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TSS 2020 ONLINE
Terminology and
Knowledge Organization Systems (KOS)
Michael Wetzel, Coreon GmbH, Berlin
Agenda
What are KOS
Examples
Software
Multilingual KOS
Value of MKS
Types of Knowledge Organization Systems
Classification Taxonomies,
Thesauri Ontologies
Systems Nomenclatures
• Hierarchical • Often in • In information • In IT: formal
concept natural science: conceptual
systems, sciences: controlled shared
usually systematic vocabularies specifications,
domain- arrangements for indexing domain
specific, of terms seen and ontologies
sometimes as “scientific information often created
universal in names” retrieval by formalizing
scope the previously
listed types of
KOS
An Example to Start with – the GEMET Thesaurus
https://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/
Knowledge Organization …
… is definitely more than MS Sharepoint
… is a part of
information and library science,
philosophy of science and of epistemology,
also of knowledge management and knowledge engineering, and
terminology science
… investigates and represents structures of knowledge
… has epistemological and cognitive science aspects
… has linguistic and socio-cultural aspects (e.g. folk taxonomies)
… has historical aspects (e.g. Leibniz, encyclopedism, administrative categorizations in ancient societies, history of
science, etc.)
… has a practical side, namely to creating and to use knowledge organization systems
… is a crucial process in linguistic action (text organization)
Why? Values of Knowledge Organization Systems
• To structure and • Model structural • Support targeted • Search aids,
archive the components of retrieval of visual navigation,
content of large information information based query languages
scale collections systems and on conceptual
products search criteria
Master Design Find Enjoy
• Support tools • Instruments of • Teaching support,
(cross-lingual, corporate orientation
cross-disciplinary, knowledge support, didactic
cross-cultural) management tools
Communicate Share Learn
Key Characteristics of KOS
Model conceptual structures (hierarchical and non-hierarchical structures)
Explicitation of conceptual links, definitions (mono- or multilingual)
Terminological and linguistic standardization
Increasingly formalized and digital (in particular as „ontologies“)
Different scales (small KOS to large ones, 200K+ concepts)
Increasingly with visualized structures, interactive user interfaces
Static or dynamic (e.g. ontologies for modelling business processes in companies)
We Find many Domain-Specific KOS
Medicine,
Industry,
health, bio- and Business, trade
engineering
life sciences
Natural Administration,
Culture
sciences government
Pedagogy Linguistics …
Ontologies: Most Formal, most Expressive
From To
• Traditional field of philosophy • Formal, digitally represented
(theory of being, of objects) concept systems
Concepts are explicitly defined, terms are assigned
Relations between concepts are made explicit
Relations work on classes and instances
Logical application rules and constraints are
specifiedAgenda
What are KOS
Examples
Software
Multilingual KOS
Value of MKSSemantic Web: www.w3.org/standards/semanticweb
From web of documents to the “Web of data”
• a computer program can learn enough about what the data means to
process it.
Common framework
• that allows data to be shared and reused across application, enterprise,
and community boundaries.
Led by World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
• A collaborative effort with participation from a large number of researchers
and industrial partners.
Based on RDF, the Resource Description Framework
• integrates a variety of applications using URIs for naming.Vocabularies Make the Semantic Web Work
Define the concepts and relationships
To describe and represent an area of concern
Classify terms
Define constraints on using terms
Can be very complex or very simple
No clear distinction between vocabularies and ontologies
Ontology for more complex and quite formal collections
Basic building blocks for inference techniquesRDF Plays a Key Role in Representing Vocabularies
Resource Description Statements about resources in
Framework: a family of W3C form of triples: subject-
specifications predicate-object expressions
Knowledge represented in Several serialization formats
machine-readable way
“Mark Twain” “is-author-of” “Huckleberry Finn”
Predicate
Subject Object
dc:relation “author";
. dc:book “HuckleBerry_Finn".
