STUDENTS TAKE ON CLIMATE STORIES - AND SHEEP POO! - SCIENCE MUSEUM GROUP
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atmos
Part of the Climate Science Outreach Project
Schools fight
to go green
Looking to future
technologies
Students take on
climate stories
June 2012
…and sheep poo!
1
FOREWORD
Welcome
June 2012
from the Climate Science Outreach team.
Our contributors
I
n autumn 2011 students representing secondary schools
York from across the UK were set the challenge of becoming
National Railway Museum science journalists. They spent three months researching
Applefields School (p 10) the issues, investigating the facts, interviewing the experts
Archbishop Holgate’s School (p 32) and gathering photos to report on the climate change stories
Bedale High School (p 80) from their local area.
Huntington School (p 78)
The result is a range of stories covering everything from
Widnes Kettlethorpe High School (p 104)
community recycling initiatives to the use of sheep poo
Catalyst Science Discovery Centre as an energy source for the future. The range of stories
The Bankfield School (p 96) investigated by our reporters highlights the impacts climate
Blacon High School (p 102) change can have on the lives of young people across the
The Catholic High School, Chester (p 16) country. You can read all of their stories in this special
Hawarden High School (p 24)
The Climate Science edition of ATMOS, which is for all those who took part in the
Neston High School (p 52)
Ormiston Bolingbroke Academy (p 100) Manchester Editorial Outreach team. Climate Science Outreach Project.
Editors
The Whitby High School (p 60) Museum of Science & Industry Dani Williams The Climate Science Outreach Project is part of the Science
Beech House School (p 90) José Monteiro Museum’s Climate Changing programme. To find out more,
Harrytown Catholic High School (p 30) Deanne Naula please visit our website:
Sale Grammar School (p 94) Copy Editor
www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/ClimateChanging
Bristol Wellacre Academy (p 20) Lawrence Ahlemeyer
Designer
At-Bristol Charlie Knight
Bradley Stoke Community School (p 12) Foreword
The Castle School (p 42)
Chosen Hill School (p 74)
Contact us When I look back at the thousands of articles I have written over the past
Science Museum
The City Academy (p 62) Exhibition Road
three decades, among the few that really stand out is the dramatic call to
Coedcae School (p 66) South Kensington arms by US scientist Jim Hansen in 1988 that helped raise awareness of
The Commonweal School (p 14)
London SW7 2DD global warming, and warn us of the dangers of climate change.
The Corsham School (p 50) sciencemuseum.org.uk
Science Museum
This now promises to be the biggest story of the 21st century, one which
Hardenhuish School (p 76) @sciencemuseum will affect societies, ecosystems, economies and individuals on an epic
Hayesfield Girls’ School (p 68) London scale. We’re entering a new era in Earth’s 4.5-billion-year history: the
Lakers School (p 64) Science Museum Production Anthropocene, or the ‘age of man’.
Marlwood School (p 38) Bishop Thomas Grant Catholic Sustainable Paper – Cocoon
Secondary School (p 92) Silk is produced from 100% But the climate system is complex, as are climate politics. Yet despite the
Newent Community School (p 58)
Charles Edward Brooke C of E
or 50% post-consumer urgency of the issue there’s a danger that the public are getting blasé about
Norton Hill School (p 22) recycled, FSC certified pulp.
Girls’ School (p 48) Less energy and water are global warming, so the need for journalism that combines informative
Penair School (p 84)
The Charter School (p 98) consumed and fewer CO2 reporting with human interest in polished prose has never been greater.
Penryn College (p 108) emissions are produced
Queen Elizabeth’s Community Conisborough College (p 44) during manufacturing, That’s why I am so impressed by Atmos, where 12- to 14-year-olds have
Technology College (p 56) Fulham Cross Girls’ School (p 82) compared to the production
of virgin fibre paper. generated the ideas, conducted the interviews and written the stories. This
The Ridgeway School (p 70) Gunnersbury Catholic School (p 18) exciting initiative demonstrates how young people are engaged and can
FSC recycled certification,
St Bernadette Catholic Secondary Mulberry School for Girls (p 28) NAPM 100% recycled engage us all – helping us to sort fact from fiction and ignite discussion in
School (p 36) Phoenix High School (p 34) certification, ISO 14001, order to understand the defining story of the Anthropocene.
Westlands School (p 46) Sacred Heart Catholic School (p 8) Process Chlorine Free (PCF)
and PAS 2020:2009 Level 3. Roger Highfield, science writer and journalist, Science Museum Director of External Affairs
Worle Community School (p 54) Salvatorian College (p 88)
The Urswick School (p 106)
Walworth Academy (p 86)
2 3
Contents
40 We look at the impacts of climate change on
Contents
wildlife, farming and the natural world.
Environment
42 Climate change: the view from the Castle 56 Keep the sea pollution free!
6
44 Climate change in our community 58 Farming in new weathers
Can the latest technologies offer a solution to the problems of climate change?
46 Are Torbay’s beaches going to be washed away? 60 Is Chester Zoo environmentally friendly?
48 Bee thoughtful 62 Ice, ice maybe
Technology
50 Can cows cause climate change? 64 Get your turbines off my yard!
52 The bees are buzzing off! What’s the buzz? 66
Climate change in the UK: is Llanelli going under?
8 Strata: the sustainability starter?
53 Tweeting the changes 68 Acid Bath
10 Time is running out – time for new ideas
54 Bye bye, Spuddy 70 Climate chaos kills helpless hedgehogs
12 Fully charged
14 Hydrogen: fuel of the future
16 The green giant Airbus A380
18
20
Plug in your phone, plug in your car
Recycling for England 72 How are our schools and communities tackling climate change?
22 Are we faced with a climate change disgrace? Community
24 Eco-friendly engineering
74 Say YEP to saving energy!
26
76 Waste not want not
From recycling our waste to a greener Christmas, how can we all do our bit? 78 Should schools spend to save CO2?
80 Schools fight to go green
Lifestyle 82 Is a new London airport plane crazy?
84 Time for change
28 Eco-occasions 86 Walworth feels the heat... but not for long! 98 Barclays bikes?
30 Recycling – your future needs you! 88 Kodak in Harrow, a snapshot of climate change 100 Frodsham’s fate
32 Life swap 90 Dale-ly changes 102 The Blacon Climate Project
34 Ring ring, recycle bin! 92 Local community driving us crazy! 104 How green is Kettlethorpe High School?
36 Count your footprints, count your miles 94 Bio-massive matters 106 The London Olympics: a climate challenge?
38 It isn’t easy being green... 96 On our doorstep… 108 The unseen cost of education
4 5
Technology Can the latest
technologies
offer a solution to
the problems of
climate change?
