The Spanish Transmission Grid: from an "isolated grid" "integrated grid" - José Luis Fernández - Feed-In Cooperation
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The Spanish Transmission Grid: from an “isolated grid” to an “integrated grid” José Luis Fernández 8th Workshop of the International Feed-in Cooperation (IFIC) November 18th-19th, 2010
Spanish Peninsular Power System.
Installed Capacity (July 2010)
Energy Supplied (year 2009)
Photovoltaic Minihydro
30% of the 2,0% 2,0%
Energy Rest of special Hydro‐power
produced regime 8,9%
Nuclear
12,4%
by special Wind 19,1%
regime 13,7%
Coal
12,1%
Combined
cycle
29,0%
2
Fuel‐Gas
0,7%
Spanish Peninsular Power System: Present
wind power capacity and evolution.
22.000
20.000 19.440
Eólica 18.119
18.000
Solar 15.873
16.000
14.000
13.467
12.000 11.099
9.653
MW
10.000
8.304
8.000
6.138
6.000 4.927
4.000 3.442 3.459 3.635 3.874
2.298
1.525
2.000 798 701
1831 4281 2 2 4 7 11 23 47 146
1
0
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Source: Wind Power : Sep 2010 REE/ Solar: Jun 2010 CNE
Maximum share of demand : 54% (09/11/2010)
Maximum instantaneous production 14.962 MW (09/11/2010)
3
Some Spanish System data: Prevision of
installed capacity
Evolución de potencia instalada - Previsión REE
Previsión de evolución de potencia instalada
140
120
100
80
60
GW
40
20
0
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
R.E. Renovable 21.881 24.964 27.156 30.138 32.899 35.087 37.222 40.624 42.807 44.902 46.823 48.691 50.392
R.E. No Renovable 6.529 6.750 6.800 7.200 7.650 8.100 8.590 9.040 9.380 9.670 9.920 10.170 10.320
Turbinas de Gas 0.300 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.100 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600
Ciclos Combinados 21.420 22.920 23.720 25.000 25.000 25.000 25.000 25.860 27.510 28.830 29.260 30.090 31.380
Fuel-gas 3.900 2.530 1.540 1.250 0.840 0.510 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Carbón 10.870 10.870 10.870 9.650 9.650 9.650 9.360 8.560 8.170 7.960 7.960 7.960 7.610
Nuclear 7.470 7.470 7.470 7.470 7.470 7.010 7.010 7.010 7.010 7.010 7.010 7.010 7.010
Bombeo puro 2.667 2.667 2.667 2.667 2.667 3.507 3.507 3.507 3.907 3.907 5.233 5.443 5.753
Hidráulica convencional 14.429 14.430 14.450 14.490 14.490 14.720 14.730 14.730 14.730 14.880 14.880 14.880 14.880
4
Installed capacity by 2020
40% RES
150 GW
38000 MW of wind power
13000 MW of solar power
5
Expected demand 60 GW
Energy production in 2020 (estimation)
41% RES
6
Wind Power penetration with respect to peak load
80,00
PT
70,00 Penetración 2008
Penetración 2015 ES
60,00
DK DE
50,00
%
40,00
NL
30,00
UK GR
20,00
AT BE
CZ FR SWE
PL
10,00 HU IT
FI NO
7
0,00
Wind Power penetration with respect to minimum load
180,00
DE PT
Penetración 2008 ES
160,00
Penetración 2015
140,00
120,00
100,00
%
GR
DK
80,00
NL
60,00 UK
SWE
40,00 AT FR
BE CZ
PL
HU IT
20,00 FI NO
8
0,00
The Iberian System has the highest wind penetration
For Spain and Portugal, due to the weak interconnection Spain –
France, the relevant system for wind penetration is the Iberian
System.
For Germany, Austria… given the strong interconnections, the
relevant region for wind penetration is the whole central Europe:
Germany, France, Switzerland, Italy, Netherlands, Belgium,
Austria,. Czech Rep., Slovak Rep., Hungary and Poland.
Wind Penetration Central European System :
2008: 11% ; 2015: 22%
But with respect to
Values referred to minimum load, wind
peak demand 2008 penetration in 2015
Wind Penetration Iberian System: will be 160% !!!
9
2008 : 31% ; 2015 : 64%
Challenges integrating high volume RES integration
Variability of RES production.
RES Production forecast.
