The social impacts of COVID-19 - Reset not restart: taking advantage of a crisis for social change - Deloitte
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The social impacts of COVID-19 Reset not restart: taking advantage of a crisis for social change August 2020
Preface
In the short term, responding to In Australia, the focus has appropriately been We need to understand, monitor and document
COVID-19 has required governments to on the public health response and cushioning these affects – positive and negative – to ensure
prioritise managing the health crisis and the economic impact. The decisions associated our immediate and long-term policy responses
with the economic and health impacts have account of these changes, take advantage of
responding to the economic fallout.
flow-on effects to our society. To date we have the positive aspects, and provide an effective
observed negative changes in our broader social mechanism to address the social impacts
Societies have grappled with different approaches,
indicators, including rates of domestic and family of COVID-19.
with varying degrees of success. Though success
violence, mental health, child protection, and
does not just sit in the hands of government
justice system.
– the actions of communities, our culture and
businesses shape the nation’s trajectory. While
Yet it is not all bad news. We have witnessed
some nations have adopted effective tracing using
social connectedness on a global scale, and
surveillance techniques such as facial recognition
innovation and adoption of new technologies
or CCTV footage, this use of surveillance may be
at an unprecedented rate. The use of new
less welcome in other nations. Similarly, the social
technologies is also changing the way we deliver
fabric and understanding of one’s individual role in
social services. We have seen restaurants and the
contributing to a community response influences
arts sector change their business models, new
the success of our public health response.
apps to connect those who need support with
volunteers, and messages of hope that create
community connections.
I The social impacts of COVID-19 – Reset not restart: taking advantage of a crisis for social change
Preface
While we have a menu of imperfect choices, all The economic challenges of COVID-19 are deep Lets not just press Restart,
with differing consequences, one thing is certain: and broad, but we have the opportunity to use lets press Reset.
the choices and trade-offs we make today will these challenges to fast-track positive investments
affect our trajectory in terms of the impact on that will ultimately deliver better social outcomes.
our nation’s health, economy, environment and That way, when we do get to the other side of
social system. We must not lose sight of the social the proverbial bridge, we can be confident that,
impacts – to ensure the decisions being made not only did we successfully address the social
today and during the recovery phase leverage impacts, but we took advantage of the impetus
the social gains, and continue to protect those to change the way we delivery social services Natasha Doherty
who are most at risk. across our nation. And maybe this will change our Partner, Deloitte Access Economics
collective understanding of how we, as individuals
and society, contribute to building a better future.
II The social impacts of COVID-19 – Reset not restart: taking advantage of a crisis for social change
Contents A framework for social impacts 01 Scenarios of the consequences of social impacts 02 Sector impacts 03 Disproportionate affects 04 Where to from here? 05 III The social impacts of COVID-19 – Reset not restart: taking advantage of a crisis for social change
01 — A framework
for social impacts
Australia’s public health response
to rapidly contain the virus has, thus far,
01
proven to be crucial in preventing widespread
infection, death, and an overburdened health
system. This ‘lockdown’ style response, 02
involving strict social distancing, working
from home, and closing of business 03
operations, has shown to be effective
in curbing the spread of COVID-19.
04
05
01 The social impacts of COVID-19 – Reset not restart: taking advantage of a crisis for social change
01 — A framework
for social impacts
While necessary, these responses have led to The range of policy responses that were So, if we are to plan how we leverage the
a range of social impacts. The primary focus implemented can have flow-on effects that impact positive social impacts that have occurred,
of decision making has been on appropriately on other areas of our lives. These can be positive, while continuing to mitigate against the negative 01
protecting our health systems and population, such as the uptake in innovative technology in impacts, we need to understand what the impacts
while minimising the detrimental effects of a order to remain connected, but can also lead are likely to be. As the crisis abates, but the social
closing down of the economy. The social impacts to devastating impacts, such as an increase in impacts continue to be felt, ongoing consideration
have, however, been more of a secondary factor family violence. Take for example the corporate of health and social care reforms is key to ensure
02
in immediate decision-making processes, across world: office-based businesses were quick to support for Australians is maintained.
community, businesses and government alike. take the lead on encouraging their employees to
work from home to promote social distancing – The social impacts operate in a framework of 03
a worthy pursuit. But in making this decision to policy responses and funding decisions, which are
mitigate the spread of COVID-19, there can be underpinned by the public health response.
significant adverse effects on employees with
04
unsafe home environments. In many cases, these
social impacts can also disproportionally increase
inequality, by having a greater effect on already
disadvantaged or lower socio-economic groups in 05
the community.
02 The social impacts of COVID-19 – Reset not restart: taking advantage of a crisis for social change
01 — A framework
for social impacts
Economic
Business investment
Figure 1 aims to conceptualise the economic,
social and environmental impacts that occur Employment GDP
as a result of the public health response. These 01
impacts then result in the need for policy and
funding decisions to be made in order to adapt
to the current circumstances and the ‘new
normal’ we find ourselves in. This report focuses
02
on the social impacts. Chapter 2 provides an
Emissions Public health Civil society
overview of three plausible and relevant scenarios
response
that consider the trajectory and impact of the 03
pandemic on the social services sector. Chapter Environmental Social
3 discusses these social impacts in more detail,
Waste generation
along with sector specific case studies. Deloitte Education
& management
DFV 04
Access Economics has also produced separate
Child Justice
reports which detail both the economic impacts, Energy poverty
protection & policing
and the environmental impacts of COVID-19
in Australia. Mental health 05
& wellbeing
M
iti
ga les
tin p
am
g pol ex
ic y a onse
nd funding resp
03 The social impacts of COVID-19 – Reset not restart: taking advantage of a crisis for social change
02 — Scenarios of the
consequences of social impacts
Deloitte Access Economics has
explored three plausible and relevant
01
scenarios that consider the trajectory
and impact of the pandemic.
