Sri Lanka: A Birding, Nature & Cultural History Tour - Mass ...

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Sri Lanka: A Birding, Nature & Cultural History Tour - Mass ...
Sri Lanka:
                          A Birding, Nature & Cultural History Tour

 Leader: Dave Larson      The teardrop-shaped island of Sri Lanka lies in the Indian Ocean just off
February 12-25, 2021      the southern tip of India. With its golden sandy beaches, azure blue
                          waters, and warm tropical climate, Sri Lanka is a year-round destination
                          for those seeking sun, sand, and sea.
  optional extension:     The island has a rich cultural heritage that dates back over 2,500 years
      February 25-28      to the origins of Buddhism in the country with a legacy of magnificently
                          constructed stupas and the ruins of ancient kingdoms. Controlled from
                          the 16th century onwards by the Portuguese, Dutch and finally the British
                          prior to gaining full independence in 1948, the influences of colonial
                          powers remain visible in architecture and a number of forts across the
                          country.
                          Sri Lanka is recognized as a global biodiversity hotspot with a rich
                          variety of endemic flora and fauna, and iconic mammals such as the
                          Asian Elephant, Leopard, and the largest animal ever to have lived on our
                          planet, the Blue Whale. From palm-fringed beaches to scrub jungles and
                          numerous artificial lakes in the lowlands to tropical rainforests, cloud
                          forests, and highlands laden with waterfalls at its center, this
                          resplendent isle is abundant in natural beauty.

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Sri Lanka: A Birding, Nature & Cultural History Tour - Mass ...
ABOUT THIS TRIP

                                                            PACE AND COMFORT: Our days will be quite varied, but we will start
                                                            early. Some days will be long and involve a lot of sitting. On Day 7, we
                                                            will drive 5–6 hours from the Highlands to Yala National Park on the
                                                            coast (we’ll stop to bird along the way). In the afternoon, we will sit
                                                            in open jeeps seeking wildlife and birds inside the park. On Day 10,
                                                            the day will start with 3 hours inside Udawalawe National Park
                                                            watching elephants, and birding. We will then drive 4 hours to
                                                            Sinharaja, stop for lunch along the way, and then take a short bird
                                                            walk.

                                                            There will be walking in Kithulgala at 5000 ft, Horton Plains at 6500
Polonnaruwa, Toque Macaques by Toby Sinclair                ft, Sinharaja, and on the extension at most sites. The extended walk
                                                            to World’s End on the Horton Plains and the climb at Sigiriya are
                                                            optional. There are other areas to bird in these locations. The trails
                                                            are generally well maintained but very little is paved. In Sinharaja,
                                                            especially after rain, we could encounter leeches. Your local guide
                                                            will provide leech socks at the initial briefing.

                                                            LODGING: The accommodation is a mix of basic in Kithulgala and
                                                            Sinharaja, and comfortable in Ranwelli, St Andrews, Yala, Cinnamon
                                                            Lodge at Habarana, and in Colombo. All rooms in all properties have
                                                            en suite bathrooms. The bathrooms at Kithulgala and Sinharaja will
                                                            not have amenities but our local guide will be carrying supplies.

                                                            WEATHER: February is after the monsoon season, so most of our
                                                            journey should be dry. Sri Lanka is a tropical island, however, so the

Above: waterfall in hill country by Jehan Kumara ; below:
                                                            Hill Country may get rain at any time.
beach near Chenna huts by Toby Sinclair

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Sri Lanka: A Birding, Nature & Cultural History Tour - Mass ...
HIGHLIGHTS

                                                           Boat ride on the Dutch Canal through the mangroves to watch a
                                                            variety of waterbirds

                                                           Birding around Kithulgala and the nearby Kelani Valley Forest
                                                            Reserve in search of lowland endemics

                                                           Birding in Victoria Park, for highland species and endemics

                                                           A visit to Horton Plains National Park for primates, deer,
                                                            highland bird species, and endemics

                                                           A walk in Hakgala Botanical Gardens for endemic primates and
                                                            highland species

                                                           Wildlife viewing from jeeps and birding for dry-zone species and
                                                            winter migrants at Yala National Park

                                                           Safari at Udawalawe National Park for Asian Elephant and dry-
Birding in leech socks in Sinharaja, by Toby Sinclair
                                                            zone birding