N3 Syntax Turtle SyntaxOWL: Web Ontology Language
Family of knowledge
representation
languages for
authoring ontologies
Languages are
characterized by
formal semantics and
RDF/XML-based
serializations for the
Semantic Web.
Based on the RDF
specificationSKOS: Simple Knowledge Organization System
W3C standard, based on RDF
Enables a migration towards OWL ontologies (“missing link”).
Often required by Web services.
Not a formal ontology (no axioms, etc.)
For modeling controlled vocabularies such as thesauri or
classifications which are of a different nature than formal ontologies.
Ideas or meanings described by thesauri or other kinds of terminology
are referred to as “concepts”
-> “skosification” of controlled vocabularies (thesauri, etc.) and other
terminologies!How SKOS and RDF are Supposed to Work
I herewith inform about #4539
…
Look into #218000, there you will find one of
my preferred labels
I have a related concept – look into #5347
4539
I am a Concept, nothing else
…
…
…
I herewith inform about #218000
n/a
land transport
I am a PreferredTerm, nothing else
…
…
My value is land transport, for EnglishReal Applications: SKOS is often too “Simple”
Portfolio of elements Custom extensions
often too limited:
skos:broader, but not
skos:broader-partitive
Extensions from other
standards
Extend with own
namespace
No longer easy Standard SKOS
exchangeable elementsThesaurus Example: Eurovoc
Maintained by: European Unions Publications Office
V4.5 (June 2016): 6643 concepts, 21 domains, 127
microthesauri, 23 languages
Multidisciplinary
Parliamentary activities
European Union, EU legislation, EU activities, EU policies, EU
institutions, EU regions
Exact equivalence between concepts
No coverage of regional or national concepts
Terminological standardization of indexing vocabularies for accurate
documentary searches
Documents indexed in the documentalist’s language, searches made in the
user’s languageThesaurus Example: Eurovoc
Eurovoc Distribution: Available to anyone for Use
Online: http://eurovoc.europa.eu
Download: SKOS / RDF or XML
Free to use, re-use, link and
redistribute for commercial or
non-commercial purposes!Other Important Thesauri
GEMET – General European Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus
UNESCO Thesaurus
CEDEFOP Thesaurus (vocational training)
AAT – Art and Architecture Thesaurus
AGROVOC Thesaurus (FAO)
General Trends:
Preparing for Semantic Web applications
RDF, SKOS, Linked Data, ontologies
Networking, mapping, interoperability
Find more
Purchase pre-built onesWrapping Up: Resources are Different by Degree of Expressiveness
Ontology
•Several variants
Terminology Thesaurus of typed relations
•Hierarchical •Entity classes
Taxonomy Relations •…
•Hierarchical •Associative
Synonym relations Relations
Rings
Lists •Synonymy
•AmbiguityAgenda
What are KOS
Examples
Software
Multilingual KOS
Value of MKSTaxonomies Inherently Pretty Established
We use them …
… in file folder structures
… when tagging topics in Content Management
Systems
… when navigating the hierarchy of web pages
…
From: www.drupal.orgAn Editor for Ontologies: Protégé
KOS Tools: Good, but not Appropriate for Language Requirements
Not for Language Though, very helpful
• For trained experts only • Classifications,
(!) nomenclatures
• Lexically organised • Tagging in CMS
• Weak in managing • Semantic Search
synonyms • Standards: SKOS, OWL
• Weak in multilingualism • Conferences: semantics,
• Not for describing KMWorld, SemTechBiz,
terminology data WissensmanagementtageAgenda
What are KOS
Examples
Software
Multilingual KOS
Value of MKSSolution: Both Worlds Unified a Multidimensional Repository for Knowledge and Language
Systematic development of terminologies:
(Re-)Gain Control through Structure
Yesterday: MKS:
List of terms Visualised Multilingual Concept Map
... ...
