The GCARD Road Map Transforming Agricultural Research for Development Systems for Global Impact
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The GCARD Road Map Transforming Agricultural Research for Development Systems for Global Impact
The GCARD Road Map
Transforming Agricultural Research for
Development (AR4D) Systems for Global Impact
GFAR CGIAR
The GCARD RoadMap is a product of the Global Forum on Agricultural Research (GFAR)
and has been endorsed by the GFAR Steering Committee. GCARD 2010 was co-organized
by GFAR in collaboration with the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research
(CGIAR) and Agropolis International.
The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do
not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture
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and do not necessarily reflect the views of FAO.
ISBN 978-92-5-106908-0
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© FAO 2011
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Contents
Executive Summary 5
1 The New Context of Agricultural Research for Development 6
2 Why a Road Map? 9
3 What is required of AR4D systems to increase their impact in development? 11
4 The Challenges and Opportunities in Transforming AR4D 12
5 Who needs to be involved? 14
6 Strategic Elements of the GCARD1 Roadmap,
(defining actions, required roles, desired outcomes and milestones) 17
6.1 Inclusively defines key AR4D priorities and actions, driven by evolving
national, regional and global development 17
6.2 Invests in ensuring equitable partnership and accountability among
all stakeholders of agricultural innovation and developmental change 20
6.3 Actively achieves increased investments in human, institutional and
financial resources for AR4D systems to meet demands in development 22
6.4 Develops required institutional capacities for generation, access and
effective use of agricultural knowledge in development 24
6.5 Effectively coordinates linkages relating agricultural innovation to
development programmes and policies 26
6.6 Demonstrates its value and gains recognition by society through
involvement of stakeholders in effective demonstration and reporting 28
of outcomes
7 Roadmap Conclusion 30
Annex 1: Acronyms 32
4 THE GCARD ROAD MAP T r a n s f o r m i n g A g r i c u lt u r a l R e s e a r c h for D e v e lo pm e nt S yst e m s for G lo b a l I m pac t
Executive Summary
The Global Conference on Agricultural Research agriculture and food-related development needs.
for Development (GCARD) is organized by the It proposes a six-point plan for transforming
Global Forum on Agricultural Research (GFAR), agricultural research for development around
in association with the reform process of the the world, requiring actions from all those involved
Consultative Group on International Agricultural in the generation, access and use of agricultural
Research (CGIAR). The GCARD process is knowledge:
radically reshaping agricultural innovation
and its significance in meeting key Millennium 1 The need for collective focus on key priorities,
Development Goals. as determined and shaped by science and
society,
The global fragmentation and under-resourcing
2 The need for true and effective partnership
of public innovation, education and advisory
between research and those it serves,
processes and weak linkages with wider
development processes and with farmers, NGOs 3 Increased investments to meet the huge
and the private sector, are major bottlenecks challenges ahead and ensure the required
constraining the value and impact of agricultural development returns from AR4D
innovation on the lives and livelihoods of the poor. 4 Greater capacities to generate, share and make
use of agricultural knowledge for development
The contributions and dynamic interaction of
change among all actors
thousands of stakeholders from all sectors have
created the GCARD Roadmap, providing a clear 5 Effective linkages that embed research in
path forward for all involved. The Roadmap the wider development context and actions
highlights the urgent changes required in enabling developmental change
Agricultural Research for Development (AR4D) 6 Better demonstration and awareness of
systems globally, to address worldwide goals of the development impact and returns from
reducing hunger and poverty, creating opportunity agricultural innovation
for income growth while ensuring environmental
sustainability and particularly meeting the needs of The Roadmap shows that this transformation
resource-poor farmers and consumers. is the responsibility of all those who care
about the future of agriculture and its role in
The GCARD Roadmap establishes an inclusive, development. “Business as usual” is no longer
rolling process of reform and capacity development an option; the time for action is now.
that aims to mobilize the full power of agricultural
knowledge and innovation towards meeting
THE GCARD ROAD MAP T r a n s f o r m i n g A g r i c u ltu r a l R e s e a r c h for D e v e lo pm e nt S yst e m s for G lo b a l I m pac t 5
1 The New Context of Agricultural
Research for Development
Past successes in agricultural research and
technology adoption have enabled a growing
populace to avoid mass starvation and created
development investment and capacity, AR4D
systems in many countries are weak and ill-
equipped to deal with these huge challenges.
much-needed food supplies. Yet, according to Average agricultural research investments as a
FAO and the World Bank, around a billion people percentage of agricultural GDP in developing
still go hungry every day and 1.4 billion live in countries4 are 0.58%, compared with 2.4% in
extreme poverty. Two thirds to three quarters of developed economies. By contrast, a few fast-
the poor eke out a living from agriculture and they, growing economy (FGE) countries have seen
and the urban poor, critically need to increase very rapid growth in AR4D with consequent
their net incomes and purchasing power and improvement in food productivity; China, India and
depend on sustainable productivity growth in Brazil together now account for nearly half of all
agriculture for affordable food. For the poorest public AR4D investments in developing countries.
