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Springer Proceedings in Physics Volume 220
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More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/361Andrea Di Cicco · Gabriele Giuli · Angela Trapananti Editors Synchrotron Radiation Science and Applications Proceedings of the 2019 Meeting of the Italian Synchrotron Radiation Society—Dedicated to Carlo Lamberti
Editors Andrea Di Cicco Gabriele Giuli Physics Division Geology Division School of Science and Technology School of Science and Technology University of Camerino University of Camerino Camerino, Macerata, Italy Camerino, Macerata, Italy Angela Trapananti Physics Division School of Science and Technology University of Camerino Camerino, Macerata, Italy ISSN 0930-8989 ISSN 1867-4941 (electronic) Springer Proceedings in Physics ISBN 978-3-030-72004-9 ISBN 978-3-030-72005-6 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72005-6 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Dedication
To Carlo Lamberti
Our friend, our colleague
This book is dedicated to the memory of Carlo Lamberti. Carlo passed away
unexpectedly February 1st, 2019, only 54 years old.
Carlo (Prof. Carlo Lamberti) studied physics at the University of Turin, Italy.
From 1988 to 1993, he worked at the CSELT laboratories (at that time Telecom
Italia, then Avago Technologies) in Turin (Italy) on the characterization of the inter-
faces of III-V semiconductor heterostructures with 4K photoluminescence, high-
resolution x-ray diffraction and x-ray absorption spectroscopy. He obtained his Ph.D.
in solid state physics from the University of Rome, Italy, in 1993. Since 2006, he
had been professor of Physical Chemistry at the University of Turin. He has been
also Full Professor of Solid-State Physics and Scientific Director of the Smart Mate-
rials Research Institute at the Southern Federal University in the framework of a
Mega-Grant project financed by the Russian Federation Government.
He and his team performed more than 200 experiments approved by international
committees at large scale facilities, mainly synchrotron radiation sources in Europe
and USA. His research covered different fields in materials science, chemistry and
physics. His scientific impact is impressive, resulting in more than 400 authored
publications and a running Hirsch index h = 84 in mid 2020.
Carlo was also a solid teacher. He trained a generation of young researchers and
most of them are now recognized scientists in different countries, both in public and
industrial research institutions. He will be well remembered both for his kindness
and eclectic soul and for his deep expertise in Physics and Chemistry.
We, your SILS colleagues and friends, will really miss you, ciao Carlo! (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1 Carlo Lamberti in several (funny and official) moments of his lifePreface
The Italian Synchrotron Radiation Society
These proceedings include several contributions presented at the 2019 meeting of
the Italian Synchrotron Radiation Society (Società Italiana di Luce di Sincrotrone,
SILS), held in Camerino (Italy), in September 2019.
The Italian Synchrotron Radiation Society is the independent and multidisci-
plinary scientific society which represents expert researchers and users of synchrotron
radiation and free electron lasers since 1992. Members are active in all major scientific
fields as follows: physics, materials science, chemistry, earth sciences, biology and
medicine. SILS is linked to the European Synchrotron Users Organization (ESUO)
and is involved in several activities related to coordination and promotion of science
at advanced radiation sources. SILS activities include the organization of the annual
meeting or conference and an appreciated biannual synchrotron radiation school.
Moreover, awards are given to distinguished scientists usually in three categories:
outstanding scientist, young scientist and best Ph.D. thesis in the field.
In particular, these proceedings refer to the SILS annual conference which
is playing a role of reference for the Italian community of experts and users
of synchrotron radiation. Taking place yearly at different host sites, the SILS
meeting has become a traditional gathering of scientists and students working in
this field presenting the most recent achievements obtained by using state-of-the-art
synchrotron radiation techniques as well as emerging applications and developments
of synchrotron and free electron laser sources.
