Values and Benefits of Heritage - A research review
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Values and benefits of heritage: A research review by HLF Policy & Strategic Development Dept. July 2009
July 2009
Values and Benefits of Heritage
A research review
___________________________
Compiled for Heritage Counts 2009
by the Heritage Lottery Fund’s
Policy and Strategic Development
Department
Gareth Maeer, garethm@hlf.org.uk
1Values and benefits of heritage: A research review by HLF Policy & Strategic Development Dept. July 2009
Values and benefits of heritage: A research review
This paper is the fifth annual research review update prepared by the HLF Policy and
Strategic Development department. It sets out the key information from a range of
external reports, which are relevant to our sectors.
The update has been based on our ongoing collection and sifting of new research
during the course of the year. Updates for this year are in bold text.
The report is again structured around the values and benefits of heritage, matching the
‘Cultural Value’ framework of intrinsic value and instrumental benefit.
The topics covered are:
1. Valuing heritage – studies looking at the public’s attitudes towards heritage and the
ways that people value heritage;
2. Heritage visits – both the numbers of people visiting heritage across the MLA,
historic building, parks, countryside and IMT sectors, and the quality of their
experience.
3. Social benefits of heritage projects
4. Economic benefits of heritage
As in previous years, we have only looked to include research that features quantitative
results, or larger-scale, in-depth qualitative studies. When reviewing evaluation studies that
assess the impact of funded projects and programmes, we have tried to only include studies
that carried out primary research with final beneficiaries, and have excluded research that
only involves contact with project managers. We’ve only included evidence from the UK.
We’ve excluded conceptual explorations of value and impact, discussions of impact
methodologies or frameworks and research that is small-scale and/or anecdotal.
1. Valuing Heritage
• An estimated 95% of the Scottish adult population agree or strongly agree that
woodlands in Scotland are an important part of the country’s natural and
cultural heritage – based on a survey of 1,000 people aged 16 or over in 2006.1
• The Scottish Executive Architecture Policy Unit undertook research in 2004 that
found 64% of people saying the built environment impacted on how they felt and on
their quality of life.2
• A report commissioned by CABE and published in 2004 looked at the value of public
spaces.3 85% of people surveyed felt that the quality of public space and the built
environment has a direct impact on their lives and on the way they feel.
• A MORI survey of 4,000 adults for MLA found that 82% of people think it is important
for their local town or city to have its own museum or art gallery (MLA, 2004).4
• The BBC undertook research through IPSOS-RSL in 2003 in preparation for the
Restoration series5. A self-completion questionnaire was completed by 4,578 people.
Two-thirds said they were interested in the history of their local buildings. 63% said
we do not do enough in the UK to look after historic buildings. Three quarters were
2Values and benefits of heritage: A research review by HLF Policy & Strategic Development Dept. July 2009
concerned about the current loss of historic buildings. 66% feel depressed by empty,
derelict buildings. 64% claim to prefer old buildings over new ones.
• A survey of 1,300 people in London undertaken by MORI for EH found 81% of
people are interested in how the built environment looks and feels, with over a third
saying they are ‘very interested’6. MORI asked “How interested would you say you
are in the way buildings and public spaces look and feel to use?”: 34% said they
were very interested, 47% fairly interested and only 2% not at all interested.
Going beyond these quantitative studies, environmental economists have attempted to
quantify public valuations of heritage, by using “willingness to pay” studies. This is a survey-
based technique that aims to understand the value that people place on resources that are
not directly sold in a market.
A research project between EH, HLF, DCMS and Dept Transport by consultants Eftec found
29 valuation studies that are directly applicable to historical sites, built heritage and
archaeological sites, world-wide (Eftec, 2005) .7 Relevant studies in the UK are: -
• Pollicino and Maddision (2002) surveyed residents near Lincoln Cathedral in order to
elicit their WTP to change the cathedral’s exterior cleaning cycle from 40 years to 10
years8. The study provided respondents with a well defined valuation scenario which
emphasised that only the appearance of the cathedral would change. Mean WTP of
Lincoln residents (from a sample of 220 households) was found to be almost £50 per
household per year, whilst WTP of residents in nearby towns (108 households) was
found to be almost £27 per household per year. Aggregate WTP for improvement in
Lincoln Cathedral’s appearance was calculated to be £7.3 million per year.
• Garrod et al. (1996) considered the benefits associated with the renovation of historic
buildings in Grainger Town, Newcastle. The area contains mostly early 19th Century
buildings, 40% of which are listed9. A contingent valuation study was undertaken that
sought the WTP of Newcastle residents in terms of a tax increase to pay towards the
restoration of buildings. Of the 162 survey sample, 47% of respondents were willing
to pay a positive amount to the restoration programme. Mean WTP per household
per year was found to range between £10 and £14. This would be enough to pay for
an annual restoration fund of £1m – over and above the benefit of the work for
owners and occupiers.
• In the mid-1990s Admovicz Willis & Garrod undertook a study looking at the WTP for
both use and non-use values of the canal network. This gave a WTP per household
of £6.66 per year, which – when grossed up – valued the canal system at £145
million per year (considerably less than BW’s public subsidy)10.
We are not aware of any similar review in the MLA sector, but know of these individual
studies: -
• There has been more extensive work of this kind in the area of nature conservation
and landscape. A comprehensive review was carried out for Defra by Eftec and
published in 200611. An earlier Eftec / Entec study12 reviewed studies that have used
environmental economics to value the external benefits of undeveloped land. Eftec
have also published further research for Defra on WTP for possible environmental
and landscape impacts in mainly upland areas, as a result of CAP reform13. Moran
(2005) has provided a summary of landscape demand studies14 and most recently,
3Values and benefits of heritage: A research review by HLF Policy & Strategic Development Dept. July 2009
an Eftec (2007) study for the Department of Transport has set out to estimate
transferable monetary values for the impacts transport schemes have on
natural landscape – to feed in to the New Approach to Appraisal (NATA) for
assessing transport policies and strategies in England.15
• Spectrum Consultants for the British Library (2004)16. A survey of 2,000 people n the
UK found an annual WTP for the Library of £363m, against a public subsidy of £83m.