6 7
Sacred Heart Catholic School, London
As we know, fossil fuels are running out keeping with the surroundings as it waste, equity, water, materials and social
and global warming is becoming a bigger looks more modern than all the old wellbeing factors.’
issue than ever before. Here in Britain Victorian bricks.
To conclude, we think Strata is a good
we have realised we need another way
However, not all views on Strata are idea and more buildings should be made
of supplying energy without causing as
negative, as some people see the true like this, as it is an asset to sustainability
much atmospheric damage. And that is
purpose of the building and realise and has made many people publicly
why renewable sources of energy were
it is a really good idea. The building aware of renewable energy. However,
developed. Renewable energy, in case
has incorporated sustainability into a there are some aspects that could be
you don’t already know, is an alternative
residential apartment building. By doing improved. These include making it
way of producing electricity in a clean,
so, it has raised awareness about climate more aesthetically appealing and
efficient manner that never runs out,
change and the need for society to enabling the turbines to capture the
A building that provides 8% of its own energy. hence it is called ‘renewable’. However,
despite advances in renewable energy
production, much of Britain continues
behave more sustainably. Furthermore,
the building has been recognised
wind’s energy from every direction.
Another vital factor to improve the
A building that helps reduce climate change.
positively, winning a prestigious Concrete building would be to thoroughly insulate
to be powered by fossil fuels. But we,
Society Award in 2010, with judges it, as this is one of the best ways to
Sacred Heart Roman Catholic Secondary
commenting on the striking nature of reduce energy consumption, according
Strata:
School, have seen a building that is
A building that is called Strata. different from the others.
the building and its excellent use of to Andrew Haigh.
the sustainability
starter?
Strata is a 148-metre-tall skyscraper space within a restricted area. Plus, one We think that if all improvements are put
that dominates the skyline of Elephant resident we spoke to felt, ‘It is a good into action, that Strata will not be socially
and Castle, and it is London’s first with idea as it will have its own power source rejected and will raise awareness within
wind turbines embedded into it. These if a blackout occurred.’ A librarian from society to help reduce climate change.
turbines provide a renewable energy Newington Library also said, ‘I don’t An important part of this is doing the
‘It’s ugly and a monstrosity.’
source, thus reducing climate change think it’s unattractive, I think it actually little things, such as not leaving the tap
as less fossil fuels are being burnt. helps the world.’ on when brushing your teeth, not leaving
The design of the building allows the your TV on stand-by, walking to school
So, what do the experts think? Andrew
turbines to spin freely when the wind is and recycling. Strata has managed to
Haigh of architects Foster + Partners
in the right direction, but they can also use an efficient way of supplying its own
(not the designers of Strata), pointed
be turned off completely using a fail-safe energy and that in itself is why we think
out that ‘the problem with wind energy
switch inside. This building was part of it is so amazing. Well, that’s our view on
is that it is intermittent and it comes
a £1.5 billion project to regenerate the Strata, how about you?
from all possible directions. It is difficult
whole of Elephant and Castle and alone
to design wind turbines on a building
cost £113.5 million, taking three years
so that they will catch this full range of
to complete.
wind.’ Despite this, he also said, ‘The ‘It has got people
Although the building is supposed to
produce 8% of its own energy, some
building has proved successful in that it
has got people talking about renewable
talking about
people think the renewable energy aims energy and sustainable design, and more renewable energy and
of the building come at an aesthetic cost.
A local community warden apparently
people need to start thinking about this.’
sustainable design,
exclaimed, ‘It’s ugly and a monstrosity’.
Strata was notoriously rejected
He also pointed out the importance
of social and economic factors in and more people need
appearance-wise when it won the 2010
sustainable design: ‘You must always
think of sustainability holistically. It
to start thinking
Carbuncle Cup for being ‘the ugliest
building in the UK’ of that year. Some
encompasses not just energy efficiency, about this.’
but also a wide range of other issues
people think that the building is not in
such as culture, ecology, transport,
8 Technology 9
Applefields School, York
Time is running out – time for
new ideas South facing is the way we should be looking
‘No matter the climate or region, passive houses stay at a comfortable temperature year round
with minimal energy inputs. Such buildings are heated passively – making efficient use of the
Sun, internal heat sources and heat recovery – rendering conventional heating systems
unnecessary. The extremely well insulated and airtight building envelope dramatically reduces
the effect of temperature change. Passive houses are prized for their high indoor air quality.’
Fossil fuels – oil, gas and Moray Mackay, York-based architect
coal – will not last for ever
Affordable housing Don’t let energy
There is a long waiting list for people who need a house
‘I want to be able to have a place escape!
to live when I leave university.
that they can afford to rent or buy. We wanted to explore
how we could change the way we build new housing to Will there be enough affordable Which insulation
help save energy. We asked local scientist Richard
Dacosta what he thinks:
housing for people like me?’ should I choose?
Tom Simm, student
Ask a scientist… Scientists at Applefields School have recently
conducted a series of experiments to investigate
What do you think about the new housing being built? the benefits of different types of insulation. The model house insulated
‘There are not enough and the designs are always A model house was constructed in such a way that with different materials.
the same – we need to think about buildings in a different types of insulation could be inserted into
different way.’ the walls, windows, floors and roofs. The heat lost
from beakers of hot water (representing central
What can we do differently? ‘By thinking about different
‘We could build homes out of wood with lots of glass to
use the Sun’s energy and insulate them to stop
types of insulation we can stop
heating) over a period of time was charted using
an electronic ‘leak detector’. Initial experiments
performed outside showed that different types of
Insulation is the key
energy escaping.’
heat loss.’ wall insulation had a major effect on preventing The results from the latest research show that
Richard Dacosta, scientist heat loss. materials that trap air are more effective insulators
and will keep the heat in during winter and out during
summer, so saving the energy needed to heat homes
and keep them cool.
Don’t turn up the
Think how you
heat, wear extra layers.
use water.
Don’t leave taps
running. Shut doors to
What can I do? prevent heat
escaping.
Key Stage 4 pupils
Turn TV and electrical
Turn lights off. goods off when not in use.
