THE ATLANTIC COAST SURF CLAM - with a partial bibliography - UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
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THE ATLANTIC COAST SURF CLAM ·
with a partial bibliography
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES
Circular 288UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES
THE ATLANTIC COAST SURF CLAM -
with a partial bibliography
By
ROBERT M . YA 'CEY and WALTER R. WELCH
Circular 288
Washington, D . C.
June 1968CONTENTS
Page
Introduction . . . . . . .
Hi -tory of the fishery 1
Ea rly period - - 1 70 's to 1 Q42 2
Developm'ntal period -- 1943-4q 2
Recent p nod - - 1950- 5 . . . . . 2
HandHng. process1f~g. and marketing 3
Biology . . . . • . . . 4
Cia" s lilc tion a net range 5
Morphol0 ical varia lon. 5
Habltat . • . . . 5
Reproduction. 6
Growt}, . • . . . 7
R lative abundanc.e . 7
Mortali y and pathology. 7
Pa ~ lal biblIography . . . . . . 9
iiif OL }( - U~ .
THE ATLANTIC COAST SURF CLAM
with a partial bibliography
By
ROBER T M . YANCEY, Fishery Biologist
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory
Oxford, Md. 21654
and
WALTER R. WELCH, Fishery Biologist
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory
West Boothbay Harbor, Maine 04575
AB STRACT
The surf clam, Spisula solidissima solidissima (Dillwyn), supports an
important commercial fishery along the coasts of the Middle Atlantic States.
The major portion of the catch has been taken off New Jersey since 1949.
Surf clam fishing vessels, equipped with hydraulic jet dredges, take the clams
from depths of 100 feet or less and land them the same day. Most of the catch
is processed for use as food; a minor portion is used as bait for fish. The total
catch in 1965 was 44.1 million pounds of meat.
Surf clams are found in waters of oceanic salinity and sand or gravel
bottoms from the low-tide line to depths of 480 feet. They range from the Gulf
of Saint Lawrence to Cape Hatteras, N.C. The sexes are separate. Spawning
usually occurs twice a year. Eggs, under experimental conditions, failed to
develop in salinities below 23 parts per thousand. Young clams may reach a
length of 1 3/ 4 inches in 1 year. Mature clams are commonly 6 to 7 inches
long. Surf clams are very abundant in some areas. Populations of 1 to 2 million
juvenile clams per mile of beach have been found at Wallops Island, Va., and
Sandy Hook, N.J. As many as 5 million mature clams per mile of beach have
been washed up on Long Island, N. Y., by a storm.
INTRODUCTION has been taken by highly efficient gear. Ques-
tions of sustained yield, growth, and recruit-
The surf clam, Spisula solidis sirna solidis- ment to the fishery must be answered to
s irna (Dillwyn), is an important shellfish provide information for the management of
re s ource in the United States. In recent years the fishery.
(1 949 - 65) the commercial fishery for surf This report summarizes existing informa-
clams has grown rapidly. The adoption of tion about the surf clam fishery and its history
advanced technology in fishing and processing as well as information about the distribution,
has enabled the fishery to harvest increasingly abundance, and biology ofthe species. A partial
greater amounts each year--reaching 44.1 bibliography is included.
million pounds of clam meats in 1965.
A basic life history study of the surf clams
was made in New England by Belding (1910). HISTORY OF THE FISHERY
Many subsequent reports have been concerned
with faunal surveys and aspects of physiology The history of the fishery for surf clams is
and taxonomy where the surf clam was of divided into three periods: the early period,
s econdary importance. when the fishery was small; the develop-
Truly intensive studies of biology and popu- mental period, when it was growing rapidly;
lation dynamics were first established in and the recent period, when it is well-
New Jersey where most of the catch since 1949 developed.Early Period -- 1870's to 1942 used mainly for bait, and the landings there
dropped sharply owing to wartime restric t ions
Large quantities of surf clams, thrown up
on party boat (sport) fishing. In the Long
on the beaches by storms, were gathered and Island, N.Y., area, the increased demand for
eaten by the Indians in precolonial days. Early
more clams of bette r quality made the indus-
settlers on our Atlantic coast from Cape Cod,
try realize that fishing gear and methods
Mass., to New Jersey occasionally used the
needed improving. Late in 1945, when the
clams for food in times of hardship, but more
forerunner of the modern hydraulic jet dredge
often used them for fertilizer or food for
was developed by the industry, catch per unit
swine and poultry.
of effort and quality of clams increased
The first organized fishery began on Cape
markedly. Landings increased fourfold in 1945
Cod during the 1870's. Clams were raked or
because (1) the fleet increased to 50 boats by
tonged up by hand, shucked, and salted down in
the end of the year, (2) the new hydraulic jet
barrels to be used as bait in the handline
dredge doubled the efficiency of gear, and
fishery for cod. In a good year (1877), 3,000
(3) boats could successfully dredge areas
barrels, worth about $18,000, were produced
formerly considered to have too few clams.