• A similar but local study undertaken by Jura Consultants for MLA North West and
Bolton Metropolitan Borough Council (2005)17. This valued Bolton’s museum, library
and archive service at an annual £10.3m, against a cost of the service of £6.5m.
• Eftec (1999) reported the findings from a CV study which considered the benefits of
preservation of recorded heritage18. The study looked at the Surrey History Centre
(SHC) in Woking. This is a local authority run archive which collects and preserves
materials relevant to all aspects of Surrey, with items dating from the 12th Century to
the present day, which is used mainly for tracing family history. The study sought
respondent WTP from two possible scenarios: (i) WTP to prevent closure of the SHC
resulting in the loss, possible dispersion to other institutions or sale of recorded
heritage, and; (ii) closure of the centre to all users, but materials would be preserved.
It found that users were WTP £35 per year to prevent closure of the Centre, with
even non-users prepared to pay an average of £13 per year.
Property prices are another way to gauge people’s WTP for heritage – if we find that house
prices are higher close to certain types of heritage (all other things being equal) then this
represents a ‘dividend’ that people are willing to pay to live in the vicinity of that heritage.
Studies in the UK that we know about are: -
• The Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) used data for over 53,000
residential sales in Aberdeen between 1984 and 2002 to estimate the economic
impact of proximity to a public green space on property prices. The research found
that location on the edge of a park could potentially attract a premium of up to 19%.
Generally, larger parks with an array of facilities and amenities were found to have
the most significant positive impact.19
• A 2007 CabeSpace report, “Paved with Gold”, drew on contingent valuation survey
results that showed pedestrians prepared to pay more for better streets.20
• A report carried out by Arad Consulting and Cardiff Business School provides
evidence of house price impacts associated with heritage-based repairs in south
Wales. House prices were found to have increased faster in areas where properties
have been well conserved, when compared to general property price inflation in
neighbouring areas. The research also included survey work with estate agents,
finding that property market professionals are likely to place a premium on heritage
features in housing and expect properties with these features to fetch a higher
market price, all else being equal.21
• An earlier report from CABE Space showed that higher property value was
associated with the presence of a high quality park. In some cases this uplift was as
much as 34%, though a more typical figure is 5 to 7%22.
• A number of studies of local property markets by British Waterways have shown that
properties with a direct view of a well-kept waterway can command a premium of up
to 20%. Moreover, there is still a premium – albeit smaller – up to half a mile away
4Values and benefits of heritage: A research review by HLF Policy & Strategic Development Dept. July 2009
from the canal.23 Using a conservative estimate of a 3 – 5% uplift, Ecotec research
for British Waterways has calculated that the canal network in Wales has a total
impact of £44 - £74 million on canal side (within 200m) property values.24
• The Nationwide Building Society ‘Hometrack’ survey compares price of historic
homes with modern counterparts. For a pre-1919 property the uplift is 20%, and this
rises to 34% in the case of a Jacobean property.25
2. Visits to heritage attractions
2.1 DCMS ‘Taking Part’ Survey
‘Taking Part’ is the National Survey of Culture, Leisure & Sport. Run by DCMS, and
undertaken by BMRB Research. The survey was launched in July 2005 and achieves an
annual sample size of 29,000. It is a continuous national survey of adults (aged 16 and over)
who live in a representative cross-section of private households in England.
Third and fourth year results were published in December 2008 and August 2009.26
When broken down by sector, 78.6% of 2008/09 survey respondents had attended at least
one type of historic environment site in the previous 12 months; 64.9% had attended a
museum/gallery at least once; 53.5% had visited a public library, 30.9% had participated in
moderate intensity sport in the last week; More than four-fifths (80.8%) had participated in
the arts in the past 12 months.
The two tables below shows historic environment participation by priority groups, with
confidence intervals in brackets.
Taking Part: Annual Participation – Historic Environment
2005/06 % 2006/07 % 2007/08 %
(confidence) (confidence) (confidence)
Black and minority ethnic 50.7 (+/- 2.4) 48.3 (+/- 2.9) 54.1 (+/- 2.4)
Limiting disability 59.5 (+/- 1.5) 60.2 (+/- 1.7) 60.9 (+/- 1.4)
Lower socio-economic 57.1 (+/- 1.2) 57.3 (+/- 1.4) 59.4 (+/- 1.2)
All adults 69.9 (+/- 0.8) 69.3 (+/- 1.0) 71.1 (+/- 0.8)
Taking Part: Annual Participation – Museums and Galleries
2005/06 % 2006/07 % 2007/08 %
(confidence) (confidence) (confidence)
Black and minority ethnic 33.6 (+/- 2.4) 39.3 (+/- 2.3)
35.5 (+/- 2.3)
Limiting disability 32.1 (+/- 1.4) 31.1 (+/- 1.5) 33.2 (+/- 1.4)
Lower socio-economic 28.3 (+/- 1.0) 28.2 (+/- 1.1) 30.6 (+/- 1.0)
All adults 42.3 (+/- 0.8) 41.5 (+/- 0.9) 43.6 (+/-0.8)
Taking Part: Annual Participation – Libraries & Archives (Year 1 only)
Attendance All Limiting Lowest three socio- White Black Asian Mixed Other
Area Disability economic groups
Libraries – 48% 42% 39% / 36% / 45% 47% 57% 59% 51% 61%
attendance
Archive – 6% 5% 3% / 4% / 4% 6.1% 4.1% 3.5% 5.4% 3.4%
attendance
5Values and benefits of heritage: A research review by HLF Policy & Strategic Development Dept. July 2009
The survey also includes questions about possible barriers to engagement. The reasons
shown below were those most cited for the heritage sectors in Year 1, by people who had
not attended in the previous 12 months.