10 Technology 11
Bradley Stoke Community School, Bristol
Fully
charged
Most people nowadays have hi-tech gadgets like mobile phones and
laptops. Are they contributing towards environmental problems?
Most people nowadays have high-tech gadgets like
Children as young as 8 are getting laptops and mobile phones, and
mobile
65% of phones
the people thatand
ownlaptops.
electricalAre they
items contributing
like to-
these leave their
chargers on throughout the day,
wards environmental problems?which is making power stations
generate more electricity which damages the environment.
Children as young as 8 are getting laptops and mobile
phones, and 65% of the people that own electrical
Diditems
you like
know...?
these leave their chargers on throughout the
Over 66 million Xbox consoles have been sold worldwide!
day,
Over whichofisallmaking
a quarter power
adults and half ofstations
all teenagers in the UK
own a smartphone!
generate more electricity which damages the
environment.
We gave a survey to pupils in our school asking about how
they use their technology, and the charts show our results.
DID YOU KNOW?
Over 66 MILLION X-Box Consoles have been sold world-
wide!
If you have a We gave a survey to pupils in our
Over 1/4 of all adults and 1/2 of all teenagers in the UK
own a smartphone! console, do you school asking about how they use
leave it on stand-by their technology, and the charts
8 out of 10 households have a new video games con- or turn it off?
show our results.
sole! If you have a console, do you
Number of
leave it on standby or turn it off?
students
Number of students
Which of these
consoles or
devices do you
We gave a survey to pupils in our own?
school asking about how they use
their technology, and the charts
show our results.
Which of these consoles or devices do you own?
12 Technology 13
THE Commonweal School, Swindon
Hydrogen: fuel of
the future
A
fuel cell reverses the electrolysis of water,
producing electricity through the chemical Disadvantages of the
reaction of hydrogen and oxygen to turn an hydrogen fuel cell
Is the solution to global warming... the fuel cell? electric motor and power the vehicle. Fuel-cell
electric vehicles produce no CO2 or any harmful emissions
• They use hydrogen, which
is a very flammable gas.
whatsoever. Honda began road testing fuel-cell electric
Fuel cells are a type of electric cell. They do not need recharging vehicles in 1999, and in December 2002 delivered fuel-cell • Storage on a vehicle would
or replacing like normal batteries. Instead they have a fuel tank electric vehicles to both the Japanese Cabinet Office and be too large for a car
the City of Los Angeles. because the hydrogen gas
which needs refilling now and again. is difficult to contain, so
The fuel cell will compete with many other energy
most methods would add a
conversion devices, including gas turbines in power plants,
lot of weight to the car.
the petrol engine in your car and the battery in your laptop.
Combustion engines like the turbine and the petrol engine • Hydrogen is a fairly rare
Brussels, Belgium, 10 January
2012: Mercedes-Benz B-Class burn fuels and use the pressure created by the expansion gas in our atmosphere,
Fuel Cell World Drive concept of the gases to do mechanical work. Batteries convert therefore it has to be
car on display during the 2012 chemical energy back into electrical energy when needed. extracted and this process
Brussels Motor Show.
Fuel cells should do both tasks more efficiently. A fuel cell would cost a lot of money.
provides a DC (direct current) voltage that can be used to
• Liquid hydrogen can
power motors, lights or any number of electrical appliances.
sometimes freeze air.
There are several different types of fuel cells, each using a Advantages of the
different chemistry. Some types of fuel cells work well for • Sometimes if there is too
use in stationary power generation plants. Others may be much pressure in a cell it
hydrogen fuel cell
useful for small portable applications or for powering cars. can cause it to explode and • They are a lot more
there is not yet a way to try energy efficient and
Honda has been developing its hydrogen-powered car,
and stop this happening, are less polluting than
the Honda FCX Clarity, for a number of years now. The
but people are trying to petrol-fuelled vehicles.
car has so far only been released under a limited leasing
overcome it.
programme, and the company does not currently have an • They have a simple
estimate when it will start mass-producing the hydrogen- • Fuel cells are very construction, so mass
powered car. However, this doesn’t mean that the company expensive at the moment. production would
cannot start using the technology it has developed for the become very low in cost.
car in other cars right away.
• The fuel cell produces
Part of the reason for the delay in mass-producing no greenhouse gases or
hydrogen-powered cars has to do with the high cost of other air pollutants.
some of the parts such as the hydrogen fuel cell.
• The only product of the
With a hydrogen fuel cell, the endgame is to make chemical reaction is
electricity, and to get that electric current from inside the water vapour and a small
cell to the outside where it can do useful work. The nature amount of heat.
of electricity requires that the current flows from inside
the cell through a load (the electric motor that powers a • It runs quietly.
vehicle) and returns to the cell in order to complete the
circuit. Fuel cells require both hydrogen as the fuel and
oxygen (to complete the chemical conversion) from the
atmosphere to operate.
Despite their modern hi-tech aura, fuel cells actually have
been known to science for more than 150 years. Though
generally considered a curiosity in the 1800s, fuel cells
became the subject of intense research and development
during the 1900s.
14 Technology 15
THE
The Catholic High School, Chester
And how does Airbus respond on behalf of manufacturers?
GREEN GIANT
Airbus employs 6500 people directly in our local community and brings billions
of pounds into the economy. It manufactures wings for the A380 series, together
with the Hawker corporate jet, at its factory at Broughton, just outside Chester.
Local environmentalist Richard Ives The manufacturing facility is currently preparing for the introduction of the A350
outlines some of the issues surrounding aircraft, which uses carbon-fibre technology rather than traditional aluminium
air transport as he sees them, and then alloy construction methods.
Airbus responds. Nineteen students from the Catholic High School, Chester visited the factory to
Richard Ives is an experienced local see if they could find out answers to some of Richard’s concerns.
environmentalist who has worked across An environmental spokesperson for Airbus gave students an overview of
the globe supporting green issues. He Airbus’s environmental philosophy and detailed the ways the company is
AIRBUS A380
has worked extensively with Earthwatch responding to the social and environmental issues raised by Richard.
in the Seychelles to protect flora and
fauna and has taken part in expeditions Aviation contributes just 2% to man-made carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions.
to Asia and Africa. His next major Over the last 40 years we (the aviation industry) have reduced CO2 by 70%.
expedition is to the heart of Borneo to
study its unique and delicate ecosystem. An A380 aeroplane uses less than three litres of fuel per passenger per 100 km
– which is better than a family car.
