86 Organic aerosols & oxidants (M. Shiraiwa)
16 Field measurements & expeditions 2014-2017 118 JOINT SERVICES
(J. Kesselmeier) 88 Organic pollutants & exposure (G. Lammel)
18 Scientific publications 123 Staff & budget
54 Global vegetation vires and development of public policies: 90 Multiscale interactions & integration (U. Pöschl)
20 Junior researchers and visiting scientists Progress in building the science-policy interface 124 Glossary
(J. G. Goldammer)
21 Farewell symposium for “Andi” Andreae 92 PARTICLE CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT 126 Contact and imprint
56 Database projects within the Biogeochemistry Department
22 History (B. Sarbas) 96 The Asian Monsoon Anticyclone – First airborne in situ mea-
surements on physics and chemistry of aerosols and clouds
(S. Borrmann)
24 ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT 58 CLIMATE GEOCHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
98 Vertical distribution of sub-micrometer sized aerosols in the
28 Radical chemistry and the self-cleaning capacity of the 62 Seasonal investigations of paleoceanographic ocean proxies UT/LS of the Asian Monsoon region (R. Weigel)
atmosphere (H. Harder) with the RV Eugen Seibold (G. H. Haug)
100 Urban aerosols in European cities: Sources and dynamics in
30 The identification of air masses affected by the Indian summer 64 Highly resolved Mg/Ca depth profiles of foraminifers to Rome and Paris (F. Drewnick)
monsoon during the Oxidation Mechanism Observations unravel the climate of the past (K. P. Jochum)
(OMO) campaign (H. Fischer) 102 Aerosols in the Arctic troposphere: Composition, sources, and
66 Microfossil proxy calibration in paleoceanograhy and impact on cloud formation (J. Schneider)
32 Radical induced oxidation of organics: Field and laboratory paleoclimate (R. Schiebel)
studies of NO3 and OH chemistry (J. Crowley) 104 Laboratory and numerical investigation of ice nucleation in
68 Importance of dust for biogeochemical cycles and paleoclimate mixed phase clouds (M. Szakall, K. Diehl)
34 Volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere (J. Williams) (S. Galer )
106 Nano- and microanalytical studies on matter from space and
36 Vegetation fires and their emissions to the atmosphere 70 The role of the Southern Ocean in glacial-Interglacial changes Earth (P. Hoppe)
(J. Kaiser) in atmospheric CO2 concentrations (A. Martínez-García)
38 Numerical modeling of atmospheric chemistry (A. Pozzer) 72 The environmental isotope signal captured in (skeletal)
carbonates (H. Vonhof)
40 Atmospheric chemistry impacts on air quality and climate
(J. Lelieveld) 80°N
300
100
80
40°N 60
40
20
9
0° 7
5
3 Cover picture:
1
40°S Annual average surface concentration
0.8
0.6
of PM2.5 at 50% relative humidity in
0.4 µg m-3, simulated by the EMAC model
0.2 (www.messy-interface.org)
80°S
0 (Credit: Andrea Pozzer).
100°W 0° 100°E
MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR CHEMISTRY | SCIENTIFIC REPORT 2015–2017
PREFACE
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The years 2015–2017 have been both a Biogeochemistry, the MPI for Meteorol- and development led by Andi Andreae undertake an exceptionally challenging and a large step on the way to achieving now spreading across the sciences and
very challenging and a highly success- ogy, and further partners in the Earth and Jürgen Kesselmeier, the ATTO ship measurement campaign around the room temperature superconductivity. humanities. Institute members play key
ful period for the Max Planck Institute System Research Partnership (ESRP). project now yields unique insights Arabian Peninsula to unravel the effects They sparked enormous excitement in roles in international initiatives for a
for Chemistry (MPIC). into the climate and ecosystem of the of natural and anthropogenic emissions the physical, chemical, and materials science-oriented large-scale implementa-
On the other hand, the Biogeochemis- Amazon rainforest. Accordingly, the on air quality, climate, and public health science communities, triggering a wave tion of open access to research publica-
First and foremost, the Climate Geo- try Department of Meinrat O. (Andi) investigations will continue with Andi in the Middle East (AQABA). More- of follow-up studies that confirmed and tions. As the increasing share of open
chemistry Department of Gerald H. Andreae has gradually downscaled its as an emeritus member and with other over, a series of challenging airborne extended the spectacular results. access to MPIC publications in peer-
Haug was launched in 2015 and has activities and was closed in 2017, after ATTO researchers who have moved to measurement campaigns, ranging reviewed scientific journals approaches
swiftly grown to full size. Gerald and 32 years of pioneering research on the different MPIC departments. Special from tropical to polar regions, were Another scientific outcome that con- 50%, the Institute continues to be a pace-
his team bring exciting new research atmosphere-biosphere exchange of thanks go to Andi and his entire team performed with a variety of research tinues to gain momentum is the notion maker of open science for the benefit of
directions to the Institute, addressing aerosols and gases and their influence for their great contributions to scientific aircraft (HALO, Geophysica, AWI Polar of the Anthropocene, as established by scientific and societal progress.
Earth history and climate change over on clouds, precipitation, and climate. progress, to the Institute’s success, and 5 & 6, DLR Falcon). The field observa- Paul Crutzen and colleagues to describe
time scales from decades to millions The great success of the Department’s to the smooth organizational rearrange- tions were complemented by physical, the present era of globally pervasive and Overall, the scientific and societal
of years. Excellent new members have truly interdisciplinary research and ments of the past years. chemical, and biological laboratory ex- steeply increasing influence of human impact of the Institute confirms the
joined the team, and new state-of- international collaborations was re- periments and numerical model studies activities on planet Earth. It helps our high value of scientific freedom and
the-art laboratories and equipment flected in a farewell symposium on the In addition to establishing ATTO, the investigating the sources and interac- society recognize that humans are indeed fundamental research according to the
for elemental, isotopic, and molecular “Facets of Biogeochemistry”, attended MPIC has successfully carried out a tions of air pollutants that influence shaping the planet and should take care Harnack principle and traditions of the
tracer analysis have been installed and by scientific colleagues and friends wide range of other challenging field climate and public health. to get things right with regard to global Max Planck Society.
brought into operation for the investiga- from all around the world. One of the measurements and expeditions as change, climate, and public health.
tion of ocean sediments and plankton. Department’s major achievements detailed in this report. In particular, the A special research highlight was the dis-
The climate history and ocean science and legacies is the Amazon Tall Tower Atmospheric Chemistry, Multiphase covery of superconductivity at record- For efficient communication of sci-
perspectives of the new Department Observatory (ATTO), which includes Chemistry, and Particle Chemistry breaking temperatures of up to 203 K in entific findings and insights, MPIC
are greatly strengthening and extend- a 325 m measurement tower that is the Departments have closely collaborated hydrogen sulfide under high pressure researchers have pioneered the con- Ulrich Pöschl, Managing Director
ing the scientific scope of the MPIC highest construction in South America. and have received excellent support (>1 Mbar) by Mikhail Eremets and his cepts of interactive open access publish- December 2017
and its collaboration with the MPI for After more than a decade of preparation from the Institute’s Joint Services to team. These findings were a milestone ing and public peer review, which are
From the left: Sediment laboratory in the Climate Geochemistry Department, Farewell symposium for Meinrat O. Andreae, Institute building,
ATTO measurement tower, Meeting of the Anthropocene Working Group.
