To investigate the effect of Cassia fistula powder on the growth performance and health of broiler
←
→
Page content transcription
If your browser does not render page correctly, please read the page content below
Pure Appl. Biol., 10(4):945-955, December, 2021
http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2021.100098
Research Article
To investigate the effect of Cassia fistula
powder on the growth performance and
health of broiler
Sarfiraz Ali Depar1, Imdad Hussain Lighari1*, Nasir Rajput1, Muhammad
Naeem Rajput2, Muhammad Azhar Memon3, Ahmed Ali Moryani1,
Muhammad Bilawal Arain4, Ali Gul Soomro4, Muhammad Qasim
Mazari5, Chandni Wajid6, Sambreena Tunio7 and Teerath Ram
Bheermani8
1. Department of Poultry Husbandry, Sindh Agriculture University Tando Jam-Pakistan
2. Department of Livestock Management, Sindh Agriculture University, Tando Jam-Pakistan
3. Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Sindh Agriculture University Tando Jam-Pakistan
4. Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Sindh Agriculture University Tando Jam-Pakistan
5. Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Sindh Agriculture University, Tando Jam-Pakistan
6. Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, LUAWMS, Uthal, Balochistan-Pakistan
7. Department of Animal Product Technology, Sindh Agriculture University, Tando Jam-Pakistan
8. Department of Animal Nutrition, Sindh Agriculture University, Tando Jam-Pakistan
*Corresponding author’s email: imdadleghari@hotmail.com
Citation
Sarfiraz Ali Depar, Imdad Hussain Lighari, Nasir Rajput, Muhammad Naeem Rajput, Muhammad Azhar Memon,
Ahmed Ali Moryani, Muhammad Bilawal Arain, Ali Gul Soomro, Muhammad Qasim Mazari, Chandni Wajid,
Sambreena Tunio and Teerath Ram Bheermani. To investigate the effect of Cassia fistula powder on the growth
performance and health of broiler. Pure and Applied Biology. Vol. 10, Issue 4, pp945-955.
http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2021.100098
Received: 01/10/2020 Revised: 18/12/2020 Accepted: 24/12/2020 Online First: 02/01/2021
Abstract
Cassia fistula is an ornamental plant which is belong from family Fabaceae family known as” Golden
Rain Tree” which have medicinal and nutritive values. The present study was conducted to
investigate the effect of Cassia fistula on the growth performance and health of broilers. One hundred
eighty (180) day old broiler chicks were purchased from local hatchery and divided into the six
groups, i.e., group A (commercial diet), group B (basal diet) were control, group C (Basal diet with
Cassia fistula powder 250 mg/kg in starter phase), group D (basal diet with Cassia fistula powder
250 mg/kg in finisher phase), group E (commercial diet with Cassia fistula 250 mg/kg in starter
phase) and group F (commercial diet with Cassia fistula 250 mg/kg in finisher phase) respectively.
The result showed significant difference in weight gain (2036.7g, 1997.7g, 2263.3g, 2161.3g,
2342.3g and 2193.3g), feed intake (4451.3g, 4201.7g, 4182.3g, 3836.7g, 3942.7g and 4368.3g) and
FCR (2.16, 2.06, 1.83, 1.76, 1.63 and 1.96) was recorded in group A, B, C, D, E, and F respectively.
A non-significant difference in dressing% (61.77%, 64.15%, 63.43%, 63.38%, 66.47% and 65.94%)
was recorded in group A, B, C, D, E and F respectively. Additionally, a non-significant difference in
mortality %(4%, 2%, 3.3%, 2.6%, 0.3% and 1.6%) and visceral organ such as relative weight of heart
(0.65%, 0.62%, 0.58%, 0.58, 0.57% and 0.59%), spleen (0.08%, 0.08%, 0.07%, 0.07%, 0.06% and
Published by Bolan Society for Pure and Applied Biology 945Depar et al.