Taking Part: Year 1 Reasons for non-participation
Not really Not enough Health not No need to Never occurred
interested time good go to me
enough
Historic 29% 29% 13% - -
environment
Museums 33% 27% 8% - -
Libraries 19% 16% - 30% -
Archives 19% - - 50% 14%
For more details see
http://www.culture.gov.uk/reference_library/research_and_statistics/4828.aspx
• English Heritage commissioned the Centre for Economics and Business Research
(cebr) to undertake detailed quantitative analysis of historic environment results from the first
12 months of Taking Part. The main Cebr findings were that access to a vehicle, a person’s
social and economic background, their health (rather than disability) and whether they were
taken to a heritage site as a child, are the main factors related to whether or not they visit a
historic site.27
• Arts Council England (ACE) has carried out a similar analysis of the year one Taking Part
arts attendance figures. Taking Part indicated that 84 % of the population rarely or only ‘now
and then’ attend arts activities. The analysis, by social scientists at Cambridge University,
found that two of the most important factors influencing participation are education and
social status. Gender, ethnicity, age, region, having young children and health were also
found to be important, but income, social class and disability were shown to have little or no
significant effect.28
• The first findings from the Taking Part child survey were reported in October 2007.
2,918 interviews with 11 – 15 year olds took place between January and December 2006.
Virtually all respondents had engaged in at least one form of cultural or sporting opportunity
during the last 12 months. 72% had visited a historic environment site; 55% had attended a
museum or gallery and 72% had visited a library. 61% had engaged in a cultural activity at
least once a week. Less than one per cent of children had only engaged in a cultural or
sporting sector inside school lessons.
• On behalf of DCMS, Freshminds has undertaken an extensive literature and data review
and carried out qualitative research to try to identify which drivers are most important for
widening cultural participation. Providing opportunities for socialisation was reported to be
key to driving demand among excluded audiences. In addition to this, childhood exposure
and education are shown to be key drivers for all groups.29
6Values and benefits of heritage: A research review by HLF Policy & Strategic Development Dept. July 2009
2.2 Attractions Monitor
England 2008
The 1,817 visitor attractions that responded to VisitEngland’s 2008 English visitor attractions
survey, reported that they had received a total of 163 million visits that year. 30
Visitor Attraction Attractions Number of visits to responding
Category Sample England Attractions (millions)
Country parks 69 15.9
Farms 58 3.5
Gardens 121 10.1
Historic properties 489 21.8
Leisure/theme parks 33 17.3
Museums/art galleries 520 43.2
Steam/heritage railways 25 1.4
Visitor/heritage centres 85 4.4
Wildlife attractions/zoos 84 17.6
Workplaces 68 2
Other attractions 148 18.2
England 1,817 163.4
Scotland 2008
The 682 visitor attractions that responded to VisitScotland’s 2008 Scotland visitor attractions
survey, reported that they had received a total of 43 million visits that year. 31
Visitor Attraction Category Attractions Number of visits to responding
Sample Scottish Attractions
Castle/Fort 56 3,213,043
Country/Forest Park 26 11,950,197
Garden 40 945,200
Heritage/Visitor Centre 99 6,299,224
Historic House/Palace 49 1,252,027
Historic Monument/Archaeological Site 30 606,997
Industrial/Craft Workplace 13 82,444
Museum/Art Gallery 234 11,347,178
Nature Reserve/Wetlands/Wildlife Trips 26 755,098
Other Historic Property 13 374,839
Steam/Heritage Railway 3 80,222
Place of Worship 23 1,409,000
Safari Park/Zoo/Aquarium/Aviary/Farm 17 1,735,126
Other 12 1,119,931
Distillery/Vineyard/Brewery 45 945,200
Total 682 43,174,846
2.3 Other studies
Earlier work to quantify visits to heritage attractions has largely been superseded by the
Taking Part survey with its much larger sample size. However they do offer some interesting
comparisons, and some of the categories are slightly different.
• An LSE study for MLA32 claimed that over 42 million visits are made each year to
major museums and galleries in the UK.