people, GDP growth originating in agriculture is
about four times more effective in raising incomes The GCARD1 process strongly recommended that
of extremely poor people than GDP growth a radical restructuring and urgent revitalization of
originating outside the sector1. However, at present AR4D systems is now urgently required for many to
we are not effectively realizing this potential, nor effectively contribute to a significant reduction of
are we creating sufficient opportunity for those hunger and malnutrition, to growth out of poverty
who lack their own land or who seek livelihood and to addressing the many new challenges
opportunities beyond primary production alone. emerging in agriculture. Moreover, GCARD1
achieved a remarkable consensus that “business
The Global Conference on Agricultural as usual” is not an option for AR4D and that these
Research for Development (GCARD 1), and the aims can be achieved only if:
preceding analyses, consultations and discussions
culminating in the Montpellier Conference in i) All stakeholders work more effectively
March 20102, set out to address the key challenges together to address needs identified as most
and opportunities facing agricultural research, important for the poor and see themselves
technology generation, knowledge dissemination as true partners in AR4D, all playing their
and delivery systems. It identified the changes best possible roles to help create large scale
required in research and innovation systems so development impacts worldwide on the lives
that millions of hitherto unreached resource-poor and livelihoods of millions
smallholder farmers and consumers can benefit ii) The capacities and investments required are
from environmentally sustainable productivity put in place to conduct necessary research,
growth and improvement in systems that can and transform its outputs into development
increase their food security and incomes to tackle outcomes
the root causes of poverty, particularly in rural
1 World Bank (2008) World Development Report 2008: Agriculture for Develop-
areas3. ment. pp384
2 All reports and papers from the GCARD process can be accessed at http://
www.egfar.org/egfar/website/gcard
GCARD1 recognized that, after decades of 3 GCARD (2010), Transforming Agricultural Research for Development. Report
of the Global Author Team: U Lele, J Pretty, E Terry and E Trigo. pp264 www.
stagnation in public-funded agricultural egfar.org
4 the less economically-developed countries
6 THE GCARD ROAD MAP T r a n s f o r m i n g A g r i c u lt u r a l R e s e a r c h for D e v e lo pm e nt S yst e m s for G lo b a l I m pac t
iii) The millions of resource-poor small agenda, with the required enabling
farmers in diverse environments, along environment to transform innovation into
with all other actors in value chains and food development outcomes
systems, including consumers, form part of
Transforming all AR4D systems thus requires
innovation processes from the outset, so that
attention to both:
the generation of new knowledge is more
responsive to development needs and research 1 Collective research and knowledge sharing
outputs are more relevant and accessible to the on key outcome-focused themes globally
poorest.
2 Transformation and strengthening
iv) AR4D and related knowledge-sharing of agricultural innovation systems in
actions with key outcome-focused themes developing countries
are embedded in the wider development
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Why a Road Map?
The GCARD clearly showed that AR4D systems
need urgent transformation to better meet
the needs of the poor and in particular those of
resource-poor farmers and rural communities.
GCARD 1 participants adopted the concept
of a “Road Map” to address these challenges.
Participants recognized that, rather than hoping
for changed behavior in others, all stakeholders
must play their own respective roles and commit
are driven by the needs of poor farmers and
consumers and recognizes the needs of poor
producers for associated mechanisms to enable rapid
adoption of advances and equitable market access.
It brings a major focus on improving national AR4D
systems across all sectors, supported by international
actions, including those of the reformed CGIAR and
the restructured FAO.
2
themselves to action in improving AR4D, as a Agriculture and rural development are highly
major contributor to goals of eradicating hunger context-specific and AR4D needs differ around
and poverty while ensuring environmental the world. Most of the world’s poor and hungry
sustainability 5. people live in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa,
but development needs are present worldwide and
The GCARD Roadmap is a plan for urgent, are changing rapidly with socio-economic shifts.
collective action in AR4D, derived from the All are influenced by climate change. AR4D must
views and analyses expressed through the recognize the multifunctional role of agriculture
GCARD process. It matches solutions with short and consider the inter-relationships between
and long-term goals that can be reached through poverty, food and nutritional security, health and
many paths. This roadmap has three major environmental resilience. Mobilizing and generating
objectives, to: i) reach a consensus on important agricultural knowledge has a fundamental role in
needs in transforming agricultural research for fostering better-informed policy choices and must be
development and the solutions required to satisfy strengthened at all levels to increase food supplies
those needs; ii) provide an inclusive mechanism by sustainably, keep production costs and food
which to look forward and iii) provide a common prices low, yet ensure high net returns to farmers
framework to plan and coordinate actions for and protect the environment worldwide. These
development impact. are challenging interactions, requiring collective
action and sharing of knowledge, but particular
To address these challenges far-reaching changes trade-offs and benefits will vary depending on
are required from all key stakeholders, through the socio-economic and agro-ecological contexts
a coherent stepwise approach over a sustained concerned and the policies followed. There are
period. Changes in perceptions and behaviour many lessons to be learned between regions from
will be required to bring tangible change in AR4D successes and failures elsewhere.
system structure and function. These will need to
be objectively monitored and evaluated through Transforming AR4D requires clear links between
end-user perceptions and real impact. Successive improved knowledge and its greater impacts in
GCARD cycles will hence become important development, with innovation pathways, desired
mutually accountable vehicles, for reporting and milestones and targets. These must also consider
evaluating progress in transforming AR4D and its the learning and development required around
development impact. new approaches and knowledge, while taking into
consideration farmers’ risks, options and choices.
The Road Map provides a plan for collaborative These pathways need to be defined by individual
action for transforming and strengthening AR4D developing countries in the context of their own
systems globally, in which all stakeholders have development needs, plans and commitments. The
vital roles to play. Millions of smallholders are Roadmap is policy-informing, not policy prescriptive
reliant on agriculture for their livelihoods and for and choices on production systems and institutional
opportunity for economic growth. The Roadmap roles are made by sovereign governments. The
thus particularly emphasizes innovations that GCARD aims to inform such choices through
collective learning and feedback.
