Social networks 6 - Greater Christchurch ...
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urbanism +
social networks 6
GREATER CHRISTCHURCH URBAN DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY - TECHNICAL DOCUMENT 6-1urbanism +
6.0 SOCIAL NETWORK People living within the UDS area have
reliable accessibility to the services they
Social network refers to the provision of need to live, work, and play including
housing, suitable employment SENSE OF COMMUNITY HEALTH & WELLBEING
social infrastructure such as educational,
healthcare and community facilities, and opportunities, education, health, mental
also the qualitative aspects of fostering a health, recreational and others; INCLUDES:
INCLUDES:
sense of place and identity. The UDS and areas within it maintain a EDUCATION
strong sense of local identity, ownership, IDENTITY
A successful social network provides participation, and pride. CHILDCARE
BELONGING
residents with a sense of community,
HEALTH / MENTAL HEALTH
good accessibility to facilities and ‘OWNERSHIP’
REGIONAL
networks and the opportunity to 6.2 social network issues CULTURAL RECOGNITION & EXPRESSION
EMERGENCY SERVICES
participate in the community. This leads to
SUB-REGIONAL JUSTICE
improvements in the level of health and The concentric nature of historical HERITAGE
well being in addition to providing leisure development means that much SPIRITUAL NEEDS
ENVIRONMENTAL INTERPRETATION DISTRICT
and recreational opportunities. existing infrastructure is concentrated SAFETY & SECURITY
around Christchurch City Centre. This LOCAL
Social networks are at least 50% does not correlate well to the location of HOUSING
non-physical, relating to communities of housing in recent decades and the EMPLOYMENT
interest and the way in which different outward expansion of housing has not
NEIGHBOURHOOD
communities function. Therefore in been matched by social infrastructure.
respect of social networks the UDS will
need to be carefully aligned with Social infrastructure is managed by an
numerous other strategies to foster social array of central and local governmental
development. and other non-governmental
organisations.
Another crucial determinant of social INCLUDES:
Unknown future trends in migration and INCLUDES:
networks relates to wellbeing, which in
the settlement of migrants - particularly PASSIVE / ACTIVE
turn is chiefly underpinned by having CONNECTEDNESS
their integration into existing communities
access to employment and opportunities ORGANISED EVENTS
- will shape the way in which future social MOBILITY
to develop in that employment.
networks function. MEETING PLACES
OPPORTUNITY
6.1 social network aims In line with trends elsewhere, recent
PARTICIPATION SPECIALIST FACILITIES – USE AND USER
decades have seen a greater
AFFORDABILITY COMMUNITY HALLS
The key aim of the social network for the polarisation between those with the most
UDS should be to ensure that people and and those with the least. RELIABILITY PUBLIC REALM
communities have equitable access to The homogenous ‘suburban’ lifestyle
services, opportunities, and quality of life. PUBLIC TRANSPORT
It should not seek to manipulate or
model that dominates the UDS urban form ACCESSIBILITY LEISURE / RECREATION
is entirely dependent on the availability of
‘engineer’ communities; rather it is about
cheap energy to function. Significant
providing the tools and settings that will
social and economic hardship - starting
supportively allow strong communities to
first with the poorest groups - may result if
emerge on their own. Aims include: ABOVE FIG. 6-1: Elements of social infrastructure. Many of these are inherently non-physical and cannot be planned for
the UDS does not provide environments spatially and this will have key implications for the way in which the social component of the UDS is implemented.
Using the UDS as a means to help that can remain resilient in the face of (for
address existing inequalities rather example) petrol at $5.00 or more per
than exacerbating them; litre*.
* Estimated and indicative price point only.
GREATER CHRISTCHURCH URBAN DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY - TECHNICAL DOCUMENT 6-2urbanism +
6.3 social network princi- Prominent local identities;.
ples Place making:
Focal points and gathering places;
The IBD workshop process identified that
much of the development of social Amenity;
networks will relate to detailed Places of peace and beauty -
implementation works rather than large- connection to the natural and
scale strategic planning. physical environment and a
To that end a number of key social spiritual connection to place;
network principles were identified that it is Viable employment and living
hoped will be included in the development environments for all;
of implementation mechanisms at the
Active retail environments based
local level:
around the public realm.
Resilience / Sustainability:
Safety:
The ability of communities to
Crime Prevention Through
respond to change;
Environmental Design (CPTED).
The ability of communities to enjoy
Cultural Values: ABOVE FIG. 6-2: Designing places where people can meet and interact to
a reliable power supply,
communications, internet and Treaty issues with Maori Land; create an inclusive and vibrant public realm
phone services; Equitable opportunities for all
The ability of communities to ethnic groups .
remain viable in the possible the Respecting community boundaries:
end of cheap oil, fuel, and the
consequences this would bring. Linking to physical and
sociological boundaries.
Integration and Connection between
community facilities: Aging population:
Accessibility between business, The built environment needs to be
retail, open space, residential, and designed around the user needs of
other uses; its design life, not of the immediate
desires of the current users.
Logical, coherent and legible built
environments. Encouraging physical activity and
healthy lifestyles:
Access to services:
The built environment needs to
Neighbourhood and local encourage walking and cycling
services (pedestrian viable); over and above passively providing
Sub-regional and regional for it.
services (public transport viable). Partnership with central government
Social capital and building / retention departments: ABOVE FIG. 6-3 Active social interaction in public spaces
of community identity: Intersectoral collaboration.