GENERAL INFORMATION OBJECTIVES & ORGANIZATION
8_ 9
THE INSTITUTE
The Max Planck Institute for Chemistry
has a long tradition of multidisciplinary
research at the interfaces between
chemistry, physics, biology, and the geo-
sciences. Current research at the MPIC
is focused on a comprehensive under-
standing of chemical processes in the
Earth system, including the atmosphere,
biosphere, and oceans.
Investigations address a wide range of
interactions between air, water, soil,
life, and climate over the course of
Earth history up to the Anthropocene –
today’s human-driven epoch. Scientists
MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE conduct laboratory experiments and use Gerald H. Haug, Meinrat O. Andreae, Jos Lelieveld, Ulrich Pöschl and Stephan Borrmann
FOR CHEMISTRY ground-based observatories, vehicles, (from left to right).
ships, airplanes, and satellite instru-
ments to obtain measurement data and take turns in serving as the spokes- anthropogenic emissions of gases and
Our goal: a comprehensive scientific understanding and collect samples during long-term person of the board of directors and particles on air quality and climate.
of chemical processes in the Earth System. observations and expeditions. Mathe- managing director of the Institute. Ulrich
Our methods: ground-based, ship, aircraft matical models that simulate chemical, Pöschl has been serving in this position The Biogeochemistry Department
physical, and biological processes from since 2014, and Gerald Haug is expected directed by Meinrat O. Andreae
and satellite measurements, laboratory molecular to global scales complement to take office for the next term. investigated interactions between the
investigations, numerical models. the experimental studies. One of the terrestrial and marine biosphere and
common themes of research at MPIC is DEPARTMENTS the chemistry of Earth. It performed
to determine how air pollutants, includ- field experiments to study exchange
ing reactive trace gases and aerosols, af- The Atmospheric Chemistry Depart- processes of trace gases and aerosols
fect the atmosphere, biosphere, climate, ment directed by Jos Lelieveld focuses between the soil-vegetation system and
and public health. Other key topics are on ozone chemistry and radical reaction the atmosphere. This included the en-
the air-sea exchange and biogeochemi- mechanisms, and their role in atmo- vironmental effects of vegetation fires.
cal cycling of greenhouse gases, oceanic spheric oxidation pathways and the Laboratory studies were performed to
nutrients, and related substances. global cycles of trace compounds. These analyze geological records to elucidate
processes, which are important for the the past states of the Earth System.
At present, the Institute employs some self-cleaning capacity of the atmo- Upon the retirement of Meinrat O.
300 staff in four departments and four sphere, are studied through laboratory Andreae, the Biogeochemistry Depart-
additional research groups. Each depart- investigations and field measurement ment expired in May 2017.
ment is led by a director who is a scien- campaigns, in particular with aircraft.
tific member of the Max Planck Society Computer models that simulate meteo- The Climate Geochemistry Department
and has the responsibility of defining the rological and chemical interactions are directed by Gerald H. Haug addresses
scientific objectives and guiding the re- used to support and analyze the field climate-ocean-atmosphere processes
search of the department. The directors measurements. Models are also applied and large-scale dynamics in global bio-
jointly guide the Institute’s development to assess the impacts of natural and geochemical cycles as revealed by sedi-
MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR CHEMISTRY | SCIENTIFIC REPORT 2015–2017
ORGANIZATION CHART
10 _ 11
mentary and fossil records. To quantify FURTHER RESEARCH GROUPS SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY BOARD Board of Directors: Stephan Borrmann, Gerald H. Haug, Jos Lelieveld, Ulrich Pöschl | Managing Director: Ulrich Pöschl
the mechanisms and causes of major
changes in Earth’s environmental condi- The Aerosols and Regional Air Quality An international Scientific Advisory ATMOSPHERIC BIOGEOCHEMISTRY CLIMATE MULTIPHASE PARTICLE FURTHER RESEARCH JOINT SERVICES
tions the department employs a diverse group led by Yafang Cheng and sup- Board that reports to the President of CHEMISTRY (until May 2017) GEOCHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY GROUPS
J. Lelieveld M. O. Andreae G. Haug U. Pöschl S. Borrmann
geochemical toolbox that includes light ported by the Minerva program of the the Max Planck Society evaluates the
stable isotopes of foraminifera shells Max Planck Society addresses central Institute’s research every three years. Kinetics and Fire Ecology Isotope Biomolecular Analy- Instrumental Aerosol Aerosols and Communications
Photochemistry J. Goldammer Biogeochemistry ses and Interactions Analytics Regional Air Quality S. Benner
and organic matter, biomarkers, and questions of environmental research The Scientific Advisory Board consists J. Crowley S. Galer J. Fröhlich F. Drewnick Y. Cheng
Plant Physiology Administration &
trace metals, as well as high-resolution and Earth system science, such as the of internationally renowned scientists Optical Spectroscopy J. Kesselmeier Paleoclimate Research Organic Pollutants Nano and Micro- High Pressure Technical Services
non-destructive analytical techniques. influence of soot particles and other and their evaluation serves to ensure H. Fischer K. Jochum and Exposure Particle Research Chemistry and J. Egler
Microscopy and G. Lammel P. Hoppe Physics
aerosols on air quality and climate. the appropriate and effective use of the Radical Measurements Spectroscopy on Organic Isotope Information
M. Eremets
The Multiphase Chemistry Department Institute´s resources. The members are: H. Harder Biogenic Aerosols Geochemistry Inflammatory Aerosol and Cloud Technology
C. Pöhlker A. Martinez-Garcia Processes Chemistry Terrestrial T. Disper
directed by Ulrich Pöschl investigates The High Pressure Chemistry and Fire Emissions
Jonathan P. D. Abbatt, Department of K. Lucas J. Schneider Palaeoclimates
chemical reactions, transport processes, Physics group led by Mikhail Eremets J. Kaiser GEOROC Database Geoscientific K. Fitzsimmons Administration
Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, B. Sarbas Databases Aerosol Analysis Atmospherical J. Egler
and transformations between solid mat- studies matter at extremely high pres- Atmospheric B. Sarbas (since June 2017) and Microscopy Hydrometeors
(since Dec. 2016)
Canada Modelling Reactive Nitrogen Instrument
ter, liquids, and gases. These processes sures. This research has been sup- C. Pöhlker (since June 2017) M. Szakáll, K. Diehl, Satellite Remote
A. Pozzer Species Micropaleontology (JGU Mainz) Development
are essential for the interplay of the Earth ported by an Advanced Grant from the Edouard Bard, Climate and Ocean Evolu- M. Sörgel R. Schiebel Organic Aerosols Sensing & Electronics
tion, Collège de France, France Organic Reactive T. Wagner
system, climate, life, and public health. European Research Council and central and Oxidants Aerosol and Cloud F. Helleis
Species Inorganic Gas Isotope M. Shiraiwa Physics
Among the focal points are gas-particle funds of the Max Planck Society. J. Williams Geochemistry Facility Management
Maria Cristina Facchini, Institute for (until July 2016) R. Weigel,
interactions in aerosols and clouds as H. Vonhof (JGU Mainz) C. Pallien
Atmospheric and Climate Science, Italian Aerosol, Cloud and
well as the health effects of fine particu- The Terrestrial Palaeoclimates group Surface Interactions Graduate Schools
National Research Council, Bologna, Italy K. Sulsky
late matter. The applied methods include led by Kathryn Fitzsimmons and sup- H. Su
laboratory experiments, field measure- ported by the Max Planck Research John M. C. Plane, School of Chemistry, Microbial Workshops
University of Leeds, United Kingdom Communities R. Wittkowski
ments, and model studies using physical, Group program of the Max Planck
and Processes
chemical, and biological techniques. Society studies loess deposits in Eurasia
Joyce E. Penner, Atmospheric, Oceanic B. Weber
to gather information on past climates.