Grundschule elementary school Schule
school
Gymnasium grammar school
… …
Oberschule secondary school Oberschule Grundschule
secondary elementary
school school
… …
Realschule intermediate school
… … Realschule
Gymnasium
intermediate
grammar school
Schule school school
... ...Fusion of KOS with Terminology: Multilingual Knowledge System (MKS) Coreon
Agenda
What are KOS
Examples
Software
Multilingual KOS
Value of MKSMultilingual Knowledge Systems are the Intelligent Drivers
behind Various Business Applications
Documentation and
Globalisation
AI, ML, and MT
Enterprise Search
Auto-Classification
Interoperability
Staff TrainingContextual Terminology Work for Writing and Translating
Documentation and Hook into authoring and CAT software
Globalisation
Work most visually in context
AI, ML, and MT
Enterprise Search
Auto-Classification
Interoperability
Staff Training Looking up Coreon from
within SDL Trados StudioBoost Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and MT
… since we craft new words every day …
Documentation and
Globalisation
AI, ML, and MT
Enterprise Search
ML / neural-net-
Auto-Classification based systems
in particular
Interoperability
struggle with
Staff Training rare wordsKnowledge-based MT Training
Knowledge-based MT Workflow
Boost Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and MT
Documentation and
Globalisation
AI, ML, and MT
Revisor
Enterprise Search
Multilingual Knowledge
Auto-Classification
Manager
Interoperability Linguistic Assets Curator
Staff Training Translation Workflow
EngineerWhether you Shop Online or Look for a File on the Intranet –
Search for Things instead of Strings!
Find items …
Documentation and … with any keyword
Globalisation
… in any spelling
… in any language
AI, ML, and MT
Find even related items
through concept map
Enterprise Search (“Did you mean …?”)
Auto-Classification
Interoperability Have more first-time
purchasers
Increase international
Staff Training
business
Increase e-sales
Happy audienceAnalyze and Auto-Cluster Vast Amounts of Unstructured Texts
Documentation and
Globalisation
AI, ML, and MT
Abstract, cluster,
Enterprise Search compare, and file
Auto-Classification
Tune classifier with
domain knowledge
Interoperability
Scan texts
Staff TrainingMKS Facilitates Interoperability of Organizations
Documentation and
Globalisation
Remote controls for diapositive projectors
AI, ML, and MT Controls for projectors
Enterprise Search Fernbedienungen für Beamer
Télécommandes pour
Auto-Classification projecteurs
Interoperability
Staff TrainingMKS Makes the Internet of Things Work –
by Mapping Values that the Devices Send to each other
Documentation and
Globalisation
AI, ML, and MT
Enterprise Search
Auto-Classification
Interoperability
Staff TrainingStop Searching – Start Exploring
“Styria”
Documentation and in “Styrie”!
French?
Globalisation
AI, ML, and MT
Enterprise Search
How
Auto-Classification many?
Interoperability
Regions
Staff Training
Their In any
names languageAgenda
What are KOS
Examples
Software
Multilingual KOS
Value of MKSTerminology as the Connecting Link of Digitalization
© 2017 dieEinheitTerminology and KOS
KOS – systematic organization and sharing of knowledge in
machine and human readable ways
Coreon, an MKS – A fusion of terminology with taxonomy /
thesaurus, to capture language with knowledge in a holistic way
MKS boost various business solutions, with a promising future and
career paths for terminologists, linguistsWhat Users Say
Like no other thesaurus,
taxonomy or terminology tool –
Coreon turned out to be the
only comprehensive solution
to implement a multilingual
knowledge system.
L. Auer, Liebherr Rostock
… thus Coreon combines
terminology with the advantages
of a knowledge structure ...
F. Deubzer, SDI Munich
47Michael Wetzel, Coreon
michael@coreon.com
Thank you very much for your attention
www.coreon.com
www.twitter.com/coreonapp
www.multilingualknowledge.com
48 TSS 2020 ONLINE 1-4 July 2020You can also read