Distributed generation(high geographical and property
dispersion)
Who provides the needed ancillary services?
Balancing in off peak situations with high wind production.
Technological issues: fault ride through capability (solved),
no short circuit current from RES generation, voltage
control, frequency control. R&D in progress.
System Flexibility : Storage, Higher export/import capacity,
Demand to follow RES production (Smart Grids)
10
Network developmentHow to integrate large renewable capacity in the
system? REE solutions for secure RES integration
• Wind Farm Requirements and Power system studies: network
codes
• RES production forecast tools: Sipreolico, SiprePV (under
development)
• RES Monitoring and controllability with CECRE (Pioneer control
centre for RES integrated in the national control centre)
¾Curtailment orders given when needed and followed
reliably
• Pumping Storage (new 3000 MW to be installed by 2020)
• DSM including electric cars charging (Smart Grids)
• Network Development :
• Internal network reinforcement
• New Interconnections 11RED ELÉCTRICA DE
ESPAÑA
Wind production forecast tools (SIPREÓLICO)
o Improvement of wind production forecast
Sipreólico evaluation 2005-2008
Mean absolute error / mean production (%)
40 2005
2006
35
2007
30 2008
25
REE, TSO responsible for
20
managing balancing markets,
15 continuously improves its forecast
10 tool SIPREOLICO
5
0
10
13
16
19
22
25
28
31
34
37
40
43
46
1
4
7
Improving “Dispatchability” : Reliable production program 4 hours ahead
Wind production higher than X MW known with high reliability 12Monitoring &Controllability: CECRE
Special Regimen Control Centre
CECOEL / CECORE CECRE is Integrated in REE’s
control structure
CECRE Communication with generation
Control Centres for supervision and
Iccp Link
control instructions.
k
Iccp CECRE does not telecommand
Iccp Lin
generation equipment; this function
Link
is done by generation Control
Centres.
DDCONV CECRE issues generation
RESCC1 … RESCCn limitations through the SCADA
system to the Control Centres.
Link and telecommand
Link and telecommand RESCC: Renewable Energy Source Control Centre
Link and telecommand
DD: Delegate Dispatch for conventional generation
13CECRE:
Implemented in June 06 by REE
within the Control Structure
CECRE is the
First RES EBAE Award
Control Centre in European
the world Product for
Sustainable
Development
14
14
14Network Development 2016
ALUMINIO
CORNIDO
Last Master Plan considered
BOIMENTE
VENTORRILLO P.G.RODRIGUEZ
GRELA-2 PIELAGOS
PUERTO ACERIASA
SABON CACICEDO CICERO
SABON EIRIS ELPALO LABARCES TORRVEGA ASTILLER
S.MARCOS SANZO SNIACE SOLORZANO IRUN ARGIA
LARACHA SALAS PENAGOS PASAJES
PSMIGUEL SOLORZANO ARKALE
MEIRAMA
SIDEGASA NARCEA VALLE DEL NALON PENAGOS
VIMIANZO PESOZ AMOREBIETA
about
MESON VENTO HERNANI
ABADIANO AZPEITIA
LUGO
DUMBRIA TELLEDO AGUAYO ZUMARRAGA
AYALA
N. DUMBRIA ICHASO
TUBOS ORMAIZTEGUI
TAMBRE II VILLABLINO VIRTUS MONDRAGON
SANCOMPO TUBACEX ARISTRAIN