0.06%) was recorded in group A, B, C, D, E, and F respectively. Thus, it is concluded that Cassia
fistula @ 250 mg/kg with commercial diet (group-E) supplementation in broiler ration showed
optimum results in terms of body weight gain, Feed intake, FCR, dressing (%) and it has preventive
properties.
Keywords: Broiler; Cassia Fistula; Growth performance; Health
Introduction biological active compound and seed powder
Cassia fistula is an ornamental plant which is have antibacterial, fungicidal, anthelmintic,
belong from family Fabaceae known as” hepatorotective and muscle relaxant activity
Golden Rain Tree” which have medicinal and and also antamebic properties [7,8] therefore
nutritive values. Moreover, it is enriched with used as feed additive in the poultry feed in
variety of naturally occurring bioactive order to decrease the outbreak of bacterial
compounds, which are larger extent disease result to improve the growth
secondary metabolite and being incorporated performance [9] and used against intestinal
in medicines, food supplements and in disorder [10]. It is effective against gram
miscellaneous commercial products [1] The positive and gram-negative bacteria species
chemical composition of Cassia such as Klebsiella aerogenes,
fistula contains alkaloids, tannins, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Proteus vulgaris,
flavonoids, anthraquinone, terpenes, sugars, Pseudomonas aerogenes, Bacillus subtilis,
glucosides and biological active compounds Bacillus mycoides and E. coli [11] It has been
5nonatetracontanone, 2- hentriacontane, examined that feed which is contaminated
triacontane, hentriacontanol and sitosterol with fungus cause mortality and morbidity in
(Antibacterial). It has been reported that broiler, when Cassia fistula was used in feed
tannins which are naturally occurring and resulted in reduced fungal contamination
water-soluble phenolic compounds and help because of its antifungal property and hence
in protein precipitation from aqueous media increased growth performance of birds [7] It
are abundantly present in Cassia fistula [2]. has been observed that helminths have
Moreover, it has indicated that Cassia negative effect upon growth performance due
fistula has abundant glycosides that are used to destruction of gastro intestinal tract, which
to boost the cardiac contractile force in leads to reduced digestibility of broiler. It has
patient with pulmonary hypertension and been reported that methanolic extract of
have significant effects in the cancer therapy Cassia fistula fruit pulp and seeds showed
[3] significant anthelmintic activity. The extract
Health of broiler is extremely important paralyzed and killed the worms in a very
which play significant role for the better short time at dose of 100 mg/ml [12].
growth performance and digestion. The fruit Moreover, plant is used as curative agent in
of Cassia fistula have antidiabetic [4], the therapy of hypercholesterolemia
antipyretic abortifacient, demulcent, anti- particularly their fiber and mucilage content
inflammatory properties used against [14]. Antioxidant activity of Cassia fistula is
pulmonary congestion, throat liver correlated with polyphenolic content of pulp,
complaints, disease of eyes and gripin [5], flower, leaves and stem bark [15] Chemical
leave have anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and composition of fresh leaves contains: crude
cathartic properties used in dermatology, protein 18g, crude fiber 30g, Ash 8g, ether
gouty arthritis, ulcer and boils. Moreover, its extracts 8g and nitrogen free extract 37g. The
roots, leaves and pods have astringent detailed biochemical analysis of flowers
purgative tonic properties therefore used in pollen is composed of 12% protein, 11.75%
constipation [6,1] and its metabolites, carbohydrate, 12% lipid and 1.42% free
946Pure Appl. Biol., 10(4):945-955, December, 2021
http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2021.100098
amino acid [16]. It was concluded that the Materials and Methods
fruit of Cassia fistula is of high quality and One hundred eighty (180) day old chicks
could be explored to fulfill the nutrient and were bought from commercial hatchery and
requirements that are necessary for broiler taken to Poultry Research Station, Sindh
because it contain enough amount of macro Agriculture University, Tandojam.