                                                           Birding in the Sinharaja Rainforest in search of lowland
                                                            endemics, mixed species bird flocks, and amphibians

                                                           A visit to one of Sri Lanka’s UNESCO World Heritage Sites --
                                                            Sinharaja Forest

                                                        OPTIONAL EXTENSION
                                                           Experience five of Sri Lanka’s UNESCO World Heritage Sites

                                                                   Visit the Temple of the Sacred Tooth Relic in Kandy

                                                                   Climb the legendary Sigiriya Rock Fortress

                                                                   Visit the ancient city of Polonnaruwa

                                                                   Observe Sri Lanka’s primates with a local primate
 Sri Lanka Spurfowl by Toby Sinclair
                                                                    researcher

                                                                   Explore Anuradhapura, ancient capital of Sri Lanka

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Sri Lanka: A Birding, Nature & Cultural History Tour - Mass ...
Day-to-Day Itinerary – Main Trip

                                              Day 1, Feb 12: Arrival at Bandaranaike International
                                              Airport
                                              You will be met on arrival by our local guide and driven to Ranweli Holiday Village
                                              in Waikkal, north of Negombo (~1-hour drive). We’ll begin our adventure with a 6
                                              pm briefing followed by dinner together.
                                              Overnight: Ranweli Holiday Village | http://www.ranweli.com/ (D)

                                              Day 2, Feb 13: Birding the Dutch Canal
                                              We’ll enjoy an early morning and late afternoon boat ride along the Dutch Canal,
                                              through the mangroves and woodland to watch a variety of waterbirds. We’ll
                                              explore the unique ecosystem around the mangroves, including water monitors,
                                              butterflies and dragonflies, and indigenous aquatic and terrestrial plants amidst
                                              this wonderland. A variety of waterbirds including Gray Heron, Purple Heron, four
Common Kingfisher, Dutch Canal
                                              species of kingfisher (White-throated, Common, Stork-billed, and Pied), Gray-
                                              headed Swamphen, Black Bittern, Yellow Bittern, Indian Pond-Heron, Little
                                              Cormorant, and Oriental Darter are often seen. Migrant species seen here include
                                              Rosy Starling, Blue-tailed Bee-eater, Barn Swallow, and the Indian Paradise-
                                              Flycatcher. Endemics including the Sri Lanka Swallow and the Crimson-fronted
                                              Barbet have been recorded here.

                                              Lunch will be at the hotel. During the day, there will be an opportunity to walk
                                              along the beach and look for pelagic birds. The shore is often quiet, but a limited
                                              number of terns and gulls will be seen with White-bellied Sea-Eagles and
                                              Brahminy Kites overhead.

                                              Overnight: Ranweli Holiday Village | (B,L,D)
Yellow-eared Bulbul, by S. Ramachandran
                                              Day 3, Feb 14: Kithulgala and Kelani Valley Forest
                                              Reserve
                                              In the morning, we’ll depart for Kithulgala (4.5-hour drive). Birding along the way
                                              could include the Sri Lanka Swallow, various kingfishers, Brahminy Kite, and
                                              parakeets. We’ll check into our hotel before heading out to bird the Kelani Valley
                                              Forest Reserve.
                                              The reserve was established to protect the watershed of the Kelani River, home to
                                              many of Sri Lanka’s endemic fauna and flora. We’ll access the reserve via a river
                                              crossing in dugout canoes and search for lowland endemics. Our target birds here
                                              include Sri Lanka Hanging-Parrot, Layard’s Parakeet, Green-billed Coucal,
                                              Chestnut-backed Owlet, Orange-billed Babbler, Spot-winged Thrush, and
                                              subcontinental endemics such as the Malabar Trogon and Sri Lanka Frogmouth.
                                              It is also one of the few locations where the elusive Serendib Scops-Owl may be
                                              seen.
                                              Overnight: Palmstone Retreat (B,L,D)

                                              Day 4, Feb 15: Kelani Valley Forest Reserve
                                              We’ll spend the day birding around Kithulgala and the nearby Kelani Valley Forest
                                              Reserve in search of lowland endemics, returning to the hotel for lunch.
                                              Overnight: Palmstone Retreat (B,L,D)
Lesser Goldenback morph, by S. Ramachandran