(Ingersoll, 1887). Although early catch statis-
New York landings had reached nearly 5.0
tics are scanty, it appears that the fishery
million pounds of clam meats by 1949, but
continued at a level below that of 1877 until
those of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and
1929, w,hen power dredging with scrape-type
New Jersey were far less.
dredges began at Long Island, N.Y. Dredging
began at Sheepshead Bay and spread to areas
of Rockaway Inlet and Jones Inlet and southern Recent Period -- 1950-65
New Jersey. The development and use of
Industry found that the yield of meats per
scrape-type dredges facilitated the taking of
bushel of clams was 12 pounds in New York
larger quantities of clams and the use of beds
and 17 pounds in New Jersey. Because this
in de epe r wa te r s, although tong s continue d to
greater yield and the increased demand for
be used.
surf clam meats for food, the industry began
The fisheries in New York and New Jersey
exploring for clams in 1949 off the coasts of
developed equally from 1929 to 1942, and ir-
New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland in 90 to
regular landings were made in Massachusetts
100 feet of water. Beds of clams were found.
and Rhode Island. The peak year for this early
These beds were much more extensive than the
period was 1938, when 1.6 million pounds of
Long Island beds, and the clams yielded more
meats were landed.
meat per bushe1. In this middle Atlantic area
l a fishery subsequently developed for surf
Developmental Period -- 1943-49 clams to be used as food. New Jerseylandings
Before 1943 many attempts were made by inc reas ed from 0.4 million pounds of clam
private industry to promote surf clams for meats in 1949 to 6.9 million pounds in 1953,
food. All attempts failed, mainly because of and Maryland landings reached 2.5 million
inability to rid the clam meats of sand. In 1943, pounds by 1953 (June and Reintjes, 1957;
wartime demands for protein foods brought Reintjes and Roithmayr, 1960). The fishery in
about a renewed interest in the surf clam re- .0,--------------------------------------------,
source. The F. H. Snow Canning Company of
Pine Point, Maine, using clams landed at Free-
port, Long Island, N. Y., solved the problem of
sand removal with a drum washer and soon 40
increased use of surf clams from small ex-
perimental quantities to 1,500 bushels per day.
By the end of 1943 other processors had be-
come interested and were preparing for 1944 30
production (fig. 1).
The resulting increase in landings for food
occurred mainly in New York. Bylate summer
of 1945, the area between Ejast Rockaway Inlet
and Fire Island Inlet was being dredged for
surf clams and continued to be the most im-
portant area through 1949. Freeport and West
10
Sayville, Long Island, N. Y., were ports where
clams were landed. New Jersey clams were
l
Westman, James R., and Milton H. Bidwell, 1946.
The surf clam. Economics and biology of a New York 1943 45 47 49 51
marine resource. Unpublished manuscript. In files of
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory, Figure 1.--Surf clam landings 1943- 65. The important
Oxford, Md. 21654. gr owth of the fisher y came aft er 1943.
2Maryland was short-lived, however, as the About 100 boats were dredging in 1957, and
New Jersey grounds proved to be more pro- most of them were privately owned and oper-
ductive. By 1957, most of the Maryland clam ated; now the fleet has about 60 boats, of which
dredging fleet had moved to New Jersey. nearly all are company-owned and operated.
Since 1958, nearly all the Atlantic coast clam The present boats are generally larger than
landings used for food have been taken off those in use 10 years ago.