7Values and benefits of heritage: A research review by HLF Policy & Strategic Development Dept. July 2009
• In Heritage Counts 2005, English Heritage reported that there were 58 million tourist
visits to heritage sites in England in 2004. 33 Heritage Counts 2005 referred to
research carried out by VisitBritain in ten emerging national markets (Russia, China
and selected countries of Eastern Europe and Asia) which found that as many as
72% of visitors from Russia and 66% of visitors from China stated that visits to
‘castles, churches, monuments and historic houses’ were the top choice of those
who were planning or were very likely to come to Britain.34
• A 2004 MORI survey for MLA also interviewed 4,000 adults and found: 59%
attendance for cinema, 51% for libraries, 37% at a well-known park/garden, 37% a
museums/art gallery, 33% a famous cathedral/church, 32% a historic building, All of
these are higher than the 28% who said they visited a live sporting event in the past
12 months and the 25% or less who visited zoos and theme parks.35
• The last GB Day Visits Survey, carried out in 2003, recorded 1,26bn day visits to the
countryside per year, with 62% of the population claiming to have made a trip to the
countryside in the past 12 months.36 This compares with 59% of those surveyed for
the England Leisure Visits 2005 survey.37
• Analysis for the NW Regional Development Agency, drawing on the NW
Staying Visitor Survey has estimated that some 22.7m annual visitors to the
NW are motivated by heritage – including a desire to visit heritage visitor
attractions as well as towns and cities.38
• From a telephone survey of 650 visitors, it has been found that 90% of
international visitors to Scotland and 61% of UK visitors, visit castles, historic
houses and palaces during their visit to Scotland.39 An earlier survey of 300
passengers on the Superfast Ferry service between Rosyth and Zeebrugge
found that landscape and scenery was the top reason for visiting Scotland and
that almost 50% mentioned visits to castles/ historic sites and Scotland’s
history and heritage as reasons for visiting Scotland.40
•
• CABE has claimed that over half the UK population – some 33 million people – make
more than 2.5 billion visits to urban green spaces each year.41
• BW has estimated that 270 million visits are made to the canal network in Britain
each year.42
Summary of estimated leisure participation in UK (% of population)
% participating in last Source
12 months
Historic Environment 78.6% (England) DCMS Taking Part August 09
Cinema 62% / 55% / 59% / 62% ACE 2001/ ACE 2003 / MLA
2004 / Film Council 2009 (for
2008)
Countryside 62% GB Day Visits Survey 2003
59% (England) England Leisure Visits Survey
2005
Urban space 52% CABE
Library 45% ACE 2001
51% MLA 2004
53.5% (England) DCMS Taking Part (Aug 09)
Museum/gallery 38% ACE 2001
37% MLA 2004
64.9% (England) DCMS Taking Part (Aug 09)
8Values and benefits of heritage: A research review by HLF Policy & Strategic Development Dept. July 2009
Well known park/garden 37% MLA 2004
Famous Cathedral/church 33% MLA 2004
Historic property 32% MLA 2004
Live sport 28% MLA 2004
Zoo / reserve / wildlife park 25% MLA 2004
Theme Park 23% MLA 2004
Exhibition 21% ACE 2001
Waterways 16% BW 1998
Summary of estimated leisure visits in UK (per year)
Visits per year Source
Cinema 164m Film Council for 2008
Urban space 2,500m CABE / ODPM 2002
Countryside (day visits) 1,260m GB DVS 2003
700m (England) ELV 2005
Waterways 160m BW 1998
10m visitors
All heritage sites 58m EH 2005
Museum/gallery 42m LSE, 2006
100m (17m adult visitors) NMDC, A Manifesto for
40.4m (DCMS Museums, March 2004
43
sponsored national DCMS 2009 for 2008
museums)
44
Library 328m CIPFA 2009 (for 2007/08)
Historic house 16.6m EH / SVVA 2004
Famous Cathedral/church 13.3m EH / SVVA 2004
Well known park/garden 10.2m EH / SVVA 2004
Castle 7.11m EH / SVVA 2004
Archives 1m
150m online requests
to National Archive CIPFA 2001/0245
digital census site 2003
2.4 Visitor and user perceptions
Some results from visitor and user surveys carried out by various organisations are publicly
available.
• Research for the Renaissance in the Regions programme includes a visitor survey
conducted at 45 museums, with over 16,000 interviewees.46
• The Audit Commission’s best value user satisfaction surveys for 2006/07 include
results for museums and galleries, libraries and parks/open spaces, based on survey
results from local residents in 149 local authorities in England.47 This found: -
o 71% satisfaction with libraries
o 43% satisfaction with museums and galleries
o 72% satisfaction with parks and open spaces
For comparison, satisfaction with overall service provided by the local authority was
51%; with household waste collection 79%; 54% with local transport and 55% with
sports and leisure facilities.
• Demos cite the government’s Public Library Service Standard as finding that 94% of
library users judged the service good or very good.48
9Values and benefits of heritage: A research review by HLF Policy & Strategic Development Dept. July 2009
3. Social benefits of heritage
Using a framework adopted by the culture consultancy Burns Owen Partnership49 in work
from MLA, we’ve divided this section into: -
• Impacts on individuals
• More specifically, impacts on individual’s physical health
• Group-level impacts for communities
3.1 Research evidence for impacts on individuals
• There is widespread agreement that the strongest evidence of impact on individuals
is found in what might be called ‘personal development’ e.g. new skills, new
experience, improved confidence, changed attitudes; education support.50 The
evidence for all these impacts overlaps considerably with that for ‘learning’.
• In a review for MLA, Demos refers to Renaissance in the Regions research as
indicating a link between museums and galleries and creativity. A study in Bristol and
Tyne & West museums found 81% felt inspired to creativity by their participation in a
museum project. Results from the Renaissance in the Regions research cited above
– on inspiration and knowledge & understanding – point to a similar conclusion.51
• In 2006-07, the charity Groundwork supported 6,000 projects across the UK,
involving over £127m of investment and 460,000 participants. Projects mainly involve
local people in neighbourhood regeneration - often targeting green spaces and other
socially inclusive public spaces. In an evaluation of 27 projects, 83% of respondents
to resident surveys said they feel their neighbourhood is better following
Groundwork’s involvement; 92% of respondents to participant surveys feel they
personally benefited from their experience; 53% of respondents feel more likely to
participate in local groups, clubs or organisations since being involved with
Groundwork and 83% of respondents feel better able to influence decisions affecting
their local area.52
• An evaluation of The Veterans Reunited Programme, which brought together
different generations within the UK to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the end
of WWII, has provided evidence of positive impacts for individuals.53 The scheme
reached over 11 million people and over 1000 participants completed evaluation
forms. From this evidence, 78% felt the experience gave them enjoyment, inspiration
or creativity, 39% developed new or better skills and 64% experienced progression in
either activity or changed their behaviour. Most striking, 82% of veterans involved in
the programme felt more respected as a result or had pride in their contribution and
39% felt differently about themselves and their abilities.
