A Look Back on the 2018 NATO Brussels Summit
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A Look Back on the 2018 NATO
Brussels Summit
POLICY PAPER / AUGUST 2018
AUTHOR:
NODAR PKHALADZEA Look Back on the 2018 NATO Brussels Summit
Policy Paper – Nodar Pkhaladze, August 2018
The NATO summits are one of the most is stated that the Alliance sees Russian
important events in the sphere of global actions in Europe as a main source of
security. They usually serve as a destabilization. The NATO members
platform to announce changes or news condemned Russian actions in Georgia
regarding the Alliance. It could be and Ukraine, once again calling upon
anything ranging from enlargement the state to push back its forces from the
announcement to expressing concerns countries it had illegally and
and proposing strategies against illegitimately occupied. According to
multiple global threats. The recent the document, Russia "is violating
summit was no different. Even though international law, conducting
the Brussels event was scheduled provocative military activities, and
mainly to tackle the issue of 2% GDP attempting to undermine our
spending by the allies, it touched upon institutions and sow disunity"(Brussels
other key issues. There were several Declaration on Transatlantic Security
documents adopted through the and Solidarity 2018: Paragraph 2). This
summits framework: 1. The Brussels statement is further enhanced in the full
Summit Declaration; 2. Brussels Brussels Summit Declaration, where
Declaration on Transatlantic Security the Alliance practically repeated the
and Solidarity; 3. Joint Declaration on messages addressed towards the
Cooperation between the NATO and the Russian Federation. Again, they have
European Union; 4. NATO-Georgia mentioned countless efforts made by
Commission Declaration; 5. Chairman’s the NATO over two decades to build a
Statement on NATO-Ukraine; and 6. partnership with the Russian side, but
Joint Statement on the Resolute all those efforts proved to be fruitless as
Support Mission in Afghanistan. Russia continues to view the Alliance as
a threat. Russia's occupation of
Naturally, one of the first topics to Georgia's (2008) and Ukraine's (2014)
discuss was the case of Russia, its territories have proved that no matter
continuous violation of the how many times the relations with
international law; usage of soft & hard Russians are reset, they will never give
power on countries of Eastern Europe up their "sphere of privileged interests".
and Baltic region; interfering and
attempting to disrupt Western As a result, the document reiterates
democracies by meddling in elections of Warsaw Declaration's statement that
different European countries and "all practical civilian and military
spreading disinformation there. cooperation" with the Russian side
remains suspended at the moment,
Russia however, the option of open political
In the Brussels Declaration on dialogue would be maintained (Brussels
Transatlantic Security and Solidarity it Summit Declaration 2018: Paragraph
5).
POLICY PAPER | August 2018However, unlike the Warsaw Summit While comparing this part to the
Declaration, in the Brussels Summit’s Warsaw Summit Communiqué, it can
Declaration, it is noticeable how the be said that the current position of the
NATO views Russian actions and not Alliance towards the Russian
Russia itself as an enemy. It is apparent Federation, has become less
especially in paragraphs where the confrontative. It shows that the NATO
NATO talks about one of their defensive is willing to avoid any sort of military
capabilities, nuclear weapons to be confrontation from the Russian side,
exact. There it is highlighted that the and remains open to political dialogue.
NATO BMD (Ballistic Missile Defence) However, it can be easily noticed that
in their possession is for defence only, the accusations towards the country's
and only in case of self-defence would aggressive policy towards its
be used against an enemy (ibid.: neighbours and meddling in European
Paragraph 37). countries affairs, is not highlighted as
starkly as it was in Warsaw Summit
In next sentences it is even stated that Communique.
the Alliance did not and will not use
those capabilities against Russian Nevertheless, the fact remains that the
Federation. As it is stated “NATO BMD majority of the Alliance learned not to
is intended to defend against potential trust to Russian promises, and thus,
threats emanating from outside the relations can no longer revert to
Euro-Atlantic area" (ibid.: Paragraph "business as usual" as it was attempted
41) which naturally raises a question many times by the West, most famous
what exactly can be considered as a example being the 2009
threat grave enough to use the Ballistic "Reset/Perezagruzka" policy1. Even
Missile Defence system. The Alliance though, there are still some that do not
goes into such a length to explain that view Russia as an enemy, the majority
the BMD system is not only incapable to of states have seen enough
oppose the Russian nuclear arsenal, but international law violations
there is also not such desire to improve (interference in the elections of USA,
the system in the first place. The France, Germany; as well as recent
Alliance uses this statement as an usage of chemical weapon in the UK) to
argument to prove why exactly "Russian realize that the country, which easily
statements threatening to target Allies denounces the treaty signed the
because of NATO BMD are previous day, should not be trusted.
unacceptable and counterproductive"
(ibid.: Paragraph 41).