Especially where growth is rapid or
at a large scale;
GREATER CHRISTCHURCH URBAN DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY - TECHNICAL DOCUMENT 6-3urbanism +
6.4 population change 2051
85+
80–84
75–79
2001 85+
70–74
80–84
Greenfield growth, to support strong social 65–69
60–64
With the ‘baby boomer’ generation networks, will not be able to continue the 55–59
50–54
75–79
reaching 60 years and beyond, the UDS is homogenous land use sterility that has 45–49
40–44
70–74
and will continue to experience a become dominant today. Instead, a much
35–39
30–34
65–69
significant shift in its demographic makeup more flexible approach will be needed that
25–29
20–24 60–64
15–19
to a large aging population. allows a wider mixture of densities and 10–14
5–9
55–59
An aging population will impact on urban uses to establish with a focus. This may 0–4
-20000 -15000 -10000 -5000 0 5000 10000 15000 20000
50–54
growth patterns in the UDS area. Different begin to occur naturally through the 85+
2011 45–49
80–84
social and physical infrastructure and market as oil supply and price stability 75–79
70–74
40–44
therefore new investment will be required fluctuations increase after the world 65–69
60–64 35–39
to meet changing needs of this passes it’s peak production point and 55–59
50–54
30–34
current patterns cannot be maintained.
45–49
demographic. A solid public transport 40–44
35–39 25–29
network and readily accessible healthcare However the UDS should pre-empt this
30–34
25–29 20–24
and local amenities will ensure ‘aging in given the 50+ year lifetime of the built
20–24
15–19
15–19
10–14
place’ and maximisation of health and well environment once approved and 5–9
0–4 10–14
being. constructed - lost opportunities to -20000 -15000 -10000 -5000 0 5000 10000 15000 20000
5–9
85+
establish social network supporting 80–84
75–79
2021 0–4
environments to 2010 may not return until 70–74
Provision of strong social networks and 65–69
-20000 -15000 -10000 -5000 0 5000 10000 15000 20000
around 2060, if at all. 60–64
leisure and recreational opportunities 55–59
50–54
which are well connected to transport
45–49
40–44
ABOVE FIG. 6-4: Aging population within the Greater Christchurch UDS will
35–39
impact upon regional growth as the population will be more dependent on
systems will be critical. Strong social The flat topography of the UDS urban 30–34
25–29 community / social infrastructure and local retail, public transport and rec-
networks will help ensure that the older area provides a good natural starting
20–24
15–19 reational amenity.
generation can be active opposed to point. An emphasis on establishing mixed,
10–14
5–9
isolated and marginalised members of the walkable catchments and a range of
0–4
2031
-20000 -15000 -10000 -5000 0 5000 10000 15000 20000
community. densities (including apartments where 85+
80–84
immediately adjacent amenities
75–79
However ultimately if the urban form does 70–74
65–69
not fundamentally reflect the reduced demonstrate this is a good outcome) will 60–64
55–59
mobility and affordability that most elderly provide for improved self sufficiency. 50–54
45–49
40–44
are faced with, they will struggle to 35–39
30–34
participate in society. This is equally a 25–29
problem for youth and disabled members Another implication of an ageing 20–24
15–19
of the community. As a result an increas- population relates to a worsening ratio of 10–14
5–9
0–4
ing proportion of the population will be income earners to dependents. Essentially -20000 -15000 -10000 -5000 0 5000 10000 15000 20000
dependent on an environment that for less workers (and potentially more earners 85+
earning less) will need to pay for the
80–84
75–79
2041
ease of movement to desired and 70–74
necessary destinations (youth under 20; maintenance of public services for more 65–69
60–64
55–59
over 60s; and the disabled). people. This may mean that current levels 50–54
45–49
of service may not be sustainable and that 40–44
35–39
This makes the case for a compact urban to be effective changes in patterns of 30–34
25–29
form more compelling. While the UDS and societal organisation become necessary. 20–24
15–19
the consulted ‘Option A’ notes a focus on In particular the relative roles of major
10–14
5–9
ABOVE FIG. 6-5: Elderly participating in community life [Source:
intensification will occur, at least 40% of infrastructure - centres, schools, hospitals
0–4
-20000 -15000 -10000 -5000 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 www.rnzcgp.org.nz]
new growth will still be greenfield. etc., may have to change.
GREATER CHRISTCHURCH URBAN DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY - TECHNICAL DOCUMENT 6-4urbanism +
6.5 accessibility and in-
frastructure mobility location. The UDS therefore needs to take
into account that while some elements of
The UDS social network was informed social infrastructure will ‘come along with
ELEMENT EASE OF MOVEMENT
heavily by the distribution of existing it’, others will need to be designed around.
HIGH MEDIUM LOW
physical elements, such as the location of For the District’s towns and numerous
School X
schools, churches, meeting places, communities within Christchurch City, it
cultural interpretation or support centres, needs to be recognised that investment in Hospital X
and others. physical social infrastructure is often a University X
To inform the strategy, consideration was ‘single large investment’, with inadequate Community further education X
had as to how ‘fixed’ different orders of funding available to change, re-orient, or Small clinic / A&E X
facilities were. even in many cases rejuvenate older, es-
Local GP X
tablished elements. Any new greenfield
Any change in the location of a service - growth associated with the UDS will need Civic landmarks / institutions X
no matter how small - can adversely affect to place a much higher emphasis on the Civic landmarks / other X
how its users access and interact with it; spatial priorities afforded to different land Community facility (large) X
but in most cases these can re-normalise uses. Greater emphasis is needed over Community facility (medium) X
over time with appropriate support. A key where social infrastructure is located to
risk can be to those who invested by Community facility (small) X
ensure that the optimal locations for social
moving into a location strategically just to networks are maximised, not lost. Emergency services X
be close to a service. An example can be
a family without access to a car moving Another issue to this is the mobility of ABOVE FIG. 6-6: IBD workshop assumptions regarding the relative ease of movement for different types of community
onto a road next to a bus route (and populations to access services. Poorer infrastructure. Those that are harder to move are treated as ’fixed’ i.e. the UDS and growth will need to respond to these
groups are less mobile often through the existing patterns. Those that are easier to move will not have such a limitation on growth.
potentially paying more than they may
wish given the reduced market of houses simple lack of equitable transport
that would suit their needs), only to have opportunity (1 or no family car compared
the bus route re-rationalised and removed to a standard middle class household of 2
from their practical walkable opportunity. or more cars and therefore a greater reli-
ance on public transport). This is an issue
Notwithstanding these risks which must be in particular for the City fringe and in the
taken into account, there may be a rural districts (especially as the population
desirability to encourage different patterns ages), where people are more susceptible
of infrastructure to emerge - including in to become ‘trapped in nowhere’ through
particular any clustering into ‘service the dispersed and low-density nature of
nodes’ to give a wider benefit of that land uses.
service to the UDS population.
