The DIAMOND Performance Indicators: Guidelines for delivering gender balance in the transport sector - TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June ...
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The DIAMOND Performance Indicators:
Guidelines for delivering gender balance
in the transport sector
TDM Symposium – Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
Sara Poveda-Reyes. AITEC
spoveda@aitec-intl.com
TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
INDEX
1 Introduction
2 Objective
3 Methodology
4 Performance indicators
5 Conclusions
2
INTRODUCTION
3
TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
1. Introduction
Women vs Men in transport sector
§ Higher % has to balance productive work with
domestic chores and child care.
§ Higher % with part time job (EU-28 26.5% women,
8% men in 2018, OECD Data).
§ Lower average wage. Gender pay gap1 EU-28= 16%
Gender particularities:
https://transportnsw.info/travel-info/using-public-transport/travelling-with-prams-young-children Mobility restrictions and social and
economic exclusion of women.
1
Difference between average gross hourly earnings of male and female employees as % of male gross 4
earnings
TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
1. Introduction. Public transport
§ More than 50% of the world’s population live in cities and public transport is an essential public service serving millions
of people.
§ Public transport facilitates access to employment, education and other public services.
§ 2/3 of passengers on public transport networks are women.
§ Railway stations and connexion corridors to subway, bus etc. can
be a high cause of anxiety related to safety perception, and lack of
comfort and accessibility.
§ Surveys: most women feel exposed to physical or verbal
aggression, sexual harassment and other forms of violence or
unwelcome behavior, leading to personal stress and physical harm.
https://www.itf-oecd.org/womens-safety-security
Making it hard to be mobile reinforces inequality.
5
TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
1. Introduction.Vehicle sharing
• Vehicle sharing as intermediate mode of transport (electric cars, rickshaws, bicycles, mopeds, scooter, etc.) is a
“alternative” to public transport.
• Men cycle three times as much as women and travel more than four times as far.
• Bike sharing systems used nowadays can be using pick up points or docks, or dockless bicycle systems.
• In general, European women are slightly more aware of environmental concerns than men.
• Comparing female and male car sharers, female early adopters used battery electric vehicles (BEVs) more often than
vehicles with an internal combustion engine and evaluate handling BEVs more positive1.
• Car sharing:The accessibility to driving a car when needed sometimes helps overcome the income gap.
6
1Kawgan-Kagan, I. (2015). Early adopters of carsharing with and without BEVs with respect to gender
preferences. European Transport Research Review, 7, 33. http://doi.org/10.1007/s12544-015-0183-3
TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
1. Introduction. History of women in vehicle design
§ 1888: Bertha Benz - first long-distance drive (120 mile road trip) with an automobile prototype of Karl Benz.
§ 1905: Dorothy Levitt´s – two-day drive from London to Liverpool and back. Foremother of the fixed rearview
mirror.
§ Olive Dennis (1885 -1957) was the first Engineer woman
who introduced some innovations in the railways:
o Reclinable seats.
o Stain resistant fabric.
o Dressing rooms for women.
o Free papers towels.
o Liquid Soaps in toilets.
o Pretty drinking cups.
o Lights with variable intensity at night.
o Air conditioned compartments.
o Individual windows.
7
TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
1. Introduction. History of women in vehicle design
For all of the horror that emerged from the Second
World War, there were some bright spots: With the men
out fighting, women were brought into the workplace.
§ 1955:“Damsels of Design“ – General Motors.
(Left image, 6 “Damsels of design”, from left: Suzanne Vanderbilt,
Ruth Glennie, Marjorie Ford Pohlman, Harley Earl, Jeanette
Linder, Sandra Logyear, Peggy Sauer.)
( General Motors Design Archive & Special Collections )
https://www.wnycstudios.org/story/gms-all-female-design-team
8
TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
1. Introduction. History of women in vehicle design
o The Carousel's child-friendly backseat included:
storage for toys, a magnetic game board and child-proof
latches that could be controlled from the dashboard.
o Umbrella
compartment
(General Motors Design Archive & Special Collections)
o Picnic
compartment 9
TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
1. Introduction. History of women in vehicle design
§ Introduced some of the first safety latches that could be controlled on the dashboard for children in the
back seat.
§ In the Corvette introduced the first retractable seatbelt.
§ Glove compartments.
§ Light up mirrors.
“The Damsels” were thinking more “holistically” about automobiles and
the different ways that a car would actually be used in the real world.
“The Damsels of Design” seem themselves as designers of both men and women,
as designers for everybody.
10TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
1. Introduction. History of women in vehicle design
§ But “The Damsels” weren’t the only women in the design field at the time. There were a lot of
women in America and Europe who were designing and kind of flying under the radar
because i) they weren’t taken seriously, or ii) they were working with their husbands and they were kind
of in their shadow at the time.
In 1958, Harley Earl (the man who introduced “The Damsels”) retired and in 1960
they were gone from GM.
11TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
1. Introduction. History of women in vehicle design
§ 1955: La Femme car.
12TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
1. Introduction. History of women in vehicle design
§ 2016: DS 3 Givenchy Le Makeup Limited Edition
https://www.forbes.com/sites/kristintablang/2016/05/20/givenchy-le-makeup-limited-
edition-ds-automobiles-citroen-luxury-cars/#6f86291d512b
13TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
1. Introduction. History of women in vehicle design
§ 2016: SEAT Mii (SEAT+Cosmopolitan)
o Jewel-effect rims.
o Handbag hook.
o Eyeliner headlights
https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/cosmopolitan-seat-car/index.html
14TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
1. Introduction. History of women in vehicle design
Women don´t want pink, girlie cars.
Design considering women needs goes beyond this!!
https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-business/10831552/Why-car-makers-might-actually-start- 15
designing-vehicle-interiors-that-women-would-die-for.-Finally.htmlTDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
1. Introduction. History of women in vehicle design
§ 2004: Volvo YCC.A car designed by women for everyone.
§ They held workshops with women of the company and
collected Market Insights.
§ Concluded:
o Women wanted everything a man wants and more.
(Volvo YCC) https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/43jvvb/cars-for-women- o Additional needs: better visibility, practical storage,
design-history-volvo
parking assistance, and smoother ingress and egress.
Hans-Olov Olsson, Volvo’s former president and CEO:
“If you meet the expectations of women, you will exceed the expectations of men.”
16TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
1. Introduction.Vehicle design
§ Autonomous vehicles design – gender differences:
It has been demonstrated that human dynamics and sense of comfort and safety are different
according to gender1.
E.g. Need for making automotive Electronic
Control Units (ECUS) intelligent, i.e. recognizing
gender, age of the driver and adapting electronic
functionalities and vehicle dynamics to the
individual.
https://www.newsecuritybeat.org/2019/02/chinas-race-develop-autonomous-
vehicle/
1.
Crabtree, S., Nsubuga, F. (2012). Women Feel Less Safe Than Men in Many Developed Countries. In
Exploring gender inequality worldwide. Gallup. https://news.gallup.com/poll/155402/women-feel-less-safe- 17
men-developed-countries.aspxTDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
1. Introduction. Women as jobholders
§ Women 51% of Europe´s population.
§ 46% of the workforce.
§ 54% of higher education enrolment.
§ But women comprise only 22% of those employed by
the transport industry.
§ In Europe, only 10% of bus drivers are women
(Eurostat, 2019)
18
https://www.iru.org/resources/newsroom/iru-backs-more-women-transportTDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
1. Introduction. Women as jobholders
Percentage of workers women vs. men on Network
Percentage of women workers in the different areas of train
Rail, the Office of Rail and Road, and Department
operating companies.
for Transport in UK in 2015.
Woman in rail: Industry Survey. (2015). Rail Supply Group. https://womeninrail.org/wp-
19
content/uploads/2014/04/WR-Industry-Survey-Report-December-2015.pdf.TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
1. Introduction. Women as jobholders
People employed in the transport and storage sector in the EU
in the last ten years
% of women employment on traveller’s transport
systems in Spain in 20061
(Eurostat, 2019)
1
INE. (2018). Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Ocupados según rama de actividad y periodo. 20
http://www.ine.esTDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
1. Introduction. Women as jobholders
A) Women employment rate in different transport sectors. B) % of the women employment on freight haulage on
different transport areas.
(Data from Spain, INE 2006.)
21TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
1. Introduction. Women as jobholders
Port sector
(…) None of the ports included in the
survey presents a proportion of women
over 10%, the average being around 3%.
The survey also showed that most of the
employers answering the questionnaire
have not put in place any system to
attract more women in the sector*.
* answersfrom 14 EU member states for a total of 42 ports. See EU SECTORAL SOCIAL DIALOGUE ON
PORTS - Recommendations on Women’s Employment in the Port Sector. FEPORT, ESPO, ETF and IDC. 22
October 2014.
https://www.feport.eu/images/downloads/Recommendations%20on%20Women's%20Employment%20in%20the%20Port%20Sector.pdfTDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
1. Introduction. Women as jobholders
Vehicle design
§ Majority of vehicle exterior jobs go to men.
§ The vast majority of female car designers are employed doing decorating-type jobs (e.g. exterior colors,
fabrics, interiors).
§ Steward Reed head of the transportation department at Art Center College of Design in Pasadena,
California said:
https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/female-car-designers/index.html
23TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
1. Introduction
§ Three faces of the gender-transport relation:
o As users of transport infrastructures.
o As users of public and private vehicles.
o As jobholders.
24TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
1. Introduction
§ Which factors have to be considered for the evaluation of women inclusion in different
transport scenarios?
§ Which measures can be taken to increase women participation in a fair way?
25OBJECTIVES
26TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
2. Objective
§ DIAMOND project is a H2020 EU project which aim is:
Assessing and boosting fair women´s inclusion to improve gender
balance in the transport sector through the development of a
methodology based on the collection, analysis of disaggregated data, the
evaluation of specific measures, and the development of a toolbox.