5 As proposed by Ismail Serageldin, Synthesis statement, GCARD 2010.
THE GCARD ROAD MAP T r a n s f o r m i n g A g r i c u ltu r a l R e s e a r c h for D e v e lo pm e nt S yst e m s for G lo b a l I m pac t 910 THE GCARD ROAD MAP T r a n s f o r m i n g A g r i c u lt u r a l R e s e a r c h for D e v e lo pm e nt S yst e m s for G lo b a l I m pac t
What is required of AR4D systems to
increase their impact in development?
From GCARD1 it was possible to define the
characteristics of a well-functioning AR4D
system (Box 1). This creates clear expectations
for all involved in the innovation process, from
a clear need to avoid past failures of AR4D systems,
to contribute to achieving national development
targets and to ensure benefits to resource-poor
smallholder farmers and poor consumers and thus
3
intended beneficiaries to advanced research and help meet key Millennium Development Goals
building out from national commitments. There is (MDGs).
Box 1: A well-functioning AR4D system is one that is committed to action for impact and that:
1. Inclusively defines key AR4D priorities and actions, driven by evolving national, regional
and global development needs
2. Invests in ensuring equitable partnership and accountability among all stakeholders in
agricultural innovation and developmental change
3. Actively achieves increased investments in human, institutional and financial resources for
AR4D systems to meet demands in development;
4. Develops required human and institutional capacities for generation, access and effective
use of agricultural knowledge in development;
5. Effectively coordinates linkages relating innovation to development programmes and
policies;
6. Demonstrates its value and gains recognition by society through involvement of
stakeholders in effective demonstration and reporting of outcomes.
THE GCARD ROAD MAP T r a n s f o r m i n g A g r i c u ltu r a l R e s e a r c h for D e v e lo pm e nt S yst e m s for G lo b a l I m pac t 114
The Challenges and Opportunities
in Transforming AR4D
The constraints and opportunities of AR4D
have been well documented in previous analyses,
including the World Development Report 2008 and
the 2009 report from the International Assessment
of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology
2 Inadequate attention to the many contextual
factors required, including enabling policy
environment, good governance, institutional
and human resource capacity, capital
investment for trade, infrastructure, finance,
for Development6, as well as in the regional and mobilization of farmer and community
global reports and synthesis report developed entrepreneurship and management of related
through the GCARD process. risks, all of which impact on agricultural
production and productivity of smallholder
The major challenges to be farmers.
overcome include: 3 A poor linkage between research processes
and the development agenda, in particular
At the national level in many developing the wider enabling policies, investments and
countries: mechanisms of rural development, as well
1 A lack of political commitment to invest in as wider issues such as nutrition, health and
AR4D resulting in a huge gap in investment markets.
and capacity required in AR4D. 4 A lack of involvement of all relevant
stakeholders in agricultural research,
6 Agriculture at a Crossroads: The Global Report, (2009) International Assess- technology development and learning
ment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development
Eds: BD McIntyre, HR Herren, J Wakhungu, RT Watson. pp606, Island Press frameworks and actions.
12 THE GCARD ROAD MAP T r a n s f o r m i n g A g r i c u lt u r a l R e s e a r c h for D e v e lo pm e nt S yst e m s for G lo b a l I m pac t5 The difficulty of defining national AR4D as a major driver of economic and social
priorities and actions and lack of effective development for both the rural and urban poor
mechanisms to put these priorities into and new investments and funding mechanisms
action through national and regional AR4D following the recent food price crisis
organizations, to build equitable partnerships
2 Growth of ICTs and new roles of advisory
and to conduct relevant research addressing
services hastening knowledge access even in
poverty, food security and environmental
remote areas
sustainability needs.
3 Growing inclusion of resource-poor farmers
At the regional level: in markets and strengthening of small rural-
based enterprises and producer companies,
6 The difficulties encountered in integrating
creating opportunities for economic growth.
actions at regional level, due to the
complexity of social, cultural, political and
At the regional level
environmental factors among nations.
4 Integrated regional policies to improve
7 Under-resourced regional organizations
collective actions, such as the CAADP Pillar IV in
and networks, with limited ownership and
Africa
involvement across the range of national
AR4D stakeholders, compared to what is now 5 Value of multi-stakeholder Regional Fora in
required. facilitating actions for development along the
agriculture, food and nutrition value chain
8 A lack of wider international political
commitment to support regionally-organized 6 Collective actions addressing shared
actions and development organizations and to challenges on a larger scale e.g. the Rice-
share technological innovations Wheat Consortium for the Indo-Gangetic
Plain, international research for development
At the global level: programmes, action-oriented networks and
issue-based consortia.
9 The as yet incomplete reform of the CGIAR
and challenges in creating operational
At the global level
synergies between CGIAR centers and with their
partners. 7 Political recognition of the role of AR4D
10 Insufficient commitment to collaborative 8 Reform of international agencies such as the
actions on a global scale and the need CGIAR and FAO, to become more smallholder
for integrated, synergetic mobilization of producer and impact oriented.
international stakeholder networks and 9 Growing recognition of GFAR as the open
research and development initiatives. and inclusive mechanism for action among
11 Impacts of inequitable trade worldwide, all stakeholders and the GCARD being the
compounded with emerging issues with common instrument for achieving change
strong adverse effects such as climate change, 10 Increased role of the fast-growing economies
water scarcity and trans-boundary diseases, each as providers of technologies and learning
leading to increased vulnerabilities of the poor. opportunities for other regions.