Richard highlights below some of the key
issues which concern environmentalists: The A380 is the company’s greenest aircraft yet, in terms of emissions assuming
optimal loading and usage. Airbus pointed out that the actual impact depends
•A
ir transport is growing fast, with on how the aircraft is used. The company is committed to a full-life-cycle
emissions set to quadruple between approach to its products, minimising not only the operational carbon footprint
1990 and 2050. of its aircraft but also environmental auditing of the manufacturing process
igh-altitude emissions are far more
•H and end-of-life recycling. Every aspect of production and use is subject to an
Airbus, global leader in aircraft manufacture, is environmental risk impact assessment.
a huge local employer manufacturing the world’s Did you know...? damaging to the atmosphere than
sea-level emissions. Operating CO2 emissions are reduced by efficient design, which lowers energy
• Six thousand Airbus aircraft will consumption, and by developing biofuels with virtually no CO2 emissions. Design
largest airliner on our doorstep in Chester. come out of service in the next 20
•T
here is not a level playing field
efficiency is achieved through lighter, larger aircraft and, in the future, through
in taxation terms. There is no tax
years. This represents about half of currently on aviation fuel. This novel ways of flying that require less fuel.
So what’s the problem? the world market. Eighty-five per
cent of the aircraft is metal and can
encourages low-cost short-haul flights
for which there are alternatives.
New materials require less energy to manufacture and will allow more complete
recycling. Currently, 85% by weight can be easily recycled.
be recycled.
• I ncreased efficiency of aircraft is wiped Airbus ensures that all new facilities reduce environmental impact through use
UK aviation carbon dioxide forecast in millions of tonnes • The most difficult part of an aircraft out by increasing demand.
Based on Department for Transport figures, August 2011 of solar power, water harvesting, combined heat and power, and using biomass
to recycle is the interior, seats in
where feasible.
particular, because of the flame
retardants used in manufacture.
CO2 emissions
• Until recently, most aircraft were
not recycled, but simply parked up WHERE ARE WE?
and left to rot. All in all, the aircraft industry aims to meet the bulk of concerns about
operational CO2 emissions as it moves towards zero-emission fuels such as
biofuels and hydrogen. It is endeavouring to meet the challenge of ‘as green as a
train’ and is working flat out to reduce the impact of the manufacturing process.
The future looks Jolly for the Green Giant.
Year
Q
Do you know what the
turned-up bits on the
wings of modern planes
are called and what
A These are called ‘Sharklets’ and
reduce turbulence at the wing tips.
Sharklets combined with new engines
on the A320neo aircraft also reduce
they are for? fuel consumption by about 15%.
16 Technology 17
Gunnersbury Catholic School, London
Plug in your phone,
plug in your car
With petrol resources running out, soon
it will be time for car-owners to decide
whether they are going electric or hybrid. Our opinion
Over the next 50 years, people will begin We think that hybrid cars are better because they are good
for long journeys and are a mixture of petrol and electric
to switch to more sustainable energy engine. They are also more reliable than electric cars.
sources, like solar or wind power. This Unfortunately they do produce carbon dioxide, but not as
much as an all-petrol car. The electric car is good for little
change will also affect what our cars run trips around town, but some hybrids use electricity up to
30 mph, with the petrol engine taking over at higher speeds.
on. Most environmental experts think Most city driving can be done below 30 mph. An electric car
that in the future our cars will either use could be a feasible option if you lived in a large city and used
the train to travel larger distances. For overall reliability and
electricity or have a hybrid engine. flexibility of use the hybrid is better in our opinion.
‘Most of the raw materials for
batteries come out of China...
Hybrid Fully electric
where probably the next leap FOR: FOR:
of technology will come from.’ • Hybrid cars are powered by both a
battery and a petrol engine.
• If the electricity comes from a renewable source, fully
electric cars are as close as you can get to emitting
Andrew Wood, Volkswagen • They don’t need charging points.
zero carbon.
• They cost less than hybrids.
• In some hybrid cars, the battery can be
charged up from a plug, but they all can • They do not use fossil fuels like petrol.
recharge the battery when using the
• Carbon emissions are zero when driving.
petrol engine or when braking, like
a dynamo. • Warranties can last for up to 8 years.
• BMW will put satnav in its hybrid • They can be charged from a socket in your house, which
cars that will plan routes for the best is cheap – between £1.50 and £3.00 for a full charge, ‘Electric vehicle battery range
efficiency. depending on the time of day and size of the car.
supersedes many drivers’ everyday
AGAINST: AGAINST: average mileage and in the long
• Hybrid cars still use petrol – a fossil fuel. • Fully electric cars take a long time to charge,
run [electric engines could be] far
• They still produce carbon dioxide.
up to 8 hours. more affordable than your regular
• The technology is not cheap.
• They have a limited range of 30–90 miles. It would
take three days to get from London to Manchester.
combustion engine.’
• They still cost a lot of money. Katherine Wong, Customer Relations
Consultant, Renault
• Producing the cars uses non-renewable
energy sources.
18 Technology 19Recycling
Wellacre Academy, Manchester
Wordsearch
R G Q R S W N W P N Bin
Garbage
K E U E K Q J P A G Glass
B E T E G S E G P Q Litter
for England
Paper
I S H T G A S T E Q Plastic
N R M C I K B A R C Recycle
Waste
C I T S A L P R L B
W T W V W I W A A G
D E L C Y C E R I G
R
ecycling is very important right now in life, especially because we
are slowly running out of supplies. That is why we need to start
recycling now or we will be part of destroying Mother Nature.
Before you do any recycling though you’ve got to make sure you know
Z V D I X O N Z N I
what to put in the bins, because one wrong item could jam the machine,
and imagine if your parents were getting the bill. N J W A S T E N M O
The most important thing is to separate your waste. Check out your
local recycling rules so you know what to put in each bin.
Separating the items Metal
The machine that does all the separating in Before you put any metal in your
Manchester is called the MRF, which stands bin you’ve got to know what kind
for Material Recovery Facility. of metal to put in. You can only
put tin, aluminium and steel cans
Before any recycling can be done everything
in the recycling bins; the rest you
needs to be separated. Everything that can’t
must give to the scrapyard. The
be recycled needs to be removed and each
steel cans and tin are separated
Fact file
material that is needed is grouped together.
with a massive magnet. But the
aluminium, which isn’t magnetic,
Glass is separated by an eddy current
separator that uses the properties t in the recycl
shouldn’t be pu achines.
e bins
P la st ic ba gs
The glass has to be smashed with a Fm
break the MR
of electromagnets. n
massive hammer. The glass pieces then because they break down
fall into little holes on the conveyor belt. d an im al w aste is used to
n Human an
The glass is then collected and sent off to Residual waste residual waste
.
n to the metal
another factory to be melted.