§ Sub-objective:
To define a methodology to develop performance indicators,
including use case goals and fairness characteristics, for different
transport scenarios:
1. Railway public transport infrastructure.
2. Autonomous vehicles.
3. Vehicle sharing.
4. Women employment.
27METHODOLOGY
28TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
3. Methodology
§ The Inclusion DIAMOND: people-transport system relation representation
29TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
3. Methodology
Transport system representation (DIAMOND)
30TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
3. Methodology
The Polyhedral Individual
Use Case 1 Use Case 2 Use Case 3 Use Case 4
Stations Autonomous Vehicle sharing Employment and
vehicles CSR protocols
Gender Woman Man, Woman Woman Man, Woman
Age All 18-40, >40 All Working age
Ethnicity Not applicable1 Not applicable1 Not applicable1 Not applicable1
Religion All All All All
Education All All All All
Family All All All All
Disability All2 All2 All2 All2
Economic All All All All
level
31TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
3. Methodology
Methodology to define performance indicators (UCG, FC) and fairness measures
32TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
3. Methodology
Methodology to define performance indicators - FC
33TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
3. Methodology
§ The definition of indicators is very important since at the end measures should be
supported by evidences.
§ The gathering of data, analysis and quantification allows highlighting key issues and the
development of more effective fairness measures and planning to achieve gender equality
goals without creating adverse impacts on women and men.
34PERFORMANCE INDICATORS
35TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
4. Performance indicators
Use case definition
Use
Theme Aim
case
Improvement of public railway stations from a gender
1 Railway stations
perspective.
Develop autonomous vehicles more adapted to women needs
2 Autonomous vehicles
and emotions.
Understanding women´s needs in the planning of pickup-
3 Vehicle sharing (bikes)
return points.
Understanding women´s needs in the participation in job
4 Employment
positions in railway, freight and logistic sectors. CSR protocols.
36TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
4. Performance indicators
Use case goals
Key performance indicators for the evaluation of the inclusiveness of women in each use case.
37TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
4. Performance indicators
Fairness characteristics – Use case 1
Use Case I
Accessibility of Infrastructure Safety &
the service design security
Service availability Harassment &
Universal design
& efficiency pickpocketing
Travel &
Overcrowding &
wayfinding Cleanliness &
emergency
information maintenance
situations
provision
Ticketing options Furniture &
& fares facilities
Travel purpose
38TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
4. Performance indicators
Fairness characteristics – Use case 2 Use Case II
Safety & Design
Comfort Mobility Economy Environment
Security options
Accident Trust in Traffic Monetary
Noise Infrastructure
rate technology efficiency costs
Non-
Human
Simultaneity Travel time monetary Emissions Vehicle shape
errors
costs
Vehicle Vehicle
Training Congestion Public Health
efficiency behaviour
HMI (Human
Traffic
Accessibility Machine
management
Interface)
39TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
4. Performance indicators Use Case III
Fairness
Accessibility & Safety & Social Weather &
characteristics – Spontainety Security constraints Topography
Use case 3 Socio-cultural
Membership
Traffic safety constraints Topography
costs
(negative)
Spontaneity of Subjective
Separate
accessing norm (peer Weather
infrastructure
bike/dock influence)
Proximity
Personal Family
docking
safety responsibilities
stations
Insufficent Safe
infrastructure environment
Sign-up &
booking Harassment
processes
Travelling with
Drivers
kids/carrying
behaviour
things
Public Confidence/
awareness experience
Convenient 40
stationsTDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
4. Performance indicators
Fairness characteristics – Use case 4 Use Case IV
Socio-
Job Personal Individual
economic
characteristics circumstances characteristics
conditions
Job segregation HR policies Caring/parenting
(men´s jobs vs (recruitment, Skills
responsibilities)
women´s jobs) retention, promotion)
Terms & conditions Economic deprivation Adaptability-
Demand factors (pay working hours, (living area, social attitudes to work
(vacancies & facilities, etc.) network, etc.) and travel to work
recruitment)
Flexible working (part- Educational
time, home working, Residential Location/ level/attainment
etc) work distance
Policy/legal
Health status &
Training provision Wellbeing
Transport access to (disability)
Female facilities workplace
(PPE toilets and
showers, etc.) Demographic (age,
Safety & security ethnicity, etc.)
Negative attitude of 41
male colleaguesCONCLUSIONS
42TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
5. Conclusions
• Economic gap and social inequalities between men and women has been highlighted in many
studies.
• Studies show gender differences when using public transport or driving an owned vehicle.
• The transport sector is one of the sectors in which the employment of women is lower.
• DIAMOND methodology has been developed with the aim of defining a procedure for the definition
of performance indicators, use case goals and fairness characteristics, for different transport scenarios
within the ID representation.
• Further steps: data collection, interdisciplinary analysis (e.g. machine learning, AHP, Bayesian networks).
https://diamond-project.eu/
43Thank you!
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