This can be difficult to manage as in many
The assumptions made in this exercise cases people make a conscious lifestyle
are presented in figure 6-6. Essentially, decision without being prepared to also
smaller-scale facilities and many medium accept the unavoidable socially isolative
sized ones were deemed to be of lower ABOVE FIG. 6-7 - Large scale facilities such as Canter- ABOVE FIG. 6-8 - Smaller scale facilities such as commu-
costs that come with this choice. There is bury University have a more fixed location within the nity and health services are more spatially mobile and can
significance to the overall planning of the a more serious issue for those who urban fabric and are less spatially mobile. be located in residential areas.
UDS given their relative ease of mobility if through financial or other issues have no
necessary. On the other end of the scale, real ‘choice’, and there may be a need in
large scale institutions such as hospitals the future for more dedicated transport
and schools are much less mobile - they options (such as ‘neighbourhood’ buses
often have specialised locations relative to that take residents into towns on set days
the movement network and require such etc.). This also raises further questions
large operational resources (including about the wisdom of maintaining certain
land) and fewer to no opportunities for re- lifestyle choices in large numbers.
GREATER CHRISTCHURCH URBAN DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY - TECHNICAL DOCUMENT 6-5urbanism +
6.6 social deprivation a location scores highly on the index. It
could be possible that a given location
Social deprivation is a measure of social measures lowly due to a concentration of
well-being. The social deprivation index is recent migrants that, given a decade to
based on: properly establish and integrate may ‘self-
correct’. Another location may alternatively
income: people 18-59 yrs receiving have more permanent deep-seated social
a means tested benefit; issues that lead to the deprivation score.
employment: people 18-59 yrs un-
employed; Accordingly only Christchurch City was
income: household income below a focussed on.
threshold level;
communication: no access to tele- The industrial areas of Christchurch are
phone; predictably more deprived however, of
most concern along the dominant east-
transport: no access to car;
west deprivation band is that
support: peopleurbanism +
6.7 ethnicity, minorities Historical approaches of providing
comprehensive ‘quarters’ for these groups
and migration over time have turned into depressed,
concentrated ghettos over time and
MIGRANTS & REFUGEES should not be repeated. Nevertheless it is
agreed that the desire of migrants to have
Many permanent and long term migrants
access to a ’familiar face’ is still an
settle in the greater Christchurch region
important amenity to provide. The scale of
after arriving elsewhere in New Zealand,
migrant arrivals may warrant a deliberate
This is coupled with significant numbers of
settlement strategy, as the role of mi-
migrants on visitor or student visas (taking
grants and refugees in the success of the
advantage of close proximity to
UDS will be significant.
secondary, tertiary and English language
educational institutions).
ETHNIC GROUPINGS
In terms of refugees, Christchurch
receives the second highest number of Clusters of particular ethnic groupings are
refugees resettling in New Zealand. Many observable in Christchurch. The highest
refugees currently live in and around the concentration of permanent resident
suburb of Richmond. Asians live in the northwest quadrant of
the city, with many living in or around the
Migrants often have difficulties finding suburbs of Avonhead, Burnside, Bryndwr,
employment, adapting to the physical Upper Riccarton and Fendalton. Concen-
environment and weather conditions in the trations of Maori and Pacific Island
region and can be isolated socially (due to peoples exist in the eastern and southern
different family structures and lifestyles). suburbs of Christchurch City, in areas that
are often associated with higher social N
These factors can lead to migrants and
refugees becoming inactive members of deprivation scores.
the community.
The issue of ethnic communities ABOVE FIG. 6-11: Indicative migration / ethnic minority settlement clusters within the UDS area (not to scale)
Housing, employment and provision of dispersed over a wide geographical area
social networks (churches, cultural needs to be resolved within the UDS as
centres, events/festivals) and cultural well as the current lack of perceived
spaces / features (markets, parks, provision of community service and
gardens, squares, art work) therefore play support facilities that cater specifically to
important roles in achieving successful their needs.
outcomes for migrants and refugees.
EUROPEAN MAORI PACIFIC ASIAN
2001 CANTERBURY 454,000 (87%) 34,500 (7%) 9,500 (2%) 21,900 (4%)
2001 CHRISTCHURCH 291,400 (85%) 24,000 (7%) 8,400 (2%) 19,700 (6%)
N
2016 CANTERBURY 487,400 (+7%) 45,000 (+30%) 13,500 (+42%) 44,800 (+105%)
2016 CHRISTCHURCH 303,700 (+4%) 31,600 (+32%) 11,900 (+42%) 41,100 (+109%)
ABOVE FIG. 6-10: Ethnicity for Christchurch City and Canterbury Region [source: CCC] ABOVE FIG. 6-12: Distribution of ethnically targeted facilities within Christchurch City (not to scale, source: CCC)
GREATER CHRISTCHURCH URBAN DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY - TECHNICAL DOCUMENT 6-7urbanism +
6.8 education & health care
SCHOOLS Ministry of Health, and a key strategy is it
pursuing is on advocating for healthier
There is a current clustering of schools lifestyles and a reduction of ‘unnecessary’
(primary and secondary) in Christchurch and conditions (such as almost all childhood
few schools in the rural Selwyn and obesity). This policy approach is at face
Waimakariri districts to the north and south- value consistent with the locally-focussed,
east of the city. There is also an identified lack more walkable outcomes envisaged by the
of geographically conveniently located schools UDS in ‘Option A’.
in the north of the city beyond Papanui.