02
03
04
05
04 The social impacts of COVID-19 – Reset not restart: taking advantage of a crisis for social change
02 — Scenarios of the
consequences of social impacts
Economic recovery: A period of economic
Each case posits a potential future state by 2.1 Scenario one – mild case
shutdown will cause major economic disruption
considering possible policy and behavioural This scenario achieves rapid control of the
in the short term. However, strong fiscal stimulus
responses – and the corresponding impacts virus and a swift return to economic normalcy –
enables the economy to successfully go into 01
to health and the economy. These scenarios enabled by strong collective action and a cutting-
hibernation while maintaining organisations’ links
are described below, alongside a consideration edge surveillance toolkit.
to its assets and labour. This supports a relatively
of their social impacts on the Australian
population over the next two to three years. Public health response: Strong social
quick economic recovery to pre-crisis levels the 02
following year.
These cases are not predictions; these are compliance leads to a swift reduction in
hypotheses about what could happen under transmission, as Australia becomes a model in
Consequences to social impacts: A swift
different scenarios, designed to frame planning early containment. Rapid technological shifts
return to economic normalcy limits the scale of
03
discussions. occur in parallel, enabling at-scale testing and
social impact consequences. Having the shortest
rigorous digital-driven contact tracing. Widespread
period of both social distancing measures and
and effective surveillance, coupled with strong
economic disruption, the economy returns to the 04
social compliance, prevents a resurgence, even as
pre-crisis levels in early 2021. The social impact
social distancing measures are relaxed.
consequences are most strongly felt in the first
two quarters of 2020.
05
05 The social impacts of COVID-19 – Reset not restart: taking advantage of a crisis for social change
02 — Scenarios of the
consequences of social impacts
Having a shorter length of disruption limits the Having the shortest period of social distancing
long-term consequences as the Government are measures and economic disruption – leading
able to provide strong fiscal stimulus in the first to less time in confinement and lower levels of 01
six months. Both the economy and the population financial hardship –results in the lowest increase
are more resilient to manage disruption in the in family violence and need for child protection.
short-term. Those impacted significantly are A quick return to normalcy limits the stress in
disadvantaged members of society. households and the period of confinement,
02
reducing levels of violence by 2022.
A relatively quick economic recovery limits the
increase in homelessness and the required housing There is a significant impact on mental health in 03
response. Employment levels and homelessness the short term but this eases by 2022 as providers
return to pre-crisis levels by 2022. adapt to the new normal.
04
As education institutions reopen quickly,
disruption is limited, and education disadvantages
subside in the medium-term, with minimal long-
term consequences. Similarly, justice and policing 05
return to normalcy quickly with minimal long-
term consequences.
06 The social impacts of COVID-19 – Reset not restart: taking advantage of a crisis for social change02 — Scenarios of the
consequences of social impacts
2.2 Scenario two – harsh case Consequences to social impacts: A prolonged Education providers adjust their way of teaching,
This scenario achieves rapid control of the virus, recovery to the crisis means that society adapts to but despite adjustment to teaching methods,
however the lack of advanced detection technology limit the social impact consequences. Significant there are still adverse impacts on education for 01
and effective anti-virals prolong recovery disruption occurs in the short term, with a lower children and young people, more pronounced for
level of disruption remaining over the medium term. disadvantaged kids. Similarly, disability services
Public health response: In the absence of There is a move towards economic normalcy but also adjust with lower levels of servicing for those
innovative technologies, social distancing measures does not return to pre-crisis levels until 2022. with disabilities until 2022. Justice and policing
02
are continued to curb future virus outbreaks. A adapt their service provision and, following the
vaccine is made available in 18 months, as the small A ‘new normal’ is reached in by early 2021 where initial peak, return to relative business as normal.
number of daily infections gradually decline to zero. society adapts to adhere to the social distancing 03
The number of active critical cases does not exceed measures. Those at a social disadvantage are Family violence and demand for child protection
ICU capacity. The death rate thus remains reflective less able to adapt. Fiscal stimulus is weakened fall following the short-term major disruption due
of the virus, without the compounded effect of a compared to the immediate response, but is to relaxed confinement requirements; however,
04
strained health system. stronger than pre-crisis levels. Some economic they still remain above pre-crisis levels. Service
disruption causes a rise in unemployment and providers adapt to their services under the lower
Economic recovery: The economy ends up homelessness in the medium term. People levels of social distancing. Increased interaction
stagnant for a number of years characterised by who lose their employment and community between family members and external people, 05
little to no price inflation, and a lack of business members at higher risk of disadvantage are such as colleagues and teachers, results in some
investment. Despite some fiscal support aimed impacted significantly. additional support in recognition and referral to
at driving a stronger recovery, relatively high appropriate authorities and services.
unemployment rates persist, and household
consumption remains low. There is a significant impact on mental health
in the short term, the long term mental health
07 The social impacts of COVID-19 – Reset not restart: taking advantage of a crisis for social change impact will need to be tracked over time.02 — Scenarios of the
consequences of social impacts
2.3 Scenario three – severe case Economic recovery: A double dip recession, with A second – and larger – wave requires stronger
This scenario follows a similar trajectory to the second shut-down taking a toll as businesses fiscal stimulus, but Government constraints
the Spanish Flu, with a second wave of infections struggle with weak demand and tightening credit. mean the economy gets a relatively smaller 01
and a prolonged recession. Incomes are devastated by widespread job losses injection compared to the other scenarios.