MAZARICO PDEMOURO
REMOLINA ELGEA
TAMBRE NUEVA VILLAMANIN VELILLA
CAYETANO ANLLARES MATAPORQUERA VITORIA
ONDINAS GAMARRA MURUARTE EZCABARTE BAIXAS
MDCARRIO GUARDO MATAPORQUERA PRAGNERES
LAROBLA GAROÑA-BARCINA ALI FORJAS MURUARTE
PEÑADRADA CILLAMAYOR ORCOYEN
MASGALAN MAZORRAS MERCBENZ
VILLAGARCIA CHANTADA S.MARINA
TIBO MASGALAN P.POZA JUNDIZ CORDOVILLA TABESCAN
PUENTELA
BELESAR BRIVIESCA LAS LLANAS
AMEIXEIRAS ELCERRO MIRANDA BIESCAS ERISTE MORALETS
CAMBADOS VILLAMECA POZASAL ESCALDES
TOMEZA CANDO MIRANDA ABERIN LAFORTUNA SALLENTE
LAGUARDIA SANGUESA SESUE LLAVORSI
PIÑOR ALCOMOLA
ALBARELL S.PEDRO VILECHA HERRERA LORA HARO TAFALLA
4500 km of new lines
LOURIZAN QUERENO ESCALONA
S.ESTEBAN VILLATORO SABIÑANIGO
VELLE SOBRADELO LOGROÑO OLITE P.SUERT
P.E.SIL SANTIAGO SEQUERO
PAZOSBORBEN SUIDO CASTRELO LLOGAIA
P.BIBEY ESTEPAR VILLIMAR LARDERO ARRUBAL ADRALL
N. VIGO CARTELLE PRADA
TRIVES S.AGUSTIN MEDIANO
MONTEDERRAMOS VILLALBILLA SENGRACIA QUEL LAPOBLA RAMIS
BALAIDOS ESQUEDAS CERCS RAMIS
FRIEIRA CONSO SENGRACIA
ATIOS VALLEJERA CASTEJON GRADO
MONTOUTO ELEREBRO S. PALLARS
RIBADELAGO BECILLA
SOUTELO APARECIDA ALCARAMA
APARECIDA S. PALLARS OLVAN JUIA
SANABRIA GRIJOTA VIC
LASERNA A.GURREA BESCANO
LUBIAN TUDELA GURREA ALMUDEVAR MONZON II BESCANO
PALENCIA RIOGALLEGO MONZON II
VALPARAISO ONCALA MONZON
LINDOSO TPALENCIA POLA TARDIENTA CALDERS RIUDARENES
upgrading of 1730 km
TRENEDO TREVAGO LANZASAGUDAS CENTELLES
CINCA PUJALT
CORCOS S.CELONI
MUDARRAI SORIA MAGALLON
MUDARRA ENTRERRIOS
MONCAYO BAYO
JALON ATALAYA ALBATARREC MANGRANERS
ZARATAN RENEDO
RICOBAYO LOSVISOS JUNEDA
LAOLMA RUEDA CARDIEL
CASTRO OSERA
VILLALCA PEÑALBA
SAYAGO ZAMORA LAGUNA TORSEGRE ESPLUGA
TORDESILLAS ALMAZAN ESPLUGA
LAS ARROYADAS SECUITA
MEQUINENZA SECUITA PUIGPELAT
BEMPOSTA MAIALS MONTBLANC
TERRER
LAGOAÇA PIÑUEL OLMEDO RIBARROJA
MEDINA ESCATRON
39 new substations
SANTIZ
FUENDETODOS ALFORJA LA SELVA MORELL
ALDEADAVILA VILLARIN
VILLARINO CCTELNOU REPSOL PERAFORT
POCINHO CONSTANTI
CARIÑENA HIJAR ARAGON ASCO TARRAGONA-G
CANTALEJO BELLICENS
TARRAGONA
TARRAPOWER
SAUCELLE MEDINACELI ELS AUBALS
MUNIESA MUDEJAR
VILLAMAYOR SEGOVIA TERUEL ELS AUBALS
HINOJOSA VANDELLO
VANDELLOS
CALAMOCHA
LASTRAS OTERO VCONEJOS DELTEBRE
OTERO
FUENTES ALCARRIA ESCUCHA
CRODRIGO
TRILLO
59 extensions in existent
CRODRIGO S.COSTERA
MEZQUITA SALSADELLA VINAROZ
MEZQUITA MORELLA
SALSADELLA
BENICARLO
ARMUÑA DE TAJUÑA
LOEC HES
PLATEA
PINOFRANQUEADO BOLARQUE
BEJAR
G.GALAN J.CABRERA
substations CAÑAVERAL
GUIJOG.
PLASENCIA
TORREJON
ARAÑUELO
CASATEJADA
TALAVERA
EBORA
LA PUEBLANUEVA
VALMOJADO
TORRIJOS
ACECA
SESENA
AÑOVER
ARANJUEZ
AÑOVER 2
COLOREJA
BELINCHON
HUELVES
VVA ESCUDEROS
OROPESA
EALMARAZ
JM.ORIOL
CEDILLO ALMARAZ VALDECAN AZUTAN VILLARES
MORA
STAPONSA
FALAGUEIRA OLMEDILLA
OLMEDILL
additional transformation
MINGLANILLA
CACERES MADRIDEJOS
ARENALES TRUJILLO
REQUENA TURIS
ALCUESCAR ELEMPERADOR TURIS
VALDECABALLEROS PTO. LAPICE
ALBURQUERQUE CORTESII BENICULL
COFRENTES CATADAU ELBROSQUIL
capacity over 5300 Mvar.