and Space Sciences, University of Michigan, December 2017
The Particle Chemistry Department is
Ann Arbour, United States of America
directed by Stephan Borrmann who The Satellite Remote Sensing group led
is also Full Professor at the Johannes by Thomas Wagner analyzes spectral Yinon Rudich, Department of Earth and
Gutenberg University of Mainz. Its data obtained from satellite instruments Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of
research focuses on the composition that measure the atmospheric absorption Science, Rehovot, Israel
and physical properties of micro- and of solar radiation, with the goal of retriev- Mary Scholes, Animal, Plant and
nanoparticles in Earth’s environment, ing and studying the global distributions Environmental Sciences, University of the
and on interactions between atmospher- of trace gases, aerosols, and clouds. Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
ic aerosols, clouds and climate. Meth-
odologies employed include single and External Scientific Members James Zachos, PBSci-Earth & Planetary
multiple particle mass spectrometry in For scientific collaboration and net- Science Department, Institute of Marine
the laboratory and in field measurement working, the Max Planck Society also Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz,
campaigns, mostly using aircraft. appoints renowned scientists as external USA
scientific members. The two external
scientific members currently affili-
ated with the Max Planck Institute for
Chemistry are Stuart A. Penkett from
the University of East Anglia, United
Kingdom, and Ulrich Platt from the
University of Heidelberg, Germany.
Group picture during the Institute meeting in June 2017.
MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR CHEMISTRY | SCIENTIFIC REPORT 2015–2017
MAJOR COLLABORATIONS & PROJECTS
12 _ 13
The research departments and groups chemistry in Jena was established more actions. Over the last century, there HALO Aircraft investigated indirect aerosol effects on mass burning and other anthropogenic
of the Institute collaborate with a large than a decade ago, in the year 2003, to have been marked changes in climate, cirrus clouds, the quantification of the aerosols on the formation and evolution
number of international partners and foster scientific collaboration between air quality, biodiversity, and water To optimize atmospheric research and contribution of aerosol particles from of clouds were studied and quantified.
projects. Major collaborations involv- the Institutes and associated partners availability. Additional, and potentially Earth observations, the Institute uses ground-level sources and air traffic
ing multiple departments and groups (www.earthsystem.de). Among the more rapid, changes are predicted. To the HALO aircraft, a research aircraft pollution as well as the clarification of 2015 – Oxidation Mechanism Observa-
are listed below. Further projects are associated partners are the MPI for find solutions to the challenges these stationed at the Deutsches Zentrum für processes in the formation of cirrus tion (OMO)
described in the departmental and Solar System Research (Göttingen), the changes pose, the ESRP studies the Luft- und Raumfahrt, DLR. The aircraft clouds. The mission addressed the “self cleaning
group reports. MPI for Dynamics and Self Organiza- complex interactions and feedbacks of has a range of 12,000 km, and is able to capacity” of the atmosphere and how
tion (Göttingen), the MPI for Marine land, ocean, atmosphere, biosphere, operate at an altitude of up to 15.5 km. 2014 – Aerosol, Cloud, Precipita- natural and anthropogenic compounds
CROSS-DEPARTMENTAL LARGE- Microbiology (Bremen), the MPI for and humans in the field, in the lab, and The aircraft was cleared for flying scien- tion, and Radiation Interactions and are chemically transformed in the
SCALE PROJECTS Terrestrial Microbiology (Marburg), through numerical models. For this tific missions in 2012 after eight years of Dynamics of Convective Cloud Systems upper troposphere. The OMO aircraft
and the Institute for Advanced Sustain- purpose, the ESRP develops, maintains, building and approval time. Since then, (ACRIDICON-CHUVA) measurement campaign focused on
Earth System Research Partnership ability Studies (Potsdam). and utilizes joint research infrastruc- MPIC has been involved primarily in This mission over the Amazon rainfor- oxidation processes and air pollution
tures for Earth System Science for the following scientific missions. est in Brazil was aimed at elucidating chemistry downwind of South Asia dur-
The Earth System Research Partnership The objective of the ESRP is to under- computing (DKRZ), airborne in-situ aerosol-cloud interactions and their ing the summer monsoon.
(ESRP) between the MPI for Chemistry stand how planet Earth functions as measurements (HALO), and ground- 2014 – Mid-Latitude-Cirrus (ML- effects on atmospheric dynamics, radia-
in Mainz, the MPI for Meteorology in a complex system and to improve the based long-term observations (ATTO, CIRRUS) tion, and precipitation. In particular, the 2017 – Effect of Megacities on the Trans-
Hamburg, and the MPI for Biogeo- predictability of the effects of human BCO, ZOTTO etc.). The objectives of this mission over Eu- differences between unpolluted air and port and Transformation of Pollutants on
rope and the North Atlantic included polluted air as well as the impact of bio- the Regional to Global Scales (EMERGE)
MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR CHEMISTRY | SCIENTIFIC REPORT 2015–2017
14 _ 15
This mission addresses the impact from southern Africa on the atmo- Air Quality and Climate Change in the
emissions from major population spheric oxidation capacity over the Arabian Basin (AQABA)
centers have on air pollution at local, tropical and South Atlantic Ocean.
regional, and hemispheric scales. During summer 2017, an international
EMERGE conducts dedicated airborne 2020 – Chemistry of the Atmosphere: research team coordinated by the Atmo-
measurement campaigns, as well as Field Experiment in Brazil (CAFE-Brazil) spheric Chemistry Department at MPIC
coupled interpretation and modeling This mission will study tropospheric collected data on the chemical compo-
studies primarily of short-lived climate oxidant photochemistry in combina- sition of the atmosphere along a ship
pollutants (i.e., reactive gases, tempo- tion with particle formation and growth track between Malta and Kuwait that
rary reservoirs, and aerosol particles). mechanisms under clean, pristine went around the Arabian Peninsula.