and substantial absenteeism. Some industries A prolonged economic recovery from a second
Public health response: Growth in the see the majority of small businesses result in wave of major disruption has the most severe
rate of new cases continues to fall, and the bankruptcy. impacts on unemployment and homelessness,
02
government moves to wind back restrictions. which continues over 2022–2025. Those impacted
No vaccine is discovered. As the public senses Consequences to social impacts: A prolonged significantly are the most vulnerable members
safety, social distancing fatigue sets in, leading recession results in the highest social impact of society as well as those in industries with 03
to a rebound in the number of cases. The death consequences. Having the longest period of significant job losses. Going through a second
rate rises as the health system struggles to cope. both intensive social distancing measures and period of intensive lockdown causes significant
economic disruption, the economy doesn’t return civil unrest.
04
to the pre-crisis levels until 2022.
05
08 The social impacts of COVID-19 – Reset not restart: taking advantage of a crisis for social change02 — Scenarios of the
consequences of social impacts
Extended periods of intensive social distancing Longer periods of confinement within households
measures cause significant disruption to education and more severe economic hardship will result
institutions. Education disadvantages will be in the largest increase of family violence and 01
significant over 2020, with effects being seen need for child protection. Much of this increase
over the next two to five years. Those that are in violence could remain unidentified as the lack
socially disadvantaged will be the most impacted of contact with people outside of the family will
and will create larger disparities in educational limit exposure to the appropriate authorities
02
achievements. Justice and policing experience a and services. While violence within the home will
significant increase in demand resulting in delays decline as social distancing measures are eased,
for the judicial process compounded by the delays the longer-term economic impact will cause a level 03
associated with virtual court processes. Adaptions of violence above pre-crisis over 2022–2025.
to servicing are required and remain until 2022.
There is a significant impact on 04
mental health over the next few years
and beyond.
05
09 The social impacts of COVID-19 – Reset not restart: taking advantage of a crisis for social change03 — Sector impacts
Deloitte Access Economics has
explored the social impacts of the
01
public health response across some
key sectors, considering the evidence
to date, and what this might mean in 02
a post-COVID-19 world.
03
04
05
10 The social impacts of COVID-19 – Reset not restart: taking advantage of a crisis for social change03 — Sector impacts
3.1 Domestic and family violence A survey of 15,000 women undertaken by However, demand for support services more
The need to socially isolate has meant victims of the Australian Institute of Criminology, released broadly has been variable across States and
domestic and family violence could be at greater in July, found that almost one in ten women in Territories; in some locations there has been a 01
risk in their homes. a relationship experienced sexual or physical decline in demand, potentially suggesting some
violence between March - May 2020. For a victims are struggling to seek help.6
As unemployment and financial stress of third of these women, this was the first time
households increase, the risk of domestic and they had experienced domestic violence in An activist working for the Women Support
02
family violence rises. There have been anecdotal their relationship.2 Services South Australia has found that while
reports of perpetrators using the pandemic to calls for help have decreased, she has received
increase their control over victims, and statistics Queensland’s emergency departments have an increase in text messages and emails, which 03
also suggest that there has been an increase seen an increase in trauma caused by domestic suggests that victims are avoiding phone hotlines
in domestic and family violence. A recent study and family violence,3 and government’s Victims where they could be overheard by the perpetrator.7
undertaken by Monash University surveyed 166 Similarly, use of online domestic and family violence
Services program in NSW has seen a ten per cent 04
family violence practitioners across Victoria during increase in urgent assistance being sought.4 reporting has spiked; for example, 1800 RESPECT
a four week period from April to May. Fifty-nine has recorded a 38 per cent increase of its online
per cent indicated that the frequency of violence Online searches about domestic violence have chat tool between March and April.8 Demand for
against women had increased, and over half said increased by 75 per cent compared to the average support services are expected to increase following 05
that the violence was more severe1. volume over a 5-year period. Some agencies have restrictions easing as those living in unsafe
experienced an increase in helpline calls, including environments have the opportunity to move
1800 RESPECT which has seen call volume increase more freely.9
by eleven per cent.5
11 The social impacts of COVID-19 – Reset not restart: taking advantage of a crisis for social change03 — Sector impacts
There is also early evidence to suggest that there Queensland has responded to COVID-19 Despite the barriers to delivery of support
is a spike in men contacting domestic and family through provision of an additional $5.5 million services, which typically rely on face-to-face
violence hotlines for advice in avoiding committing in funding for domestic and family violence contact, social services have been able to adapt. 01
acts of family violence. Calls to the Men’s Referral services. The funding has been delivered to These adaptations may serve as promising steps
Service, a national counselling hotline for potential boost capacity of 24/7 crisis centres and enable towards evolving service delivery in future. As
perpetrators operated by No to Violence, has online support, create additional capacity in crisis victims of family violence are less visible due to
spiked by 94 per cent, and calls to Mensline have shelters by transitioning women to alternative isolation, retaining access to those at risk through
02
risen by 26 per cent.10 This data may indicate there accommodation, funding for specialist support virtual communication remains imperative.
is increased domestic and family violence, or it services and a new awareness campaign.12
may reflect increased motivation among men to “As financial stress increases the 03
change behaviour. In early May, Victoria also took steps to respond risk of DFV rises, we must adapt to
to greater risk and incidences of domestic and
ensure victims can access the services
For victims, Western Australia has responded family violence during the pandemic. The state has
they need”. 04
to COVID-19 by amending legislation. Among launched a Respect Each Other: ‘Call it Out’ media
other reforms courts can now impose electronic campaign to help educate communities about
monitoring of offenders and applications are able domestic violence and the need for individuals
to be made online.11 to report any violence they observe Victoria’s 05
Government has also invested $40.2 million
dollars to help crisis accommodation and family
violence services meet the expected increased
demand for their services during the pandemic.