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Day 5, Feb 16: Nuwara Eliya and Victoria                            seen. Highland bird species including the Sri Lanka White
                                                                    -eye, Dull-blue Flycatcher, and Yellow-eared Bulbul are
Park                                                                found here and can be seen close to the entrance. Horton
                                                                    Plains is one of the few known locations where elusive
In the morning, we’ll head to Jetwing St. Andrews in
                                                                    highland endemics such as the Sri Lanka Whistling-
Nuwara Eliya (3-hour drive) with stops en route to bird in
                                                                    Thrush and Sri Lanka Bush Warbler can be found with
small valleys and streams. After we check in to our hotel,
                                                                    effort and perseverance. Other sightings could include
we’ll have lunch there or at a local restaurant.
                                                                    Black Eagle, Legge’s Hawk-Eagle, Jerdon’s Baza, Sri Lanka
In the afternoon, we’ll explore Victoria Park for highland          Scimitar-Babbler, Forest Wagtail, Dark-fronted Babbler,
species such as Velvet-fronted Nuthatch, Pied Thrush, and           and Sri Lanka Thrush. We’ll return to our hotel for lunch.
endemics including Sri Lanka White-eye, Dull-blue
                                                                    There’ll be afternoon birding at Hakgala Botanic Gardens
Flycatcher, and Yellow-eared Bulbul. Migratory species
                                                                    for highland endemics including the whistling-thrush.
such as Indian Pitta, Kashmir Flycatcher, and Forest
                                                                    Hakgala is a botanic garden that borders a small patch of
Wagtail are also seen here during the winter months.
                                                                    cloud forest. Birds often seen there include Rufous-bellied
Overnight: Jetwing St. Andrews | (B,L,D)                            Eagle, Pied Thrush, Large-billed Leaf Warbler, Velvet-
                                                                    fronted Nuthatch, various flycatchers, woodpeckers, and
Day 6, Feb 17: Horton Plains National                               the Sri Lanka Wood-Pigeon. This is also one of the most
                                                                    reliable locations for seeing the Bear Monkey, the
Park                                                                highland race of the endemic and Endangered Purple-
We’ll head out before dawn with a packed breakfast to               faced Leaf Monkey. Close-up encounters are possible here
visit Horton Plains National Park for primates, deer,               due to their habituation to visitors.
highland bird species, and endemics.                                Overnight: Jetwing St. Andrews | (B,L,D)
Horton Plains is Sri Lanka’s highest-elevation national
park (~7,000 ft) and contains cloud forests and open                Day 7, Feb 18: Yala National Park
grassland. The island’s second and third highest points
                                                                    Today will involve a lot of driving, but we will stop en route
are here: Kirgalpotta at 7860 ft and Thotupola Kanda at
                                                                    to stretch our legs and do a little birding along the way,
7733 ft. There is a high level of both floral and vertebrate
                                                                    including at Tissa wetlands. These are large waterbodies
diversity here.
                                                                    surrounded by mature trees and paddy fields beyond.
                                                                    Many of the trees have Fruit Bat colonies. Garganey,
                                                                    Lesser Whistling-Duck, Cotton Pygmy Goose, swamphen,
                                                                    moorhen, Pheasant-tailed Jacana, and kingfishers should
                                                                    be seen here.
                                                                    After checking into our lodgings, we’ll eat lunch at The
                                                                    Pugmarks Bar, and review the afternoon plans for Yala
                                                                    National Park based on up-to-date local bird sightings.
                                                                    We’ll spend the afternoon exploring Yala, Sri Lanka’s most
                                                                    popular national park especially for watching the larger
                                                                    animals including Leopard, Sloth Bear, Asian Elephant,
                                                                    Spotted Deer, Jackal, and Mugger Crocodile. Consequently,
                                                                    it is often very busy with numerous other jeeps. We will
                                                                    look for these mammals in tandem with birding. The
                                                                    varied habitats from rocky outcrops, riverine forests,
                                                                    scrub jungle, and numerous waterholes make it an
Green Pigeons, by Surya Ramachandran
                                                                    excellent destination for birders, especially for dry-zone
We will bird along the main track hoping to follow small            species and waterbirds. The park’s landscape includes
flocks and individual montane species. Tree Ferns are               grassland, scrub, mixed dry evergreen forest often
conspicuous in this woodland.                                       interspersed with spectacular rocky outcrops, riverine
                                                                    forest, lagoons, coast, and small reservoirs. Malabar Pied-
We’ll work our way toward park headquarters, with a stop            Hornbill, Orange-breasted Green-Pigeon, the endemic Sri
en route for a picnic breakfast. Later, we’ll take a guided         Lanka Green-Pigeon, Eurasian Hoopoe, Indian Pitta, and
walk along nature trails to a viewpoint known as World’s            Pied Cuckoo are commonly seen here.
End with spectacular views of the surrounding
countryside. (Anyone not wanting to do a 90- to 120-                Overnight: Cinnamon Wild (B,L,D)
minute hike can venture along other less-demanding
tracks.)
A variety of wildlife including endemic Rhino-horned and
Hump-nosed Lizard, sambar, and leaf monkey may be