New Jersey. The total landings rose from 16.0
million pounds of clam meats in 1956 to 44.1 HANDLING, PROCESSING,
million pounds in 1965. New Jersey contributed
96 percent of the total landings in 1965. The
AND MARKETING
major part of the New Jersey landings has The clams are handled and processed by
corne from the area between Point Pleasant various methods. As the clams are dumped on
and Beach Haven; some clams are taken off deck from the dredge (fig. 2), they are sepa-
Cape May and landed there. The New York rated from sand and dead shell byhand picking
fishery has been unable to meet the competi- or are shoveled directly into a I-bushel
tion of the New Jersey fleet which dredges measure if the haul is clean. When full, the
densely populated beds; New York landings measure is dumped into a burlap bag, and the
dropped from 2.4 million pounds of clam meats filled bags are stacked on deck. One company
in 1956 to 1.5 million pounds in 1965. fills 30-bushel wire cages (fig. 3) rather than
The hydraulic jet dredge and accessory I-bushel bags and stores them on deck. Clams
equipment were continuously evaluated and im- are landed the same day they are taken. A
proved during this period of increase. The dock hoist unloads six bags or one cage at a
gear now is so efficient that the boats of the time. Most clams are then trucked to nearby
fleet generally work a 5-day week and are shucking plants, but some are hauled as far
often on daily quotas that are met within a 12- as Delaware or Maine. Clams are usually un-
to 14-hour workday (including sailing time). loaded in the afternoon, wetted down, and stored
Daily quotas frequently have been imposed overnight in refrigerated rooms, or trucked
because the capacity of the processing plants overnight to Maine in refrigerated trucks.
is limited. Next morning the clams, still in bags or cages.
Figure 2.--A dredge load of clams about to be dumped on deck.
3Figure 3.-- Thirty-bushel cages of surf clams awaiting delivery to the shucking plant.
are dipped in hot fresh water (150 0 F.) for 30 Surf clam meats compete with other clam
or 40 seconds to open the shells slightly so meats because they are cheaper and make an
the meats will be easier to shuck, and then acceptable product when processed. None are
cooled in fresh water to prepare them for the sold as food on the fresh market. The landed
shuckers. Meats are shucked by hand (fig. 4) value of surf clams used for food is low and
and placed in a washer to remove ~and and stable at about 7 cents per pound of meat. The
pieces of shell. wholesale value of the processed meats is
Washed clam meats are packed in 130-gallon about five times the landed value. Industry
stainless steel tanks, lightly iced, and taken to must operate at peak efficiency and depends
the processing plant. The gonad and the vis- on the continued availability of clams in
ceral mass are squeezed out by hand (fig. 5), heavily populated, easily accessible beds.
leaving the mantle strap, siphons, foot, and The surf clam fishery for bait has a limited
adductor muscles. The clam meats are washed market among sport and commercial fisher-
again, and pieces of shell and the black edge men. The landed value per pound of bait clams
of the mantle are stripped off. At this point is higher than that of clams for food because
the meat may be minced (l/4-inch pieces), of the demand for a special product. The land-
chopped (1 / 2-inch pieces), or sliced into strips, ings in New York (practically all bait clams)
depending upon what product is desired. The in 1961-64 had an average value of $0.09 per
juices and wash water from this operation are pound of meats.
sometimes s a v ed, concentrated, clarified,
salted, and packed as clam juice. Meats may
BIOLOGY
be canned, made into chowder or clam cakes,
refrigerated, or frozen and shipped to other Knowledge of the biology of the surf clam
processors of specialty products. has previously been based mostly on the work
4of Belding (1910) and Verrill (IS73) in Ma~ a- is db' 0 1 on
chusetts. The questions of growth, di tribu ion, found b w Cap Cod
and reproductive patterns in the ar a of gr at- Canyon (Chamberlin and S
est abundance in the Middle Atlantic Bight mon nam ha hav b e
need to be answered by further research. Per- clam ar
sonnel at the B . C . F. (Bureau of Commercial m r, dipp r,b achclam,
Fisheries) Biological Laboratory, Oxford, Md., comm rcially lmpor an S.
are now studying surf clam biology and popu- the only p Cle r por d 0
lation dynamics, with the ultimate goal of
providing information to industry. The B.C.F. Morphological Vanallon
Exploratory Fishing and Gear Research Base,
Gloucester, Mass., is surveying the distribu-
tion of the species.
Classification and Range
The surf clam bel 0 n g s to the family
Mactridae, which includes over 200 species
found in most of the world IS shallow seas. It
chusetts clams. alve
is separated into two subspecies: Spisula
waters, less than 40 fe~t d p. of
solidissima solidissima (Dillwyn, lS17), the
prominent check marks hleh ar
large commercial form which is found along
the result of environm ntal dl
our Atlantic coast from the Gulf of Saint
Clams from one sampl
Lawrence to Cape Hatteras, N.C., and Spisula
shape and length.
solidissima raveneli (Conrad, IS31), a diminu-
tive form found from Cape Hatteras, N.C.,
south to northern Mexico (Merrill and Webster, Habitat
1964) . North of Cape Cod, Spisula polynyma The surf clam inhabi
(Stimpson, 1860), may be confused with S. from the lower edge of
solidissima, but no problem should arise alo;:;g a depth of about 4 0 fee .
the Middle Atlantic Bight where S. polynyma Ba y clams a re not comme
Fi r 4.--Yoor· rs sh surf clams,
5Figure 5.--Women evis
at 2.0 inches (Belding, 1910). The gametes showed that clams in a natural environment
are extruded into the water, where fertiliza- can reach a length of 1 inch by the end of
tion takes place. Clams spawn during June their first 6 months and 1 3/4 inches by the
and July in Massachusetts; essentially the end of their first yea r.
same period was reported for Long Island, N . Y.