• Matarasso (1998) undertook an evaluation of the social benefits of public library
community initiatives looking at 18 projects and including interviews with 69 project
participants54, whilst Linley & Usherwood (1998) undertook a ‘social audit’ of libraries
in Newcastle and Somerset, speaking to 180 users and non-users55. Between them
these studies identified the benefits of libraries to individuals as: -
o Personal development: supporting basic literacy; schoolwork; self-confidence
and aspirations; well-being. In the Matarasso study, 45% of interviewees took
up training after a library project.
10Values and benefits of heritage: A research review by HLF Policy & Strategic Development Dept. July 2009
o Empowerment. Raising individual’s awareness of rights and services
available to them; providing a way out of isolation, particularly for older
people.
• In recent years, there has been a growing research interest in the impact of
volunteering (as opposed to participating) in heritage related projects:
o Research into volunteering for Museums Galleries Scotland has found
that the most frequently reported impacts on volunteers are associated
with the generation of human capital. Survey respondents used words
and phrases such as “personal development”; “skills development”;
“building confidence and self-esteem”; “IT skills” and “social skills
development. Impacts on social activities and networks was also
frequently cited – with words such as “opportunities to remain involved
with the local community”; “social contact”; “social activity” and
“support network” being used. The majority of volunteers in the sector
were found to be aged 55 and over and the greatest benefit was said to
be a sense of achieving something useful.56
o Baseline research into the impact of volunteering with the Liverpool’08
(European Capital of Culture) has found that the primary motivations for
volunteering the programme are civic pride, desire to “give something
back” and a wish to turn around negative perceptions of Liverpool. The
cultural and social opportunities available to volunteers are secondary,
although those surveyed were enthusiastic about these. Early feedback
is suggesting that involvement has widened volunteers cultural
interests; helping them develop more confidence and skills and it is
becoming a significant part of their lives. The volunteers tend to be
older people, retired from work and to come from ABC1 socio-economic
groups and have a higher education level than the Liverpool average.57
3.2 Health
• A systematic literature review for Volunteering England on the health benefits
of volunteering found nearly 25,000 related articles and drew on evidence from
87 of them. It concluded that there is qualified evidence that volunteering can
deliver health benefits, including decrease mortality and improve self-rated
health, mental health, life satisfaction, the ability to carry out activities of daily
living without functional impairment, social support and interaction, healthy
behaviours and the ability to cope with one’s own illness. It could particularly
benefit feelings of self-worth. There is evidence that it can help people adapt to
a declining importance of major roles in life and it is important for older people
to stay active and socially engaged. A number of studies showed that more
hours spent volunteering yields greater health benefits up to a certain
threshold.58
• A report for DCMS on the value of libraries (BOP 2009) suggests that
there is now a strong body of evidence demonstrating a strong correlation
between literacy levels and a variety of physical and mental health and well-
11Values and benefits of heritage: A research review by HLF Policy & Strategic Development Dept. July 2009
being outcomes. Therefore if libraries could robustly evidence their literacy
and learning outcomes, it would be reasonable to posit that this will generate
additional health and well-being benefits. For example, research with the
British Cohort Study 1970 data has found that women who had poor literacy
skills at age 21 who improved their skills by age 34 were less likely to have
symptoms associated with depression compared to those that had remained
with poor literacy levels (17 per cent to 34 per cent – literacy); less likely to
report that they ‘never’ exercised (14 per cent to 31 per cent – numeracy); and
less likely to report that they had poor health or long-term health problems (25
per cent to 38 per cent – literacy). However, to tell a compelling story about the
impact of the “new” public library more in-depth research needs to be carried
out.59
3.3 Health benefits of public space / built environment
• CABE (2004) has used health evidence to bolster the case for urban public parks,
citing evidence about rising obesity, young people’s health, the establishment of
adult patterns of exercise in early life and the health benefits of walking.60
• CABE (2004) also quotes one study that found mental health improvements for
inhabitants following improvements to the built environment of one new town.61
3.4 Health and Biodiversity
• English Nature (2002) has looked at the impact of biodiversity on psychological well-
being, citing studies demonstrating connections between nature and social agendas
such as mental health and social development 62
• CABE (2004)63 similarly quotes studies demonstrating, variously,
o How natural views lower blood pressure and stress.
o The benefits of green exercise for public health and reducing healthcare
costs
o How urban parks and trees provide fresh air and a cooling effect.
• Some of the most thorough research in this area has been carried out for the
Countryside Recreation Network by the University of Essex, which undertook “to
explore the synergy in adopting physical activities whilst being directly exposed to
nature.”64 The researchers term this ‘Green Exercise’. Quantitative analysis of ten
countryside case studies, looked at the impacts on the health of 263 participants.
The findings demonstrated improvements in mental health measured through self-
esteem and mood profiles such as depression, dejection, tension and anxiety. One
of the activities, canal boating in Scotland, had a clear heritage connection though
the others were more typical countryside activities such as walking, mountain-biking,
fishing, horse-riding and conservation work.
• The charity, Mind, commissioned the University of Essex to undertake two further,
smaller scale studies. Of a survey of 108 people involved in Mind green exercise
group activities, 94% said taking part had benefitted their mental health. In the
second study, twenty members were taken on two different walks – one in the
countryside where 90% reported an increase in self esteem, the second through a
shopping centre, which 44% said reduced their self esteem.65
12Values and benefits of heritage: A research review by HLF Policy & Strategic Development Dept. July 2009
• A detailed review of the literature exploring links between green space / biodiversity
and increased levels of physical activity is contained in ‘Natural Fit’ – a report
published in 2004 by the RSPB and endorsed by the Faculty of Public Health66. This
includes references to medical research and case studies looking at whether green
space can increase levels of physical activity, and the links between wildlife and
wellbeing. The report also quotes a Cabinet Office figure of £8.2bn for the cost of
physical inactivity in England (a combination of NHS costs, work absence and early
mortality). Using this figure as a starting point the report proposes a model for
estimating the cost savings provided by local green space.