Residual waste is the name for ng er s should be take bins
nW ire co at ha the recycling
waste that is not needed and cl in g ce nt re and not put in ne s.
recy F machi
break the MR
Plastic usually this gets landfilled.
However it is now possible to
because they
Clear plastic bottles have to be separated digest the waste using bacteria.
from coloured bottles. They do this by The bacteria come from cow poo
shining a light through the bottle. If the light and are very useful because they
goes through, a computer detects this and eat the waste and then let off
pushes the bottle away with a blast of air. methane gas that is stored and
converted into electricity.
20 Technology 21Norton Hill School, Somerset
Are we faced with a It’s a fracking nightmare...
climate change disgrace?
Q1. Are you aware of global Q2. Have you made changes to your
A new way of finding oil, fracking, has been proposed on warming and climate change? life because of climate change?
the Mendips. To find out more we interviewed local expert
and councillor Nigel Taylor. He explained that fracking
is when they use machines to drill several feet into the Yes Yes
ground, then send shocks through the earth, creating No No
cracks which water is forced in. This breaks up the oil, Not sure Not sure
which is then pumped to be processed. Being a member of
the AONB (Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty) committee,
Students from Norton Hill School have Nigel realises we do not want drills in the Mendips; the
been researching local organisations aesthetics should not be spoiled. Fracking will provide jobs
Q3. Are you worried about Q4. Do you think it is important
for the community – workers, scientists and engineers –
dealing with climate change issues in but in the short term only. Specialists are the jobs which
global warming? to learn about global warming
and climate change?
the mid-Somerset area. This is what will remain. Tourism could fall because people will not
want to camp in the hills. Shops will gain originally from
they discovered... increased commerce, but not from oil. Nigel Yes Yes
worries it may harm ecosystems because the No No
caves contain water that feeds reservoirs and Not sure Not sure
local drinking water. If they are not careful
the chemicals could contaminate this
water, which would then be out of
use for years. He cannot be sure to
Bees mean business what extent it will be taken, it all
Bees... six-legged insects that pollinate our world. depends on the oil companies. Are teens on nature’s team?
Funny to think, in the words of Albert Einstein, It is clear Nigel thinks this is We ran a survey to challenge this question. This survey
‘If the bees disappeared off the surface of the globe a bad idea for the Mendips. was given to 150 students in Year 9 at Norton Hill School.
then man would have only four years of life.’ He understands that we need
Biofuelling the nation Funny, but true... alternative ways of finding oil/ We were surprised with the outcomes, especially
questions 3 and 4. As you can see, questions 3 and 4
Local farmer James Francis explains: ‘Without them, energy, but if we adopt a method that
Fossil fuels are one of the most commonly disputed contradict each other. The response shows us that a
my crops cannot be pollinated. No crops, no food.’ is not yet completely safe we could
topics in the world. We are choking our planet in toxic shocking 48% of pupils are not worried about the effects
ruin the land for generations to come.
fumes, but in Midsomer Norton we have a solution. of global warming, however 51% think that it is important
Recent studies show that, out of 100 crop species, We think that although this is a very
Local company Biosulis is striving for a carbon-neutral 90% of them provide the world’s food and 70% of clever of way of collecting oil the to learn about global warming. Why do the students want
area. By taking used cooking oil and turning it into them are pollinated by bees. Consequently we would results could be devastating to such a to learn about global warming if they don’t feel that it
biofuel, it is cutting down on net carbon emissions and lose 70% of the crop food we eat today. Couple this beautiful natural landmark. is anything to be concerned about? We believe this is
also stopping the 2 million tonnes of waste oil that go to with the predicted global change in weather and we because they have not been educated properly enough to
landfill sites and sewers every year. Adding methanol could be heading towards a future deprived of bees. feel worried about it, but with our results we know that
Councillor Nigel Taylor, explosives engineer.
and potassium hydroxide turns the oil, via a catalytic many are keen to learn.
Local farmers such as Mr Francis are trying to make
reaction, into a fuel usable by car engines.
a difference in order to save the bees. His recent
The fuel is relatively cheap to produce and is currently pledge is to reduce the use of insecticides and
sold at 10p a litre less than regular fuel. Fossil fuels plant high-pollen-level plants. Beekeepers are also
are quickly running out, but if we keep growing crops requesting the use of fields for beehives, in the hope
Biosulis can keep making the biodiesel. Most diesel of resurrecting the bee kind.
cars can run off this fuel, and it is still very similar in
performance to regular diesel. Diesel Dan, the boss
Can the Southwest impress and give inspiration to Going solar to save our pool
save the bees?
of Biosulis, sells his biodiesel to places all over the A pool in the local area of Bath and Northeast Somerset has
Southwest. In fact, he states that ‘I have the customers, recently been having financial trouble. Paulton Pool once thought
Chart showing the percentage of the world’s
but I don’t have the resources to meet demand.’ they would have to close after heating the pool became too
plants that need honeybee pollination
Biofuel could be the future, but if it is to happen we need expensive. However, there may be a solution which not only benefits
the whole community helping; people can only do so them, but the environment as a whole – heating the pool using a
much by themselves. natural resource: sunlight. The staff don’t actually own the pool,
which means they had to get clearance from the local council. After
Plants needing pollination they got the ‘thumbs up’ only one thing stood in their way: money.
However, they did manage to get a grant. They have a budget of
Plants not needing pollination £25,000 and the panels in total produce 22,000 kWh and will help
them save over £4000 a year. Any electricity that the pool produces
Diesel Dan – super fuel man. which isn’t used to heat the pool is then sold back to the grid for a
This man is taking on climate change. satisfactory income. ‘It has been looking like closing down for a few
Are we all behind him?
years and they needed a way to cut down on costs. The roof faces
south to get maximum sunlight. It’s fantastic for the environment
and is primarily pushed by saving money,’ says Miss Gray, a Paulton
Pool trustee. Look out for the changes taking place soon!