11 Technologies for more developed agriculture,
Yet there are many opportunities,
including those developed by both science and
for example:
farmers and technologies for processing and
value addition that are now finding increasing
At the national level
application in developing countries.
1 Renewed recognition in government policies
of the role and impact of agriculture
THE GCARD ROAD MAP T r a n s f o r m i n g A g r i c u ltu r a l R e s e a r c h for D e v e lo pm e nt S yst e m s for G lo b a l I m pac t 135
Who needs to be involved?
The GCARD2010 identified the stakeholders that
need to be mobilized at the national, regional and
international levels to meet these challenges with
each as an owner of the process of transforming the
knowledge in development; e.g. the UN
agencies, national rural development
institutions, ICT providers, micro-finance
and micro-insurance agencies, farmers
generation and use of agricultural knowledge and organizations and legislatures and those
technologies for development. Here we consider concerned with related agendas e.g.
the needs and aims of resource-poor farmers and health, nutrition, trade and environmental
consumers to be at the centre of the AR4D system: sustainability;
• Civil society, including in particular smallholder • Donors and other development assistance
farmers and farmer cooperatives/producer agencies, including bilateral and multilateral
companies, community organizations and non- institutions, development banks and investors;
governmental organizations at all levels, from and private foundations;
local to national, regional and international and • The media.
with particular need for inclusion of women
and the more vulnerable groups; Rather than starting from a technology and its
potential promise, transforming AR4D requires
• National publicly funded agricultural research, thinking based on delivering the outcomes
education and advisory institutions and desired by and for the poor and how knowledge
institutional combinations of these roles; generation, access and use can help lead to these.
• Private sector, including small, medium Old models of linear innovation pathways and
and large agricultural input and agri-food institutional silos no longer hold in today’s rapidly
enterprises, service providers, banks, insurers changing agricultural systems and stakeholders are
and the agribusiness and marketing sectors and interconnected in multiple directions and pathways
ethnic diasporas now spread across the world; across a spectrum of interactions, depending on
the context concerned.
• National policymakers of economically
developed and developing countries and in The GCARD process has redefined the role of
regional political and technical organizations; the Global Forum for Agricultural Research
• Multi-stakeholder Regional Fora, mobilizing (GFAR) as the open and inclusive multi-stakeholder
advocacy, institutional transformation, mechanism for catalyzing these changes. GFAR is
knowledge sharing and regional actions not an implementing agency in itself, but brings
towards large-scale development impacts. together the AR4D institutions, stakeholder
networks and practical programmes active across
• Institutions of international agricultural
all sectors to address their common strategic
research, in particular the CGIAR, the national
needs in: i) policy advocacy, ii) inter-regional and
institutions in fast-growing economies,
global partnership, iii) institutional strengthening
advanced research institutions and professional
and iv) knowledge sharing. The role of the GFAR
societies addressing agricultural and associated
mechanism in the transformation of agricultural
fundamental science;
research for development systems worldwide is
• Those supporting the use of agricultural a crucial function, recognized in the G8 L’Aquila
14 THE GCARD ROAD MAP T r a n s f o r m i n g A g r i c u lt u r a l R e s e a r c h for D e v e lo pm e nt S yst e m s for G lo b a l I m pac tStatement on Food Security, 2009. This Roadmap establishes the common path to do so, relevant to and involving all sectors and stakeholders and in a frame built through subsidiarity, from local/ national needs and actions, to regional and hence to the global frame. As the main international agricultural research system, the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) also has a critical role to play in furthering these changes. The reform of the CGIAR towards outcome-oriented programmes in a more open and inclusive international system creates tremendous opportunity to add value to national capabilities and for working in collective actions via equitable partnerships addressing agreed national and regional development objectives. These principles and the new focus of the CGIAR are laid out in the CGIAR’s Strategy and Results Framework (SRF), which defines the goals and expectations of the reformed system and how it aims to work with partners and other stakeholders. The GCARD itself provides a crucial mechanism of public accountability for the value of the reformed CGIAR system and its programmes, to help shape and strengthen the value of the reformed system to better meet its purpose and the needs of national partners of all forms. THE GCARD ROAD MAP T r a n s f o r m i n g A g r i c u ltu r a l R e s e a r c h for D e v e lo pm e n t S yst e m s for G lo b a l I m pac t 15
16 THE GCARD ROAD MAP T r a n s f o r m i n g A g r i c u lt u r a l R e s e a r c h for D e v e lo pm e nt S yst e m s for G lo b a l I m pac t
Strategic Elements of the GCARD1 Roadmap
Defining actions, required roles, desired outcomes and milestones
The GCARD Road Map aims to transform AR4D globally, from its current fragmented status to more
coherent and cohesive systems for greater impact. Its goal is that agricultural knowledge, science and
technology should play their fullest possible roles in removing poverty, hunger and malnutrition from
the world. To do so, collective actions are required to develop each of the six essential characteristics of
well-functioning AR4D systems defined through the GCARD 2010 process:
6
Inclusively defines key AR4D priorities and actions, driven by
evolving national, regional and global development
(a) Strategic elements
AR4D systems need to be focused towards
and income needs of the rural poor and the food
demand of increasingly urbanized populations,
6.1
while ensuring the sustainability of production and
achieving defined development impacts,
food systems.