12 The social impacts of COVID-19 – Reset not restart: taking advantage of a crisis for social changeCase study: McAuley Community
Services for Women moves online
McAuley Community Services for Women “For those who are living with a McAuley is now in the process of adapting the
support women and children facing family violent partner, going to work each day tutoring program for children whose education
violence and homelessness. McAuley has safeguards them in ways that go beyond is disrupted by family violence into an online 01
recognised that the public health response to delivery method and has restarted its social and
the simple fact that —for several hours
the COVID-19 pandemic has the potential for recreational program by offering virtual workshops
indirect consequences relating to domestic and
at least — they are away from the place in areas such yoga, and digital literacy, which is so
family violence. In an article published on LinkedIn, of abuse. Even if the employee doesn’t important to women who have been isolated.
02
Jocelyn Bignold, the CEO of McAuley spoke of choose to speak about what’s been
how the shift to working from home places going on at home, the support and Moving these services online has proved
victims in a potentially dangerous position: camaraderie of her workplace might successful for McAuley and they intend to 03
be very important in helping her cope.” continue to offer a hybrid of face-to-face and
online into the future.
In response to COVID-19, McAuley has moved 04
to online delivery of programs. This includes Whilst they are an essential service, McAuley’s
supporting women and children over the phone office remains open and some staff are needed
and through zoom as well as moving the onsite at all times; as many as possible are
psychologists counselling service to telehealth. working remotely which has allowed them 05
to reduce the number of people in the office
spaces in line with recommendations around
social distancing.
13 The social impacts of COVID-19 – Reset not restart: taking advantage of a crisis for social change03 — Sector impacts
3.2 Child protection and out-of-home care Australian child protection agencies have Both foster carers and foster children are more
Child protection advocates expect that the started making changes to mitigate further risks likely to belong to population groups who are at
number of children at risk of separation and to vulnerable children as a result of the pandemic. higher risk of more severe COVID-19 symptoms. 01
in need of out-of-home care will continue In New South Wales, the Office of the Children’s Eighty-eight per cent of foster carers in Australia
past the COVID-19 crisis due to longer-term Guardian has authorised staff who are known to are over 40 years old, and Aboriginal and Torres
socioeconomic impacts. a protected child, to act as their foster carer in Strait Islander children are 11 times more likely
an emergency arising from COVID-19. to be in state care, foster care or kinship care
02
Evidence from previous epidemics indicates placements.14
that the risks faced by children in out-of-home Victoria has also acted with a COVID-19 Plan for
care or in child protection are exacerbated by Care Services for children in out-of-home care. As family pressure increases many 03
disease prevention measures. As a result of As of the end of March Victoria has implemented children are likely to require support,
COVID-19, vulnerable children will have less access stage two of this plan. This includes implementing
providing more instability for these
to adults outside their home environment including alternative modes of service delivery through
vulnerable children.15 04
teachers or social workers, and safe places such telephone rather than in person. Those involved
as schools. UNICEF highlights how this isolation with supporting at-risk children will need to ensure
creates increased risk of neglect, family violence short-term plans to shift to virtual delivery, and
and sexual abuse for children.13 Advocates also longer-term plans to manage a potential ongoing 05
highlight the potential for negative mental health increase in need for their services. However, this
impacts for children who are already unhappy isn’t possible for all staff who work on the frontline
in out-of-home care. in the child protection system, making these staff
more vulnerable to both catching and spreading
the virus as they travel between different clients.
14 The social impacts of COVID-19 – Reset not restart: taking advantage of a crisis for social changeCase study: Centre for Excellence
in Child and Family Welfare
Given the impact of COVID-19 on child diverse users, have struggled to provide face Community services are responding to these
protection and out of home care services, the to face support and to adhere to the social challenges in a variety of ways, including through:
Centre for Excellence in Child and Family distancing requirements. • Online service delivery using technology that the 01
Welfare conducted a survey to assess the family prefers, which is secure and accessible
impacts on a number of services: Orange Door; Service users themselves are also experiencing a • Organising specific times with families when
Child FIRST; and Integrated Family Services in myriad of challenges: children can be sighted or engaged with from
Victoria. This survey also aimed to understand the • Practical challenges including material hardship, a distance
02
main challenges experienced by their clients, and limited access to support workers and • Sending resources and supplies via post or
creative solutions being implemented to maintain increased family stressors. dropping off basic necessities
the visibility and safety of clients. • Wellbeing challenges including limited visibility • Increased communication and collaboration 03
in the communities and mental wellbeing. between services
The Centre for Excellence found that the biggest • Child protection challenges including lack of • Rotating roster of mobile workers in some
challenges for these services have been a rapidly oversight by care teams and limited face-to-face regional areas
04
changing environment and a sharp increase in interactions. • Providing shopping and petrol vouchers, care
demand with a lack of resources to meet it. In • Challenges for refugees and asylum seeker packages, mobile phones, data packs, and home
some ways organisations have adapted quickly services including increased isolation and lack schooling packs donated by local businesses.
to the new environment, whereas other have of access to basic supplies. 05
experienced challenges supporting children • Intellectual and physical disability While service providers and service users are
and families. For example, services in regional challenges including lack of face-to-face experiencing challenges dealing with COVID-19,
communities or providing services to those with therapeutic support and difficulty managing communities are responding to ensure that increasing
intellectual and/or physical disability, high risk child without this support. needs are being met in the best way possible. However,
protection families, and culturally and linguistically there is evidence that more support is required for
groups experiencing vulnerability & those serving them.