• In the ten years that BTCV’s “Green Gyms” have been in operation, they have
involved 10,000 local volunteers in improving 2,500 green spaces. A national
evaluation, carried out between July 2003 and August 2007, has drawn on survey
responses from 700 participants, 194 of which completed forms on initiation and a
second at least 3 months later. 60% of participants were found to be new to
volunteering. 99% of participants agreed or strongly agreed that their involvement
had improved their health and self-confidence. Those who initially recorded
themselves as being of lowest physical and mental health, said they experienced the
greatest improvements.67
• The first set of data from the national Greenstat survey of park users was released in
July 2007. The Park Life report summarises responses from almost 20,000 people.
16% say that they visit their park to keep fit; 10% to improve their health; 45% to
walk and 12% to play sport or games. 7 out of 10 travel to their park on foot or
cycle.68
3.5 Community impacts
• In contrast to the greater consensus on how it can make a difference to individuals,
there is much less agreement and understanding of how heritage and culture can
contribute to community concepts such as social capital, cohesion, social inclusion,
cultural diversity and civil renewal. According to one review, there is neither an
agreed understanding of how these community impacts arise, nor is there any strong
empirical evidence to demonstrate these impacts. According to BOP, “most
reviewers conclude that the evidence for group-level impacts is less compelling than
that for individual impacts.” 69
• The route put forward between heritage/culture and these objectives is often through
concepts of identity / understanding (of others and self) and respect. For example,
BOP says, “Most reviews conclude that there is the potential for social impacts on
groups and communities, such as:
o improved social cohesion (through the provision of) safe, equitable
and non-market social space (Goulding, 2004)70
o community empowerment via increased individual awareness of rights
and benefits
o improved cohesion through a greater understanding and sense of
identity.
• Evaluations of two large-scale community heritage projects have provided evidence
for social cohesion impacts. The Refugee Communities History Project, ran between
2004 and 2007, drawing on £740,000 of HLF and Trust for London funding. Refugee
13Values and benefits of heritage: A research review by HLF Policy & Strategic Development Dept. July 2009
Community Organisations were involved in recording oral history interviews and
staging local exhibitions. 85% who visited the local exhibitions said the experience
had given them a greater understanding of refugee communities and 85% said it
helped them to see the positive contributions made by refugees. These results,
however, are based on a relatively low sample of 73 respondents.71
• The social impact of “Community Archives” has been the focus of a recent research
study. Around 3,000 community archives are estimated to exist in the UK today,
supported by around 30,000 volunteers. Findings from 46 questionnaires indicate
community archives can promote understanding, tolerance and respect between
generations and between diverse communities; promote active citizenship, provide
training opportunities and life skills and create pride and interest in communities that
have been marginalised.72
• 83% of the first almost 20,000 respondents to the national Greenstat survey think
that parks and open spaces are focal points for communities.73
• Other work that has used standardised questionnaires to gauge visitors or project
participants sense of what impacts they perceived for themselves. Demos for MLA
(2006) quote the Renaissance in the Regions visitor survey result that indicated 45%
of people felt more tolerant towards other people and their cultures and ideas as a
result of their visit. The same research points out the social function of museums and
galleries, with two-thirds seeing them as appealing places to meet.74
• An evaluation of the WWII commemoration programme, Veterans Reunited, reported
that 46% felt differently about other people and their community after participating in
the programme and 14% were said to have a more positive appreciation of diversity.
A specific evaluation of the ‘Their Past your Future Strand’ of the programme found
that 95% of students who took part had gained a deeper understanding of the
contribution of veterans and people who lived through the war and – as a
consequence – had come to think differently about them.75
• Research carried out by SQW for the BTCV People’s Places Award Scheme looked
at impacts on local environments, communities and individuals. Most projects
funded by the scheme were concerned with creating, improving or better utilising
local green areas and public open space. The evaluation showed that these types of
projects have positive impacts on life in communities and successfully raising
environmental awareness76.
• A recent study on public spaces, social relations and well being in East London
explored how ‘unexceptional’ hard spaces such as streets and markets are used and
how they enable contact between different groups and enhance well-being.77 The
study involved discussion groups, interviews and observation. The report concluded
that for many, hard spaces were equally as important social arenas as green spaces
and demonstrated that people’s desire to stay in a locality was often influenced by
the casual social encounters that took place in public spaces.
• Earlier work by Matarasso and Linley & Usherwood on libraries pointed to the role of
libraries in promoting social cohesion: libraries were seen as a key neighbourhood
resource and intercultural meeting place, which raised the profile of marginalised
groups, enable different groups of people to meet and share interests; and provide
14Values and benefits of heritage: A research review by HLF Policy & Strategic Development Dept. July 2009
an intercultural space. They also claimed that libraries were seen as a community
landmark that contributed to local image and how people felt about their area.78
4. Economic benefits / regeneration
Work on the way that heritage contributes to economic / business activity in local areas can
be divided into four: -
• The impact associated with one-off physical conservation / restoration projects
• The impact associated with the day-to-day operations of a heritage attraction /
facility.