22 Technology 23Eco-friendly
HAwarden High School, Flintshire
Toyota
Toyota is a highly successful car company from Japan. It is
engineering
the first car company to produce a vehicle that combines We interviewed Steve from the Toyota factory in
the engine properties of the electric car, which runs solely
Deeside to find out some more about how Toyota
on battery power, and the standard petrol car. This is
called ‘hybrid’ technology. is doing more to protect the environment.
The combination engine is used at different times in a What are you doing to combat the effects of your
journey, depending on the type of traffic the car is driving cars on the environment?
in. The petrol engine is used when the car is in high-speed ‘We are looking into many things such as emissions,
or high-mileage areas and the electric motor is used in transmissions and gearboxes. And our dream, as a
towns or cities and when the car is moving in slow traffic. company, is to make a car that in some way cleans the
This works incredibly well to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) air as the car passes through it.’
emissions.
How effective are these changes?
Although there are a lot of benefits of the hybrid in
comparison to the normal car, it is over £4000 more ‘These changes have made an enormous improvement
expensive. The cheapest hybrid car is £18,500. to the state of the environment.’
The first car with built-in hybrid technology was produced Is aiding the environment beneficial in terms of
15 years ago. This was the Toyota Prius. The hybrid profit and loss?
Airbus
technology is something that could inspire new projects ‘We do claim some profit. But we really want to become
for protecting the environment: more environmentally friendly. Over a third of a million
• Home-charged cars pounds is spent on trying to make the company more
environmentally friendly.’
Airbus are an extremely successful aeroplane • Fully electric cars
manufacturing company. Their products are much How much of a priority is being environmentally
• Cars that use hydrogen and only release water friendly to your company?
modernised using materials that are very hi-tech
but also very good for the environment. These all could be technological advances of the future. ‘We’ve got to make a product that the customers
• When making the aeroplane wings, Airbus use One advantage of owning a hybrid car is that in some car want to buy, but at the same time it’s got to be as
We spoke to Ross from the Airbus factory in environmentally friendly as possible.’
pressurised air to insert and fix the nails and rivets parks there is no charge for parking a car with hybrid
into the wings instead of using an electric drill. Broughton to find some more information technology, as an incentive for buying the car and saving
about what other sorts of things Airbus are What can you see happening in the future?
the environment.
• They use more environmentally friendly painting ‘The company is very good at making engines that are
processes.
doing to be eco-friendly.
more environmentally friendly and it is possible that all
• They take steps to lower energy and water What are you doing to combat the effects of your planes cars could become electric. Public demands will push
consumption during the production cycle. on the environment? for more environmentally friendly products.’
‘There are various different projects that we are working
• When producing the aeroplanes, the current way is
on to try and make the planes as environmentally friendly
to produce quieter and more fuel-efficient aircraft.
as possible. We are also developing various biofuels in
• The A380 is a new benchmark for fuel efficiency the hope of achieving this as well.’
and low noise levels and aircraft such as the
A350 XWB will push this even further. What new environmentally friendly components have
been produced?
Technological innovation has reduced aircraft fuel
‘Carbon fibre is being used for its durability, flexibility
burn and emissions by 70% and noise by 75% in
and strength.’
the last 40 years. Of all man-made CO2 emissions,
the aircraft industry contributes 2%, which may not How much of a priority is protecting the environment to
seem a lot, but it is. your company?
The A380 XWB has probes that detect gusts ahead of ‘Our company is looking to be more sustainable and
the wing and set up movable surfaces for an easier working on more environmentally friendly aircraft.
glide through the air. This reduces the amount We are also very competitive in trying to be the most
of fuel needed and therefore the amount of CO2 environmentally friendly aircraft company in the world.’
emissions. This and other technological advances
are devised by imitating nature, an idea named How can you see what you produce progressing in terms
‘biomimicry’. of how it affects the environment in the near future?
‘We have started to use algae and plants as biofuels in
Airbus created a scheme called PAMELA-Life which
the hope of producing less carbon dioxide.’
has, since being started in 2005, brought the amount
of the aircraft’s parts that can be recycled, reused or
recovered up to 85%.
24 Technology 25Lifestyle
From recycling our
waste to a greener
Christmas, how can
we all do our bit?
26 27Eco
Mulberry School for Girls, London
Greener weddings: think about
Eco-occasions
climate change on your big day!
Do you ever wonder how much carbon dioxide is emitted in an
average British wedding? According to Landcare Research, last We asked Friends of the Earth and they
year’s royal wedding was estimated to have generated 6765 tonnes had lots of helpful suggestions that even
of carbon dioxide – 12 times the yearly emissions from Buckingham Londoners could do. Here are our top three
Palace or 1230 times the yearly emissions of an average UK eco-tips for your big day:
household. These emissions were largely due to international n Be artistic and create your own invitations
guests. Providing seasonal food and flowers was not enough to turn nH ave a honeymoon in Europe –
the royal wedding green! somewhere local
So, when your day comes, be sure to plan carefully. We asked a n Have fresh seasonal food
W
local wedding planner about climate change. They said, ‘We import For more ideas, see:
e asked members of the public a few questions www.foe.co.uk/living/articles/
our wedding clothes by ship to save money and carbon.’ While this is
about their opinions and knowledge of green green_weddings.html
a start, it seemed to us that they need to do much more!
funerals. To be honest, most of them had no idea
what we were talking about. It’s been hard for
people to fully grasp what a green funeral is, exactly. For
‘Ho ho’ eco Christmas
some, it’s a wicker coffin and a woodland burial. For others,
it’s merely the choice not to have flowers at the funeral.
While it’s clear that people have different ideas for a green
funeral, the most important thing is to work towards funerals
Christmas is the time of year when these presents are sent out all over
with lower carbon emissions. This is not as complicated as it
families come together and get stuck the world, including back to China. All
seems. There has been a rise in people opting for a greener
into that juicy turkey, unwrapping those these presents are nicely wrapped in
funeral and there are now many woodland burial sites
Christmas presents from under the wonderful Christmas wrapping paper,
all over the country. There are also many companies that
tree. But have you ever stopped to think designed with fancy trees, Rudolph and
specialise in greener funerals. Greener Goodbyes, Green
about the environmental impact of the Santa Claus, but which all too often end This is a Christmas decoration which has
Endings and Friends of Nature are a few of the organisations been made with plastic and is mostly likely to
festive period? I’m pretty sure the first up going straight to landfill instead of
offering professional green funeral services. be put in the bin after Christmas.
thing that pops into your mind is, ‘Oh recycling. In many cases people get
Epping Forest Burial Park.
here we go again, another article on presents they don’t even like – a waste
climate change!’ Well, yes, you’re right, of money, materials and time.