15 The social impacts of COVID-19 – Reset not restart: taking advantage of a crisis for social change03 — Sector impacts
3.3 Mental health and wellbeing Job losses and temporary income reductions This included funding provided to Beyond
It has been widely reported that COVID-19 have caused significant economic hardship for Blue to offer additional support services.
is causing detrimental impacts on the mental many households, creating increased financial Beyond Blue have experienced an increase 01
health and wellbeing of society. A global study stress. However, financial support from the of 30 per cent in calls to their helpline since the
has already found that since the outbreak, Government has been easing this hardship for crisis began.20 Additionally, support systems such
67 per cent of people have increased levels some of the population. as the Queensland Government’s Care Army,
of stress, 57 per cent have greater anxiety, focused on supporting volunteers to assist those
02
53 per cent feel sadness day to day and 42 per With social distancing and high levels of social in need, have sought to alleviate the impacts
cent report overall mental health has declined.16 isolation, there is less opportunity for colleagues of social isolation for our most vulnerable
An Australian study also found a majority of and friends to check in on each other and for members of society. 03
people registered at least mild levels of anxiety those suffering to ask for help. Research has
and depression, with 30 per cent registering found that depression levels in Australia during Increased media attention on mental
moderate to high levels.17 the crisis are elevated above the normal range, health throughout the crisis has allowed for
04
while staying connected to family and friends a broader conversation about mental health
Throughout the crisis, there has been significant has helped to alleviate this.18 and mental wellness. Increased talk of mental
uncertainty about the future, including timeframes wellbeing on social media has also created
for how long the crisis – and associated social Positively, there has been a commitment a positive social response with more people 05
distancing measures – will last. This is creating from the Federal Government to ensure support discussing these issues openly, providing a safer
increased levels of anxiety as people experience is available to those in need, with $1.1 billion space for people to ask for help, particularly for
a loss of control, and an inability to plan ahead. directed at mental health services, domestic young people.
violence support and Medicare assistance19.
16 The social impacts of COVID-19 – Reset not restart: taking advantage of a crisis for social change03 — Sector impacts
3.4 Justice and policing The impacts of these delays are felt by the There is also a potential benefit for victims and
The requirement for physical distancing to accused, the victims and the witnesses. For the witnesses when physical presence at court can
stop the spread of COVID-19 has had significant accused, if the seriousness of their alleged crime result in reliving trauma. 01
implications for the delivery of services across warrants it, they may face an extended period
the justice system. of time in remand, and across the board this will The nature of prisons, where large populations are
place a strain on the prison system. For victims, congregated in close proximity and using the same
The court system is one which is underpinned they face a longer wait before an outcome is amenities, means that the risk of spread is high if the
02
by the physical meeting of the relevant parties, reached. There are suggestions that some victims virus enters the prison. States and Territories have
and is a legal requirement in many cases. With may abandon trials, due to the anxiety of waiting, restricted access to minimising any potential impacts,22
the need for physical distancing in order to stop which will lead to some offenders avoiding and a makeshift hospital has been established within 03
the spread of the virus, criminal jury trials in a convictions. And for witnesses, the longer the Sydney’s largest prison.23 A secondary impact is the
number of jurisdictions have been cancelled. delay, the greater potential for recollections of interruption to usual medical care for prisoners,
Additionally, some states are enacting more judge- events to fade. Additionally, witnesses may be which is concerning given the high prevalence of
04
only hearings, however this is not always possible. more reluctant to attend court when weighing up chronic disease and other health conditions.24
At the peak of the outbreak in mid-March, courts the potential health risks in doing so.
across the country suspended all new jury trials, The flattening of the spread of the virus in Australia
while the NSW Supreme and District courts There are, however, some potential positive impacts has so far meant virus spread in prisons has not 05
suspended all new trials indefinitely.21 This is of the changes being made to the court system. The occurred, however in other countries the impacts
leading to significant delays to hearings and trials, potential for increased use of pre-recorded evidence have been devastating. Some countries have released
in a system which is already under pressure. and, in cases where remote hearings are possible, prisoners early who are deemed to be lower risk to
there is an opportunity to demonstrate where these the community, however this comes with its own
technologies could be used in the future. complexities ensuring they have access to appropriate
housing & other services & ensuring community safety.
17 The social impacts of COVID-19 – Reset not restart: taking advantage of a crisis for social change03 — Sector impacts
3.5 Education With many families facing increased financial For the vast majority of Australian school students,
The education sector – from early childhood pressure, it is expected that some will need to school closures meant a move to remote learning.
all the way through to tertiary studies – has reduce their participation in childcare. This has Research indicates that for students learning at 01
been significantly disrupted by COVID-19. implications for both workforce participation home rather than in the classroom – educational
Swift transitions to models of remote learning – especially for women who are more likely to outcomes can decline by up to 50%, and this
and declines in participation and engagement take on additional caring responsibilities,26 as impact is not felt equally.30
levels have raised concern regarding the lasting well as for the educational outcomes of children.