and micro nutrient which enhanced the Experimental design
growth performance of broiler [17]. It has Cassia fistula powder was purchased from
been reported that Cassia fistula meal are folk medicine store Hyderabad. Birds were
used as a replacement of soya bean meal in divided into six groups with 3 replicates, each
diets, from the result of their study, it was replicate contain 10 chicks. However, group A
revealed that the nutrient utilization and and B were control, Group A fed with
growth performance of animals fed up to commercial diet. Group C was supplemented
170g/kg of Cassia fistula seed as a meal with Cassia fistula powder at the dose of 250
could be substituted for soya bean meal in mg/kg in basal diet in starter phase. Group D
practical diets without expressing growth was supplemented with Cassia fistula powder
[18]. at the dose of 250 mg/kg in basal diet in
The objectives of present study was to finisher phase. Group E was supplemented
identify the effect of medicinal plant, Cassia with Cassia fistula powder at the dose of 250
fistula on the growth performance, feed mg/kg in commercial diet in starter phase.
efficiency and health of commercial broiler Group F was supplemented with Cassia fistula
chicken which will be beneficial for the at the dose of 250 mg/kg in commercial diet in
poultry industry. finisher phase. Moreover, the fresh water was
provided ad libitum and feeding program was
consist of a two phases starter diet (0-21 days)
and finisher diet (22-42 days).
Table 1. Grouping of birds and treatment
A B C D E F
Control Basal
Basal diet Commercial Commercial
diet
+Cassia diet + Cassia diet + Cassia
Commercial Basal +Cassia
Group fistula fistula fistula
Diet Diet fistula
Powder Powder Powder
Powder
Starter
250mg/kg 0 250mg/kg 0
Supplementation 0 0
Finisher 250mg/k
0 0 0 0 250mg/kg
supplementation g
Housing management percent in the shed. Pen of birds was set
The poultry house was entirely cleaned, according to standard values.
washed and sanitized. The birds were kept on Moreover, the bedding material rice husk was
deep litter housing system. Temperature was used as a litter 2-4 inches for each group of
maintained around 95°F at first week and then broilers. Litter was turned once a day for
temperature was gradually reduced by 5°F per minimizing the gas production from the shed.
week until it reached around 70°F. Relative and assured for expectation through
humidity was maintained around 55 to 65 maintenance of proper ventilation
947Depar et al.
Vaccination program Poultry Department Sindh Agriculture
The following vaccination program were University Tandojam.
adopting according to the recommendation of
Table 2. Vaccinations
Days Vaccines Route
3rd Newcastle disease + Infectious Bronchitis. Intraocular (E/D)
10th Infectious Bursal Disease Drinking water
21th Newcastle Disease Drinking water
28th Infectious Bursal Disease Drinking water
Parameter to be studied was recorded and then its dressing percentage
Weight gain, Feed intake, Feed conversion was calculated by the following formula.
ratio (FCR), Dressing%, Mortality (%), and
weight of non-edible organ (Heart and Dressing (%) = Total carcass weight (kg) X100
Spleen) were studied in this experiment Total live body weight
which are related to the growth performance Mortality (%)
of broiler chicken. During the entire work of research, the dead
Parameters recording procedure birds were collected, and mortality was
Weight gain recorded and finally the mortality (%) was
After arrival of day-old broiler chicks at calculated by following formula:
Poultry Experimental Station, individual chick Mortality (%) = Total No. of Birds Died X100
was weighed by using electric weighing scale Total No. of Birds Reared
and later chicks were weighed at the end of Weight of non-edible organs
each week. At the end of trail, the three broilers were
Feed intake slaughtered from each group, the following
Fresh feed was provided two times daily and organs such as heart and spleen were removed
then refusal feed was collected from each with the help of scalpel and scissor and
group, weighed and finally the consumed feed weighed by electric weighing balance to see
was calculated. The following formula was the effect of cassia fistula on these non-edible
used: organs.
Data analysis
Feed intake (g/b) = Total feed offered –Total feed refused
Total no of broiler The final data was analyzed through the
Feed conversion ratio (FCR) statistical tool, Analysis of variance
Feed conversion ratio was obtained on the (ANOVA) the level of significance at a = 0.05.
basis of total feed intake by birds for gaining Moreover, the significance difference was
body weight. The following formula was used; noticed among the means of all groups then
least significance difference (L.S.D) was done
FCR = Total feed intake by using a standard statistical computer
Total live body weight package `Statistixver` 8.1.