recognizing the complex realities in which these
occur. Defining national development priorities and The GCARD 2010 process has identified key
effective AR4D actions among diverse partners is AR4D themes and actions on a global scale,
not a straightforward process. It requires political reflecting the research and development needs of
will to frame innovation in a way that learns developing countries through a multi‐stakeholder
from the past. It requires changed mandates that review and consultation organized by the
take a broader view of agricultural innovation, Agricultural Research Fora in each region of the
new operational norms and methodologies world (AARINENA, APAARI, CACAARI, EFARD, FARA
which are both standardized and flexible, better and FORAGRO), together with issues identified by
planning and learning from actions and better the analyses of the CGIAR and the international
use of existing knowledge into these processes. It agricultural development priorities agreed by
requires accountability to those served by AR4D, Governments through the processes of FAO,
as well as those paying for the work. Priorities the World Bank and other UN agencies. Despite
need to integrate science with development obvious regional and contextual differences, global
in consideration of issues such as sustainable integration and GCARD discussion of these analyses
intensification, better access to safe, nutritious has found considerable congruence in priorities
food by vulnerable communities, increasing identified in key areas where AR4D actions are
agricultural incomes through value-adding post- most required and the form and function these
harvest management and creating entrepreneurial should take. These now need to be taken back into
opportunities for resource-poor smallholder national and regional contexts and mapped against
farmers and producers. In these processes, the incidence of poverty, food and nutritional
better use of existing knowledge and generating insecurity, environmental degradation, etc. and
new knowledge are themselves essential tools potential partnerships entailed, to determine
for understanding policy trade-offs and useful where interventions can bring greatest benefits
synergies, to meet both the pressing nutrition and impacts.
THE GCARD ROAD MAP T r a n s f o r m i n g A g r i c u ltu r a l R e s e a r c h for D e v e lo pm e nt S yst e m s for G lo b a l I m pac t 17Improved foresight is essential if development
needs and future priorities are to be prioritized
and create a clear view of new challenges as they
begin to emerge. Forward-looking, anticipatory
research and analysis needs to integrate a range of
perspectives on key issues, making use of the best
available data and interpretations from different
sources and directly integrating the diverse views
of farmers and other stakeholders on specific
problems, so that important issues are examined
through multiple ‘lenses’. Each approach here may
resolve only part of the story, but together they
can produce collective best-bets on future needs,
recognizing the benefits and trade-offs among
potential policy options. Climate-change analyses
already show the value of such an approach.
(b) Required Roles
National institutions in charge of research priority
setting must; i) connect with strategic planning
and work from a basis of desired development
outcomes identified in rural development, food
security and agricultural plans and commitments,
ii) adopt an inclusive process involving all relevant
stakeholders and centred on meeting the needs
of the poor, iii) ensure a diversity of options are
considered including use of traditional knowledge,
conventional approaches and new technologies,
iv) determine actions based on available skills and
resources including those from the private sector
and the civil society and v) evaluate technologies
and knowledge that can be accessed from external
sources.
Multi-stakeholder regional and sub-regional
fora must be strengthened to better include
the perspectives of diverse stakeholders and
help shape innovation policies and capacities in
each region. This strengthening requires strong
engagement with all stakeholder constituencies,
commitment and funding support from national
and regional development organizations and
support from international agencies working across
and into regions. AR4D fora must engage with
regional policy organizations and development
banks to derive regional agricultural research and
innovation priorities, which in turn are embedded
into wider development processes. Opportunities
18 THE GCARD ROAD MAP T r a ns f o r m i n g A g r i c u lt u r a l R e s e a r c h for D e v e lo pm e nt S yst e m s for G lo b a l I m pac tfor sharing information, including success stories (c) Desired outcomes and
and stimulating regional collective actions, should milestones
be examined to enhance both speed and efficacy of
• Current and future AR4D agenda and priority
change. Potential technologies and actions need to
setting at National, Regional and Global
be cross-linked through discussion and agreement
levels to be an evolutionary and inclusive
among partners that can help fulfill each part of the
process among all AR4D stakeholders, based
processes required.
on use of the best available knowledge.
At inter-regional/global level, the GFAR By GCARDs 2 and 3, milestones will be
mechanism should catalyze and mobilize measured as:
the linkages and processes required among i) Experiences and learning in establishing
international research implementers such as National, Regional and Global multi-
the CGIAR, advanced research institutions, the stakeholder planning and monitoring
institutions of the fast-growing economies and systems for AR4D prioritization and
international policy bodies such as FAO and UNDP implementation.
so that these add capacity and value to national
and regional prioritization processes through ii) Number and quality of Regional and Global
expert advice, analysis and awareness on issues and Partnership Programmes and initiatives,
opportunities affecting the potential of AR4D to including, those of the CGIAR, addressing
better meet national development needs. common and cross-cutting challenges
through innovative multi-stakeholder
The need for improved foresight must be actions in agreed frameworks;
addressed by mobilizing expert analyses within
countries to analyze specific themes of concern and
• Future agricultural scenarios projected by
bringing together, via GFAR and the regional Fora
multi-stakeholder cross-referenced analyses,
and on a coherent and regular basis, the diverse
to better identify new knowledge needs and
national and international initiatives to examine
shape research required.
relevant development scenarios through different
lenses, learning from the outcomes of the different i) Foresight academy consortia established
models and perspectives employed. Alongside this, to address future needs in national and
wide stakeholder consultation will be mobilized regional contexts.
through national and regional fora, to ‘ground- ii) Coordinated foresight actions established
truth’ the realities and impacts of trends among at international level to stimulate and
poor rural communities. integrate diverse analyses of key issues and
their projections.