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Spotted Deer by Toby Sinclair

Day 8, Feb 19: Yala National Park                                  birding location with close to 200 recorded species. Around
                                                                   the waterholes, Painted Stork, Asian Openbill, Eurasian
We’ll start our day by moving slowly through the buffer            Spoonbill, Spot-billed Pelican, Woolly-necked Stork, Great
area toward the park gates and study the scrub jungle              Egret, Little Egret, and Intermediate Egret can be seen. The
terrain interspersed with a few waterbodies. This is               park is also excellent for raptors and commonly
another excellent location for dry-zone birding and                encountered species include the Crested Serpent-Eagle,
waterbirds. Carrying a packed breakfast, we’ll continue            Changeable Hawk-Eagle, Gray-headed Fish-Eagle, Brown
toward more forested areas looking for Leopards and Sloth          Fish-Owl, Oriental Honey-buzzard, and Black-winged Kite.
Bears. We will probably be out for at least 6 hours before         Green Bee-eater, Paddyfield Pipit, Indian Roller, and Indian
returning to the hotel for lunch. This is a good time to           Peafowl, and endemics including the Sri Lanka Junglefowl
check out the lagoon behind the hotel.                             and Sri Lanka Woodshrike may also be seen.

In the afternoon, we will visit the nearby Palatupana              Overnight: Centuria Wild (B,L,D)
Saltern, which is an excellent location for watching waders
and a variety of snipes, plovers, and sandpipers. Lesser           Day 10, Feb 21: Udawalawe National Park
Whistling-Duck and Garganey are among species of                   and Sinharaja Rainforest
migratory waterfowl that can be seen here. Jerdon’s
Nightjar, Indian Nightjar, Oriental Scops-Owl, Brown Fish-         We’ll do a morning game drive in Udawalawe for elephants
Owl, and Jungle Owlet are often heard in the woodland              and dry-zone birding. It will be more or less the same area
around the hotel.                                                  as the previous afternoon but seen in different light.
Overnight: Cinnamon Wild (B,L,D)                                   After breakfast, we’ll drive to Sinharaja (3.5-hour drive) and
                                                                   en route visit a site for White-tailed Iora, a sought-after
Day 9, Feb 20: Yala and Udawalawe                                  subcontinental endemic whose occurrence in the country
National Parks                                                     was discovered very recently.

We’ll start our day with wildlife viewing in Yala National         Our lodging for the next three nights is a rustic lodge
Park and birding for dry-zone species. After breakfast, we’ll      nestled amid a small tea garden on the edge of the
drive to Udawalawe (2.5-hour drive).                               rainforest, perfectly sited for us to explore the surrounding
                                                                   rainforest.
After lunch at the hotel, we’ll head out on an afternoon
safari in Udawalawe National Park for Asian Elephant and           We’ll check in, have a late lunch, and then bird in the area
dry-zone birding. Udawalawe is one of the most reliable            around the lodge in search of lowland endemics and mixed
locations to watch Asian Elephant, but is also an excellent        species bird flocks. Among the birds we may see are
                                                                   Orange Minivet, Sri Lanka Drongo, Layard’s Parakeet,