(see footnote 1). Our preliminary studies of
the reproductive cycle show that New Jerse y Relative Abundance
clams usually spawn from mid-July through
Surf clams are extremely abundant in some
mid-August; the n they rapidly redevelop
areas. From Maine to Maryland, tremendous
gametes and spawn again from mid-October
quantities of clams have been reported washed
through early December (John W. Ropes, per-
ashor e b y wave action of winter storms
sonal communication (s ee footnote 2)). The
(fig. 7). Jacot (1920) gave an estimate of 5
c lams again begin gametogene sis in February,
million clams washed ashore per mile of
followed by rapid development of ma ture
beach at Rockaway Beach, Long Island, N.Y.,
gametes in March and Ap ril. Westman and
in the winter o f 1919-20. Sampling for young
Bidwell (see footnote 1) reported that Long
clams at Wallops Island, Chincoteague, Va . ,
Island, N.Y., populations of clams begin to
in 1965 by the B.C.F. Biological Laboratory,
spawn at 59 0 F. Fecundity of the clams is
Oxford, Md., indicated a density of 1 to 2
unknown.
million live clams per mile between low- and
Experiments on the rearing of larvae were
high-tide marks; densities were similar in that
performed at the B.C.F. Biological Labora-
year at Sandy Hook, N .J. (fig. 7).
tory, Boothbay Harbor, Maine. Eggs failed to
The relative abundance of surf clams from
develop normally at salinities below 23 p.p.t.
Montauk Point, Long Island , N . Y., to Cape
at any temperature used (Alden P. Stickney,
Hatteras, N.C., in depths from 40 to 480 feet
personal communications 3 ). At 32 p.p.t. the
has been determined from recent surveys with
optimum tempe ra ture range for development
a jet dredge and a grab. The area of greatest
was 57 0 to 68 0 F.--mortality increased at
abundance extends from Barnegat, N.J., to
higher and lower temperatures. Some larvae,
Cape May, N .J . Abundance is moderate in a
reared on the unicellular alga Dicrateria
narrow strip along the south shore of Long
inornata, survived and grew at salinities as
Island at depths to 100 feet and an offshore
low as 16 p.p.t., and could survi ve brief ex-
strip 70 to 90 feet deep off Chincoteague, Va.
posure (24 hours) to salinities as low as 8
The present middle Atlantic fishery is de-
p.p.t. , if temperatures were sufficiently low
pendent upon the continued availability of ex-
(46 0 F.). At 32 p.p.t. growth was optimum at
tensive and densely populated beds off New
68 0 F. but was somewhat inhibited at higher
York, New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland.
and lower temperatures. The larvae meta-
morphosed 18 to 30 days after fertilization
when held at 68 0 F. Mortality and Pathology
Small surf clams are subject to many types
Growth of predation. Bottom-fe eding fish, diving
Studies of growth of surf clams are essen- ducks, and gulls feed on the clams. Moon
tial for practical resource management. The snails of the genera Lunatia and Polinices
time required for clams to reach commercial bore holes through the shells and eat the
length (5 inches) must be known to es timate meats. About one -half of the empty paired
rate of replacement of clams ta ken by the shells taken from a beach windrow at Wallops
fishery. Figure 6 compares the informa- Island , Va., had been bored. As previously
tion available from two published sources mentioned, storms often wash enormous num-
(Kerswill, 1944; Belding, 1910), one unpub- bers of surf clams ashore, where most die.
lished report (Westman and Bidwell, see The impact of predation and storms on surf
footnote 1), and data obtained at the B.C.F. clam populations is unknown.
Biological Laboratory, Boothbay H arb 0 r, No diseases of the surf clam are known,
Maine. Clams propagated during the summer and records list only one parasite, Pro-
at Boothbay Harbor averaged 0.04 inch (maxi- boscidosaccus enigmaticus (of unc e rtain
mum 0.4 inch) long by late fall. Studies at the ta xonomic position), in the related Spisula
B.C.F. Biological Laborator y at Oxford, Md., solida (L)--Gallien (19 49). G onads of some
New Jersey surf clams taken in 1962-65 have
been infested with an unidentified trematode.