• The benefits to local areas of heritage-based recreation and tourism
• How heritage and cultural institutions make a place more attractive for businesses
and workers
4.1 Heritage restoration
• In the US, Rypkema has cited work showing that conservation / restoration work to
heritage buildings has a greater local economic impact due to the greater tendency
for it to involve local sourcing of labour and materials. However, no work of a similar
scale appears to exist in the UK.79
• A survey undertaken by the National Heritage Training Group (NHTG) of over
1,000 buildings professionals found that 36% had carried out work on pre-1919
buildings in the previous year and this made up 35% of their workload.80
4.2 Direct operational impacts
• The LSE study on museums and galleries in Britain, using a survey of 22 institutions,
found the operational turnover of the sector to be around £1bn a year (about 1% of
the total UK economy), and direct employment to be over 9,000. Of the total income,
£200m is self-generated from donations and trading income.81
• Demos82 quotes another MLA publication83 which states that the museum, libraries
and archive sector employs 70,000 staff, has total income of £1.3bn a year and total
expenditure of £2.4bn p.a.
• The Arts and Humanities Research Centre evaluation of the economic impact of five
research projects which it has funded, provides some figures on direct economic
impacts including number of jobs created.84
• VivaCity!85, a study undertaken by Oxford Economic Forecasting for the City of
London, looked at the economic impacts associated with the operation of 28 festivals
and institutions that form the ‘City Arts Cluster’. These include the Barbican, Tate
Modern, St. Paul’s, Tower of London, Museum of London, Guildhall Art Gallery and
London Symphony Orchestra. It found that, in gross terms, the City Arts Cluster
contributes £325m to UK GDP each year.
• On a rather smaller scale, a recent evaluation of Nadair Trust projects looked at the
ongoing economic impacts they are having for the Argyll Islands86 whilst an
evaluation of the Scottish Natural Heritage LEADRER+ projects economic impacts.87
15Values and benefits of heritage: A research review by HLF Policy & Strategic Development Dept. July 2009
• In a 2006 survey of Scottish organisations involved with natural heritage,
responding organisations reported that their volunteers contributed a total of
91,149 hours per month to the natural heritage equating to a contribution to
around £14m per annum to the Scottish economy. 88 A study for the Historic
Environment Advisory Council for Scotland (HEACS) in 2008 found that 18,564
historic environment volunteers contributed £28m per annum.89 A survey of
organisations belonging to Museums Galleries Scotland found that the 84
responding organisations involved 2,515 volunteers, with a notional economic
value of nearly £300,000 a month in high season. Nearly ¼ of responding
organisations are run entirely by volunteers. 90
4.3 Recreation / tourism
• Recreation-linked economic impacts have been researched in a large number of
studies by various organisations. These include: -
o A report by LSE on the impact of the first five years of Tate Modern found it
had contributed between £75m and £140m to the local economy creating up
to 4,000 new jobs about half of which are focused in Southwark.91
o A further LSE study on National Museums Liverpool (NML) – a consortium of
8 city museums. NML was calculated to have an impact of between £65.9
million and £74.6 million per year on the north west economy, with at least
1,600 Merseyside jobs dependant on the museums. The cultural role of the
museums in developing local pride in the city and its history were also found
to be important to longer term regeneration.92
o The refurbishment of the De La Warr Pavillion, Bexhill has been found to
have a total economic impact of £16m p.a. in the town.93
o A study of the Eden Project in 2002 revealed that the new attraction had
received just under 2 million visitors in 2001/2, with an estimated direct
economic impact of £155 million94
o A study for English Heritage and DEFRA on the public benefits of grant
funded historic farm building and dry stone wall repairs in the Yorkshire Dales
National Park has reported that funded work between 1998 and 2004 has
injected between £7.08m and £9.12m into the local economy, with every £1
expenditure on repair work on buildings resulting in a total output within the
wider local area of £2.48 (£1.92 for walling.)95
o Work by the National Trust in the South West, North East, Cumbria and
Wales which showed that 40% of employment in tourism ‘depended on’ a
high quality environment, rising to 60%/70% in some rural areas.96 Latest
studies in Wales have focused on the impact of the Coastal and Marine
Environment and of National Parks.97
o A study looking at the economic impact of museums in Northern Ireland98.
o A study undertaken by Ecotec has found that on average, “medium
historic” cathedrals such as Chester and Carlisle, employed some 45
people and supported some 55 other gross additional jobs as a result of
visitor spend.99
o Baseline research on the impacts of Liverpool 08 – European Capital of
Culture – involved a survey of 676 city residents living in 4 different
neighbourhoods during summer 2007. It found that 94% recognised the
Liverpool 08 logo but only 1/3 of respondents said they knew a
16Values and benefits of heritage: A research review by HLF Policy & Strategic Development Dept. July 2009
reasonable amount or more about what it involves. However, when
asked about particular ’08 events, recognition was higher. 74% had
heard of the St George’s Hall re-opening and 41% had attended the
Matthew Street festival. 58% believed Liverpool would be a better place
by 2008 due to the ’08. Across all four communities, respondents felt
Lvierpool was improving although there was less optimism about the
future in deprived neighbourhoods.100
o Further research monitoring the economic impacts of Liverpool ’08 has
not shown a rise in the number of jobs in retail and in tourism (two
sectors potentially associated with ECoC impact) between 2000 and
2007, whilst overall total employment has grown in the city at or above
the national growth rate. However, early indications on impacts on
visitor figures is positive - at the start of 2008, there was a high
proportion of first time visitors to the city (24%) although only 12%
spontaneously mentioned the European Capital of Culture when asked
about their reasons for visiting.101
o Analysis for the NW Regional Development Agency has concluded that
heritage motivated visits by people from outside the region results in
over £1b of extra spend to the NW economy each year and that historic
townscapes have greater economic impact than historic landmarks.102
o Research for the Historic Environment Advisory Council for Scotland
(HEACS) in 2008 found that tourism expenditure attributed to the
historic environment (in this case excluding National Parks, National
Scenic Areas and Ancient Woodlands) supports in excess of 37,000 FTE
employees in Scotland and £1.3b to Scotland’s national GVA. Including
the built heritage construction sector and indirect and induced effects,
it is estimated that the historic environment sector supports in excess
of 60,000 FTE employees in Scotland.103
o the South West Economy Centre’s report in 2000 for the South West
Museums, which estimated that the value of museums to the regional
economy was around £25m each year.104
o British Waterways studies of the Kennet & Avon, Forth & Clyde/Union Canal
in Scotland, the Huddersfield Narrow Canal and the Rochdale Canal. The BW
study of the Kennet & Avon Canal was updated in 2006 with the number of
jobs dependent on the canal estimated at nearly 1,000.105
o Recent research has found that visitors to the canals in Wales give rise to
some £34 million expenditure per year along the canal corridors,
supporting over 800 full-time equivalent jobs. The wider “quality of life”
benefits associated with the use of the waterways in Wales and their
contribution to environment, landscape and heritage are estimated to
have an annual value of between £10.6 million and £18.8 million per
year.106
o Work by English Heritage and Defra that assessed the economic benefits to
local businesses of farm building repairs funded through the Environmentally
Sensitive Area scheme (ESA) in the Lake District107.