The first part of the campaign was conditions over the Amazon rainforest, The aim of the research project was to
conducted in summer 2017 with flights operating HALO from Manaus. study the influence of air pollution on
over Europe. The second part, planned public health, climate, and the natural
for 2018, will operate flights over Asia. 2021 – Formation, Lifetime, Properties environment using a comprehensively
and Radiative Impact of High-Latitude instrumented research vessel to simul-
Further missions of the HALO aircraft Cirrus Clouds (CIRRUS-HL) taneously characterize atmospheric
in which the MPIC is involved as a chemistry and aerosol processes.
leading or contributing institution are
planned as follows:
2018 – Chemistry of the Atmosphere:
Field Experiment in Africa (CAFE-
Africa)
The main objective of the CAFE-Africa
mission is to study the influence of the
massive biomass burning emissions
The team was joined by colleagues from emissions on the atmosphere in the The Amazon Tall Tower Observatory
the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Re- Middle East. (ATTO) has been set up in a pristine
search and the Cyprus Institute as well as rain forest region in the central Amazon
from Saudi Arabia, France, and the USA. Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO) Basin, about 150 km northeast of the
city of Manaus, Brazil. Two 80 m towers
During the two-month expedition, The Amazon Basin plays a key role in have been operated at the site since
AQABA encountered a unique envi- the carbon and water cycles, climate 2012, and a 325 m tall tower has been
ronmental “spectrum”, ranging from change, atmospheric chemistry, and completed in 2015. The ATTO project
pristine conditions over the Arabian biodiversity. It is affected by human is a Brazilian-German collaboration
Sea, unpolluted but dusty air over the activities, and more pervasive change is between the Instituto Nacional de
Red Sea that originated in Africa, to expected to occur in the future. Thus, Pesquisas da Amazonia (INPA), the
moderately polluted conditions over it is essential to establish long-term Universidade do Estado do Amazonas
the Mediterranean that were downwind measurements that provide a baseline (UEA), the Max Planck Society (MPG),
from urban areas (e.g., Cairo) and the record of present-day climatic, biogeo- and further research partners. On the
Middle East, to ship exhaust in the Suez chemical, and atmospheric conditions German side, the project had been
Canal, to petrochemical emissions in and continue to monitor changes in the initiated and established by the MPIC,
the Arabian Gulf area. The measure- Amazon region related to global change and it continues to be coordinated in
ments, complemented by model calcu- and the Anthropocene as the current era collaboration between the MPI for
lations, will help determine the complex of globally pervasive and steeply increas- Biogeochemistry and the MPIC.
effects of natural and anthropogenic ing human influence on planet Earth.
MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR CHEMISTRY | SCIENTIFIC REPORT 2015–2017
FIELD MEASUREMENTS & EXPEDITIONS
2014–2017
(AC)3 - ACLOUD – Arctic Cloud MoLa Kiruna LKAB – IBAIRN – Influence of Biosphere- 16 _ 17
Observation Using airborne Determination of emissions Atmosphere Interactions on the
measurements during polar Day from industrial activities Reactive Nitrogen budget
HALO EMeRGe EU – Effect of megacities AROMAPEX – Validation Svalbard, 2017 Sweden, 2015 + 2016 Finland, 2016
on the transport and transformation of of airborne sensors
pollutans on regional and global scales Germany, 2016
RACEPAC + NETCARE – Arctic aerosol,
Europe, 2017
radiation, clouds and transport processes NOTOMO – Nocturnal INUIT-JFJ/CLACE – BALTIC – Investigation ZOTTO, Zotino Tall Tower
Canada, 2014 Observations at the ice formation, ice of ship emissions Observatory
CINDI-2 – International
Taunus Observatory: in- cloud microphysics Baltic Sea, 2014 Russia, continuous
HALO ML-CIRRUS – Mid Latitude Cirrus, comparison campaign
sights into Mechanisms Switzerland, 2017
indirect aerosol effects on cirrus clouds The Netherlands, 2016
RV Maria S. Merian – MAX- of Oxidation
Europe, Northern Atlantic, 2014 Germany, 2015
DOAS ship measurement, trace NOPAH16 – PAHs
gases + aerosols and derivatives and Loess sampling in Climate change effects in the
Germany to Cape Verde Islands, exposure Central Asia Altai High Mountain region
2017 RV Maria S. Merian Cruise 58 – MoLa BioCombust – Czech Republic, 2016 Kazakhstan, 2017 Western Mongolia, 2016 + 2017
Climate history of the Northern Emissions from residential and
Atlantic Iceland to the Azores, 2016 communal biomass combustion
Germany, France, 2014 Intercomparison of car MAX-
RV Armstrong Cruise AR23-01 –
Deep Water Hydro DOAS measurements Bejing
USA, Northern Atlantic, 2017 AROMAT-2 China, 2015
Determination of NO2
and SO2 emissions
Romania, 2015
Winter haze mechanism in Bejing
China, 2016
HALO OMO - Oxidation
Mechanism Observations Xingtai - Investigation of
Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, tropospheric photochemistry
Indian Ocean and Mediter- China, 2016
RV Meteor – Persistent MoLa DIAPASON – Urban
ranean Sea, 2015
organic pollutants in surface aerosols and Saharan dust
seawater Italy, 2014
Azores to Cuba, 2015 AABC – Observation and
Modeling Studies of Cloud,
StratoClim - Stratospheric and
Aerosol and Climate Effects,
upper tropospheric processes for
China, 2016
Aerosols & Cloud better climate predictions
Condenstation Nuclei Greece, 2016
Barbados, 2016
StratoClim – Stratospheric and
upper tropospheric processes
for better climate predictions
ATTO, Amazonian Tall Occurrence + atmospheric Pakistan-1+2 - Determination Nepal, Bangladesh, China, India,
DACCIWA – Dynamics-
Tower Observatory, effects of biological soil crusts of NO2 and SO2 emissions Palau, 2017
aerosol-chemistry-cloud
Brazil, near Manaus, Oman, 2016 Pakistan, 2015 + 2017
interactions in West Africa
continuous
Togo, 2016
INUIT-BACCHUS-ACTRIS – AQABA – Air quality and climate TOM14 – Cycling of persistent organic
Eastern Mediterranean Dust, change in the Arabian Basin pollutatns under summer monsoon
IAGOS CARIBIC flights –
HALO ACRIDICON-CHUVA Ice Nucleating Particles, Maritime area between France India, 2014
Civil Aircraft for the Regular Investi-
Aerosol, Cloud, Precipitation, and gation of the atmosphere Based on Cyprus, 2016 and Kuwait, 2017
Radiation Interactions and Dynamics an Instrument Container
of Convective Cloud Systems Munich based, continuous CYPHEX – Cyprus photo-
Brazil, 2014 chemistry experiment
Cyprus, 2014
RV Sonne – Max-DOAS mea- Understanding the research aircraft
surements on trace gases and origin of fairy circles ICDPDeepCHALLA – International
aerosols Namibia, 2017 Continental Scientific Drilling research vessel
Germany to Argentina, 2017 / 2018 Program
RV Meteor – Persistent organic pol- Kenia / Tanzania, 2016 research vehicle
lutants, PAHs and derivatives and air Atmospheric effects of The Institute pursues a wide range of field
sea exchange South Atlantic biological soil crusts field station measurements and expeditions in vari-
South Africa to Brazil, 2016 South Africa, 2017 ous regions around the globe and by using
civil aircraft aircrafts, ships, vehicles and stationary
platforms.
MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR CHEMISTRY | SCIENTIFIC REPORT 2015–2017
SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS
18 _ 19
PUBLICATION STATISTICS the same subject areas and publication In summary, the metrics used to mea- now also spreading across other fields
years. Thus, the MPIC citation impact sure normalized citation impact show in the sciences and humanities.