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Sri Lanka: A Birding, Nature & Cultural History Tour - Mass ...
Crimson-backed Flameback, and possibly a crake in one of       Day 13, Feb 24: Sinharaja Rainforest and
the small streams. The forest is also renowned for its
amphibian diversity.                                           Colombo
Overnight: Jansen’s Bungalow (B,L,D)                           There always seems to be a few endemics that are trickier
                                                               to see/hear, so today we’ll focus on finding them based on
Day 11–12, Feb 22-23: Sinharaja                                information from the Reserve staff and the local guide’s
                                                               experience.
Rainforest
                                                               After breakfast and some birding, we’ll leave for Colombo
                                                               (4-hour drive), then check in at our hotel and have a late
                                                               lunch.
                                                               Colombo is a relaxed post-colonial city with more modern
                                                               buildings along the seafront. We will do a short afternoon
                                                               tour of the city and then adjourn to The Gallery restaurant
                                                               for our final dinner.
                                                               Overnight: Taj Samudra (B,L,D)                                     P

                                                               Day 14, Feb 25: Return Home
                                                               After breakfast, we’ll be driven to Bandaranaike Airport for
                                                               flights home (~1–2-hour drive, depending on time of day).
                                                               Plan on being at the airport at least 3 hours before
                                                               departure.
                                                               Those travelers on the extension will have a late breakfast
Jansen’s Bungalow, courtesy Jansen’s.
                                                               at 7 am, and then leave at 8 am for Kandy.

We’ll do some early morning and afternoon birding in the       (B)
Sinharaja Rainforest for lowland endemics and mixed
species bird flocks, determined by weather and most recent
bird reports.                                                  Day 14, Feb 25: Kandy and the Temple of
The Sinharaja Rainforest is the largest tract of natural
rainforest in the country and is recognized as a UNESCO
                                                               Day-to-Day Itinerary –
World Heritage Site and contains a wide variety of endemic     Optional Extension
plant species some of which are only found in this region.
Sinharaja is a top birding location for endemics where 28 of
Sri Lanka’s 34 species have been recorded including the
                                                               the Sacred Tooth Relic
recently discovered Serendib Scops-Owl and other rarities      After a relaxed breakfast at the hotel, we’ll drive to Kandy
such as the Chestnut-backed Owlet, Sri Lanka Spurfowl,         (~4 hour drive)
and White-faced Starling. Flocks of Sri Lanka Blue-Magpie,
one of the most sought-after endemics due to their bright-     Hidden away at the very heart of the island, Kandy is one of
blue-and-red plumage are often seen close to the research      Sri Lanka’s cultural highlights, home to the Temple of the
station on the Sinhagala walking trail.                        Sacred Tooth Relic. The city offers visitors a glimpse into its
                                                               colonial past with its graceful architecture, while also being
The mixed-species bird flocks found moving through the         home to the unique and traditional Kandyan dance and
rainforest canopy within Sinharaja are believed to be the      music.
longest-studied and largest in the world, which is popularly
dubbed the Sinharaja Birdwave. An average of 35–50             We’ll check into our hotel, and then either lunch there or at
individuals from over 14 species can often be encountered      a local restaurant.
when sighting a bird wave, which includes endemics such
                                                               After lunch, we’ll visit the Temple of the Sacred Tooth Relic
as Green-billed Coucal, the striking Red-faced Malkoha, and
                                                               (Sri Dalada Maligawa), the most revered site in the country.
Crimson-backed Flameback on the middle and upper
                                                               The temple was built in the 16th century AD and is located
canopies. Spot-winged Thrush and noisy flocks of Orange-
                                                               adjacent to the Royal Palace complex of the former
billed Babblers can be seen foraging for insects at ground
                                                               Kingdom of Kandy, overlooking the expanses of Kandy Lake.
level. Other species of fauna encountered during a
                                                               Housing the sacred tooth relic of the Lord Buddha, the
rainforest walk include Purple-faced Leaf Monkey, Giant
                                                               building has held a significant role in local politics since
Squirrel, Kangaroo Lizard, Hump-nosed Lizard, and Sri
                                                               ancient times, with a belief that whoever holds the relic has
Lanka Keelback.
                                                               the right to govern the country. The sacred tooth was
Overnight: Jansen’s Bungalow (B,L,D)                           smuggled into Sri Lanka from India by a princess in the 4th