However as with educational facilities, this
It is noted that school ‘reputations’ are will reinforce existing patterns that focus
important to local identity in Christchurch and vehicular traffic towards the centre of
parent preference is not necessarily related to Christchurch City. Given the lack of available
geographical proximity. Accordingly it is public sector investment, there may be scope
common that students live far away from their for the private sector to be engaged to
school. provide a series of new small to medium
scaled services that could locate in locally-
The Ministry of Education has determined that based communities adjacent to new areas of N N
provision of future schooling based on existing growth or peripheral areas of intensification
capacity will not require the realistic as their own catchments increase and make
construction of any new secondary schools in these investments feasible. Major hospitals
Christchurch City, while Waimakariri and that require vehicle trips could increasingly ABOVE FIG. 6-13: IBD workshop secondary school ABOVE FIG. 6-14: IBD workshop major hospital
Rolleston have both already secured future distribution across the UDS area (not to scale)
specialise in major surgeries and treatments.
educational land needs. The implication of this This could be made more efficient by NEW GROWTH
is that existing schools will concentrate and ensuring that within defined geographic AREA WITH
‘upsize’, with greenfield growth and areas, patients of up to 90% of all conditions OWN LOCAL
SCHOOL
intensification in the periphery not being could obtain treatment within that catchment
served by any locally accessible opportunities. (instead of having to be bounced all across
the entire region for different types of SCHOOL
This is an unfortunate outcome that will treatment).
necessitate a continuance of unsustainable
travel patterns and student ‘non-school’ time In the case of both education and health
loss. care, existing established patterns and
investment will dominate the future response. ABOVE FIG. 6-15: Promoting strategic efficiency by providing for the future establishment schools in areas of
HEALTH CARE growth thereby creating walkable school catchments [Source: Christchurch City Council]
A more desirable outcome would be a
A tertiary level of healthcare is provided for NEW GROWTH
rationalisation of these existing investments AREA REQUIRING
within central Christchurch, with Selwyn to allow a re-focus beyond a ‘Christchurch SCHOOL TRAVEL
(Lincoln) and Waimakariri (Kaiapoi and City centrifuge’ model that underpins the SCHOOL
Rangiora) fulfilling other regional healthcare current distribution of facilities. This would
functions of limited medical and maternity allow the retention of most existing facilities
care. Major rural callouts are dealt with by but a re-focus towards outer Christchurch
helicopter, which will likely remain the case City to provide better and more equitable
into the future. accessibility and service levels for these ar-
eas including the rural districts.
No significant new public health assets are ABOVE FIG. 6-16: An alternative model which favours intensification of existing schools at the expense of pro-
planned for the UDS population by the viding for future schools in growth areas [Source: www.arc.govt.nz]
GREATER CHRISTCHURCH URBAN DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY - TECHNICAL DOCUMENT 6-8urbanism +
6.9 housing practice with intensification, affordability has
often become a scapegoat to assist in the
Housing New Zealand is the government entity provision of low-end, low quality and very
responsible for state housing and across the small units. The fact that they can sell quickly
is not always a reflection on market 3.2
Country dominates provision of social housing.
In Christchurch, the Corporation has minimal satisfaction. It is often a reality that shelter PRIVATE
OPEN SPACE
PRIVATE OPEN
SPACE
and security is a basic need; and people will 3 3
holdings as the City Council has historically P
taken (and still maintains) a strong portfolio of take hold of whatever they can within their 5 5
5 5
its own social housing. means including a substandard unit in a more
DINING
desirable location. There is a risk that an BEDROOM DI BEDROOM
ACCESSIBLE NOT AFFORDABLE ‘affordable’ housing approach to the UDS 17 12
17 12
could see this phenomenon repeated. 10.8 10.8
10.8 GARAGE
Increasing house costs as a function of KITCHEN GARAGE KITCHEN
population growth and more competition for An approach focussing on ‘accessibility’ BEDROOM
the most desirable locations will inevitably would help to balance this. As well as the BEDROOM
affect the UDS area and its main towns. need for low-cost and ‘starter’ affordable LIVING 3.2 LIVING
3.2 BEDROOM 3.2
4
housing, accessible housing also facilitates a 1.5
range of viable household types. This allows 8.2
This can be partially managed by the way in 2
8.2 1.5
which intensification and new growth is large families and households from different 2
managed. Typically value increases relate to cultures to participate in communities rather BASE TYPOLOGY EXTENDED TYPOLOGY
the land value component of the purchase, not than be undermined by inflexible living
This two-level duplex unit has been designed with a single The unit has been extended above the garage to provide
the improvements although it is acknowledged arrangements. level garage and flat roof. The use of a storage area on an additional bedroom and bathroom. This would cater
that tinkering and surface improvements the first floor allows a future doorway and connection to to a starter family who can add an additional bedroom /
(outdoor paving, paint, designer colour themes PROVIDING A VIABLE STOCK the hallway without need to remodel the internal layout of home office over time as need and financial feasibility
etc.) often balance the natural decline in value rooms. arise.
as a residential building ages and materials A range of tools exist that can help achieve
accessible housing aside from conventional ABOVE FIG. 6-17: Provision of accessible housing that is designed to be completed and extended incrementally over
wear. time. I.e. Initially the house is built and sold with 2 bedrooms but also designed to clip on more bedrooms as the starter
public sector purchase, including dedicated family expands or can afford to.
The focus of the UDS should be on obtaining - housing types that can be built incrementally
in those areas where wider networks logically (allowing cheaper initial cost outlays for
support it such as in and around town centres purchasers), land ownership and purchase
- the greatest high-amenity densities possible. mechanisms, and a range of agreements
This means that the increased value of land between Councils and Developers. For exam-
can be offset by the number of units provided ple, a requirement of between 5 and 10% of
on it and the ‘share’ of that land value bought developments greater than (for instance) 200
by each occupier (not necessarily in a freehold units to be provided as accessible units can
arrangement as increasing long-term land be a way of helping to deliver a viable stock of
fragmentation can also bring a range of future housing, especially if the Council is able to
problems). leverage the level of development intensity
sought in a win-win for the developer.