1
The 2009's "Reset/Perezagruzka" policy was However, this move turned out to be
an attempt by the Obama administration to unsuccessful as Russia continued to follow zero-
improve relations with Russia after the 2008 sum logic and further disrupted peace in
Russia-Georgian War. This policy, was focused Europe once again by invading and annexing
to bring both countries to the win-win outcome Ukraine's territories in 2014.
and further cooperation between states through
different political and economic areas.
POLICY PAPER | August 20182% and Burden-sharing paradoxical. By presented logic, Europe
The next issue to be looked into would (including Germany) requires help of
be the US President Donald Trump's the USA to be protected from Russia,
rhetoric towards the European allies in while at the same time the same
NATO. Trump repeatedly stressed that countries of Europe are dependent on
European member states of the NATO the Russian gas pipelines (Nord Stream
have to spend more on defence budget 1 and Nord Stream 2 projects). Those
to reach the agreed 2% threshold that pipelines are spreading from the
was not fulfilled by majority of Western part of Russia, through the
countries. Many in the West feared that Baltic Sea, into Germany, from where
Donald Trump actions would create a the said gas is distributed into different
discord between the USA and Europe. European countries. Trump added that
countries such as Germany could use
Before the summit, NATO General the money paid for the Russian energy
Secretary, Jens Stoltenberg, met with to increase the defence budget. To
the US President Trump. During the support his argument, the US president
conversation, Trump repeatedly stated mentioned that countries such as
that the issue of defence spending had Poland, which, even though, have less
to be resolved urgently. He commented GDP than Germany, not only meet the
that the "burden sharing" of the USA defence spending criteria, but also
throughout the decades was not "fair" refuse to be dependent on Russian
as the country has been spending more energy supplies.
on the defence (4,2% of its GDP) than
all the other members of the Alliance. In The next day, during Jens Stoltenberg's
fact, it was mentioned that from all the press conference, it was evident that
29 members of the NATO, only 5 Trump's harsh rhetoric did bear its
members were even meeting the 2% fruits. In his speech the General
GDP spending criteria. From the Secretary said that despite the
meeting, it was evident that Jens disagreements, the NATO has reached
Stoltenberg did agree with Trump's mutual agreement on many issues,
statement and highlighted that since including the issue of burden sharing.
last year, this issue has been regarded The further support to this statement
more seriously by the allies. There was can be seen in the official Brussels
some disagreement seen regarding the Declaration, where it was agreed that
deadlines, however. According to the defence spending of all the allies
Stoltenberg, some NATO members have to reach the 2% point by 2024 the
(especially Germany) would reach the latest. Stoltenberg stated that the
required threshold of defence spending situation has been improved greatly, as
by 2028. Trump, on the other hand, by the time of current summit, already
viewed that the requirement should be 8 members have reached the required
met in half amount of time. mark and the spending on defence has
increased by additional 33 billion USD,
Donald Trump also stated that the since last year (Press Conference, July
situation of Germany looked a bit 11). This statement was further
POLICY PAPER | August 2018confirmed by Donald Trump, in his own mission is to raise the readiness of the
press conference, where he added that NATO troops and improve their
the numbers would increase by transferability across the Atlantic and
additional 26 billion dollars. Both of European continent. The improvement
them agreed that the NATO would be of the troops' mobilization, maritime
stronger if the defence spending was to security and logistical support can be
be increased, which itself would benefit considered as another points of focus.
both the USA and Europe. Because of During the press-conference,
the decision made by the allies, Trump Stoltenberg voiced a new initiative of
confirmed the commitment of the USA the Alliance called "four 30s". The
to the cause. mentioned initiative does not focus on
the increase of armed forces, but the
From both press-conferences, it can be increase in the readiness of already
concluded that all actors – the USA and existing military capabilities. According
other NATO states – have reached a to the plan by 2020, the Alliance will be
mutual agreement on defence in possession of 30 mechanized
spending. Was this decision the result battalions; 30 air squadrons; and 30
of President Trump's harsh talks and combat vessels, all of which will be
threats or was this action a by-product ready to use within 30 days or less.
of West's realization that NATO is
facing serious threats? It is hard to say. During his speech, he also mentioned
The fact remains that the only way the about creation of the Cyberspace
NATO can withstand all the challenges Operation Centre in Belgium, which
is if there are less discords between the will help the Alliance tackle with the
members and enough resources to Cyber-attack issue. Together with that
accomplish plans. One should not there will be created a new Counter-
forget that neither influence, nor Hybrid Support Teams to timely react
capabilities of each member states in to the first signs of the hybrid attack
the organization are equal, but the main against the allies.
strengths remain strong commitment
to the cause and equal burden sharing. The second issue, that the General
NATO Operations. Secretary has addressed, was terrorism.