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Dambulla by Toby Sinclair

century AD and was initially kept in Anuradhapura and then        Referred to as Lion Rock by locals, the UNESCO World
moved to various spots across the country before finally          Heritage Site Sigiriya became the capital during the reign of
being housed in Kandy. This sacred temple attracts                King Kashyapa in the 5th century AD. After slaying his own
thousands of white-clad pilgrims on a daily basis bearing         father, King Dhatusena of Anuradhapura, to take the throne
lotus blossoms and frangipani for their offerings which are       and, fearing a retaliatory attack from the rightful heir
known as pujas. (Please wear clothes that cover your legs         Moggallana who fled to neighboring India, the king
and shoulders, and remove your shoes before entering the          constructed his royal palace on the summit of this 600-ft-
holy temple.)                                                     high rock with an encircling fortress. On our way to the base
                                                                  of Lion Rock, we’ll walk through the landscaped Royal
We’ll end the day with dinner at our hotel or a local             Gardens. (The climb to the summit is optional; travelers
restaurant.                                                       may choose to spend more time in the gardens looking for
Overnight: Mahaweli Reach Hotel (B,L,D)                           dry-zone birds.) Along the trail to the summit, there is a
                                                                  fresco gallery with its ancient paintings of the king's maids
Day 15, Feb 26: Habarana and Sigiriya                             -in-waiting and the Mirror Wall with ancient transcripts
                                                                  that closely match the modern-day Sinhalese language. In
Rock Fortress                                                     495 AD, Moggallana returned from his exile and defeated
                                                                  the king reinstating Anuradhapura as the capital. Sigiriya
After breakfast we’ll drive to Habarana (~3-hour drive). En
                                                                  was then used as a Buddhist monastery until the 14th
route, we’ll stop at our third UNESCO World Heritage Site.
                                                                  century prior to being mysteriously abandoned.
The Dambulla Caves are sited halfway up a huge granite
rock with commanding views to the east. It takes about 12-        Overnight: Cinnamon Lodge (B,L,D)
15 minutes to walk up to the caves. Their use by humans
dates back almost 2,000 years, but the decorations and            Day 16, Feb 27: Polonnaruwa
masterful paintings now seen there date back to the 17th
century.                                                          We will have an early start and continue to another UNESCO
                                                                  World Heritage Site, taking a packed breakfast with us.
After, we’ll have less than an hour’s drive to our hotel where    Polonnaruwa is a well-preserved, forested site with 12th-
we’ll check in, then enjoy a leisurely lunch. The extensive       century ruins and impressive sculptures. It is one of the
grounds behind the hotel include a wetland. Some of the           highlights of Sri Lanka. Following the fall of Anuradhapura,
trees within the compound are home to giant squirrels.            the invading army adopted the more secure Polonnaruwa
                                                                  as its capital. After this short period of Hindu rule, it
In the afternoon, we’ll walk up to the legendary Sigiriya, a
                                                                  became the new Sinhalese capital in 1056. In addition to its
3rd- to 6th-century site surrounding a magnificent natural
                                                                  spectacular history, Polonnaruwa is an outstanding
fortress.

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Sri Lanka: A Birding, Nature & Cultural History Tour - Mass ...
location for watching primates.
We will start early and spend a few hours exploring with a
local researcher from the Smithsonian Primate Research
Center. Three species of monkey—the Toque Macaque, the
canopy-dwelling Purple-faced Leaf Monkey (both
endemics), and the Gray Langur can be observed here.
Polonnaruwa’s Temple Troop of Toque Macaques” has been
featured in numerous natural history documentaries and is
part of one of the world’s longest-running studies on
primates (run continuously since 1968). Most recently the
troop was the focus of Disneynature’s Monkey Kingdom
(2015).
The monkeys here are habituated to the presence of
humans enabling excellent opportunities to observe their
social interactions at close range. Whether play-fighting,
feeding, or grooming each other, there is never a dull
moment. We’ll then have lunch at a local restaurant in
Polonnaruwa before returning to Habarana to spend the
afternoon birding on the Cinnamon Lodge grounds.
Overnight: Cinnamon Lodge (B,L,D)