This means that affordability should be
manageable in inner urban settings. The For instance, if a developer is only able to
suburbs where little intensification will be economically produce 150 units but with the
possible may require alternative solutions as Council’s resources and assistance such as
these either increase or decrease in value improving adjacent amenities that could
depending on future energy system dynamics. support a higher intensity, this could be ABOVE FIG. 6-18: Redevelopment of existing housing ABOVE FIG. 6-19: Compact medium density housing
increased to 200 (at the same market price stock to provide additional small units i.e. granny flat capable of being a fully self contained unit on the ground
Overall however a view towards ensuring point per unit), 20 units (10%) for accessible which is independently accessible floor
accessible housing should be taken over the housing that may be cost neutral to the
more conventional affordable housing. In developer is balanced by them still getting 30 GREATER CHRISTCHURCH URBAN DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY - TECHNICAL DOCUMENT 6-9urbanism +
6.10 social networks -
qualitative
Social focal points within the UDS area
were assessed qualitatively to identify the
role they play in social networks. This is
distinct from an analysis of what facilities
they provide and is aligned to the
question of ‘what is this place about’ in
terms of the social networks it facilitates.
A ‘pyramid’ of higher ordering was used
that started with whether a place exists to ABOVE FIG. 6-20: Christchurch Art Gallery. Christchurch
CBD was found to be more about acting as the regional
provide basic local social needs leading to high-order’ centre for major facilities rather than a place
whether a place existed as a one that to live and meet local needs. Source: Google images
people came purely to be a part of the
social ‘action’ (to see and be seen), to be
a part of the defining character and sense
of a place.
In the majority of centres, the existing role
was not seen as being likely to change
notably over time, although the
comprehensiveness and quality of
services provided were often considered
to be in need of improvement, better N
connection / integration into centres, or
greater accessibility.
There were also a range of places that
Places to meet, bring family and friends, ‘go out
with an intensified and larger population, a QUALITY OF LIFE
to’, celebrate ethnicity and culture
higher order could be achieved. In most
instances this translated into a shift from PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT (LIFE LONG LEARN- Community arts centres, recording studios,
ING, SPECIAL INTERESTS, ‘NEW AGE’ SKILLS) further education, ‘homework’ centres
higher-order local needs to larger scale
event facilities (including the use of the ABOVE FIG. 6-21: Shirley was found to meet local needs
EVENTS VENUES (INSIDE & OUTSIDE SPACE) Market space, street events, theatre, display
although the quality of this delivery and its accessibility
public realm on a regular basis i.e. street space, ethnic and park events
could be improved over time to be more effective. As it
parades, markets or park-based festivals grows, it is likely that higher-order events facilities may MEET LOCAL DEMAND FOR HIGHER LEVEL Library, community halls, pools, cinemas,
etc). COMMUNITY FACILITIES basic skate park
become necessary (especially in conjunction with the
Palms i.e. film festivals spilling out to the library and street MEET LOCAL DEMAND FOR COMMUNITY Play grounds, meeting rooms, bus stops, street
No area was considered likely to decline etc. SERVICES furniture
in the face of the UDS and intensification.
EXISTING POTENTIAL
ABOVE FIG. 6-22: Qualitative assessment of selected UDS social focal points.
GREATER CHRISTCHURCH URBAN DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY - TECHNICAL DOCUMENT 6 - 10urbanism +
6.11 social networks -
quantitative
Social focal points within the UDS area
were assessed quantitatively to identify
the services they provide and the way in
which they support social networks.
Within a framework of four main divisions
(education; health; cultural; and
entertainment / recreation facilities), the
scale of catchment and its role was also
considered from the smallest scale
neighbourhood crèche to the largest scale
regional and even international scaled
university. This helped build a much more
informed picture of the way in which (for
example) ‘education’ is delivered or
focussed in a particular location.
The analysis, informed by other progress
at the IBD including possible population
growth and transportation (and public
transport) then began focussing on where
changes to this distribution could occur in
the future. Some change was found to be
desirable in almost every focal point
examined with significant change
identified as particularly possible around
Belfast, Addington, Halswell, Hornby, and
West Melton . Hornby / Halswell and
Belfast in particular emerged as having
the potential to capture catchment from N
the rural districts that otherwise would
need to go to the Christchurch CBD for
higher order facilities. EDUCATION HEALTH REGIONAL
SUB-REGIONAL
LOCAL
In most cases, changes identified related ENTERTAINMENT CULTURAL
NEIGHBOURHOOD
RECREATION
to the existing characteristics of places
where, with the benefit of comprehensive
planning, improvements, and a larger EXISTING
catchment, current potential could be
POSSIBLE IN FUTURE
harnessed into outcomes.
ABOVE FIG. 6-23: Existing social infrastructure provision in the Greater Christchurch UDS (not to scale)
GREATER CHRISTCHURCH URBAN DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY - TECHNICAL DOCUMENT 6 - 11urbanism +
6.12 social networks situa- to the nature of recent low density and
homogenous greenfield population
tion growth;
Social network spatial issues for the UDS
The CBD acts as the single major
area can be summarised as featuring:
node for the UDS area, with the malls
Rolleston and Rangiora act as the providing out of CBD retailing clusters.
main service centres for their wider This has established clear patterns of
Districts beyond the UDS area, and dependence on the roading network by
they will continue to do so into the the population to access necessary
future; services over and above optional
attractions within the CBD;
The Districts are dependent on the City
for much of their services, it is unviable Central Government ‘Heartland’
to establish them in the Districts given initiatives in Hornby aim to help make
the low population; services more accessible to those in
the periphery;
An area of social deprivation exists
through the centre of the UDS area The future amenities and services
which needs to be improved or at the available at Woodend (and spilling
very least not worsened as a over for the Waimakariri District) are
consequence of the UDS; unknown due to the emerging nature
of the Pegasus Bay town and the
A community of interest extends intended (by the developers) range of
across the Waimakariri River between social facilities that will accompany it.
Kaiapoi and Belfast;
The towns act as main social network
focal points as do the main shopping
malls in Christchurch City. While these
lack many qualities of town centres
they are still significant clusters of
populations where people meet and
go, especially the youth populations;
N
Service ‘dead’ zones currently exist at
the fringe of Christchurch City and
Waimakariri and Selwyn districts
ABOVE FIG. 6-24: Social network issues within the UDS area (not to scale).