THE GCARD ROAD MAP T r a n s f o r m i n g A g r i c u ltu r a l R e s e a r c h for D e v e lo pm e nt S yst e m s for G lo b a l I m pac t 196.2
Invests in ensuring equitable partnership and accountability
among all stakeholders of agricultural innovation and
developmental change
(a) Strategic elements and services. Intellectual property is emerging
as a key element to consider in ensuring access
Food security and agricultural development are
to agricultural innovation of all forms. Clarity is
the responsibilities of sovereign governments.
needed at all levels as to who benefits from new
Development impacts depend on national
approaches and how those least able to pay can
strategies and commitments around national
still be included or protected in the application
innovation systems. These must involve public,
of new technologies in order to avoid further
private, community and civil society actors and
exacerbating the problems of the poor.
reconcile their different aims and interests through
common principles of partnership; developing The international architecture of agricultural
shared objectives, agreed roles and responsibilities, research is changing rapidly. In line with
transparency, trust and understanding and mutual the Paris and Accra Declarations, the active
accountability for success. participation of developing countries in the
design, implementation and definition of targets
Effective and equitable partnership is essential
for international research and in establishing
to reduce fragmentation in the system and enable
shared objectives and commitments, is essential
each actor to deliver their best value in a wider
for maximizing value addition and impact from
frame of actions towards impact.
international actions. In return, identifying
For this, the interests of intended beneficiaries; global targets can be useful catalysts in helping
in particular poor farmers and consumers must countries to revisit their research and development
now be represented directly in the shaping and objectives and frameworks and examine how
implementation of research. Farmers are also best international AR4D might help deliver
innovators and should be seen as partners in desired national outcomes. Advanced research
innovation systems, bringing great returns for the institutions (ARIs) are important partners to
poor and sparking new lines of upstream research. national systems, either directly or via international
research intermediaries and leading-edge
Traditional partners in the sharing of knowledge science has much to offer if harnessed towards
and learning are rapidly being enhanced or development objectives. ARIs now include
at times even displaced by ICTs while service institutions of the fast growing economies (FGEs)
delivery is increasingly provided by private and civil and it is important to determine how these new
rather than public organizations. ICTs are having a international actors can best support AR4D
tremendous impact in breaking through barriers capabilities in other countries and participate in
of language, culture and institutional separation inter-regional activities.
to provide many new linkages and opportunities,
even in remote locations. (b) Required Roles
The increasing role of the private sector, NGOs True partnership requires investment of time and
and professional farmer organizations as service attention and equitable relationships that have to
providers linking science and society must be accommodate vastly different scales of resources
recognized in entrepreneurial opportunities, as and very diverse perspectives, knowledge and
well as all being key contributors in generating and contexts. National AR4D policymakers and
transforming knowledge into innovative products research institutions must develop bottom-up
20 THE GCARD ROAD MAP T r a n s f o r m i n g A g r i c u lt u r a l R e s e a r c h for D e v e lo pm e nt S yst e m s for G lo b a l I m pac tdecentralized processes to engage effectively with opportunities and implications of the new AR4D
communities and stakeholders, to better understand architecture in addressing and resourcing major
their needs and perspectives and integrate themes.
these into effective and equitable partnerships.
Strengthened Regional Fora, equitably inclusive (c) Desired outcomes and
of all sectors, will catalyze international actions milestones
between countries and inclusive partnership with
actors such as farmers organizations, NGOs and the Development outcomes enhanced through
private sector (SMEs, input suppliers and markets), national AR4D systems that fully recognize the
into regional and inter-regional actions geared to multi-stakeholder nature of innovation in their
meeting development objectives. International planning, delivery and learning and work through
Centers in and beyond the CGIAR, including common principles of effective partnership:
ARIs and FGEs, must exploit to their fullest their
• Documented shifts in research funding &
partnership potential with national systems, regional
monitoring systems to incorporate partnership
and global networks and the private and other
principles.
sectors and development organizations, so that
each plays it’s most effective role, complementing • Equitable Partnership Principles and IP
and adding value as a global pool of capabilities procedures put into practice at all levels, within
and with clear strategies for enabling transition the new AR4D architecture and equitable
of innovations and roles to national partners. For partnerships fostered by strengthened multi-
success, funding bodies will need to invest more in stakeholder Regional Fora.
the equitable formulation of and learning from AR4D • Change in attribution and reward systems
processes and not just their implementation. GFAR, used by AR4D institutions to better value
through mentoring the GCARD process, will catalyze development objectives and contributions of
structured in-depth consultations to examine the each partner.
THE GCARD ROAD MAP T r a n s f o r m i n g A g r i c u ltu r a l R e s e a r c h for D e v e lo pm e nt S yst e m s for G lo b a l I m pac t 216.3
Actively achieves increased investments in human, institutional
and financial resources for AR4D systems to meet demands in
development
(a) Strategic elements National Agricultural Research and Innovation
Systems should consider their investment
The CGIAR estimates that to deliver
commitments in light of the new societal needs
developmental outcomes on the scale required
and priorities identified, via inclusive processes
to meet the major challenges that lie ahead
involving all relevant stakeholders. National
and in view of the enormous investment backlog
systems should develop strategies on what
already caused by the under-funding of the
technologies and knowledge can be generated
past two decades, it will be necessary to triple
or mobilized nationally, what capacities and
the global scale of investment in AR4D over
investments are needed to do so and how to access
the next 15 years7. Beyond direct national AR4D
new capabilities, technologies and knowledge from
investments, increased national investments and
external and international sources.