Dressing percentage Results
Three broilers from each group were weighed Supplement of Cassia fistula in different
and slaughtered at the end of experimental groups was examined and statistical outcomes
period (42) days. After, that the carcass weight of the obtained data are presented given
below.
948Pure Appl. Biol., 10(4):945-955, December, 2021 http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2021.100098 Weight gain (g/b) A (2036.7±34.83 g/b), correspondingly. The result shows that highest values for Additionally, lowest weight gain weight gain (2342.3±38.87 g/b) was (1997.7±52.65 g/b) was noted in group B. A calculated from the birds reared in group-E, significant (p
Depar et al. ab superscripts showed p-value=0.0510 significance difference at (P
Pure Appl. Biol., 10(4):945-955, December, 2021 http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2021.100098 Mortality (%) Relative weight of heart (%) The result shows that, the highest values for The result shows that, the highest values for mortality (4±1.15%) was calculated from the relative weight of heart (0.6531±0.22%) was birds reared in group-A than C calculated from the birds reared in group-A (3.3333±0.88%), D (2.6667±0.88%), B than B (0.6298±0.01%), F (0.5928±0.01%), (2±0.57%) and F (1.6667±0.66%), D (0.5892±0.01%) and C (0.5889±0.01%), correspondingly. Lowest value of mortality correspondingly. Lowest value of relative (0.3333±0.33%) was noted in E group. A weight of heart (0.5793±0.01%) was noted in significant (p
Depar et al.
Relative weight of spleen (%) (0.0672±5.47%), correspondingly. Lowest
The result shows that, the highest values for value of relative weight of spleen
relative weight of spleen (0.0838±8.85%) (0.0652±3.00%) was noted in F group. A
was calculated from the birds reared in non-significant (p>0.05) variation in relative
group-B than A (0.0808±8.96%), C weight of spleen was noticed between all
(0.0791±9.81%), D (0.0727±0.01%) and E groups (Fig. 7).
NS
0.09 0.0808±8.96NS0.0838±8.85 0.0791±9.81NS
0.08 0.0727±0.01NS
0.0672±5.47NS0.0652±3.00NS
0.07
0.06
Spleen
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F
P-value=0.5836, NS = Non significant
Figure 7. Effect of Cassia fistula supplementation on relative weight of spleen (%)
Discussion control group. In spite of lack of literature on
In current study, birds supplemented with the usage of Cassia fistula as antibiotic growth
Cassia fistula in commercial diet at starter promoter, [6] has suggested Cassia fistula
phase resulted highest weight gain in powder may be used as growth promoters for
comparison to control group. Our findings are broiler production [7] reported that it has
agreement with [3], who stated that herbs beneficial effect on growth due to it enough
possess the biological activities which have amounts of macro and micro nutrient present
growth stimulating effect in broilers, thus in it which helps in the growth performance of
herbs can be used as feed additive and as a broilers. Present result can also be compared
growth promoter. However, the feed additives with [8] who found that Cassia fistula has
are non-nutritive substances which are used in positive effect on growth performance through
the poultry feed such as antioxidant, enzymes, increase in weight gain because of its
pellet binders, flavoring agent and antibiotics biological properties such as its use as
which are beneficial for the growth rate of purgative, antioxidant and hepato-protective
broilers [4]. effects. Moreover, fruit of the plant is rich in
Weight gain vitamin K, vitamin C, calcium and minerals
Present results are related with the results of such as iron and magnesium.