(between local authority boundaries).
This is in part due to the natural
‘inward’ focus of development in the
three Council areas towards their own
‘orders of magnitude’ (the CBD,
Rolleston, and Rangiora) but also due
GREATER CHRISTCHURCH URBAN DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY - TECHNICAL DOCUMENT 6 - 12urbanism +
6.13 key social network
opportunities
There will always be a correlation between 8: Provision of meeting space for residents
the prosperity of local communities, their ( formal & Informal) & recreation of focal
social connectedness, and the ability to points
accessibly and conveniently move. Over
the life of the strategy many of these 9: Aquatic facilities & Library redevelopment
opportunities may be changed to be Regenerate ‘brownfield’ industry sites into
considered. As a part of the analysis, the a public space oriented town centre
following indicative opportunities were Improve public transport
identified for specific facilities: Asian Centre
10: Asian Centre, Pacific Centre
1: Improvements to medical services
Performing Arts Facility (District Focus) 11: Medical Supa Centre, explore St John of
Primary School God site
Multi Sports Event Centre
Retain existing scale and character of
12: Marina
centre
13: Primary school
2: Primary School
Working to improve integration btw town &
Opportunities to make an attractive
Uni facilities / residential
destination / precinct from Christchurch
City (restaurants on the river etc.)
14: I m p r o v e m e n t t o c o r e
Provision for additional meeting space for
3: Medical Supa Centre (combining many wide rural area
medical specialities together) Improve integration between industrial /
Possible primary school business / residential uses
Meeting places and public realm Greater range of activities within a
improvement walkable ‘centre’ to stimulate greater role
More social facilities / opportunities in the as a ’hub’ for recreation and interest
heart (subsidised spaces)
Improved public transport
Specific but non-locationally defined
4: Aquatic facilities opportunities for multicultural facilities
include:
5: Multi-cultural Centre
Create residential community focus Public art spaces
Public market space
Multicultural sculpture
Street furniture N
6: Creation of community ‘heart’, Aquatic
Tai Chi venue
Centre
Enhanced medical services and public Chinese of Japanese Gardens
ABOVE FIG. 6-25: Social network opportunities within the UDS area (not to scale).
transport Public spaces appealing to different
cultures
7: Primary school (linked to growth role)
GREATER CHRISTCHURCH URBAN DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY - TECHNICAL DOCUMENT 6 - 13urbanism +
6.14 social network
preference
rather than competing and replicating
The sub-regional social network
lower quality outcomes. This network
structure is based around Central
assumed effective public transport is
Christchurch in addition to two main RANGIORA
available within and between the ‘hub’
sub-regional community hubs that serve
areas.
both local and rural district needs (three
rather than the traditional one main The CBD is still envisaged to be the
social core). Within this, detailed dominant employment, activity and
strategies affecting housing, social entertainment hub for the region. It is
deprivation, youth engagement, elderly intended that the areas around Belfast
participation; global accessibility and and Hornby / Halswell will intensify and
equity (amongst other) will be required coalesce around a variety of locally-
at a more specialised level. oriented services including in particular
government services that may be unviable
The opportunity to focus and distribute
for setting in the rural districts but that may
social services between the rural
centres of each district and to improve
still conveniently serve them if located BELFAST
towards the fringe of Christchurch and
the services at the city fringe has also
supported by that larger urban catchment.
been identified as being of key benefit.
The management of social capital flow Greater accessibility between the key
from rural districts into the city and vice towns within the rural districts is also
versa is identified as being essential considered necessary, so that they may
given the risks to CBD overload by specialise and share key ‘big ticket’
traffic if all non-essential local services facilities that the District is unable to
and facilities (including many lower financially replicate. An example may be a
order entertainment and urban HORNBY CBD
large-scale aquatic centre in one town,
recreational / leisure ones) remain with a reliable bus service giving access to
oriented around the CBD. the next town that may in return focus on
a district-wide library, and so on rather
Hornby / Halswell (each with different
than each place having token, small ROLLESTON
opportunities / challenges but the final
versions of each community service / facil-
choice between these will relate to
ity.
possible motorway changes) and
Belfast are strategically located to Within Christchurch City, the provision of
intercept incoming rural movements as services could be reorganised. Hornby /
well as provide for local needs. The Halswell and Belfast are unlikely to fully
potential for public transport to also ‘switch on’ for up to 15 years as growth
synergise here seems high as well. and their respective catchments increase,
N
however the provision of investment could
The ultimate expression of the social
be planned from today, including setting
network for the UDS revolves around a
aside funding and resources. However,
series of triangulations based on better
key investments in civic services and a
self sufficiency, cooperation and the
more visible expression of investment are ABOVE FIG. 6-26: the indicative concept plan for social/community networks in the Greater Christchurch UDS (not to
sharing of facilities by different places
recommended immediately. scale)
GREATER CHRISTCHURCH URBAN DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY - TECHNICAL DOCUMENT 6 - 14urbanism +
6.15 social network
preference: northern hub
condition and liveability of the existing
The northern ‘sector’ would focus on ‘centre’;
Belfast acting as the Christchurch City
gateway, with Rangiora, Kaiapoi, and Retaining and enhancing a distinct RANGIORA
Woodend / Pegasus forming an internal identity to the area;
relationship of centres within
New developments need to be
Waimakariri. Rangiora would remain as
sensitive to existing settled areas and
the highest-order, main service centre
residents;
for the Waimakariri District, while
Kaiapoi has potential to become more of Exploring the potential to locate higher-
an entertainment destination for short level healthcare and government
trips out of Christchurch City. services within Belfast that could serve
northern Christchurch and the
Key development issues facing Belfast’s
Waimakariri;
transition into a considerable hub
include: Acknowledging and understanding the BELFAST
Belfast / Kaiapoi connection. For
Retaining and enhancing existing
example, many secondary school
green areas and corridors e.g. The
students living within Belfast will travel
Groynes, Chaneys, other parks,
to distant schools within Christchurch
waterways etc., while also facilitating
central, when the college in Kaiapoi
growth;
may be much closer (the next closest
Establishing a compact sense of is in Papanui);
‘centre’, logically around the main
Exploring the opportunities to share
intersection of Main North and Johns
facilities between Kaiapoi and Belfast.