The SILS 2019 Conference
The 2019 edition of the SILS meeting (www.unicam.it/sils2019) was held during 9–
11 September 2019 at the Campus of the University of Camerino (see Fig. 2). The
small town of Camerino in central Italy hosted the SILS meeting for the third time,
viiviii Preface
Fig. 2 Group picture of the participants to the SILS 2019 meeting held in Camerino
and this edition was particularly significant, taking place three years after the earth-
quakes which devastated the city, its historic centre and several surrounding areas in
2016. As in recent SILS conferences, the rich scientific programme was organized in
three plenary lectures, four thematic micro-symposia (“multi-techniques approach
for in situ/operando studies”, “synchrotron-based characterization of surfaces and
interfaces”, “photon-based multi-dimensional (2D/3D/4D) imaging from VUV to
X-rays”, “advanced radiation sources: state-of-the-art and future applications”), each
providing invited keynote talks and contributed oral presentations, as well as two open
sessions, a poster session, one session dedicated to updates on the current status and
developments of large-scale facilities of interest for the Italian scientific community
and a special session dedicated to the memory of Carlo Lamberti, to whom this book is
dedicated. Plenary talks focused on the following topics: investigation of diamonds
and their mineral inclusions by X-ray diffraction, micro-fluorescence and micro-
tomography (by F. Nestola), synchrotron-based microscopes for the study of ancient
materials (by M. Cotte) and high-resolution resonant inelastic X-ray scattering for
the study of correlated materials (by G. Ghiringhelli). Short plenary presentations
were delivered by the winners of the SILS awards. Special emphasis was placed on
contributions from young participants, with a special “Young Investigators” session
including a keynote and ten short talks delivered by the early-stage researchers. The
scientific programme was further enriched by the satellite workshop “Coherence of
UV-SoftX beams, a contribution to its exploitation” (chaired by S. Nannarone and
G. Stefani).
About 120 participants attended SILS 2019, with 70 delivered talks, including
14 speakers from foreign institutions. The SILS 2019 conference has been a lively
occasion for the Italian synchrotron radiation community to share results and gather
information on recent progress in synchrotron radiation techniques and applications.
It is worth noticing that due to the prolonged COVID-19 pandemic emergency in
2020, the SILS 2021 conference to be held in Bologna was postponed to June 2021
(virtual meeting).Preface ix
Content of This Volume
Contributions included in this volume are related to some topics discussed at the
conference and within the satellite workshop that can be grouped into three main
categories: (i) coherence, (ii) instrumentation, methods and experimental techniques
and (iii) applications of synchrotron radiation in physics, material science, chemistry
and earth science.
The first two contributions by Margaritondo and Natoli describe some general
features and consequences of the introduction of coherence in X-ray experiments. In
particular, Margaritondo describes how coherence obtained by high-energy sources
revolutioned X-ray science. Natoli describes some odd and interesting conse-
quences of self-coherence phenomena in the photo-diffraction and photo-absorption
processes.
The successive contributions are related to instrumental developments in X-ray
facilities of interest for the Italian SILS community. Angelucci and co-workers
briefly discuss the DAΦNE-light synchrotron light facility at the INFN-LNF Fras-
cati National Laboratory, providing information about the recent scientific activity.
Angelucci and Cimino report about current synchrotron radiation research activity
aimed at studying properties of materials used in high performance circular colliders,
with the aim of improving the performances of high-energy particle accelerators.
Puri and co-workers describe the user facilities and experimental techniques avail-
able at the LISA CRG Italian beamline of the ESRF, highlighting the interesting
opportunities for material science studies.
Other two contributions are related to advances in methods and techniques that
may be of general interest. Martini and co-workers present an original method for
the analysis of time-resolved XANES (X-ray absorption near-edge structure) spectra
using a transformation matrix-based approach. Di Cicco and co-workers revisit the
problem of measuring and evaluating the electron mean free path in solids possibly
opening new possibilities for accurate estimates of the probing depths of X-ray
techniques based on total fluorescence or total electron yield measurements.
The successive contributions are related to interesting applications of synchrotron
radiation in different fields of research. Giorgetti and co-workers discuss the occur-
rence of multiple scattering in XAFS (X-ray absorption fine structure) data analysis
and the use of multi-edge analysis for the study of battery materials. Polisi and co-
workers study the high-pressure behaviour of hybrid composite materials constituted
by azobenzene molecules embedded in one-dimensional nano-channels of porous
materials. De Giudici and co-workers describe the Zn distribution and speciation in
marine biominerals (namely the shells of bivalves and foraminifera) from polluted
sites. Tavani and co-workers propose a new method for studying reaction interme-
diates by coupled XAFS and UV–Vis spectroscopy. Carlomagno and co-workers
study the structural profile of a MgO/CoO/MgO trilayer using soft X-ray resonant
magnetic reflectivity. Schiesaro and co-workers report the XAFS study of metal coor-
dination core in Cu complexes. Campi discusses how the new advanced features of the
latest generation synchrotron sources allowed to study structural fluctuations at thex Preface
nanoscale in the fields of material science (high-temperature superconductors) and
biology (myeline ultrastructure). Rezvani and co-workers report about the structural
and electronic properties of porous silicon nanowires measured by soft X-ray spec-
troscopy and Raman scattering at high pressures. Zambrano and co-workers discuss
the use of synchrotron-based X-ray micro-tomography for characterizing the pore
network with the aim of modelling fluid dynamics in porous carbonate rocks. Benzi
and co-workers present an application of X-ray absorption spectroscopy to vanadium
bearing Na-phosphate glasses, reporting about an integrated approach including V-O
distances derived by XAFS, V oxidation states and coordination geometries derived
from the pre-edge peak.