LAMUELA
CAMPOMAYOR TALCIRA ALCIRA VALLDIGNA
SAGRAJAS STA. TERESA AYORA
LAPALOMA VALDEPEÑAS ROMICA P.TABERNES
SAGRAJAS PICON R-C.REAL
SAN SERVAN VILANOVA GANDIA
SAN SERVAN ALARCOS
VAGUADAS MANZANARES MONTESA
MONTIJO MERIDA MANZANARES
GANDIA SUR VERGEL
ALMADEN CAMPANARIO
ALANGE
ALVARADO
BRAZATORTAS ARGAMASILLA PINILLA
BENEJAMA
exclusively motivated by the
BRAZATORTAS LA NAVA II SAX
LA NAVA JIJONA MTEBELLO
VENTAINES P.LLANO JIJONA
CASTALLA
PETREL ESTE VILLAJOYOSA
MAIMONA ELCOGAS CANTALAR
SIBALBOA PEÑARRUBIA PETREL UNIVERSIDAD
ALTET
CABO HUERTAS
ALICANTE
BALBOA NOVELDA S.VICENT
BIENVENIDA RABASA
SALADAS
PALMERAL
ARROYOVALLE N.SALADAS
BROVALES
need of integrating Special
TALQUEVA ELCHE2
SANTAPOLA
JANDULA ROCAMORA
ALQUEVA BAJO SEGURA
ARNEVA ROJALES
ANDUJAR ULEA
GUADAME TORREMEN TORREVIEJA
UBEDA TORREMEN
SMSALINAS N.
LANCHA MURCIA SMSALINAS S.
AZAHARA MONTEBAJO PALMAR BALSICAS
PALMAR CAMPOAMOR
CASILLAS ARENAL
PLANIFICACIÓN HORIZONTE
ARENAL S.P.PINATAR
Regime generation, also
ALMODOVAR TOTANA
ALCOLEA OLIVARES
PUEBLA DE GUZMAN CARMONA HOYAMORENA
GUILLENA
CARMONA ASOMADA MAR MENOR
NESCOMBRERAS FAUSITA
CASAQUEMADA
SALTERAS
CABRA MAZUELOS
BAZA
ESCOMBRERAS
Fecha: 05 / 2008
VNUEVREY
ONUBA PUENTE GENIL
ENCE
the, by 2016.
URSO CARRIL
COSTALUZ
ENSANCHE
N C.COLON
CAPARACENA Subestaciones H2016: 400 kV
CORBONES ILLORA
PALOS CORNISA
ARCHIDONA
TORARENILLAS
ROCIO
GIBALBIN
RODANDAL
RODANDAL
ATARFE FARGUE
GABIAS
HUENEJA
LA RIBINA
Líneas H2016: 400 kV
PADUL
ANTEQUERA
COSARIO TABERNAS LITORAL
TABERNAS LITORAL
MONTEALEGRE
TAJOENCANTADA ORGIVA Subestaciones H2011: 400 kV
SANLUCAR ANTEQUERA 2 BENAHADUX
L.MONTES BERJA
CARTAMA
Líneas H2011:
Many other projects have
PURMARIA CARTUJA
CARTUJA
CARTAMA
MONDA
LOSRAMOS
NERJA
400 kV
ARCOSFRT CENTRO
ATANASIO EUROPA
TORREMOLINOS
JORDANA POLIGONO
JORDANA ALHAURIN
CADIZ PTOREAL
GAZULES
VENTILLA
COSTASOL
Subestaciones existentes: Subestación
BENAHAVIS
TCASARES
MANILVA N.CASARES
CASARES
Líneas existentes: 400 kV y 220 kV
several motivations
PARRALEJO
FACINAS Instalaciones dadas de BAJA: Subestación
PTOCRUZ
TARIFA
15
New plan 2020 in progress,
will be published in 2012Interconnection capacity in Europe (2010)
Exchange capacity vs. Total installed capacity (generation)
Commitment Barcelona Summit 2002:
Nord Pool Objective for all the European countries:
Exchange capacity ≥ 10% of the Installed
capacity
UK + Ireland
Central Europe
South‐East Europe
Italy
MIBEL
Spain and the Iberian Peninsula can be
considered as an electric Island 16
Ratio for Spain 3.5%
Ratio for Peninsula 1.3%France – Spain Interconnection Reinforcement
Agreement between both Governments in 2001 to increase the interchange
capacity:
2.600 MW in the short term and 4.000 MW in the long term
The short term objective will be achieved when the new HVDC
interconnection in the East is commissioned (by 2014)
The long term objective (≈2020) will be fulfilled with one or two new
projects, which must not be in the East Pyrenees. Submarine options are
being considered.