02
impacts of the pandemic on educational outcomes The impacts of reduced participation in early Students who are already facing educational
and opportunity, particularly for more childhood education and care are expected to disadvantage, such as those from lower
disadvantaged students. be greater on vulnerable children or children socioeconomic backgrounds or those with higher 03
from lower socio-economic families.27 learning needs, are more likely to be negatively
The Australian Government responded quickly impacted by remote learning.31 As such, the gap in
to the disruption in the early childhood sector by Going forward, if participation in childcare falls educational outcomes – as determined by socio-
04
waiving fees for childcare and providing support materially compared to pre-COVID levels, service economic indicators, is expected to have widened
for wage costs to childcare centres.25 This relief viability may be threatened. This may pose risks, over this period. One study estimates that the
package ended in July 2020 and as the system particularly in regional areas,28 to the ability of achievement gap widens at triple the rate in
returns to pre-COVID arrangements there is families to access quality childcare. Decreased remote schooling compared to regular class.32 05
uncertainty regarding how economic shifts demand for childcare will also negatively impact
will impact families and services. on the sector’s workforce, who are predominantly
women and among Australia’s lowest
paid professionals.29
18 The social impacts of COVID-19 – Reset not restart: taking advantage of a crisis for social change03 — Sector impacts
While on balance the impact of the pandemic In post-schooling education, it is expected that The recently announced Job-ready Graduates
on schooling will result in educational loss, some the declining economic climate will impact near- package, which includes $400 million
students have found remote learning beneficial.33 term pathways into employment for Australia’s Commonwealth investment in supporting 01
Anecdotally, early studies have found that small young people. The Mitchell Institute estimates higher education access for regional and remote
numbers of highly vulnerable students who that new apprenticeships/traineeships will students, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
struggled to engage with traditional schooling decline by 30% within two years, equating to students and students from lower socio-economic
models found remote learning more accessible.34 approximately 130,000 fewer new apprentices circumstances, may work to mitigate this risk.
02
This points to future opportunities to embrace and trainees from the start of the pandemic to
the varied pedagogical models that have emerged June 2023.35 Conversely, as youth unemployment Ultimately, the pandemic has caused significant
through the pandemic to support flexible rises – the opportunity cost of higher education and sudden disruption to the education sector. 03
learning options. is lowered, potentially driving increased demand The impacts of this disruption are still emerging,
for university places.36 with concern particularly centred on the
educational opportunity and outcomes lost for
04
The extent to which higher education supports children and students experiencing disadvantage.
employment outcomes across different student However, the response to the pandemic has also
cohorts is influenced by a range of factors. highlighted the value of our education system in
Caps on student numbers within courses, in the supporting Australia’s social and economic future. 05
context of increased domestic demand for higher Innovations and learnings from this period hold
education, may result in disadvantaged students opportunity for future reform.
having less opportunity to access limited places.37
19 The social impacts of COVID-19 – Reset not restart: taking advantage of a crisis for social change03 — Sector impacts
3.6 Disability
There are also concerns that people with a Transitions to virtual care is one solution
The World Health Organisation (WHO)
disability are not receiving adequate care. The to ensure ongoing accessibility of the health
highlights that those with a disability may be at
greater risk of contracting COVID-19, have barriers
Disability Royal Commission has received a number care system. Research in Australia has found 01
of calls reporting a lack of access to care for people that virtual care can enhance quality of care
to accessing information about the virus, and
living with a disability during the crisis. Reduced and management of chronic diseases and
are disproportionately impacted by disruptions
access to services lessens the independence of improved timeliness of care, which leads to
to services.38
individuals and increases reliance on family and improved outcomes. Greater adoption of virtual
02
friends. Additionally, the PWDA survey found care can also result in productivity benefits if
Australian disability advocates have already
that respondents received 41 per cent less NDIS implemented effectively. However, to ensure
highlighted that those with disabilities are
struggling to obtain medication and affordable
support and 47 per cent less non-NDIS disability equitable outcomes, virtual care need to be 03
support than in the pre-pandemic period.40 accessible to all, including people with a disability,
groceries amid recent shortages. A survey
such as those with vision or hearing impairment.
undertaken by People with Disability Australia
Centre-based care programs have been greatly
(PWDA) found that over 91 per cent of people with 04
impacted by COVID, given the requirements for In the immediate term, COVID-19 heightens the
a disability said their expenses had increased since
social distancing which challenges the operating risks and challenges for those living with disability.
the beginning of the COVID-19 crisis, due to factors
model. COVID has also provided the opportunity But, there is an opportunity for virtual care to
such as delivery costs, shortages of goods, and
to rethink these programs and their value, and to have an enduring positive impact on access 05
spending on personal protective equipment39.
consider new ways of working. and health outcomes.
20 The social impacts of COVID-19 – Reset not restart: taking advantage of a crisis for social changeCase study:
Lifestyle Solutions
Lifestyle Solutions is an organisation operating The key tenets of this strategy included: Lifestyle Solutions have been focussed on the
in the disability service provision space in Australia • Making quick decisions to implement the way in which the pandemic has further highlighted
who has adapted to the current circumstances, necessary protocols with a degree of flexibility the difficulties people with a disability face when 01
and changed their ways of working as a result. • Establish clarity on the purpose of the attempting to enter the mainstream workforce.