aid flows will also be needed in the wider rural
development (e.g. in rural infrastructure, water International and national funding agencies
access and education) and food systems required to together need to greatly increase their investments
achieve large-scale impacts from AR4D outcomes. from the 2010 base, while also improving
expenditure quality and accountability. Financial
For agricultural innovation to deliver effectively
support for AR4D must provide flexibility for
towards desired development outcomes, it is also
institutions to innovate and recognize the
essential to pursue more integrated and effective
long-term nature of research and development
investments, based on the principles of Paris and
investments. More integrated strategies must
Accra. This also requires coherent and effective
be developed for improving the effectiveness of
investments among AR4D actors supporting
aid flows for national and global AR4D systems,
national actions and their outcomes, including
explicitly aligning bilateral and multilateral
the CGIAR, the ARIs and the research centers in
investments in research with those in wider
the FGEs. Increased funding will require strong
development.
evidence-based advocacy to demonstrate the
value of increased and sustained investment in Regional fora should document and track
research, training and delivery systems. investments and returns from research and
development investments, building from national
(b) Required Roles to regional commitments, linking with the policy
and investment bodies responsible and working
Government commitments must lead these
with governments, regional development banks
processes and stimulate efforts from others, also
and supporting donors as well as the farmer,
mobilizing contributions from the private sector
private and NGO sectors. Regional and global
and civil society and international development
intergovernmental policy organizations must
assistance and AR4D actors.
commit to increase well-coordinated investment
and human resource development in AR4D
and help ensure that national and international
7 A Draft Strategy and Results Framework for the CGIAR. For discussion at efforts attain the levels of investment required
the Global Conference on Agricultural Research for Development (GCARD)
20 March 2010, CGIAR http://alliance.cgxchange.org/strategy-and-results-
framework-and-mega-programs
to meet nationally-established targets towards
key MDGs. Multi-country arrangements must be
22 THE GCARD ROAD MAP T r a n s f o r m i n g A g r i c u lt u r a l R e s e a r c h for D e v e lo pm e nt S yst e m s for G lo b a l I m pac tdeveloped within and between regions and sub- (c) Desired outcomes and
regions, to increase the spillover effects of existing milestones
investments and capacities, making use of new
National research investments reach a target
‘South-South’ opportunities for sharing knowledge
value of 1% of agricultural GDP by 2025 and
and advances.
rural development investments to reach 10% of
International research actors including CGIAR, agricultural GDP by the same date.
ARIs and research centers in FGEs have valuable
To achieve these, GFAR constituencies must work
roles to play, in mobilizing and leveraging
together to address the vast investment gaps in
investments for international research and in
AR4D and linking research investments to wider
advocating the need to build national AR4D
development commitments:
system capacities to effectively fulfill and sustain
actions required. Experiences of FGEs in the • Advocating, monitoring and reporting
development of agricultural research, education investment commitments by both developing
and advisory systems can also provide valuable and developed countries from the baseline year
supporting arguments for leveraging national and of 2010.
international resources and investments in AR4D
• Mobilizing expertise to help national, sub-
systems globally.
regional and regional research organizations to
GFAR provides the inclusive and objective improve and track the quality and performance
mechanism and GCARD the regularized process of AR4D investments and partnerships, with
required for monitoring investments and high- enhanced accountability for results.
level advocacy for increased investment in the • Advocating the strong potential contribution of
sector, on behalf of all AR4D stakeholders AR4D into high-level policy fora.
THE GCARD ROAD MAP T r a n s f o r m i n g A g r i c u ltu r a l R e s e a r c h for D e v e lo pm e nt S yst e m s for G lo b a l I m pac t 236.4
Develops required institutional capacities for generation, access
and effective use of agricultural knowledge in development
(a) Strategic elements infrastructure/facilities and societal worth need to
be provided to attract the best talent at all levels
The need for greatly increased local and and to retain trained researchers and advisers. It
national capacities of AR4D actors is clear and is important that young people themselves help
urgent in many countries, most critically so in express what changes are needed in agricultural
countries recovering from protracted conflict or education and incentives to make careers more
crisis. Developing the required new AR4D capacities attractive and valued and better recognize
demands better analysis of needs and concerted the range of roles now required in AR4D. This
policies and actions at all levels along the also requires a shift in thinking and knowledge
innovation pathways concerned. The reform and generation to bring best opportunity in roles
strengthening of national AR4D systems must help that will bring aggregate value to agricultural
them to be more inclusive, more coherent, more production, including marketing, processing
focused and more accountable to those they serve. and distribution and their associated innovation,
knowledge and financing needs.
Agriculture is an ageing and undervalued
profession in many countries and special attention Research and innovation value and reward
must be given to encouraging young people into systems, for both institutions and employees,
careers in all aspects of AR4D and to encouraging need to be radically revised to take better
and involving women into roles in AR4D, in account of development value and ‘client’
particular into senior positions. Better career relevance, encourage collective capacities and
incentives, including financial reward systems, foster coherence, integrate new approaches with
24 THE GCARD ROAD MAP T r a n s f o r m i n g A g r i c u lt u r a l R e s e a r c h for D e v e lo pm e nt S yst e m s for G lo b a l I m pac tagricultural realities and increase the contribution public, private and civil actors and the required
of agricultural science to society. policy and investment commitments to:
Actors and capacities involved in the • Better meet development demand, particularly
dissemination of knowledge and sharing of recognizing the needs of the disadvantaged;
learning are changing significantly. Civil society
• Promote better AR4D incentives, including
and the private sector are playing increasing roles
new value and skills rewards systems directly
and research/extension/education institutional
relevant to development;
divides are disappearing. Farmer’s own innovation
is increasingly recognized in participatory • Improve awareness, mentoring and rewards to
research and experiential-learning, but these attract the brightest and best into agricultural
need to be linked to wider AR4D knowledge careers.