The results of the fundamental scien- is far above the average of the relevant that the MPIC has a very high impact. Global
tific research conducted at the Institute scientific community. Moreover, individual institute members 40% MPI for Chemistry In fact, some of the very first and most
PERCENTAGE OPEN ACCESS ARTICLES
are mainly published in peer-reviewed have been ranked repeatedly as “Highly Max Planck Society successful open access journals have
scientific journals. From 2006 to 2016, Approximately one-quarter (23.6%) Cited Researchers”. 30%
been founded and grown to top visibil-
2,062 peer-reviewed journal articles and of the MPIC papers belong to the 10% ity and scientific reputation under the
reviews were published at the MPIC; on most cited papers within their subject A comprehensive listing of scientific aegis of researchers at the MPIC: Atmo-
average, 188 publications per annum categories. In 11 out of 17 relevant publications during the past decades is 20% spheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP)
(see figure 1). Through the end of 2016, subject categories, the Institute has available on Institute’s web pages (http:// by U. Pöschl et al. since 2001; Biogeo-
MPIC-authored publications from 2006 achieved a subject-based observed-to- www.mpic.de/en/research/publications. 10% sciences (BG) by J. Kesselmeier et al.
to 2015 were cited 61,245 times. This is expected citation ratio far above the html), further information and citation since 2004; Atmospheric Measurement
an average of 33.7 citations per paper, international standard of the corre- statistics are provided on the web pages Techniques (AMT) by T. Wagner et al.
0%
an increase of about 14 % compared to sponding field (>1.5); in six categories of individual researchers (Researcher since 2008; and Geoscientific Model
2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016
an average of 29.5 citations per paper in the ratios are higher than 2.0, which ID, Google Scholar, etc.), and selected Development (GMD) by R. Sander et al.
the years 2003 to 2012.* indicates a very high performance. The highlight studies have also been adver- since 2008.**
MPIC citation impact is significantly tised in press releases (http://www.mpic. Figure 2: Open access share among publications of the MPIC (peer-reviewed journal articles)
Between 2006 and 2015, the Institute higher than the country averages of de/en/news/press-information.html). compared to the Max Planck Society and the global scientific community (Source: Max Planck Beyond the successful engagement of
published papers that belong, on aver- Germany and the United States of Digital Library, 2017). individual scientists in the founding,
age, to the top fourth (27.0%) most America, and also higher than the OPEN ACCESS editing, and promoting of open access
cited papers within their subject cat- average of the Chemistry, Physics and journals and initiatives, the MPIC
egories. A value of 50 % represents the Technology Section (CPTS) of the Max The Max Planck Society and the Max research organisations to develop a vi- universities in 47 countries and other continues to increase the open access
median and thus an average citation im- Planck Society. Planck Institute for Chemistry are able, coordinated and transparent strat- major organizations in Europe, Asia, share of its publications at much higher
pact compared to all publications from among the leading proponents of open egy for an open access environment that and the Americas - and continues to rates than the Max Planck Society and
access to scientific publications and returns control of scholarly publishing receive swiftly growing global support. the global scientific community as
scholarly knowledge. Since the year to the scholars (https://openaccess.mpg. illustrated in Figures 1 and 2. Swiftly ap-
2003, the Max Planck Society is hosting de/mission-statement_en). MPIC scientists have been actively proaching an open access share of 50%,
and supporting a series of international involved in this development from the the Institute indeed continues to a pace-
250 meetings, the “Berlin Open Access The „Berlin 12 Open Access Confer- beginning, and U. Pöschl has co-chaired maker for open science for the benefit
Conferences”, which are dedicated ence“ (2015) led to the international ini- the latest Berlin Open Access Confer- of scientific and societal progress.
200
to the promotion of open access and tiative „Open Access 2020“ (OA2020), ences, triggered the OA2020 initiative,
NUMBER OF ARTICLES PER YEAR
OA yielded some of the key statements and which builds on the „OA2020 Expres- led the drafting of the OA2020 EoI, and
developments in the global move to sion of Interest“ (EoI) in the „Large- continues to serve as co-chair for these
150 open access. scale Implementation of Open Access and other open access initiatives of the
to Scholarly Journals“ and aims to Max Planck Society. The publication list of the Institute is available
OTHERS
100 The “Berlin Declaration on Open Ac- transform existing scholarly journals at www.mpic.de/research/publications
cess to Knowledge in the Sciences and from subscription to open access pub- Already before the Berlin Declara-
* The bibliometric analysis of the MPIC is
Humanities” (https://openaccess.mpg. lishing in a smooth, swift and scholarly tion on Open Access, the MPIC and
50 based on data retrieved from a bibliometric
BIG 3 de/Berlin-Declaration) has been signed oriented way. its researchers were pioneers in the databases of the Max Planck Digital Library
by 600 scholarly organizations from foundation and successful development (MPDL, Munich) and derived from citation
0 around the world and continues to Since its release in 2016, the OA2020 of innovative forms of open access pub- indexes provided by Clarivate Analytics
2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 (formerly ISI).
receive further support. EoI has already been signed by almost lishing. Since the year 2001, scientists
100 scholarly organizations - including from the MPIC have led the way in the
** For details see “A short History of Interactive
Publication output of the MPIC in the years 2000 to 2016 (peer-reviewed journal articles per The “Mission Statement at the Berlin the Alliance of Science Organisations conception, development, and applica- Open Access Publishing“ and “Multi-Stage
year). Blue green: major traditional subscription publishers (Elsevier, Springer Nature, Wiley); 11 Open Access Conference” (2013) in Germany, the European University tion of interactive open access publish- Open Peer Review” (see: www.mpic.de/re-
grey: other subscription publishers, orange: open access publications (Source: Max Planck Digital outlined clear perspectives and urged Association representing more than 800 ing with public peer review, which is search/publications/openaccess)
Library, 2017).MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR CHEMISTRY | SCIENTIFIC REPORT 2015–2017
FACESTS OF BIO-
GEOCHEMISTRY
20 _ 21
JUNIOR RESEARCHERS & VISITING SCIENTISTS
The Max Planck Institute for Chemistry
(MPIC) has a long and successful tradi-
orientation, and related events. Within
the PCGS, every student is tutored by
students from the MPIC received the
degree “Doctor rerum naturalium of the
FAREWELL
tion of hosting and supporting junior a PhD Advisory Committee (PAC) University of Mainz” with a certificate SYMPOSIUM FOR
researchers and guest scientists from all that comprises the main supervisor co-issued by the Max Planck Society.
over the world. and additional mentors who follow the Three of the students have also received 'ANDI' ANDREAE,
The Institute is located on the campus
studies and offer advice through regular
meetings, reports, and feedback forms.
the prestigious Otto Hahn Medal of the
Max Planck Society for outstanding
19 MAY 2017
of the Johannes Gutenberg University Currently, 81 PhD students (36 female, scientific achievements.