Roads;
Kaiapoi has a small library and
Managing the considerable traffic swimming pools, Belfast had a quasi-
issues given that state highways public pool at the Primary School,
essentially break Belfast into three recently closed. Belfast could provide a
distinct areas. This reduces the sub-regional librar y v ia the
ability of people to readily interact Christchurch City Council that could be
between the three parts; enjoyed by northern Christchurch and
Kaiapoi residents, allowing freed-up
Reinvigorating existing ‘brownfield’ funding from Waimakariri District
sites relating to old industrial areas; Council to enhance the pools in
Kaiapoi to an equal sub-regional stan-
Investigating the opportunities to use dard. This could in turn lead to a more N
construction of the Northern Arterial balanced flow of people between
(the designations for this have Waimakariri and Christchurch and help
existed for decades) to also provide facilitate greater economic activity
for development opportunities that (Christchurch City resident spending)
ABOVE FIG. 6-27: the indicative concept plan for social/community networks in the UDS Northern Sector (not to scale)
can expand Belfast and improve the in Kaiapoi.
GREATER CHRISTCHURCH URBAN DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY - TECHNICAL DOCUMENT 6 - 15urbanism +
6.16 social network pref-
erence: central hub perception, inclusion, ownership, and
belonging;
The central ‘sector’ would focus on the
Christchurch CBD, with the other town Provide more dedicated youth
centres forming a lattice of facilities. This does not necessarily
intensification nodes around it. The CBD mean isolated ones such as a skate
would remain as the sub-region’s park on its own, but could include
highest-order node, home to the major adjunct spaces associated with other
art galleries and other entertainment / facilities that allow youth to integrate
tourist attractors. with other community members. A
good example is when public libraries
Key development issues facing the include computer or game console
CBD’s transition into a considerable areas as well as other homework
social network hub include: spaces that help to bring a diverse
range of community members - each
Emphasise and provide lower order
‘liveable’ social infrastructure in
for a different reason - into a common BELFAST
space;
addition to the well-established
higher-order facilities (e.g. provide Stimulate a greater residential
micro-level pocket parks for more population within the CBD. This will
obvious resident use as well as require overcoming obstacles such as
higher order squares and market inexperience and a range of
parklands); disincentives such as the cost of
earthquake strengthening older
Maintaining an equitable social mix
buildings;
within the CBD. This means moving HORNBY CBD
a way from the conv entional Integrate short-term visitor and tourist
approach of ‘affordable’ housing, needs with long-term resident needs;
and instead emphasising
‘accessible’ housing, which includes Re-evaluate the parking requirements
affordability but also issues such as for apartments within the CBD,
maintaining suitable housing-stock perhaps looking at 1 space per
d i v e r s i t y t o m a t c h d if f e r e n t apartment up to 90sqm each, and then
household sizes, compositions, and 2 spaces per apartment over 90sqm or
lifestyle needs (for example a family 4+ bedrooms. Such actions may be
may not need ‘affordable housing’ necessary to help stimulate market
per se, but may need a suitably interest in large-scale inner-urban
sized house that allows 7 children to living;
healthily grow up in); N
Ensuring that while larger industries
Fostering cultural diversity within the are accompanied to more appropriate
CBD. This will require a number of sites, viable employment opportunities
strategies that focus on environ- for the less-skilled are still available
mental and non-physical issues of ABOVE FIG. 6-28: the indicative concept plan for social/community networks in the UDS Central Sector (not to scale)
and accessible to communities.
GREATER CHRISTCHURCH URBAN DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY - TECHNICAL DOCUMENT 6 - 16urbanism +
6.17 social network Hornby library, making them also
accessible to non-Christchurch City
preference: south western residents;
hub
Explore the potential for government
The south-western ‘sector’ would focus services to establish, serving
on Hornby (or Halswell) acting as the Christchurch City and Selwyn District
Christchurch City gateway, with West needs (e.g. WINZ, Probation, etc.)
Melton, Rolleston, and Lincoln forming
an internal relationship of centres within Investigate opportunities to
Selwyn. Rolleston would remain as the concentrate public transport options
highest-order, main service centre for here (i.e. route destination variation
the Selwyn District, while Lincoln has and higher frequencies), including
potential to build on its well-established maintaining the viability of any future
tertiary education and research connection to commuter rail services;
destination for students across New
Zealand and overseas. Road network changes that relieve
the use of roads through Hornby and
Key development issues facing strategically managed relocation of
Hornby’s or Halswell’s transition into a industries may create an ideal
considerable hub include: brownfield opportunity for comprehen-
sive redevelopment of the Hornby
A clear decision on which of these centre. This would need careful
two possibilities will be preferred. planning to achieve;
Hornby provides a greater strategic
logic that can also integrate into Focus on improving the emerging HORNBY
other networks most notably public cluster of cultural facilities (e.g. more
transport, but on the other hand, multicultural uses to compliment the
Halswell, (provided a state highway Maori Cultural Centre and Maori
extension goes ahead) may provide Women’s Welfare League Centre
more viable economic development etc.); ROLLESTON
settings, with less difficult brownfield
development sites that Hornby The need to be mindful of effects on
would offer; highly deprived communities and
migrant groups in the vicinity;
Explore the potential for high level
healthcare facilities to help serve All new development should be in
wider area including part of the accordance with best-practice urban
social deprivation ‘belt’ and areas of design and CPTED principles; N
ethnic minorities;
Maintaining conveniently accessible
Increase the size of community employment opportunities that match
facilities to give them eventual the skills, capability, and education
sub-regional emphasis e.g. the levels of the community. ABOVE FIG. 6-29:
6-31: the indicative concept plan for social/community networks in the UDS
Greater
South-Western
ChristchurchSector
UDS (not
(not to
to
scale)
GREATER CHRISTCHURCH URBAN DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY - TECHNICAL DOCUMENT 6 - 17urbanism +
activity centres 7
GREATER CHRISTCHURCH URBAN DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY - TECHNICAL DOCUMENT 7-1urbanism +
7.0 ACTIVITY CENTRES
directed towards attracting activity ones - within centres as well as
Activity centres relate to town,
back into the CBD to increase its providing for more residential growth;
neighbourhood and local centres as well
competitive position which has
as the larger (and generally retail ‘big-box’ providing for intensification in a
recently declined;
dominant) sub-regional centres and the manner that will enhance the
CBD. improving the quality of the public dominance, competitive advantage
realm by shop fronts facing outwards, and self sufficiency of activity centres;
7.1 activity centres enhancing streetscape amenity,
ensuring that a quality public realm is
encouraging increased retail and
The Greater Christchurch sub-region the focus of all development and not
commercial presence in a street
exhibits a hierarchy of activity centres simply the provision of services and
based retail setting opposed to further
from the CBD through to small, local activities;
large format retailing and shopping RURAL TOWNSHIP, Rangiora: small scale, street-
centres in outer urban and rural areas. malls; acknowledging that the outer lying based retail associated with older centres.