A greener way to say goodbye
but this article will actually help you to
More than 10 million turkeys are eaten
do something about it rather than just
each year on Christmas day, and they’re
giving you a written lecture.
not all farmed in the UK. Another
Having a traditional burial may seem the formal So let’s gets started with pricey staggering fact is that more then 7
and loving way of saying goodbye to a dear presents and fabulous food. Everyone million Christmas trees are grown and
We interviewed Julia Rolf from Epping Forest Burial Park. says it’s about giving and not receiving, sold every year in the UK and most of
one. To a lot of the people we talked to, it was
She told us: ‘Our site is in an already established mature which is not always the case. Every them end up AS LANDFILL! Think about
the only way they knew of having a funeral. Of
course, more environmentally sensible choices woodland. We have strict woodland management policies Christmas 4000 tonnes of presents are all those poor Christmas trees and all
This picture was taken in Covent Garden during
can be made for traditional ceremonies. This shipped from China to London. That’s that energy that has been wasted. Sad
which support biodiversity. We encourage our customers to just at Christmas! More than half of isn’t it? What a way to have Christmas.
the Christmas season last year. How much
energy is being used?
might also be something unique and a time to
remember for you and your guests. For example,
use biodegradable coffins, and discourage embalming, which
a woodland burial offers a peaceful and informal releases toxins into the environment.’
way of saying goodbye to a loved one in natural Top ten tips for having an eco Christmas
surroundings. Even for Londoners, woodland
That’s enough paper doesn’t decompose, chemicals, don’t
burials are possible. A tree can even be planted to Tip 1: Send recycled, to wrap the island of buy natural holly and decompose and often
Tip 9: Use energy-
mark the grave of the deceased. handmade or saving lights,
Guernsey. let the smell fill your can’t be recycled. Use
e-cards. An estimated especially LEDs. Less
?
house. rechargeable ones,
1.7 billion Christmas Tip 3: Don’t buy which will last for a
energy will be used
Tip 5: Even though
Did you know...? cards are sent each
year in Britain. That’s
paraffin candles.
Paraffin candles fake Christmas trees
long time.
but it will still look
great.
‘A carbon footprint assessment was carried out in the equivalent of are no good for look nice with their Tip 7: Recycle Tip 10: Use real
conjunction with the University of East Anglia Climate What’s happening in London? 200,000 trees. More your health or the metallic colours, unwanted presents.
cutlery. Plastic cutlery
Change Faculty, in order to measure carbon emissions ‘London 21 Sustainability Network promotes, than 1 million cards environment. Use soy, they use a lot of Recycle unwanted
and plates use a lot of
and fuel consumption at the three Woodland Burial Parks supports and networks community-based are thrown out. beeswax or natural energy to be made, gifts to charity and
energy when they are
vegetable-based and contain PVC, DON’T throw them
during 2009. Epping emitted 9.60 tonnes of carbon dioxide initiatives for a greener, healthier and more Tip 2: Use recycled candles. lead, etc., which are away.
made. Use real plates,
equivalent (CO2e), which calculates as 21.33 kg CO2e per sustainable Greater London.’ wrapping paper. cutlery, etc.
serious environmental
£1000 turnover.’ This is much less than the 70 kg of CO2e More than 83 square Tip 4: Use real holly. pollutants.
Tip 8: Buy eco-
generated by the average cremation. London 21 is a fantastic website where people kilometres of Instead of wasting friendly gifts or join
join for free and get great ideas for eco projects wrapping paper is your money on Tip 6: Batteries a sponsorship for
across London. Take part in an Eco Local thrown into the bin. artificial holly which contain toxic Christmas.
Christmas Party where volunteers are welcome
to free food and drinks. For further information
visit their website: www.london21.org
28 Lifestyle 29Harrytown Catholic High School, Stockport
Recycling - your future needs you!
Percentage of year 7 pupils
The past The present
Climate change is a serious issue for Harrytown is committed to recycling, endeavour to continue to recycle and
everyone and has become increasingly with recycling bins in all classrooms. make every effort to be responsible for
serious over the past 50 years. This We send the majority of waste to be our usage of valuable resources.
is due to a greater demand for fossil recycled. We interviewed Bob Thomson,
Wildlife and its habitats are being
fuels in the production of electricity and Site Manager of the Junction 25 recycling
affected by climate change. We
fuels for transport, and land clearance centre in Bredbury, Manchester. We
interviewed Richard Gardner, Living
for farming. All of this has led to an asked him if he thought recycling was
Landscape Project Manager for the
increase in the amount of carbon important. He said, ‘It is not sensible
Cheshire Wildlife Trust, to find out Figure 1 Figure 2
dioxide in the atmosphere. to use up non-renewable resources.’
how local wildlife is being affected.
He informed us that of the 3000 tonnes
There are some things we can do to Richard works in a landscape project in
entering the site each week, 99% is
The future
help prevent further climate change, west Cheshire, studying wildlife along
recycled. Residuals (non-recyclables)
such as recycling and reducing the the River Gowy as well as the nature
which had to be sent to landfill originally
amount of rubbish sent to landfill reserve at Gowy Meadows. Organisms
were now being used in Denmark as It is important to remember that whilst think climate change will affect you in
sites and to incineration. In order for he studies include barn owls, water
a fuel to give local residents heat and strategies are being put in place to the future?’ only 43% selected the
everyone to take responsibility for voles, lapwings and skylarks, as well as
electricity, reducing the amount of fossil reduce the rate of climate change, it option ‘A lot’ (Figure 2). Although these
their contribution to climate change, various aquatic invertebrates. His work
fuels required. Recycling has increased is the next generation who need to be results seem to show that some Year 7
they need to know the facts. What can restores wetland habitats for wildlife,
massively, however we asked Mr informed and equipped to continue to pupils are unaware of the extent of the
you do to reduce your impact on the in particular focusing on increasing
Thomson how he would encourage young make the change. problem, we did find that 70% feel
climate? Do you recycle? What legacy the number of farmland birds nesting
people to recycle. He replied, ‘Recycling strongly that not enough is being done
will be left for future generations? This in the area. Farmers have dried out We asked 104 Year 7 pupils six
is important to the environment, and to prevent climate change. In addition,
article discusses how the past can be areas of field next to the river, enabling questions regarding recycling and
as you get older you have to protect the 69% (22% did not answer) thought that
corrected by recycling in the present, agricultural practices which limit bird climate change. We found out that a
environment we live in. It’s not down to wildlife is being affected by climate
for the future of the planet. nesting. Mr Gardner informed us that staggering 95% of pupils do recycle at
the authorities, it’s up to the individual!’ change.