Mainz (JGU), and opportunities to per- 45 male) from 14 different countries are
form research projects at the forefront of enrolled in the Paul Crutzen Graduate MPIC Guest Program
science are offered to students who can School.
obtain a university degree in collabora- To foster international scientific
tion with the JGU or other German and Max Planck Graduate Center (MPGC) exchange, the MPIC Guest Program
international university partners. The is supporting researchers temporarily
education and support of graduate stu- The Max Planck Graduate Center was working at the Institute, including doc-
dents is organized within the framework created in 2009 to promote interdisci- toral students, postdoctoral researchers,
of two complementary programs – the plinary and interdepartmental research and senior visiting scientists. The guest
Paul Crutzen Graduate School at the across the MPI for Chemistry, the MPI scientists are welcome to engage in the
MPI for Chemistry (PCGS), which is for Polymer Research, and four faculties ongoing research, initiate new collabora-
open to all PhD students at the Institute, of the Johannes Gutenberg University tive projects, use the research infrastruc-
and the Max Planck Graduate Center (JGU) in Mainz: Chemistry, Pharmaceu- ture, and participate in the academic
with the Johannes Gutenberg University tical Sciences and Geosciences; Physics, and social life of the Institute. Special
Mainz (MPGC), which is dedicated to Mathematics and Computer Science; Bi- support is provided with regard to
particularly interdisciplinary PhD stud- ology; and the University Medical Cen- administrative matters, integration, and
ies in collaboration with the JGU. ter. To overcome limitations imposed by everyday life. Among the guest scientists
traditional faculty rules of graduation are visitors from international coopera-
Paul Crutzen Graduate School (PCGS) on the interdisciplinarity of doctoral tion partners and recipients of awards
studies, the MPGC has established a and stipends from German and interna-
All PhD students at the MPIC are sup- special set of doctoral degree regulations tional research funders (e.g.: Alexander
ported by the Paul Crutzen Graduate that allow for a high degree of interdis- von Humboldt Foundation, German
School (PCGS), which evolved from ciplinarity and a broad scientific range Academic Exchange Service, Chinese
the International Max Planck Research of doctoral studies. These regulations Scholarship Council). Guest scientists
School of Atmospheric Chemistry and and the excellent research environment who are not externally funded can also
Physics (IMPRS) established in 2003. enable the MPGC to attract outstand- receive a stipend from the Institute. The
The PCGS offers a structured curricu- ing PhD students from many countries MPIC Guest Program has a long and
lum for graduate studies that enhances and diverse scientific backgrounds. successful history of providing oppor-
academic and social exchange between Currently, 21 PhD students pursuing tunities for flexible and free scientific
the students, their supervisors, and their research projects at the MPIC exchange, mobility, and development to
additional advisors through seminars, are members of the MPGC. Since the junior researchers as well as senior visit-
lecture and soft skill courses, career launch of the MPGC in 2009, 14 PhD ing scientists.MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR CHEMISTRY | SCIENTIFIC REPORT 2015–2017
HISTORY
Richard Willstätter Josef Mattauch Heinrich Alfred Klemm Meinrat O. Andreae Stephan Borrmann Ulrich Pöschl
S 1912 – 1916 S 1941 – 1965 Hintenberger S 1958 – 1981 S + D 1987 – 2017 S + D since 2001 S + D since 2012
E 1927 – 1937 D 1947 – 1965 S 1956 – 1978
D 1959 – 1978
22 _ 23
H. Otto Wieland Physical Chemistry Multiphase Chemistry
S 1917 – 1918 Mass Spectrometry Particle Chemistry
Physical Department und Mass Spectrometry Biogeochemistry
Kurt Hess Christian Junge Paul J. Crutzen Johannes Lelieveld
S 1921 – 1930 S + D 1968 – 1978 S 1978 – 2000 S + D since 2000
E 1931 – 1949 D 1980 – 2000
Organic Organic
Chemistry Chemistry
Organic Chemistry Air Chemistry Atmospheric Chemistry Atmospheric Chemistry
2017
1912 1915 1920 1925 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Nuclear Physics Nuclear Physics Geochemistry Climate Geochemistry
Lise Meitner Hermann Wäffler Albrecht Hofmann Gerald H. Haug
S 1913 – 1938 S 1954 – 1978 S + D 1980 – 2007 S + D since 2015
E 1948 – 1968
Radiochemistry Radiochemistry Isotope Cosmology
Otto Hahn Fritz Straßmann Friedrich Begemann
S 1912 – 1960 S 1946 – 1953 S 1969 – 1995
D 1928 – 1946 D 1977 – 1995
Radio- and
Cosmochemistry
Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Cosmochemistry Cosmochemistry
Inorganic Chemistry Friedrich A. Heinrich Wänke Günter Lugmair
Alfred Stock Paneth S 1963 – 1996 S + D 1996 – 2005
S 1954 – 1958 D 1969 – 1996
S 1915 – 1926
D 1921 – 1926 D 1953 – 1958
Theoretical Physics Theoretical Nuclear Physics Time chart of the Institute’s scientific mem-
bers (S), directors (D) and main research
Ernst Otto Beckmann Ludwig Waldmann Herrmann Kümmel
directions. The bars indicate periods of
S 1912 – 1923 S 1954 – 1963 S 1964 – 1969
D 1912 – 1921 tenure at the Institute; sometimes followed
by external scientific membership (E).
Research at the Max Planck Institute for The research departments and focal As the Institute was severely dam- Institute for Chemistry. Since 1959 the studied and the interplay of atmospheric Nowadays, the research focus of the
Chemistry has been at the forefront of points of the Institute have gone through aged towards the end of World War II Institute also carries the name “Otto gases, particles and meteorology were Max Planck Institute for Chemistry is
science throughout its existence. Since a history of change and scientific evolu- it was moved to the Swabian Alps in Hahn Institute” in honor of its previous investigated. In the 1980s new depart- on Earth System science, in particular
the Institute’s foundation in 1912, three tion as illustrated in the time chart today’s Baden-Wuerttemberg. There director and the first president of the ments for Geochemistry and Biogeo- on the chemical processes occurring in
of its directors were awarded with the above. What began in 1912 with classical the chemists worked provisionally from Max Planck Society. chemistry were founded, in 2001 the the atmosphere and their interactions
Nobel Prize for Chemistry: Richard organic, inorganic and physical chem- 1944 to 1949 until the Institute moved a Particle Chemistry Department was with the biosphere and oceans. It also
Willstätter in 1915 for the revelation of istry at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute second time to the campus of the newly In the 1960s and 1970s the Institute’s established jointly with the Institute for includes the influence of humans, as
the structure of chlorophyll and other for Chemistry in Berlin evolved into founded Johannes Gutenberg Univer- research portfolio was extended from Atmospheric Physics at the Johannes unprecedented urbanization and indus-
plant pigments, Otto Hahn in 1944 for radiochemistry and nuclear physics in sity in Mainz. At the same time it was Physical Chemistry, Nuclear Physics and Gutenberg University of Mainz, in 2012 trialization in the past centuries have
the discovery of nuclear fission, and the 1930s, leading to the discovery of integrated into the Max Planck Society, Mass Spectrometry to Cosmochemistry, the Multiphase Chemistry Department, changed the course of natural processes
Paul Crutzen in 1995 for the elucidation nuclear fission by Otto Hahn, Lise Meit- the successor of the Kaiser Wilhelm So- Isotope Cosmology and Air Chemistry. and in 2015 the Climate Geochemistry on our planet, in an epoch now known
of atmospheric ozone chemistry. ner and Fritz Strassmann. ciety, and reopened as the Max Planck Meteorites and moon dust samples were Department was founded. as the Anthropocene.ATMOSPHERIC
24 _ 25
CHEMISTRY
ATMOSPHERIC
CHEMISTRY
Self-cleaning capacity of the atmosphere.
Photochemistry, oxidation mechanisms,
transport processes and climate
effects of trace gases and
aerosol particles.MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR CHEMISTRY | SCIENTIFIC REPORT 2015–2017
ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY
DEPARTMENT JOS LELIEVELD
26 _ 27
ATMOSPHERIC “AGEING”: categories of reactive species, and the ent cycles, and public health. The latter ozonolysis of unsaturated organic SELECTED CAREER ACHIEVEMENTS
OXIDATION PROCESSES CLEANSE THE data together are used to constrain the research area is an emerging focus of compounds, which contribute
Lelieveld, J., Beirle, S., Hörmann, C.,
ATMOSPHERE THROUGH THE CHEMI- chemistry. our groups’ field measurements and directly to oxidation reactions and Stenchikov, G., Wagner, T.: Abrupt recent
CAL PROCESSING OF NATURAL AND modeling, in collaboration with other also indirectly by releasing OH. trend changes in atmospheric nitrogen
ANTHROPOGENIC EMISSIONS Groups 1 and 3 (Harder and Crow- departments. dioxide over the Middle East, Science Adv.,
ley) use laser-based fluorescence and For decades, the chemistry of Crie- 1, e1500498 (2015).