Day 17, Feb 28: Return Home
After breakfast, we’ll visit the first capital of Sri Lanka,
Anuradhapura, our sixth and final UNESCO World Heritage
Site.
We will spend a few hours visiting various sites located
within this ancient city. Dating back to at least 1000 BC,
                                                                      Red-faced Malkoha, by Surya Ramachandran
Anuradhapura was capital to much of Sri Lanka between
the 5th century BC and the 11th century AD. When Buddhism
was established in Sri Lanka during the 3rd century BC, this
quickly became the main center. The city grew and was a
major secular and religious site that today covers over 15 sq
mi. Many places are still sites of worship and prayer. One
site contains the Sacred Bo Tree (Ficus religiousa) grown
from a cutting brought from Bodhgaya (India) in the 2nd
century BC. Other sites of interest are the Ruwanweli Saya
Stupa, the Isurumuniya Temple, and remains from palaces,
temples, monasteries, and ceremonial baths situated
within the sites. The rapid development that Anuradhapura
was experiencing came to an abrupt halt with the invasion
of the Pandyans in the 9th century AD and the Colas from
South India in the 10th century AD.
We’ll have lunch in a local restaurant in Anuradhapura.
Afterwards, we’ll take you to the airport for your departure
flight (~4-hour drive). For those flying out of Colombo
between 9 and 10 pm, we expect to be at the international
airport by 6 pm (we advise being at the airport 3 hours prior
to your flight). For those leaving after 10 pm, there is the
option to have dinner together at the Gateway Hotel (not
included). Rooms can be booked for anyone leaving later
that night or the following morning (not included).

                                                                      Hill Swallow, by Surya Ramachandran

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Sri Lanka: A Birding, Nature & Cultural History Tour - Mass ...
Main Tour Price: $6250 per person, double occupancy. Single
Mass Audubon Naturalist                             supplement: $1550 (Only 1 single is available). Price based on a
                                                    minimum of 8 travelers (maximum of 10).

                                                    Price Includes:
                                                       All meals and accommodations as shown in the itinerary
                                                       Services of Mass Audubon naturalist leader
                                                       Local guides and naturalists
                                                       All excursions and entrance fees
                                                       Extensive trip preparation notes and bird checklist
                                                       Transportation within Sri Lanka
                                                       Medical evacuation insurance
                                                       Carbon offset credits for your international flights
                                                       All tips and gratuities (included if we have the minim um of 8)
                                                    Price Excludes:
                                                       International airfare
                                                       Passport and visa fees; trip cancellation insurance
                                                       Airport taxes; excess baggage charges
David Larson is Director of Mass Audubon's
                                                       Items of a personal nature, including alcoholic beverages, laundry,
Birder's Certificate Program, a college-level           and telephone calls; other items not specifically mentioned as
                                                        included.
ornithology course, and taught a bird ecology
course for naturalist guides in Belize. He is the
                                                    Kandy Extension Price: $1550 per person, double occupancy. Single
Science and Education Coordinator for Mass          supplement: $350 (single rooms are very limited).
Audubon's Joppa Flats Education Center in
                                                    Price Includes:
Newburyport, where he designs and leads
                                                     All meals and accommodations as shown in the itinerary
educational programs and field trips for             Services of Mass Audubon naturalist leader (with a minimum of
                                                      6 travelers)
adults. He holds a PhD in zoology from the
                                                     Local guides and naturalists
University of Minnesota and served on the            All excursions and entrance fees
                                                     Extensive trip preparation notes and bird checklist
faculty of Boston University. He is the
                                                     Medical evacuation insurance
immediate past president of the Nuttall              Carbon offset credits for your international flights
                                                     All tips and gratuities (included if we have the minim um of 4)
Ornithological Club and writes a regular
column for the journal Bird Observer. He has
                                                    Exclusions: same as main trip.
birded and led tours throughout North
America, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Trinidad, Belize,       HOW TO BOOK
Costa Rica, Panama, Ecuador, Brazil, Argentina,     Email or call us at travel@massaudubon.org or 800-289-9504 to
                                                    reserve your place.
Botswana, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, England,
Hawaii, Mongolia, and Japan.                        APPLICATIONS, RESERVATIONS, DEPOSITS
                                                    Early applications are strongly encouraged. Trip rosters usually must
                                                    be finalized 4 months before departure! All applications must be
                                                    accompanied by a completed reservation form and $500 deposit.
                                                    Deposits can be by check or credit card (Visa or MasterCard). We
                                                    reserve the right to decline your application. In the case of
                                                    questionable health, we reserve the right to require a physician’s
                                                    certification to affirm you are capable of the activities. Final payment
                                                    is due 90 days before the departure date. Final payment must be by
                                                    check or money order.

