The Making of Intangible Cultural Heritage: The Hong Kong Experience - LIU Tik-sang (廖迪生) Division of Humanities Hong Kong University of Science ...
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The Making of Intangible Cultural Heritage:
The Hong Kong Experience
LIU Tik-sang (廖迪生)
Division of Humanities
Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
Background Chronology of Intangible Cultural Heritage (in China) 2003: The 32nd session of UN General Conference adopts the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in October 2006: The Convention enters into force on April 20 2006: 1st National List of Items of ICH 2008: 2nd National List of Items of ICH 2011: 3rd National List of Items of ICH 2014: 4th National List of Items of ICH
National List 34 Regional Lists (Provinces and Cities) • including the Hong Kong and Macau Lists
Chronology of Intangible Cultural Heritage (in Hong Kong) 2006 • Established the Intangible Cultural Heritage Unit • Study of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Hong Kong: with reference to listed items of Guangdong • Cantonese Opera and Herbal Tea were included on the national list (jointly by Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macau)
2009 A general survey of Hong Kong’s Intangible Cultural Heritage (3.5 years) Inscription of Cantonese Opera on UNESCO Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity Submit 4 items to Beijing (for the 2010 national list) • Tai O Dragon Boat Parade (大澳龍舟遊涌) • Tai Hang Fire Dragon Dance (大坑舞火龍) • Cheung Chau Jiao Festival (Bun Festival) (長洲太平清醮) • Yulan Festival (Ghost Festival) (盂蘭勝會)
2012 Organizer, Fire Dragon Dance, became the Bearer of the National Representative List 2013 Submit 4 items to Beijing (for the 2014 national list) • Hang Hau Hakka Unicorn Dance (西貢坑口客家麒麟舞) • Wong Tai Sin Belief and Customs (黃大仙信俗) • Quanzhen Temples Taoist Ritual Music (全真道堂科儀音樂) • Arts of Guqin (古琴藝術)
2014 The first ICH inventory of Hong Kong 2015 Established the Intangible Cultural Heritage Office (ICHO) The Antiquities and Monuments Office (AMO) (Established in 1976, dealing with tangible objects)
What is Intangible Cultural Heritage? • Intangible • Culture • Heritage • In a simple way, “Intangible Cultural Heritage” refers to the knowledge people have in their mind • “Intangible Cultural Heritage” becomes the new resource
Heritage is translated into “yichan” (遺産) in Chinese • “yichan” means things left by the dead people “Heritage” has been also translated into “wenwu” (文物 “cultural relic” ) in Hong Kong since the 1970s • “Heritage” means “cultural relic”
• it was difficulty for the ordinary people to understand the meaning of ICH • people have to learned by examples • during the process, we give “yichan” (遺産) a new meaning, by what we have been doing
Approach for the ICH survey 2009 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage 2003 〈保護非物質文化遺產公約〉，2003 • a holistic perspective
The “intangible cultural heritage” means the practices, representations, expressions, knowledge, skills – as well as the instruments, objects, artefacts and cultural spaces associated therewith – that communities, groups and, in some cases, individuals recognize as part of their cultural heritage. This intangible cultural heritage, transmitted from generation to generation, is constantly recreated by communities and groups in response to their environment, their interaction with nature and their history, and provides them with a sense of identity and continuity, thus promoting respect for cultural diversity and human creativity. For the purposes of this Convention, consideration will be given solely to such intangible cultural heritage as is compatible with existing international human rights instruments, as well as with the requirements of mutual respect among communities, groups and individuals, and of sustainable development.
The “intangible cultural heritage is manifested inter alia in the following domains: (a) oral traditions and expressions, including language as a vehicle of the intangible cultural heritage; (b) performing arts; (c) social practices, rituals and festive events; (d) knowledge and practices concerning nature and the universe; (e) traditional craftsmanship. • This, however, does not tell what exactly are ICH items
Research Method • Library study: a reference list was first produced for the survey team to follow • Intangible Cultural Heritage Advisory Committee (ICHAC) to steer the implementation of survey on Hong Kong's ICH • to find the items; study and record the existing ones.
• Bottom-up arrangement: The public can report to the research team for the items they consider important
Historical Background of Hong Kong Society • Hong Kong Island and Kowloon Peninsula became a British colony in 1842. • The New Territories became part of Hong Kong in 1898. The British treated the New Territories as a buffer zone, which was not developed until the 1970s. • A large number of immigrants arrived Hong Kong after the 2nd World War and after 1949.