EC, Communication
November 17th: REE’s Objective:
An interconnection
capacity of at least An interconnection
4,000 MW between capacity of at least
the Iberian Peninsula 5,000 MW by 2020
and France will be 17
needed by 2020.New Eastern Interconnection France-Spain – 2014
The reinforcement of the French-Spanish interconnection, which was blocked during many years,
was boosted in 2007 with the intervention of the European Coodinator (M.Monti), whose results
form the analysis were:
“ A solution in HVDC totally undergrounded for the crossborder section between
Baixas y Sta Llogaia, with a terrestrial route and using as far as possible existing
infrastructures within a determined area. “
BAIXAS
HVDC
SANTA LLOGAIA
RAMIS
VIC BESCANO
Study Area
DC Cost = x 8 ( AC cost)
RIUDARENES
http://ec.europa.eu/ten/energy/coordinators/index_en.htm
• Due to the social unacceptance of an Overhead Line in the area, and the results of the Public
Debate in France in 2003, only an undergrounded solution is feasible
• Assumed the undergrounding, the more suitable technical-economic solution is with direct
current technology or HVDC (High Voltage Direct Current), instead of AC
• A terrestrial route has much less impact than a submarine solution 18
• The proposed solution is just valid for the cross border sectionNew planned interconnections and NTC Evolution
ARGIA
BAIXAS
PRAGNERES
ARKALE
0
300
HERNANI
BOBORAS
BIESCAS STA.LLOGAIA
0
0‐
260
O COVELO
280
CARTELLE
VIC RAMIS
0‐
170
BESCANO
LINDOSO BEMPOSTA
VILA FRIA ALDEADAVILA
LAGOACA
POCINHO ALDEADAVILA Existing Line
SAUCELLE HVDC 400 kV 220 kV
Planned Line
NTC 3000
M
W
The situation will improve 00
2015 FALAGUEIRA
CEDILLO
by 2016 but still will be 00
/ 12
W
13 M
far from desirable 0 0
3000 0 ‐7
Ratio for Spain 6%
50
Ratio for Peninsula 4% 1500/1100 MW
BROVALES
NTC
ALQUEVA
GUILLENA
1300/1200 MW
2010
PUEBLA DE GUZMAN
900MW
600MW
0
0
‐90
‐70
TAVIRA
PUERTO DE LA CRUZ
19
700
600
MELLOUSAMIBEL: A new integrated electricity market for
Spain and Portugal
2006 data
23,1 Mill. Consumers
29 Mill. Consumers
253 TWh
51 GW - 302 TWh
42,2 GW1
Equal rights and duties for all
participants in both countries
(1) Historic peak load: 43,4 GW Principles of Transparency,
Objectivity and free competition
One Market Operator by integration
of OMIP and OMIE (Old OMEL)
Two System Operators
5,9 Mill. Consumers
One Council of Regulators
49 TWh
8,8 GW Principles defined by the International Agreement of Santiago
20
(October 1st, 2004)
20RES curtailments in 2020
[MW] Other than RES
RES spillage technologies in the RES production
market
Thermal conventional
units needed to
Installed Wind guarantee:
capacity: y Feasible generation balance
38.000 MW
y Operational reserves
y Stability in case of perturbations
y Voltage control
y Short circuit current
y Damping of oscillations
[h]
Vertido anual de Régimen Especial ‐ Horizonte 2020
Escenarios central/eficiente del OS
6.0 5.7
5.0
4.3
4.1
GWh anuales
4.0
3.2 3.1 3.2
3.0
2.4 2.2
2.0 1.8 1.7 Export ‐ 3000 MW
1.2 1.3 Export ‐ 2000 MW
0.9 0.9 0.9
1.0 0.6 0.6
0.4 Export ‐ 1000 MW
‐
Wind curtailments A: Dem B: Dem C: Dem D: Dem
Cen‐Hid. Cen‐Hid. Cen‐Hid. Efi‐Hid.