Mass Audubon Travel | massaudubon.org/travel |           travel@massaudubon.org        | 800-289-9504                     6
RATES: All tour prices are based on double occupancy. If            There are no refunds for cancellations 90 days or less from
you would like us to find you a roommate, we will do our            departure. We strongly urge all travelers to purchase trip
best, but cannot guarantee a share. If we cannot find a             cancellation insurance. You will be sent information from
share, you will need to pay the single supplement. All              the Massachusetts Audubon Society upon receipt of your
forms and fares are accurate at the time of publication             deposit.
(February 2020) but are subject to change at any time               YOUR RESPONSIBILITY: Although every precaution is taken
prior to departure. It is our policy to only pass on the            to safeguard you and your belongings, group travel trips by
actual amount of any increases in airfares or land costs            their nature involve a certain amount of risk. Trip
such as those increases due to the devaluation of the               participants should understand that the domestic and
dollar. Rarely, a price increase may be called for if the           international trips sponsored/operated by Massachusetts
group falls below the minimum, as listed in the itinerary.          Audubon Society (Mass Audubon Tours)—hereafter
                                                                    collectively ”M.A.S.”—involve known and unknown risks.
                                                                    M.A.S. assumes no responsibility for injuries, death,
TRAVEL DOCUMENTS: A U.S. passport valid for at least six            financial losses or damage to clients’ property caused by or
months beyond the trip’s departure date is required.                occurring during participation in any of the travel trips
                                                                    sponsored/operated by M.A.S. Trip participants must
                                                                    assume responsibility for having sufficient skill and fitness
FLIGHTS: You, the traveler, are responsible for booking             to participate in the trips and activities offered or
and paying for your own international flights. Once you             sponsored by M.A.S. Trip participants must also certify that
reserve your space, we will provide you with suggested              they have no medical, mental or physical conditions which
flights and tell you which flights our staff will take. You         could interfere with their abilities to participate in the
may book flights directly with the airline, online, or with a       activities and/or trips they are participating in and they
travel agent. Please be aware that most tickets are non-            must assume and bear the cost of all risks that may be
refundable, therefore you should not book your flight               created, directly or indirectly, by any such condition. It is the
arrangements until you have checked with us to be sure              responsibility of trip participants to have in place adequate
the tour has the minimum number of participants for the             insurance to cover any injury, damage or emergency
trip to go. We ask that you provide us with your flight             transportation costs related to their travel and/or
details                                                             participation in trip activities and/or to bear the costs of
                                                                    such injury, damage or emergency transportation costs.
                                                                    Because of the risks associated with the travel trips
TRIP INSURANCE: A brochure and application for                      sponsored by M.A.S. we urge all trip participants to
optional trip cancellation, illness, and baggage insurance          supplement their own insurance with travel or vacation or
will be sent to you upon registration. We strongly                  emergency response types of insurance. M.A.S. requires that
recommend that you purchase trip cancellation insurance             all trip participants acknowledge and assume these risks
to protect yourself. See insuremytrip.com.                          by reading and signing an M.A.S. Release and Waiver and
                                                                    Assumption of Risk contract prior to departure.

PHOTOS: Mass Audubon reserves the right to make use                 CONDITIONS OF TRAVEL: Travelers will be provided with
of any photographs taken on the tour. We guarantee that             an itinerary and trip preparation information. It is expected
no photos of a compromising nature will be used. If you             that travelers will read this information prior to trip
have questions or concerns, please contact us.                      departure. Travelers will be responsible for completing an
                                                                    application reservation form, including the personal
                                                                    information and a release of liability (see attached).
PHOTO CREDITS: Blue Magpie, courtesy of our partner,                Travelers will be expected to abide by the terms set for in
&Beyond. Common Kingfisher by Jan Arendtsz: via Flickr,             the invoice. During the tour, travelers are asked to respect
CC by ND 2.0.                                                       and follow the directions of their guide and leader.

CANCELLATION POLICY: If you need to change your
booking, you must inform us immediately in writing. All
cancellations must be done in writing and are effective
upon receipt in the Massachusetts Audubon Travel Office.
Cancellations received up to 121 days prior to departure will
be refunded deposits less a $300 per person fee. For
cancellations between 120 and 90 days prior to departure,
no deposits will be refunded, but any payment balance will.

  Mass Audubon Travel | massaudubon.org/travel |                travel@massaudubon.org       | 800-289-9504                      7
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