Camerino, Italy Andrea Di Cicco
Gabriele Giuli
Angela TrapanantiAcknowledgements
Finally, the editors of this volume must express their gratitude to all those organiza-
tions and individuals that helped make this conference a success and bring the project
of this volume to fruition.
First of all, we are very grateful to the University of Camerino that supported the
SILS 2019 conference. The technical, financial and communication services of this
University provided a very valuable and efficient assistance both before and during
the event and gave a fundamental contribution to the success of the conference. We
would like to acknowledge our industry partners Malvern Panalytical, QuantumDe-
sign, T.E.E.S (Technology Equipment & Engineering Solution), X-SPECTRUM
and Vacuum FAB, which sponsored the program and specific awards and helped
supporting the participation of a number of postgraduate students.
Many colleagues should also be thanked for their participation at different stages
of this work including conference organization and proceedings realization. In this
regard, we would like to thank the members of the entire local organizing and scien-
tific committees and the organizers of the satellite workshop (G. Aquilanti, R. Arletti,
E. Chiadroni, S. Colonna, P. D’Angelo, C. Giannini, S. Gross, R. Gunnella, C.
Masciovecchio, M. Minicucci, S. Nannarone, E. Paris, G. Stefani, F. Stellato) as well
as those contributing in different ways (F. Arzilli, F. Boscherini, M. De Crescenzi,
S. De Panfilis, A. Filipponi, P. Ghigna, M. Giorgetti, C. Meneghini, Y. Mijiti, C. R.
Natoli, L. Paolasini, S. Quartieri, S. Pascarelli, F. Rocca, S. J. Rezvani) to the success
of this work.
xiContents
1 Coherence: Elementary Introduction to a Quantum
Revolution in X-Ray Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Giorgio Margaritondo
2 Some Odd Consequences of Self-coherence
in the Photo-Diffraction and Photo-Absorption Processes . . . . . . . . . 17
Calogero Renzo Natoli
3 DAΦNE-Light: The INFN-LNF Synchrotron Radiation
Facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Marco Angelucci, Antonella Balerna, Roberto Cimino,
Mariangela Cestelli-Guidi, Antonio Grilli, Marco Pietropaoli,
Agostino Raco, Vittorio Sciarra, Vinicio Tullio, and Giacomo Viviani
4 Synchrotron Radiation Studies of Relevance to Accelerator
R&D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Marco Angelucci and Roberto Cimino
5 The LISA CRG Beamline at ESRF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Alessandro Puri, Giovanni Orazio Lepore, Riccardo Signorato,
Paolo Scarbolo, Gianni Di Maio, and Francesco d’Acapito
6 Estimating a Set of Pure XANES Spectra
from Multicomponent Chemical Mixtures Using
a Transformation Matrix-Based Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Andrea Martini, Alexander A. Guda, Sergey A. Guda,
Anastasiia Dulina, Francesco Tavani, Paola D’Angelo,
Elisa Borfecchia, and Alexander V. Soldatov
7 Revisiting the Probing Depths of Soft X-ray Absorption
Techniques by Constant Initial State Photoemission
Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Andrea Di Cicco, Seyed Javad Rezvani, and Stefano Nannarone
xiiixiv Contents
8 Multi-edge and Multiple Scattering EXAFS Analysis of Metal
Hexacyanoferrates: Application in Battery Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Marco Giorgetti, Angelo Mullaliu, Jasper R. Plaisier,
and Giuliana Aquilanti
9 High Pressure Behavior of the Hybrid Material
AlPO4 -5+Azobenzene: An In-situ Synchrotron X-ray
Diffraction Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Michelangelo Polisi, Fabio Malagutti, Linda Pastero,
Giovanna Vezzalini, and Rossella Arletti
10 Zn Distribution and Chemical Speciation in Marine
Biominerals: An Example on Bivalve and Foraminifera Shells
from Polluted Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Giovanni De Giudici, Carlo Meneghini, Carla Buosi,
Ilaria Carlomagno, Giuliana Aquilanti, Tohru Araki,
Diana E. Bedolla, Maria Antonietta Casu, Antonietta Cherchi,
Alessandra Gianoncelli, Antonella Iadecola, Andrei C. Kuncser,
V. Adrian Maraloiu, Olivier Mathon, Valentina Rimondi,
Pierpaolo Zuddas, and Daniela Medas
11 Insights into the Structure of Reaction Intermediates Through
Coupled X-ray Absorption/UV-Vis Spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Francesco Tavani, Andrea Martini, Francesco Sessa,
Giorgio Capocasa, Giorgio Olivo, Osvaldo Lanzalunga,
Stefano Di Stefano, and Paola D’Angelo
12 Structural Profile of a MgO/Co/MgO Trilayer Using Soft
X-ray Resonant Magnetic Reflectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Ilaria Carlomagno, Adriano Verna, Thomas Forrest, and Carlo Meneghini
13 Metal Coordination Core in Copper(II) Complexes
Investigated by XAFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Irene Schiesaro, Iole Venditti, Maura Pellei, Carlo Santini,
Luca Bagnarelli, Giovanna Iucci, Chiara Battocchio,
and Carlo Meneghini
14 Structural Fluctuations at Nanoscale in Complex Functional
Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Gaetano Campi
15 Structural Properties of Porous Silicon Nanowires:
A Combined Characterization by Advanced Spectroscopic
Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Seyed Javad Rezvani, Yimin Mijiti, Federico Galdenzi,
Luca Boarino, Roberto Gunnella, Augusto Marcelli,
Nicola Pinto, and Andrea Di CiccoContents xv 16 The Use of Synchrotron-Based X-ray Microtomography for the Pore Network Quantitative and Computational Fluid Dynamics Experiments on Porous Carbonate Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 Miller Zambrano, Lucia Mancini, and Emanuele Tondi 17 V K-Edge XANES Full Multiple Scattering Study of V-Bearing Phosphate Glasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Federico Benzi, Eleonora Paris, Stefano Della Longa, Consuelo Mugoni, Cristina Siligardi, and Gabriele Giuli
Contributors
Marco Angelucci INFN-Frascati National Laboratory, Frascati (RM), Italy
Giuliana Aquilanti Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
Tohru Araki Diamond Light Source, Diamond House, Oxfordshire, Didcot, UK
Rossella Arletti Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università di
Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
Luca Bagnarelli School of Science and Technology, Chemistry Division, Univer-
sity of Camerino, Camerino, MC, Italy
Antonella Balerna INFN-Frascati National Laboratory, Frascati (RM), Italy
Chiara Battocchio Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
Diana E. Bedolla Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
Federico Benzi School of Science and Technology-Geology Division, University
of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
Luca Boarino Advanced Materials Metrology and Life Science Division, INRiM
(Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica), Turin, Italy
Elisa Borfecchia Department of Chemistry, INSTM Reference Center and NIS and
CrisDi Interdepartmental Centers, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
Carla Buosi Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of
Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
Gaetano Campi Institute of Crystallography CNR, Monterotondo Rome, Italy
Giorgio Capocasa Dipartimento di Chimica, Universitá di Roma La Sapienza,
Roma, Italy;
Istituto CNR di Metologie Chimiche (IMC-CNR), Sezione Meccanismi di Reazione,
Roma, Italy
Ilaria Carlomagno Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
xviixviii Contributors Maria Antonietta Casu Institute of Translational Pharmacology, Scientific and Technological Park of Sardinia POLARIS, UOS of Cagliari, National Research Council, Pula, Italy Mariangela Cestelli-Guidi INFN-Frascati National Laboratory, Frascati (RM), Italy Antonietta Cherchi Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy Roberto Cimino INFN-Frascati National Laboratory, Frascati, RM, Italy Giovanni De Giudici Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, Univer- sity of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy Stefano Della Longa Department of Life, Health and Environmental Science, University of L’Aquila, Coppito, AQ, Italy Andrea Di Cicco Physics Division, School of Science and Technology, University of Camerino, Camerino, MC, Italy Gianni Di Maio CAEN S.p.A., Viareggio, LU, Italy Stefano Di Stefano Dipartimento di Chimica, Universitá di Roma La Sapienza, Roma, Italy; Istituto CNR di Metologie Chimiche (IMC-CNR), Sezione Meccanismi di Reazione, Roma, Italy Anastasiia Dulina Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy Francesco d’Acapito CNR-IOM-OGG, Grenoble, France Paola D’Angelo Dipartimento di Chimica, Universitá di Roma La Sapienza, Roma, Italy Thomas Forrest Diamond Light Source, Didcot, UK Federico Galdenzi INFN—Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, RM, Italy; University of Roma Tre, Rome, Italy Alessandra Gianoncelli Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Basovizza, Trieste, Italy Marco Giorgetti Department of Industrial Chemistry, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy Gabriele Giuli School of Science and Technology-Geology Division, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy Antonio Grilli INFN-Frascati National Laboratory, Frascati (RM), Italy Alexander A. Guda The Smart Materials Research Institute, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