recreating wetland habitats not only home. However, only just over half who
Our school recycles the majority of its helps the organisms, it also helps to gave answers know what climate So, now you have the facts you can make
waste. The pie chart (Figure 1) shows ‘lock up’ carbon from the atmosphere in change is (8 out of 104 people didn’t an informed decision as to how you can
the most recent breakdown of the waste the moist flood-plain soils, reed beds and answer that question). If they aren’t make a difference for the future. The
recycled. Of the 63% of general waste, wet woodlands, reducing carbon dioxide informed about climate change we need past has been and gone. It is what we
6.5% was paper, 1.5% was plastic and levels in the atmosphere. to ask, can they make a difference in the do now, in the present, that will dictate
only 3.1% was non-recyclable. We future? When asked ‘How much do you the future.
30 Lifestyle 31Life swap
Archbishop Holgate’s School, York
Ed’s diary
Dear Diary,
12.00
may be rich, but
Today I went to Sadie’s mansion. She
family’s money on
she certainly wastes too much of her
ing, leaves her
electricity bills. She leaves her taps runn
a compost heap!
windows open, and she doesn’t even have
rgy efficient.
Join us as we follow two children in their struggle 13-year-old children and see how they treat the I’m sure I can make her a lot more ene
Ed, age 13
to save the Earth from disaster. Do you want your Earth. Ed, an ‘eco head’, and Sadie, a ‘wasting lady’,
children’s children, etc. to suffer this fate? visit each other and see how the other lives. Can 12.15
left all her appliances
In this social and scientific experiment we take two these two different teens learn from each other? We were in Sadie’s room, and she had Facts about me:
energy. We started
switched on, which was wasting a lot of Hey, it’s Edward here! I think
ard box, and a coke
off with a pizza, which was in a cardbo that the first thing I should
finished, Sadie
bottle made out of plastic. When we had
say about me is that I am the
Sadie’s diary
most eco-friendly person you
she just threw it
didn’t recycle the cardboard; instead, will ever meet! Preserving
the plastic and threw
Dear Diary, away. She also didn’t bother recycling and saving energy is my
washing up the cups,
it in the bin too. She then spent ages
mission in life. I plan to save
seconds, whilst leaving
as much energy as I possibly
12.00 which would normally only take a few can. I plan to do this in many
hot water. She then
When Edward came round to my mansion, he was appalled by how much electr icity the tap on full blast, wasting lots of ways. For example, I make my
I use. Just hing up, so she put a
needed to wash the cloth used for was
own compost to fertilise the
yesterday I thought I was a normal person, but now I see that leaving things on stand garden and grow vegetables,
-by and one wash, and then
the tap running is not a good idea. whole bottle of detergent in, just for so I don’t have to travel to the
afterwards, when she
dried it on its own in the tumble dryer supermarket to buy them.
13.30 hing line.
could have dried it outside on the was
Instead of using fossil fuels,
Sadie, age 12
my house is powered by solar
Ed invited me to his house to see how he saves energy. He saves so much! I didn’t 12.30 energy. I really enjoy the fact
know it
was possible to live like that. He has a compost heap that he puts his waste on, and mum called her that I am saving the Earth for
then Later when we were watching TV, Sadie’s the next generation. I can’t
bill and it was a
Status: uses the soil to grow vegetables such as peas, tomat oes and potatoes. I mostly agree
with because she had just received the energy explain the feeling you get
Playing on my laptop while month of electricity!
huge amount of money: £400 for just a
Ed saving energy, however I find his favour ite phrase a bit.. odd! He says, ‘If it’s when you know that the Earth
havin’ a chat on ma moby :-P yellow let could show her the is benefiting from your way
it mellow, if it’s brown f lush it down.’ I think it’s a bit gross, but after my realisation
of how So we had to walk to my house so I of life.
it when I told her
Facts about me: much energy I have wasted over the years, I really need to get stuck in and start best way of living. She couldn’t believe
to do the not using it, or close
Hey, I’m Sadie. Um... well... I best I can to save energy and to protect the environment. Just the other day I was that I switch everything off when I’m
doing my heating with the
live in a mansion and I love to homework and I wasted hundreds of sheets of paper from all the mistakes I made. I all my windows instead of turning up the
play on my laptop and PS3, DS, learnt that windows open!
mobile, etc. I also like randomly I could do my homework on the computer and check my work before printing to save
driving in cars. We do this all the
paper. But Ed
I also have to be sure I don’t use the computer for too long as it wastes electr icity.
time, even to the corner shop.
We spend quite a lot on petrol 14.30
bills, but hey, who’s counting?
There’s no point in walking when To be honest , I should have figured this out earlier. I was humiliated when Ed pointed
you have a car. I love holidays,
out how
in only an hour I had wasted at least a tree! I’m ashamed with mysel f.. I’d go to the
we have three a year. Big ones, posh
and we fly there too! I get new supermarket miles away because the ones that are near me don’t sell the brand of
cereal I
clothes all the time, I love it! like. This wastes lots of petrol and money. I need to learn not to be such a fussy eater.
Buying clothes from really big I am
brands to look epic, it’s fun! determined to change!
15.45
It will be hard to change because I have lived my whole life this way; I have kind of
got into
Quiz
3. Do you own a compost bin?
the habit of leaving the taps running and washing my clothes one at a time in the
washing a) Yes b) No
machine. Nevertheless, I really want to save the world. Apparently, my grandchildre 4. Do you drive places within half a
n could
have no coal or oil; they will have to lead their lives so differently. 1. Do you recycle? mile of your starting point?
a) Yes b) No a) No b) Yes
17.00 o you leave the water running
5. D
2. Do you have solar panels on
The world really needs to save energy, and I am going to be one of the people who help your roof? when you wash up?
save it! a) Yes b) No a) No b) Yes
I really hope that other people can see our future will dissolve as quickly as sugar
in water if
we continue this way. I am now going to set up a compost bin and inform my new friend
, Ed! Mostly A Mostly B
Sadie x Well done! Keep it up Hmm, maybe you should
and save our planet. rethink your lifestyle!
32 Lifestyle 33You can also read