The atmosphere removes millions of absorption techniques to measure The Atmospheric Chemistry Depart- gee intermediates has been investi-
Lelieveld, J., Evans, J.S., Fnais, M., Gianna-
tons of natural and human-induced radicals, including OH and NO3. Group ment studies “natural pollution” by gated with theoretical and indirect daki, D., and Pozzer, A.: The contribution of
emissions each year through oxidation. 2 (Fischer) uses optical detection and measuring the vast amounts of volatile experimental methods, while their outdoor air pollution sources to premature
This critical self-cleansing mechanism wet-chemical methods to measure organic compounds (VOCs) emitted concentration in ambient air was mortality on a global scale, Nature, 525,
profoundly changes the characteristics primary emissions and atmospheric by vegetation in forests. The pristine unknown. Our measurements in 367-371 (2015).
of freshly released gases and particles, reaction intermediates, for example atmosphere manages this abundance the boreal forest have provided the
Taraborrelli, D., Lawrence, M.G., Crowley,
referred to as “primary emissions”. aldehydes and peroxides. Group 3 uses in intriguing ways. One research theme first estimate of ambient Criegee
J.N., Dillon, T.J., Gromov, S., Groß, C.B.M.,
Many of the emitted gases react with laser-cavity methods and chemical compares tropical with boreal environ- intermediate concentrations, cor- Vereecken, L., Lelieveld, J.: Hydroxyl radical
radicals, predominantly hydroxyl (OH), ionization mass spectrometry com- ments, where the characteristics of roborating their importance in buffered by isoprene oxidation over tropical
which results in less volatile and more bined with thermal dissociation to VOCs can be very different. The VOC atmospheric chemistry, including 25 July 1955 Born in The Hague, The forests, Nature Geosci., 5, 190-193 (2012).
soluble products that can be more easily measure atmospheric nitrogen oxide isoprene, released by the canopy, domi- the formation of aerosols. Netherlands
Montzka, S., Krol, M., Dlugokencky, E.,
removed by precipitation and deposi- chemistry. Group 4 (Williams) uses nates tropical forest emissions. Our
Hall, B., Jöckel, P., Lelieveld, J.: Small inter-
tion to the Earth’s surface. Second- proton-transfer mass spectrometry to measurements collected from aircraft Over the past several years, we have 1984 Study of natural sciences Leiden annual variability of global atmospheric
ary pollutants are formed during the measure organic compounds and their over the Amazon rainforest suggest developed a comprehensive suite of University hydroxyl, Science, 331, 67-69 (2011).
oxidation process, which can potentially reaction products. In addition, Group that the OH radical is recycled in the instrumentation for the institute’s
deteriorate air quality and exacerbate 5 (Kaiser) characterizes vegetation fires atmosphere after it oxidizes isoprene. new High Altitude Long Operation 1984–1987 Research associate at Geo- Lelieveld, J., Butler, T.M., Crowley, J.N., Dil-
lon, T.J., Fischer, H., Ganzeveld, L., Harder,
climate change. For example, fine and their atmospheric impacts using These measurements indicate that a (HALO) aircraft. The instruments sens B.V.
H., Lawrence, M.G., Martinez, M., Tarabor-
particulate matter and ozone (O3), with global satellite remote sensing. Group 6 multitude of higher generation reaction were first deployed during the relli, D., Williams, J.: Atmospheric oxidation
atmospheric lifetimes of days to weeks, (Pozzer) employs a hierarchy of local to products can explain the OH recycling. “Oxidation Mechanism Observa- 1987–1993 Research scientist at the Max capacity sustained by a forest, Nature, 452,
can be transported over hundreds to regional to global models to analyse the Furthermore, our laboratory and field tion” campaign in 2015. HALO Planck Institute for Chemistry 737-740 (2008).
thousands of kilometers. Thus, air measurements collected from diverse experiments identified hitherto un- flew through the outflow of deep
pollution is not necessarily a local, and environments. Group 7 (Lelieveld) known soil emissions of highly reactive convective clouds during the wet 1990 PhD in Physics and Astronomy
often not a national, phenomenon. Our interprets the results in terms of con- terpenes, another group of VOCs. The season in South Asia, and our data Utrecht University
department studies the mechanisms in sequences for global air quality and combination of the primary VOCs and revealed that the monsoon sustains
the atmosphere that chemically process climate. their reaction products can account for an effective cleansing mechanism 1993–2000 Professor of Atmospheric
natural and anthropogenic emissions, the observed OH reactivity, which was in which contaminants are rapidly Physics and Chemistry University of
and especially combinations of them, on Results show how the atmosphere regu- previously severely underestimated. oxidized into products that can be Wageningen and Utrecht
regional to global scales. lates concentrations of OH and other removed by rain. However, some
oxidants, and how reactive gases alter In contrast, boreal forest emissions pollutants are lofted above the since 2000 Director at the Max Planck
Our research groups use instrumented the properties of aerosols, including of terpenes appear to recycle OH less monsoon clouds, and can reach the Institute for Chemistry and Scientific
mobile platforms such as aircraft and aeolian dust, organics and sea spray. efficiently while maintaining oxidation stratosphere. In the coming years, Member of the Max Planck Society
ships to gain insight into interdepen- The chemical transformation of par- capacity through reactions with NO3 HALO will be engaged in studies of
dencies between emissions, chemical ticles, also called “atmospheric ageing”, and O3, also during the night. In this emissions in West Africa and South Professor in Atmospheric Physics, Uni-
conversions and atmospheric trans- affects the lifetime of the aerosols, and environment, Criegee intermediates, America. versity of Mainz, and Professor at the
port. The instruments target different thus cloud formation, climate, nutri- or carbonyl oxides, are formed by the Cyprus Institute, NicosiaMAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR CHEMISTRY | SCIENTIFIC REPORT 2015–2017
“Understanding the impact of
changes in composition of the
atmosphere on its self-cleaning
capability.”
RADICAL CHEMISTRY AND THE SELF-CLEANING
CAPACITY OF THE ATMOSPHERE
HARTWIG HARDER 28 _ 29
vides a basis for quantitative studies of and OH channel have been extensively SELECTED PUBLICATIONS
Criegee intermediates. characterized, that of the HO2 channel
is being finalized. Novelli, A., Hens, K., Tatum Ernest, C., Mar-
tinez, M., Nölscher, A. C., Sinha, V., Paasonen,
To investigate the impact of uplifted
P., Petäjä, T., Sipilä, M., Elste, T., Plass-Dül-
polluted boundary layer air by the The impact of airborne desert dust on mer, C., Phillips, G. J., Kubistin, D., Williams,
South Asian monsoon on the upper the radical budget of the lower tropo- J., Vereecken, L., Lelieveld, J., Harder, H.:
a b c d troposphere and lower stratosphere, we sphere has been the focus of the ship Estimating the atmospheric concentration of
conducted the aircraft-based Oxida- campaign AQABA (Air Quality and Criegee intermediates and their possible in-
Figure 1: a) HALO research aircraft during OMO, b) sunset in the red sea observed through a thick dust layer in the atmosphere during AQABA, c) high-
terference in a FAGE-LIF instrument, Atmos.
frequency measurements 10 m above the Amazon rainforest during ATTO/CLAIRE IOP- 1, d) polluted boundary layer during CYPHEX on Cyprus. tion Mechanism Observations (OMO) climate in the Arabian Basin), conducted
Chem. Phys., 17, 7807-7826, doi: 10.5194/acp-
campaign during summer 2015. We during summer 2017. We measured OH 17-7807-2017 (2017).