[5] who reported that Cassia fistula has Feed intake
positive effect on the growth performance and Our results are in agreement with [9] who
weight gain which increased significantly reported non-significant difference in feed
when diet with 3, 5 and 7% Cassia fistula intake after Cassia fistula supplementation.
powder supplementation in comparison to Moreover, our experimental results have
952Pure Appl. Biol., 10(4):945-955, December, 2021
http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2021.100098
shown significant difference that the control Mortality percentage
group. Additionally, our findings indicate Our results indicated that birds without
that birds without Cassia fistula Cassia fistula supplementation resulted
supplementation consumed more feed in higher mortality percentage in comparison
comparison with birds supplemented with with birds supplemented with Cassia fistula.
Cassia fistula. Contrarily to this [10] has Thus, our results are in agreement with [16],
reported that Cassia fistula contains who reported that it has positive effect on
maximum amount of nutrients which are growth performance by decreasing the
generally required for the growth mortality rate as Cassia fistula possessed the
performance of bird and thus birds consume diverse biological activity such as anti-
less feed. inflammatory, antipyretic, laxative and useful
FCR in skin diseases, gouty arthritis, ulcers,
Our results are similar to the findings of [11] carbuncles, intermittent fever, boils
who reported that dietary inclusion of 2 g/kg rheumatologic and antimicrobial activity
Cassia improved feed conversion ratio which collectively decreases mortality rate in
significantly and suggested that it can be used broilers. Our findings are also in agreement
as alternative to antibiotic growth promoters with [16], who reported that Cassia fistula
in broilers. Our Current results are has immense biological properties which
comparable with [12] who reported that have positive effect on growth performance
supplementation of Cassia at the dose of 5% that decreases mortality rate and improves
in broiler diet enhanced the FCR (1.8) in digestibility and its root is prescribed as a
comparison to the control group (2.0). In tonic, astringent and strong purgative.
another study conducted by [13] reported that Relative weight of organs (%)
supplementation of herbs as a feed additive We have also reported that there is marked
resulted in better FCR. Moreover, the feed difference in the relative weight of heart and
conversion ratio improved due to the spleen after feeding. Our present findings are
increased absorption of nutrients and better in partially agreement with [17], who
digestion [13]. reported no significant difference in the
Dressing percentage relative weight of internal organs of birds
In addition to this our results indicated birds which were fed with different levels of
supplemented with Cassia fistula resulted supplementation of Cassia leaves in diet.
highest dressing percentage in comparison Thus, our findings are in similarity with [18]
with birds without Cassia fistula. Our current who reported that feeding the Cassia fistula
results are in agreement with [14] who have positive effect on, heart and spleen of
reported that no significant difference in broiler, but no effect was observed in liver
dressing percentage was observed when and gizzard weight.
Cassia fistula leaf meal was supplemented to Conclusion
broiler. Our findings are also in line with It was concluded that Cassia fistula @ 250
[15], who reported that dressing percentage is mg/kg (group-E) supplementation in broiler
related with weight, whenever weight is ration showed optimum results in terms of
increased the carcass percentage also growth performance and health of commercial
increases. Furthermore, present results are in broiler such as Weight gain, Feed intake, Feed
accordance with [4] who reported that Cassia conversion ratio (FCR), Dressing %, Mortality
fistula when incorporated in broiler feedings (%) and weight of non-edible organ.
has positive effect on dressing percentages.
953Depar et al.
Authors’ contributions practical diets of Oreochromis niloticus
Conceived and designed the experiments: SA fingerlings. Aqua. Nutrit 10(2): 99-104.
Depar, IH Lighari, N Rajput & MN Rajput, 7. Ansari JZ, Haq A, Yousaf M, Ahmad T,
Performed the experiments: SA Depar, AG & Khan S (2008). Evaluation of different
Soomro, AA Moryani , MQ Mazari, & TR medicinal plants as growth promoters for
Bheermani, Analyzed the data: SA Depar, broiler chicks. Sarhad J Agri 24(2): 323-
MB Arain, MA Memon & C Wajid, 329.
Contributed materials/ analysis/ tools: SH 8. Panda SK, Padhi L & Mohanty G (2011).