香港全圖
深圳
新界
九龍
大澳 香港
大嶼山廣州
佛山
番禺
東莞
順德
深圳
中山
伶仃洋
香港
澳門
Map of
Pearl River
DeltaResearch Method • participant observation • observe and record the activities • oral history interview • to visit the traditional shops to locate bearers of handicrafts
Annual Recurrent Activities • many communal activities are organized once a year at a fixed time • for example, a temple festival is held for celebrating the birthday of a deity • it was difficulty to arrange researchers to study all of them at the same time. Non Recurrent Activities • most of them are performing arts or handicrafts
正月
酬神
祭祖 二月 北帝誕
十二月
張飛誕 海神誕
太平清醮 車公誕 真君誕
大王爺誕 天后誕
太平洪朝 土地婆婆誕 朱大仙醮
點燈 土地誕
十一月 三月
天公誕 大王爺誕
太平清醮 文昌誕
關帝誕 天后誕
打添丁 宗族春祭 主保瞻禮
土地誕 洪聖誕 太平清醮
十月 扒天機 觀音誕 譚公誕
打金豬頭 三山國王誕 四月 李靈仙姐誕
天后誕
驚螫祭白虎 金花娘娘誕
觀音開庫
地母元君誕
九月 五月 天后誕
宗族山頭祭祖、
食山頭 遊龍
地藏王誕 遊夜龍
華光誕 宗族秋祭 龍舟競渡
文武廟秋祭 洪聖誕 六月 龍舟遊涌
舞火龍 八月 周王二公誕 龍母誕
齊天大聖誕 七月 天后誕 大王爺誕
侯王誕 盂蘭勝會 西環魯班誕 龍母誕
地藏王誕 七姐誕 侯王誕 文武二帝誕
黃大仙誕 觀音誕 朱大仙醮
玄天上帝誕 三角阿媽醮Recurrent Activities Ancestral worship Lantern Festival (新界鄧氏宗族秋祭) (屯門陶氏宗族點燈) Earth God Festival Hung Shing Festival (西區常豐里土地誕) (鴨脷洲洪聖誕)
Jiao Festival, once every 10 years
(元崗村太平清醮吉課)Non-Recurrent Activities Blown Sugar Technique Vegetable Tea Making 吹糖技藝 Technique長洲海陸豐菜茶 Paper Crafting Technique Bamboo Shed Theatre 獅頭紮作技藝 Building Technique搭棚技藝
How to classified the items
Domain Major Items Sub-Items Sub-total*
Oral traditions and
10 14 21
expressions
Performing arts 21 18 34
Social practices,
rituals and festive 74 248 292
events
Knowledge and
practices
concerning nature 4 3 6
and the
universe
Traditional
101 36 127
craftsmanship
Total 210 319 480Diversities Major items and sub-items Example: Yu Lan Festival (盂蘭勝會, Hunger Ghost Festival) ◆ Boat People’sTradition • 3 cases ◆ Punti Tradition • 37 cases ◆ Hoi Luk Fung/ Hoklo Tradition • 12 cases ◆ Chiu Chow Tradition • 33 cases
The Reality and Experiences
秋祭（新界鄧氏宗族） 春祭（屯門陶氏宗族） When a “same ICH item,” is being organized, different communities usually have their own special arrangements. We need to understand the relation between the ICH item and the community. We also need to consider whether the individual community would like their activity to be grouped in the same category.
元朗潮僑盂蘭勝會 赤柱街坊盂蘭勝會 For a same ICH item, different communities may have different names for the event. For example the Yu Lan Festival, although “Yu Lan Festival” (盂蘭勝會) is a popular name, the native communities name it “Hitting Yu Lan” (打盂蘭) the Holko community it a “Jiao” (醮).
廟宇開光（厦村車公廟） When local communities hold their communal religious rituals, they may hire religious specialists to conduct the rituals. In the events, the local traditions and the traditions of the religious specialists may co-exist at the same time.
猴棗散（百昌堂）
Some of the ICH items still
have commercial values. The
bearers usually would only talk
about the history, but not the
contents of the ICH item. They
do not want their business
secret to be known to their
competitors or their production
process to be challenged by
the government hygiene
departments.
涼茶（春和堂單眼佬）東江周家螳螂拳 In some traditional items,
for example martial art,
branches have been
formed during the historical
process. Sometime,
different branches would
complete of the
北少林地蹚八卦門
mainstream position.牙雕
雨傘（何希記）
• many of the handicrafts are maintained by the last generation
with a small number of bearers.魯班誕（西環） Because of out-migration and the aging problem, many communal activities, with long traditions, are lacking participants and financial supports. 李靈仙姐誕（薄扶林村）
觀音開庫（大坑蓮花宮）
打小人（灣仔）
Some of the local rituals,
with commercial values,
are held mainly for specific
clients. The bearers
usually refused to be
studied.Conclusion •The survey of ICH was to investigate the current condition of ICH items, and based on the findings to make an inventory list for identification, research, safeguard and transmission. And in this process, the term ICH was being created. •When we want to conserve an ICH item, we should consider the relation of the ICH item with the local community, and the meaning of the items in its socio- cultural context. Without its socio-cultural contents, an ICH item will become simply a performance or a display.
• In a global economy, most traditional skills and knowledge have already lost their markets, we need not only to safeguard these skills and knowledge, but also to cultivate people’s appreciation of traditional skill and knowledge. • An ICH item can be maintained by different communities, we need to consider both the common shared elements and the local diversities.
Thank you very much!
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