Volatile species emitted into the cal chain propagation, and can suppress oxidation reactions at this interface. In measured OH, HO2, and NO2 in very and HO2 radicals across the Mediter-
atmosphere do not built up to toxic ozone formation in high terpene envi- addition to the net upward flux of HO2 clean air masses outside the anticy- ranean Sea and around the Arabian Meusel, H., Kuhn, U., Reiffs, A., Mallik, C.,
concentrations thanks to self-cleaning ronments. To pursue the impact of auto from the canopy, we observed that the clone that are established by large-scale Peninsula. The environmental condi- Harder, H., Martinez, M., Schuladen, J., Bohn,
processes. The self-cleaning process oxidation on maintaining the self-clean- oxidation capacity at the surface was monsoon convection, and contrasted tions varied tremendously. We observed B., Parchatka, U., Crowley, J. N., Fischer, H.,
Tomsche, L., Novelli, A., Hoffmann, T., Jans-
is initiated mainly by the OH radical, ing capability of the atmosphere further, driven by turbulent downward trans- the data with that of polluted air masses very clean air southeast of the Arabian sen, R. H. H., Hartogensis, O., Pikridas, M.,
which is buffered by the HO2 radical. In we are developing an instrument that port of HO2 and O3 through the canopy influenced by monsoon outflow within Peninsula in the monsoon-driven flow Vrekoussis, M., Bourtsoukidis, E., Weber, B.,
summer 2014, the CYprus PHotochemi- measures RO2 directly, and reexamining into the dark understory, where about the anticyclone. To quantify the OH with very low O3, and with NOx mixing Lelieveld, J., Williams, J., Pöschl, U., Cheng,
cal EXperiment (CYPHEX) conducted our high-terpene data from the boreal 97% of the sunlight was attenuated. background signal, often found in ratios less than 15 ppt and CO below 60 Y., Su, H.: Daytime formation of nitrous acid
a research campaign on the island of forest in Finland from 2010. ground-based campaigns, we applied ppb, which is characteristic of large areas at a coastal remote site in Cyprus indicat-
ing a common ground source of atmospheric
Cyprus to investigate the impact of pol- We investigated possible spurious OH the IPI technique for the first time to of the marine Southern Hemisphere.
HONO and NO, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16,
lution emissions from central Europe, To study the self-cleaning capability of measurements by instrument-internal atmospheric samples collected while on In contrast, we measured very high O3 14475-14493, doi: 10.5194/acp-16-14475-
transported to the eastern Mediter- the atmosphere at the interface to the interferences in this environment above the High Altitude Long Range Research mixing ratios above 160 ppb with unusu- 2016 (2016).
ranean, on regional air quality during biosphere, we collected high-resolution and below the canopy. From our previ- Aircraft HALO. To characterize the ally high VOC and NOx loadings in the
a period of intense photochemistry. (5 Hz) measurements of OH and HO2 ous studies in the boreal forest, we knew pressure and temperature dependent Suez Canal and over the Arabian Gulf. Oswald, R., Ermel, M., Hens, K., Novelli, A.,
Ouwersloot, H. G., Paasonen, P., Petäjä, T.,
Measurements of the OH and HO2 along with fast measurements of wind that the interfering species can react sensitivity, we constructed a low- With dust events observed in nearly all
Sipilä, M., Keronen, P., Bäck, J., Königstedt,
concentration are generally in good speed and direction, water vapor, with SO2 in the gas phase and decom- pressure and low-temperature calibra- environmental conditions that we en- R., Hosaynali Beygi, Z., Fischer, H., Bohn,
agreement with results from a data- ozone, NOx, J(O1D), isoprene, kOH, pose into OH within our instrument. tion system that allows us to replicate countered, both in clean and polluted air B., Kubistin, D., Harder, H., Martinez, M.,
constrained chemical box model. How- and other relevant parameters in the Whereas in the boreal forest in Finland the inflight conditions to characterize masses, the dataset provides a unique ba- Williams, J., Hoffmann, T., Trebs, I., Sörgel,
ever, in air masses containing elevated Amazon rainforest during fall 2015. The this reaction contributed up to 50% OH, HO2, and NO2 measurements on sis to address the impact of atmospheric M.: A comparison of HONO budgets for two
measurement heights at a field station within
terpene concentrations, the box model measurements were collected 40 meters to total gas phase H2SO4 production, HALO in the laboratory. While the NO2 dust on atmospheric chemistry.
the boreal forest in Finland, Atmos. Chem.
underestimates HO2 concentrations. above ground, and 10 meters above the in the rainforest the contribution was Phys., 15, 799-813, doi: 10.5194/acp-15-799-
Sensitivity studies using the Master tropical rainforest canopy at the Ama- negligible. We determined the reaction 2015 (2015).
Cyphex 2014: OH2 measurements vs modeling
Chemical Mechanism (MCM) based zon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO) rate constant of this species with SO2 in
× 107 Bozem, H., Butler, T. M., Lawrence, M. G.,
model show improved agreement if the site in Brazil. We found that segregation the rainforest to be of the same order measured
OH (molec cm-3)
modeled: included isoprene+terpene
applied terpene mechanism is altered by turbulent transport of isoprene and as that of SO2 with stabilized Criegee 2 modeled: included isoprene+terpene+autoxidation
Harder, H., Martinez, M., Kubistin, D.,
Lelieveld, J., Fischer, H.: Chemical processes re-
to allow for auto-oxidation of organic OH occurs on similar scales as previ- intermediates. Further investigations 1
lated to net ozone tendencies in the free tropo-
peroxy radicals (RO2). This reaction ously observed in central Germany. The are being conducted to identify species 0 sphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 10565-10582,
reduces the loss of HO2 and also brings derived upward flux of HO2 revealed or groups of species that can produce doi: 10.5194/acp-17-10565-2017 (2017).
× 108
HO2 (molec cm-3)
the model results close to the measure- that the initial oxidation of volatile or- spurious OH, and to what degree they 10
ments of organic peroxides, which are ganic compounds (VOCs) in the sunlit contribute to the oxidation capacity of 5
the products of RO2+HO2 reactions. atmosphere above the canopy, together the atmosphere. By applying our new
0
This finding suggests that auto-oxida- with upward transported NO from soil inlet pre-injector (IPI) system, we can 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212
DAY OF THE YEAR
tion of terpene-generated RO2 plays an emissions, led to fast radical formation distinguish the atmospheric OH signal
important role in terminating the radi- that impacted ozone production and from spurious OH, which in turn pro- Figure 2: Modeled and measured OH and HO2 concentrations during the CYPHEX campaign.You can also read