• Of a slightly different nature, a number of studies have been done on the
‘environmental economies’ of the South West108, North West109, North East110 and
West Midlands111. These combine recreation-linked economic activity with other
economic activities including land management and – in some cases –
environmental technologies and waste treatments. Research for Scottish Natural
Heritage has found that output from activities that depend on the natural
17Values and benefits of heritage: A research review by HLF Policy & Strategic Development Dept. July 2009
environment is estimated at £17.2b a year which is 11% of total Scottish
output. This output supports 242,000 jobs which is 14% of all full time jobs in
Scotland.112
4.4 Places for business
• There is less research in this area, and what there is tends to concentrate on how
businesses and employees prefer to be based in attractive places with good cultural
facilities.
• A 2007 CABE report, “Paved with Gold”, tested a method for calculating the extra
financial value of good street design on 10 case study London high streets, using a
design quality scoring system. Controlling for other variables, the research found
direct links between street quality and both retail and residential prices.113
• Liverpool Vision was launched in 1999 as England’s first Urban Regeneration
Company with a ten year city-wide strategy to reverse Liverpool’s economic
decline. The city’s retail and business offer has been transformed, with
emphasis on place shaping, not just space creating. Outputs include 1,300
jobs created, 5 hectares of land brought back into use and £170m of private
investment. In 2006, Liverpool was England’s 5th most visited city – with
625,000 international visitors spending an estimated £198m.114
• An evaluation of Penryn Townscape Heritage Initiative, which involved £1.4m
of public investment in regenerating the town centre between 1999 and 2006,
has found that the heritage-led scheme has created 37 FTE gross direct jobs
and 12.69 FTE net additional jobs. Penryn is in the 20 most deprived wards in
England and 25% of commercial properties in the town centre were vacant at
the start of the scheme.115
• CABE has also previously used research to show that:
o Well-planned improvements to public spaces within town centres can boost
commercial trading by up to 40 per cent and generate significant private
sector investment.116
o Small businesses choosing a new business location rank open space, parks
and recreation as a number one priority.117
• An impact study for the Norwich HEART Development plan – a scheme which
plans to advance heritage redevelopment in the city – has predicted that one
project that plans to invest £11m in developing St Andrews Hall as a regional
hub would yield a return of £166m after ten years, Another project to invest
£495,000 in public realm and retail space improvements in the “Lanes” area of
Norwich was calculated to have an anticipated return of £16.68m over the
same period.118
• Similarly, British Waterways has undertaken work which attempts to assess the
impact of waterway environmental improvements on commercial property markets.
Though no link can be made with commercial rents, waterside locations – particularly
in city centres such as Birmingham, Leeds, Manchester and London – have been
found to provide a ‘unique selling point’ for new development which unifies separate
components can bring development to market more quickly.119 British Waterway’s
18Values and benefits of heritage: A research review by HLF Policy & Strategic Development Dept. July 2009
report on the economic impact of water development schemes was completed May
2007.120
• Other studies have attempted to show how heritage / culture can contribute to civic
pride / cultural draw and creative workers. This has often been wrapped up with the
impact of iconic buildings such as Tate Modern, Peckham Library, the Sage Centre
in Gateshead121. However there is no substantive UK evidence in this field to date.
• The Urban Regeneration Index (produced by IPD - the Investment Property
Databank) tracks the performance of property in regeneration areas that are
benefiting from public and private investment – many of these investments will
have involved the re-use and refurbishment of heritage buildings. The 2007
report states that total returns for all property in regeneration areas have
outperformed all UK property over the last five years and there are some
advantages to investing in regeneration areas based on higher total returns over
the mid term, lower volatility, and marked residential capital value uplift. At the
very least, there is no marked disadvantage in investing in regeneration areas over
the long term.122 Research for the RICS has also found that listed offices have
followed the same market cycle as unlisted – the difference in returns between
the two is minimal.123
• A potentially interesting area of new research is to look at how the activities of
cultural institutions in support of local business can contribute to networks of
public/private interaction leading to enhanced productivity. An indication of the scale
of impact here is suggested by a University of Northumbria study cited by Demos
which found 62% of neighbourhood renewal and social inclusion projects surveyed
had a museum involved in their delivery; 41% a library and 21% an archive.124
• But on a more negative note, a Policy Exchange evaluation of British urban policy
over the last ten years has concluded that intervention has not reduced the
divergence between poor and successful towns. The report suggests that a town’s
location and size has the greatest influence on its success and trying to stimulate
growth against the odds could be a waste of money. Whilst a few successful
schemes, including the regeneration of Nottingham Lace quarter (partly with HLF
Townscape Heritage Initiative Funds) are mentioned, attempts to counter natural
market forces are generally presented as risky and unlikely to achieve sustainable
100
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