Overall activity centres act as nodes for urban centres may be subject to
expanding the residential and
retail, commercial and residential land higher levels of growth and demands
uses and serve as important destination employment base within the activity
and providing appropriate outcomes;
points for social services, commercial centre catchments to contribute to
24/7 activity and provide an Retaining character and identity of
activities, transport networks and people.
immediate on hand market; established activities in the face of
Activity centres can operate at many of a potentially significant intensification
number of spatial levels from local through recognising the individual set of
and change to the built environment
to regional and thus meet different needs conditions and dynamic role of each
(particularly those centres associated
of the population. A successful activity centre and developing a strategy
with an often romanticised low
centre has a high quality and active public appropriate to enhancing the
building height of two levels);
realm. opportunities which exist;
Accepting the role that major
Key considerations in establishing the to integrate movement, employment
internalised shopping centres play in BIG BOX MALL, ‘The Palms’ Shirley: internalised
development priorities for each centre are and social networks into the activity shopping centres & big box retail
concentrating people into one setting
a consideration of those centres which centre network to maximises amenity,
and improving wider settings that
have the greatest potential to change in accessibility and economic
would support social cohesion,
terms of residential intensification, retail opportunities.
identity, and non-retail jobs to
and employment. establish around them;
Managing the CBD ‘gravity’
7.3 activity centre issues phenomenon that may make it harder
7.2 activity centre aims to establish more than daily
providing for emerging commercial
convenience uses in centres further
The key aim for the development of areas and new centres associated
from the CBD (particularly those in
centres within the UDS should be to with new growth in greenfield
the rural districts);
encourage economic prosperity, social settings;
strength, a mix of uses, an active public Providing a new tier of ‘micro’ local
acknowledging that some centres are INNER CITY RETAILING, Christchurch CBD: street-
realm and greater land use intensities. centres associated with more
declining and seeking to use growth focussed retailing and commerce activities
Other aims include: walkable catchments within greenfield
as a means to help improve this
areas, and enabling new ones within
situation;
revitalising Christchurch City as a existing residential areas once
network of activity centres providing a Maintaining a rich variety of intensified. ABOVE: FIG 7-1: Examples of various centre condi-
tions in the UDS
major commercial and retail function employment opportunities -
within the region. Effort needs to be particularly non-service and non-retail
GREATER CHRISTCHURCH URBAN DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY - TECHNICAL DOCUMENT 7-2urbanism +
7.4 activity centres and the public where the degree of ‘eyes on the street’
realm actively deters crime. Several well
established principles of CPTED (Crime
An activity centre refers to focal points of Prevention Through Environmental
social and economic exchange. Design), which are consistent with best
Traditionally these refer to town and local practice urban design exist to guide the
centres with their main streets and detail design process further.
a m e n it i e s . H o we v e r purely or
overwhelmingly retail-driven shopping The UDS with its aims for compact
centres and intensively developed lengths settlements and intensification around
of major arterial roads can occasionally centres, will be reliant upon a high-
also act as a de-facto centre although amenity public realm focus. The public
generally with a much lower level of vitality realm will only achieve this where it:
or robustness than a full town or activity
centre. Stimulates interest and curiosity;
Successful activity centres are based on Provides safety;
energising the public realm. Principally
Is based around logical movement
they function through pedestrian friendly
routes and destinations;
street-based uses that, through a fine
grain progression of active edges and the Maintains strong economic viability;
use of key ‘anchor’ uses (supermarkets ABOVE: FIG 7-2: Illustration of ‘frontage’ in a town centre, including how buildings can orient to have privacy and
servicing at the internalised read, with entrances, glazing, and activity facing outwards to the street and other open
etc.) entice people through them. This Is of high visual variation; spaces.
maximises the opportunities for ‘surplus’
activities and interaction to occur; for Has a clear delineation between the
example a couple deciding on impulse to public and private realms including the
stop in at a passing café for breakfast on placement of civic uses and open
their way to get a loaf of bread. It also spaces at highly prominent, legible
provides a rich, varied, and visually locations;
interesting environment based on multiple
activities and expressions of style, Accommodated a balanced distribution
individuality, or taste juxtaposed in close of modes;
proximity to each other.
Is equitable for all users without
A viable public realm is a necessary pre discriminating;
requisite to achieving goals such as less
vehicle dependence and greater Is based on forms and proportions that
pedestrian or cycle modes. This is relate to a human scale;
because an active public realm can
stimulate greater interest as a ‘place’ in its Provide a range of experiences,
own right rather than as just a route, and textures, colours, sounds, smells, and
through passive safety improve sensations (including covered, open, ABOVE: FIG 7-3: Illustration of a fine-grained active street frontage. This provides people with the ability to see
perceptions of safety (and actual safety paved, and ‘green’ open spaces). ‘inside and out’, as well as respond to a variety of different stimuli.
GREATER CHRISTCHURCH URBAN DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY - TECHNICAL DOCUMENT 7-3You can also read