CEO Andrew Hyland outlined that the role of organisation and the necessary nature of the The current situation has provided an opportunity
clear and consistent communication was vital to changes to deliver that purpose to rethink expectations around job prospects for
moving quickly to ensure the safety of his team • Clear and frequent communication across the people with a disability, in order to ensure there
02
and clients. Lifestyle Solutions decided early on to organisation from management, executive and are more meaningful career pathways, rather than
swiftly change the way they worked, even before the board basic, low level, or low-pay jobs. The organisation
social distancing measures were implemented • Ensuring visibility of management to promote is now in a phase of determining how to prioritise 03
by government. structured and deliberate messages. the changes they have made within their
‘new normal’.
The executive team worked hand in glove with By implementing these strategies, Andrew
04
the board to make rapid and decisive moves predicts that the organisation’s productivity
to modify work practices to ensure safety, and increased by 20%.
develop and deliver a clear and consistent
message to the organisation. 05
21 The social impacts of COVID-19 – Reset not restart: taking advantage of a crisis for social change03 — Sector impacts
3.7 Civil society For older Australians who are particularly Greater donations and support for those
Responding to COVID-19 requires all vulnerable to the virus, businesses have adapted impacted by COVID-19 has also been enabled
members of society to adhere to social their services. During shortages of essential through technology. Spotify, a music streaming 01
distancing requirements. In addition, the crisis household items due to panic buying, Coles and platform has recently launched the Spotify
has highlighted the vulnerability across society. Woolworths created dedicated shopping hours at COVID-19 Music Relief project. The project allows
In this environment Australians have largely the start of the day for older people and people Spotify users to make a financial contribution to
shown willingness to put community needs with a disability.43 artists themselves, their crews or a charity of the
02
before that of the individual. artist’s choosing through the streaming app.
Government institutions and private businesses
The past few months have seen numerous have also stepped up to support disadvantaged Generally, people have shown a sense of 03
examples of companies, government institutions school students transition to home schooling. kindness and community spirit in response to
and individuals banding together to support A prison in Western Australia has rapidly made COVID-19. There are reports of neighbourhood
more vulnerable members of society during the school desks and chairs for home-schooling Facebook groups being created to share local
04
COVID-19 crisis. For example, several of Australia’s children and, after hearing of this initiative, information, people dropping notes into letter
large food manufacturers including Arnott’s, Western Australian police also stepped in to boxes offering to help with groceries, and teddy
Kellogg’s, PepsiCo and McCain Foods have donated arrange for donations of computers for families bears popping up in windows to entertain children
hundreds of thousands of dollars’ worth of food to in need.44 Optus and their customers have also in the neighbourhood.46 05
local governments and Foodbank.41 This comes at acted through their ‘Donate Your Data’ campaign
a time where demand for Foodbank has doubled, where customers can donate data from their
due to increases in unemployment and financial mobile phone plan which will be provided to
stress of households.42 disadvantaged secondary school students.45
22 The social impacts of COVID-19 – Reset not restart: taking advantage of a crisis for social change03 — Sector impacts
Digital trends also show a strong shift toward
togetherness and community spirit during this
time. A digital marketing agency reports that 01
online conversation around community is
increasing by 82 per cent in the UK.47 People are
also using social media to reinforce the need to
stay at home, with billions worldwide using the
02
#happyathome hashtag.48
03
04
05
23 The social impacts of COVID-19 – Reset not restart: taking advantage of a crisis for social change04 — Disproportionate
effects
The social impacts do not affect
all equally. There are industries
01
and populations which have been
impacted more severely than others.
02
03
04
05
24 The social impacts of COVID-19 – Reset not restart: taking advantage of a crisis for social change04 — Disproportionate
effects
In industries which are not deemed essential Impacts on mental health are also Similarly to youth, women face increasing job
services and where working from home is not disproportionately felt by younger people, uncertainty due to women working in those
possible, job losses have been significant. This with 16 to 24-year old’s having the highest industries hit hardest such as hospitality and 01
has been felt strongest in the hospitality and prevalence of mental disorders of all age tourism. It is estimated that 24 per cent of men
tourism and accommodation industry, as well as groups across Australia.51 Furthermore, periods are employed in critical occupations compared
the arts and recreation industry. These industry of unemployment while young also lead to to 17 per cent of women, leaving women more
workforces are typically characterised by younger increased mental health issues over time.52 vulnerable to unemployment.54 As men continue
02
people, many of whom work on a casual or to earn more than women across Australia and
part-time basis, and therefore may already face At the other end of the age spectrum, contribute to 36 per cent of unpaid work in
financial instability. Youth are also more likely to older people have been further isolated due to heterosexual households, it is likely that women’s 03
have been unemployed before the crisis, with an social distancing, particularly as they are more jobs will be sacrificed to take on childcare
unemployment rate more than double of total vulnerable if they contract the virus. One in responsibilities during school and childcare
unemployment.49 Periods of unemployment of four older people in Australia live alone and closures while men continue to work contributed
04
young can lead to further disadvantages with are already at risk of social isolation.53 to the widening of gender equity.55 Women also
costs to the individuals often lasting many years.50 make up 75 per cent of the health professional
workforce in Australia,56 placing them at higher
risk of contracting the virus. 05
25 The social impacts of COVID-19 – Reset not restart: taking advantage of a crisis for social change04 — Disproportionate
effects
Not only are women affected disproportionately Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders are
economically, but women are also most likely to be also disproportionately at risk due to their
victims of violence within the home. While men are already poor health outcomes and economic 01
more likely to experience violence by a stranger, disadvantage. Governments have enforced
women are far more likely to experience violence restrictions regarding entry to communities to
by someone they know, meaning the household is reduce contact and contain the virus. In rural and
not always a safe place.57 With the heightened risk remote communities, with decreased movement
02
of violence within the home due to confinement the subsequent access to health services is likely
and economic stress throughout the crisis, and to be reduced.
limited interactions with strangers, women are at 03
higher risk of experiencing an increase in violence.