and input access for farmers to benefit from the Regional and global intergovernmental
range of opportunities available. The new roles organizations, CGIAR, ARIs and FGEs must
and partnerships of those compiling, integrating optimize capacity development through coherent
and transforming agricultural knowledge into and shared actions, targeting countries where
innovative practices, technologies and enterprises, the needs are greatest and quickly overcoming
need to be adequately resourced and supported to capacity needs through learning from experiences
deliver the impacts at scale that are now required. and capabilities elsewhere. The convening role
Developing collective capacities to engage with of Regional and Global Fora and their functions
markets through producer companies and enabling in the sharing of knowledge and innovation
inputs on farm and in value addition processes, between regions is crucial in facilitating capacity
such as by micro-finance and micro-insurance, are strengthening and networking of skills where
increasingly important capacity requirements for required to support national development
market supply and quality needs to be met. processes and hasten development through inter-
regional learning.
Regional capacity development partnership
is needed to: i) generate economies of scale in
collaborative AR4D, ii) foster inter-country and (c) Desired outcomes and
inter-regional cooperation, learning and exchange milestones
of experiences and develop national capacities Effective scale of national AR4D systems
and iii) promote more effective regional and sub- established to meet agriculture-related
regional collaborative research and networking development needs, educational systems linked
to make better use of available resources and directly with agricultural innovation and new
enhance capacity development in the smaller and value systems for a development outcome focus:
weaker national systems. Countries devastated
by protracted conflicts are particularly vulnerable i) National policies integrate roles of education,
and warrant particular attention in rebuilding research and advisory institutions, with
trust systems and capacities in AR4D, as essential curricula and reward systems revised to better
elements of both enhancing their food security and meet new and future AR4D career needs,
rebuilding communities and livelihoods. particularly for women;
ii) Concerted international platforms/networks
(b) Required Roles enable learning and tangible capacity
outcomes between countries and regions;
At national scale, clear policies and principles
for capacity development must be applied to iii) Capacity needs of states emerging from
transform and build up national systems, linking protracted conflict addressed via learning from
education systems directly with research and experiences elsewhere and mobilization of
advisory institutions and bringing together international supporting efforts.
THE GCARD ROAD MAP T r a n s f o r m i n g A g r i c u ltu r a l R e s e a r c h for D e v e lo pm e nt S yst e m s for G lo b a l I m pac t 256.5
Effectively coordinates linkages relating agricultural innovation
to development programmes and policies
(a) Strategic elements that successful agricultural systems, and in turn
agricultural knowledge, play in development,
To contribute effectively towards development
societal growth and stability. A more holistic
outcomes, it is essential that the generation and
approach is needed, going far beyond productivity
use of new agricultural knowledge is linked with
alone, to integrate food security and nutrition,
the enabling environment required, in particular
livelihoods and environmental sustainability,
to enable resource-poor producers to grow from
recognizing the mutual synergies and trade offs in
poverty through on- and off-farm opportunities
achieving each. An example of such an integrated
related to agriculture and food (e.g. in market
policy and practical approach already exists in
opportunity, producer companies, microfinance,
Africa, with the Comprehensive African Agricultural
value addition, land access etc.) to translate
Development Programme (CAADP) and within this
innovations into changes and impacts on the
the Framework for African Agricultural Productivity.
ground and in particular among the intended
beneficiaries of research: the hitherto un-reached Wider perspectives themselves throw
farm households, consumers and public. Poor up innovative AR4D, for example in value
linkages between research processes and those addition, reducing food chain losses and greater
enabling wider rural development and between understanding of constraining factors such as land
national, multilateral and bilateral development rights that may otherwise negate AR4D impacts
assistance in support of these, are collective failings for the poor. For all stakeholders in poor-farmer
of AR4D systems around the world. agriculture & food systems and along value chains
to be able to take advantage of new knowledge, we
Resolving these needs requires a clear outcome-
need greater understanding of the organizational
based approach, integrating research into
requirements of collective actions and enterprises.
development processes and linking actions in each.
This requires organization from local through to
Outcome based planning and coherent actions,
global levels, to better articulate collective needs
aligned with national strategies and plans, must
and demands and engage more effectively with the
make use of pathways of innovation and research
shaping and implementation of AR4D.
that address the value chain from seed to plate
and aim to increase returns to poor farmers at
all levels, as well as identifying and developing (b) Required Roles
viable alternative livelihood opportunities for GFAR stakeholders should examine the policy
those unable to take up innovation products and investment linkages between innovation
and be competitive producers. This also enables and development at all levels; country by country
identification of key interventions required to and region by region and work to ensure that i)
remove blockages and barriers to large-scale AR4D investments and innovation pathways are
impacts. directly contributing towards wider development
commitments and ii) that development policies
Closer linkages with other development sectors
take full account of agricultural research and
are required, particularly with health and nutrition,
knowledge sharing in their formulation. Some
education, governance, infrastructure and
FGEs provide useful illustrations of the returns
finance, recognizing the vital multiple functions
to be obtained from such an approach and their
26 THE GCARD ROAD MAP T r a n s f o r m i n g A g r i c u lt u r a l R e s e a r c h for D e v e lo pm e nt S yst e m s for G lo b a l I m pac tYou can also read