Depar, S Tunio, & MA Memon, Wrote the Antibacterial activities and
paper: IH Lighari. phytochemical analysis of Cassia fistula
Acknowledgements (Linn.) leaf. J Adv Pharm Technol 2(1):
The authors are grateful to the team of 62.
Department of Poultry Husbandry, Faculty of 9. Ayssiwede SB, Chrysostome C, Ossebi
Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, W, Dieng A, Hornick JL & Missohou A
Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam for (2010). Digestibility and metabolic
providing necessary infrastructure and utilisation and nutritional value of Cassia
resources to accomplish my research work. tora (Linn.) leaves meal incorporated in
References the diets of indigenous Senegal
1. Samy RP, Ignacimuthu S & Sen A chickens. Rev de Medec Veter 161(12):
(2004). Screening of 34 Indian medicinal 549-558.
plants for antibacterial properties. J 10. Makkar H, Francis G, & Becker K
Ethnopharmacol 62(2): 173-181. (2007). Bioactivity of phytochemicals in
2. Cook RH, & Bird FH (1973). Duodenal some lesser-known plants and their
villus area and epithelial cellular effects and potential applications in
migration in conventional and germ-free livestock and aquaculture production
chicks. Poult Sci 52(6): 2276-2280. systems. Anim J 1(9): 1371-1391.
3. Guo F, Kwakkel R, & Verstegen M 11. Toghyani M, Toghyani M, Gheisari A,
(2000). The use of Chinese herbs as Ghalamkari G & Eghbalsaied S (2011).
alternative for growth promoters in Evaluation of cinnamon and garlic as
broiler diets. in Proceedings of the 21st antibiotic growth promoter substitutions
World's Poultry Congress, Montreal, on performance, immune responses,
Canada. serum biochemical and haematological
4. Bhattacharyya DA (2011). comparative parameters in broiler chicks. Lives.
study on the antioxidant and Sci 138(1-3): 167-173.
antimicrobial properties of garlic and 12. Rafeeq M, Rashid N, Tariq MM, Tareen
coriander on chicken sausage. Int J RB, Ullah A, & Mustafa Z (2017).
Meat Sci (2): 108-116. Evaluation of Alternatives to Antibiotic
5. Sang-Oh P, Chae-Min R, Byung-Sung P Feed Additives in Broiler
& Jong H (2013). The meat quality and Production. Pak J of Zool 49(3).
growth performance in broiler chickens 13. Kabir S, (2009). The role of probiotics in
fed diet with cinnamon powder. J of Envi the poultry industry. Int J Mol Sci 10(8):
Bio 34(1): 127. 3531-3546.
6. Adebayo O, Fagbenro O & Jegede T 14. Ayssiwede SB, Missoko-Mabeki R,
(2004). Evaluation of Cassia fistula meal Mankor A, Dieng A, Houinato MR,
as a replacement for soybean meal in Chrysostome CAM, & Hornick JL
(2012). Effects of Cassia tora (Linn.)
954Pure Appl. Biol., 10(4):945-955, December, 2021
http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2021.100098
leaves meal inclusion in the diet on 17. Zanu HK, Asiedu P, Tampuori M, Abada
growth performances, carcass and M, & Asante I (2012). Possibilities of
organs characteristics and economic using Moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaf
margins in growing indigenous Senegal meal as a partial substitute for fishmeal
chickens. Rev de Med Veter 163(8/9): in broiler chickens diets. Onl J of Ani
375-386. and Feed Res 2(1): 70-75
15. Singh P & Karnwal P (2006). Antifungal 18. Pradeep K, Mohan CVR, Gobianand K
activity of Cassia fistula leaf extract & Karthikeyan S (2007). Effect of Cassia
against Candida albicans. Ind J fistula Linn. leaf extract on
Microbiol 46(2): 169. diethylnitrosamine induced hepatic
16. Pawar AV, Patil SJ & Killedar SG injury in rats. Chemico Biol
(2017). Uses of Cassia fistula Linn. as a Interactions 167(1): 12-18.
Medicinal Plant. Int J of Adv Res and
Develop 2(3): 85-91.
955You can also read