S Alden P. Stickney, B.C.F. B i 0 log i ca l Laboratory, The effect of this parasite on the clam is
West Boothbay Harbor, Maine 04575. not known.
7u
z.
T
1: •
C)
Z
..J
..J
..J
WJ
:r
VI
Figure 7.--Surf clams washed upon rhe beach by a wlnrer srorm. LI htcr objects arc urf cl ms .
8PARTIAL BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE SURF CLAM
(As terisks indicate citations in text)
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67: 115-125. Res. Bd. Can., Prog. Rep. Atl. Coast
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GRAr\T. KIVY -ROSENBERG, EVELYN, and FRANCES
1962. Mechanics of the ligament in the RAY.
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188,. Distribution, methods of gathering, 121: 394.
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Bro\\n Goode, The fisheries and fishery CASCARANO, and G. MERSON.
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10KIVY -ROSENBERG, EVEL YN, KAREN STEEL MEDCOF, J. C., and J. S. MacPHAIL.
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1958. Dehydrogenase activity in develop- Maritime Provinces. Fish. Res. Bd.
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KRANE, STEPHEN M., and ROBERT K. 1964. Progress in surf clam biological
CRANE. research. In C. J . Sindermann (edi-
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mation and disappearance in the pres- York and its vicinity. Amer. J . Sci.
ence of extracts of eggs, embryos and Arts. 10: 287-293.
adult liver of Spisula solidissima. MORSE, EDWARD S.
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123: 502. branchs of New England. Proc. Boston
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coast of the United States. U .S. Fish 1963. Observations on the neurosecretory
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methylene blue and toluidine blue as 99: 363 - 364 .
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1956. The effect of water upon gametes, SWIFT, HEWSON.
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1960. Inhibition of fertilization of Asterias, Asher & Co., Amsterdam, 1963. 375 pp.
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Arbacia dermal secretion. [Abstract.] 1951. A blood anticoagulant from surf
Biol. Bull. (Wood s Hole) 119: 297- clams. [Abstract.] BioI. Bull. (Woods
298. Hole) 101: 230-231.
12THOMAS, LYELL JAY. JR.- - Con . .S. F ISH
1953. A heparin-lik blood an lcoa ulan 19'5 c .
from surf clam . Unp blished Ph. D.
Th sis, Univ. P nn ylvama, 42 pp.
1954. The localization of h parin-lik blood 195
anticoagulant ubs anc'" in th i ue
of Spisula solidissima. BioI. Bull.
(Woods Hoi) lOb: 129-138.
TOmAS, JU LIA' 1.
1952. Som observations on th ruc ure
of nerve in the clam. Mac ra sohdis-
sima. J. Cell. Compar;-phYsioI. 39":
161-164.
TURNER, HAHR Y J., JR.
1949. Report on investigations of m thod
of improving the shellfish resourc s
of Massachusetts. Mass. Dep. Cons ..
Div. Mar. }ish., 22 pp. (Contnb. SID,
Woods Hole Oceanographic Ins itute
ColI. Reprints, J 950.) ~' E
1953. A review of the biology of some 1
commercial molluscs of the ast
coast of ' orth America. Sixth Rep.
Invest. Shellfisheries Mass. 1ass.
Dep . Nat. Res ., Div. Mar . Fish.,
pp. 39-74.
TURNER, HARRY J., JR., and DAVID L.
BELDING . It C ..
1957. The tidal migrations of Donax B 01.
variabilis Say. Limnol. Oceanog;:--r:
120-124.
[U.S.] FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE.
1949. Surf-clam fishery. Commer. Fish.
Rev. 11(4): 33.
1955. Surf-clam industry at Ocean City
expands. Commer. Fish Rev. 17(S):
31- 32.
U .S . FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE.
1958a. Commercial fishery landings at
Ocean City, 1957. Commer. Fish. Rev.
20(9): '14-45.
1958b. Hard-shell and surf clam explora-
tion by 1/ V "Sunapee". Commer.
Fish. Rev. 20(9): 45-4 .
3Table 1.--Surf clam catch for the Atlantic coast of the United States, in pounds of meats, and value in dollars
(Absence of catch data may mean lack of either catch or data)!!
Maryland Total Average pr~ce
Massachusetts Rhode Island Nel< York Nel< Jersey DelalYou can also read