04
05
26 The social impacts of COVID-19 – Reset not restart: taking advantage of a crisis for social change05 — Where to
from here?
Focus is now clearly on the future
and the path to recovery. We should
01
proceed cautiously.
02
03
04
05
27 The social impacts of COVID-19 – Reset not restart: taking advantage of a crisis for social change05 — Where to
from here?
As the Federal and State Governments continue We have choices to make regarding what we Leverage and invest where there is
planning the economic recovery and relaxing social want to value, and how we shape our future as momentum – this comprises two components:
distancing measures, we have an unprecedented we emerge from this pandemic. We know there 1) leveraging technology, and 2) investing in 01
opportunity to harness the positive effects of will be debate and disagreement around what social programs.
COVID-19 and curb the long-term negative effects. we can afford, and what should be prioritised. 1. Technology – models of care in the health
This requires two things: These are bold choices. We have the opportunity and social sector have been transformed using
1. Businesses, community and government to boost productivity, while driving positive virtual delivery. This represents an opportunity
02
to work together. Harnessing each other’s social impacts though addressing inequalities. to continue supporting and refining these
knowledge and expertise and supporting each This means investing in social infrastructure models to improve access to services that
other in the way that is most effective. and backing new and innovative operating and traditionally have been provided face-to-face. 03
2. Targeted decision making that leverages the delivery models that have worked during this time. This could include designing or extending the
positive impacts to ensure they continue so delivery of online trials which can have real
that the economy and society will thrive. So how might we do these two things? We have benefits for victims of domestic and family
04
provided our views on what we think government, violence and witnesses of crime. Redesign of
business and community should consider. And we funding models will support the continued
encourage you to think about how you and those use of technology to improve efficiency and
in your network can continue ensure the positive accessibility of core services. 05
social impacts of COVID-19.
28 The social impacts of COVID-19 – Reset not restart: taking advantage of a crisis for social change05 — Where to
from here?
2. Programs – this paper has highlighted Invest in social infrastructure – social Investment in social infrastructure should
numerous case studies of new ways of infrastructure refers to the infrastructure also be targeted. It is important we do not forget
operating, and initiatives in the social services (physical facilities, spaces, services and networks) those who experienced devastating impacts 01
sector. These can continue to be refined and that allow people to access social services and during the bushfires in the summer of 2020.
piloted, along with investing in new approaches. that support the quality of life and wellbeing of These communities represent prime candidates
For example, if there is increased motivation to communities.58 Investment in infrastructure for re-building.
change among men perpetrating domestic and for a social purpose can stimulate the economy,
02
family violence, this represents an opportunity enable social cohesion, and improve access of Vertical equity – noting the disproportionate
to continue to invest in early intervention social services. These can be both large-scale affect the pandemic has had on certain population
approaches and innovative delivery models for investment (for example in social housing), or groups, the response should similarly be unequal. 03
Men’s Behaviour Change Programs. for small-scale investment. For example, a 2017 That is, it should have greater focus and support
Deloitte Access Economics report for the Morwell for those who have been disadvantaged. We know
Neighbourhood House found it contributed the long-term economic consequences will more
04
$600,000 worth of value to the community significantly impact young people. Danielle Wood
through both financial and resilience-building of the Grattan Institute has also argued about
support, both of which contributed to enhanced the merits of permanently raising the child care
quality of life. This illustrates that low cost subsidy will contribute to increases in workforce 05
infrastructure can have a significant return participation, particularly women.59 We need
if designed in a way that suits the needs to ensure that no one is left behind in how
of the community. we respond.
29 The social impacts of COVID-19 – Reset not restart: taking advantage of a crisis for social change05 — Where to
from here?
• Be bold by speaking to the collective • Recognise those who kept us going – • Continue to measure the impacts –
– some large-scale reforms require an there are so many individuals and sectors that this report provides a surface level, early
understanding that some will benefit more than contributed to our response to COVID-19 who assessment of the social impacts of COVID-19 01
others. COVID-19 has built a sense of community, should be recognised for their efforts. This that we have seen to date. However, as we have
and understanding that sometimes individual includes the health workforce (nurses, doctors, seen, it is an ever-changing situation, and the
action and sacrifice leads to collective benefit. allied health workforce), cleaners, teachers, full effects will not be known for some time to
Now is the time leverage this collective mentality aged care workers, supermarket workers, and come. That is why it is important to undertake
02
to design, communicate and implement bold those in the arts who kept us entertained further research in order to monitor the
reforms without hesitation. While we do not virtually and often voluntarily. The case studies impacts overtime.
want to limit ourselves on what such reforms have highlighted just some organisations that 03
could be, one notable candidate is tax reform. have adapted to ensure people are receiving Our hope is that from this crisis a new
For decades economists have been arguing for the services and supports they need.
path for Australia emerges. One where
a more efficient tax system.60 Now is the time
the collective is prioritised, where those 04
for government to re-open the tomes written
on the topic and re-consider the options. less off are thought of first, let’s Reset
not Restart.
05
30 The social impacts of COVID-19 – Reset not restart: taking advantage of a crisis for social changeYou can also read