E: Dem
Efi‐Hid.
F: Dem
Efi‐Hid.
Seca Med Hum Seca Med Hum 21
Higher exportsÆ Lower spillageFuture challenges in South Western Europe
MW Wind power Wind Power Solar Power
onshore offshore MEDRING
NREAPS France 19000 6000 5400de
Proceso
202020 Portugal 6800 260 1000
Barcelona
Spain 35000 3000 13000
Total
Unión para el
60800 9260 Mediterráneo
16500
20 GW of renewable resources (CSP,DESERTEC
Mediterranean PVs, …) in the South and East of the
Solar Plan Mediterranean Basin and the
development of interconnections for
the exportation to Europe .
500 GW of CSP in EUMENA countries
(470 GW in MENA). 100 GW for
DESERTEC exportation to Europe through a DC
supergrid plugged in the current
European networks.
22Future challenges in South Western Europe
Spain is a net exporter of energy, and has to integrate internal ambitious RES plans
by 2020. Even so, some RES curtailment is expected if France-Spain interconnection
is not reinforced, even if pump storage is used.
Net balance in
Spanish
Interconnections
(export +)
In case of a high amount of renewable energy comes from North Africa to Spain
(expected > 2020), it is needed to increase the flows towards France and Europe,
cause it is expected that the Iberian Peninsula alone can not consume all the
renewable energy.
23
Supergrid concept : a high power network of continental scale that allows to
consume the renewable resources where they are needed in EuropeWheeling from Morocco to France through the
Spanish transmission network (MW): factors.
Technical:
International exchange
capacity.
Internal constraints.
Market:
Need for a market
mechanism in Morocco-
Spain interconnection
To be consumed in Spain
it has to compete in the
power exchange (also
with RES located in the
Iberian Peninsula).
If wheeling, it has to
compete for the Spain-
France capacity (also
with Iberian RES) 24Needs for the Supergrid Development
The Supergrid will be European wide and will allow to achieve
continental wide European strategic objectives:
Energy Independence
Sustainable Energy Model
80% CO2 emissions abatement
Single Electricity Market for the whole Europe
…
The Supergrid must be designed and built with European vision, it can
not be the addition of individual uncoordinated developments
All European TSOs are already cooperating in ENTSO-E, entity of
European level created by European legislation. The TSOs associated in
ENTSO-E are prepared to develop the Supergrid
A Regulatory Framework specifically addressed to the Supergrid
development and financing is probably the main piece missing. An
European mechanism to finance the Supergrid investment is absolutely
necessary. 25SUPERGRID ideas or concepts proposed (1)
EUMENA
Supergrid
proposal:
20 lines
5 GW each
26SUPERGRID ideas or concepts proposed (1)
27SUPERGRID ideas or concepts proposed (2)
28SUPERGRID ideas or concepts proposed (3)
29SUPERGRID ideas or concepts proposed (4)
30Interconnections will be
underdeveloped with the
present regulation To increase RES integration, country B
needs to export to countries A and/or D
when country B has too much RES
Situation 1 Situation 2 production (situation 1)
To increase RES integration, country B
A A needs to import from countries A and/or
D when country B has low RES
production (situation 2)
One could expect that the needed
B B interconnections A-B will be constructed
BUT One could expect that the needed
interconnections between B-C and C-D
and the internal lines in C will not be
constructed
C C
If they were, users of the system C
will have to bear the costs of lines
that they do not need (not to
mention the environmental impact)
D D
31Conclusions Inthe Iberian Peninsula, Wind/RES curtailments will be required. RES integration limit without significant curtailments will have been approximately reached. RES energy coming from North Africa will just be additional RES to integrate and also will have to be curtailed Only 3 possibilities to avoid RES curtailments: Additional Pumping (or any other feasible storage system) Demand Side Management (SmartGrids) Load to follow RES production Additional Exports/Imports : INTERCONNECTIONS – SUPERGRID An European high capacity grid (Supergrid) is the main need to reach very high RES penetration levels in Europe: A new Regulatory model32 will be needed.
Thanks for your attention!
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