Contributors xix Sergey A. Guda The Smart Materials Research Institute, Southern Federal Univer- sity, Rostov-on-Don, Russia; Institute of Mathematics, Mechanics and Computer Science, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia Roberto Gunnella School of science and technology, Physics division, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy Antonella Iadecola RS2E, Réseau Français Sur Le Stockage Electrochimique de L’Energie, Amiens, France Giovanna Iucci Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Rome, Italy Andrei C. Kuncser Laboratory of Atomic Structures and Defects in Advanced Materials, National Institute of Materials Physics, Magurele, Romania Osvaldo Lanzalunga Dipartimento di Chimica, Universitá di Roma La Sapienza, Roma, Italy; Istituto CNR di Metologie Chimiche (IMC-CNR), Sezione Meccanismi di Reazione, Roma, Italy Giovanni Orazio Lepore CNR-IOM-OGG, Grenoble, France; Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italy Fabio Malagutti Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy Lucia Mancini Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A, Basovizza, Trieste, Italy; LINXS—Lund Institute of Advanced Neutron and X-ray Science, Lund, Sweden V. Adrian Maraloiu Laboratory of Atomic Structures and Defects in Advanced Materials, National Institute of Materials Physics, Magurele, Romania Augusto Marcelli INFN—Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, RM, Italy; International Center for Material Science Superstripes, RICMASS, Rome, Italy; CNR - Istituto Struttura della Materia and Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Basovizza Area Science Park, Trieste, Italy Giorgio Margaritondo Faculté des Sciences de Base, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland Andrea Martini Department of Chemistry, INSTM Reference Center and NIS and CrisDi Interdepartmental Centers, University of Torino, Turin, Italy; The Smart Materials Research Institute, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on- Don, Russia Olivier Mathon The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Grenoble, France Daniela Medas Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
xx Contributors Carlo Meneghini Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, Rome, Italy Yimin Mijiti School of science and technology, Physics division, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy Consuelo Mugoni Department Engineering Enzo Ferrari, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy Angelo Mullaliu Department of Industrial Chemistry, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy Stefano Nannarone Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), CNR-IOM, Bazovizza, TS, Italy Calogero Renzo Natoli INFN Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Italy Giorgio Olivo Dipartimento di Chimica, Universitá di Roma La Sapienza, Roma, Italy Eleonora Paris School of Science and Technology-Geology Division, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy Linda Pastero Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy Maura Pellei School of Science and Technology, Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, Camerino, MC, Italy Marco Pietropaoli INFN-Frascati National Laboratory, Frascati (RM), Italy Nicola Pinto School of science and technology, Physics division, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy Jasper R. Plaisier Sincrotrone Elettra, Basovizza, TS, Italy Michelangelo Polisi Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy Alessandro Puri CNR-IOM-OGG, Grenoble, France Agostino Raco INFN-Frascati National Laboratory, Frascati (RM), Italy Seyed Javad Rezvani School of science and technology, Physics division, Univer- sity of Camerino, Camerino, Italy; Advanced Materials Metrology and Life Science Division, INRiM (Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica), Turin, Italy; INFN—Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, RM, Italy Valentina Rimondi Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; CNR—Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources, Florence, Italy Carlo Santini School of Science and Technology, Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, Camerino, MC, Italy
Contributors xxi Paolo Scarbolo CAEN ELS s.r.l., Basovizza, Trieste, Italy Irene Schiesaro Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Rome, Italy Vittorio Sciarra INFN-Frascati National Laboratory, Frascati (RM), Italy Francesco Sessa Dipartimento di Chimica, Universitá di Roma La Sapienza, Roma, Italy; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden Riccardo Signorato S.RI. Tech, Vigonza, Italy Cristina Siligardi Department Engineering Enzo Ferrari, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy Alexander V. Soldatov The Smart Materials Research Institute, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia Francesco Tavani Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy Emanuele Tondi School of Science and Technology - Geology Division, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy Vinicio Tullio INFN-Frascati National Laboratory, Frascati (RM), Italy Iole Venditti Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Rome, Italy Adriano Verna Dipartimento di Scienze, Università Roma Tre, Rome, Italy Giovanna Vezzalini Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy Giacomo Viviani INFN-Frascati National Laboratory, Frascati (RM), Italy Miller Zambrano School of Science and Technology - Geology Division, Univer- sity of Camerino, Camerino, Italy Pierpaolo Zuddas Sorbonne Universités, METIS, Paris, France
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