According to the request by the Iraqi
During the press conference, the NATO government, Jens Stoltenberg stated
General Secretary also touched upon that there will be some new NATO
the subject of future missions of the training missions taking place in Iraq,
Alliance. From the Q&A session there led by Canada. As he stated, they will
were mention of three main spheres, also establish professional military
where the NATO will conduct its peace- schools and academies for the Iraqi
keeping missions. forces. At the same time, the NATO
members agreed to increase their
The first subject to be discussed was the support for Jordan and Tunisia to
Alliance’s defence and deterrence further strengthen their capabilities in
policy. The main purpose of this fight against terrorism.
POLICY PAPER | August 2018Of course, another matter of focus, is then the Alliance would welcome its
the case of Afghanistan. As Stoltenberg 30th member.
declared, the only way the NATO would
solve this case, if the peace talks Bosnia-Herzegovina
together with institution-building take In the Brussels Summit Declaration, the
place. For now, the NATO operations in Alliance has also supported the efforts
Afghanistan will resume. Stoltenberg of the Bosnia-Herzegovinian side in
added in the Q&A session, that this time conducting reforms and are further
they would deal with this issue encouraging state's development in the
"differently", meaning they would focus region. They called upon the country’s
more on strengthening the Afghani leaders not to cease their progress in
security forces and let them cope with pursuit "of political, economic, and
domestic problems themselves instead defence reforms", so that the state not
of directly involving the Alliance. only fulfils criteria of the MAP
Because of that both the NATO and the (Membership Action Plan) but also
Afghani government have agreed that supports the well-being of its own
the local security forces will be financed citizens. The NATO acknowledged,
up until 2024. their progress in the registration of
immovable defence property. By doing
NATO Open Door Policy so the state of Bosnia and Herzegovina
& Case of Macedonia will be one step closer to fulfilling the
The following matter of importance are requirements for submitting the first
the messages that were addressed Annual National Programme (ANP)
towards the NATO aspirant countries. report. The leaders of the military
As stated by Jens Stoltenberg during Alliance will continue to maintain
the press conference, the NATO state strong political dialogue with Bosnia
leaders are welcoming the efforts of and Herzegovina, and, as stated in the
Former Yugoslav Republic of Brussels Declaration, shall continue
Macedonia (Republic of Northern with their support for "the
Macedonia) in solving the country's implementation of the Defence Review
name dispute with Greece. As is it and other reform efforts" (ibid.:
known, the name issue was the last Paragraph 64).
remaining setback for this country to
become the member of the Alliance, Ukraine
which has been disputed for over 27 During the summit there was a special
years. Only recently, the solution has statement made in regards to Ukraine.
been agreed upon by Prespa The NATO heads of state have met with
Agreement, which changes country's the President Petro Poroshenko, where
official name into Republic of Northern they have voiced their support towards
Macedonia (The Guardian 2018). As the Ukraine. They welcomed Ukraine's re-
General Secretary of the NATO has stated aspiration towards membership
mentioned, the only thing left is for the and reforms conducted in different
state to do is to conduct the referendum. spheres, national security being most
If people approve the name change, important. Once more the Alliance
POLICY PAPER | August 2018called upon the Russian side to remove In the same document the NATO
their military and reverse illegal member states once again supported
occupation of Ukraine's lands. At the "Georgia’s independence, sovereignty
same time, it was stated that the process and territorial integrity within its
of Ukraine joining the NATO would internationally recognised borders"
follow the guidelines of the Bucharest (ibid.: Paragraph 7). Naturally, they
summit. Before that, Ukraine would condemned Russia's continuous
have to carry on with its progress in the recognition of the de-facto regions of
Annual National Programme (ANP) Abkhazia and Tskhinvali/South
framework. The allies would support Ossetia, which have been occupied by
Ukraine throughout reforms by Russia in 2008's August War and called
continuously providing the upon the state to cease human rights
Comprehensive Assistance Package violations and military operations on
(CAP). As it was mentioned, one of the those territories.
highest priorities for the Ukraine and
the Alliance is to find an effective way to Together with that the Alliance touched
deal with the elements of hybrid upon the subject of artificial
warfare. The NATO member states have "borderization" (the construction of
discussed about the possibilities of an barbed wire fences and other artificial
implementation of "UN-authorized border-like obstacles) process
peacekeeping force in the Donbas" as conducted by the Russian forces on the
one of the efforts to bring the Minsk Occupation line, a subject that is not
agreement into action. often talked about today but is
continuously threatening Georgia as an
Georgia element of the "creeping
Following the subject, there was made a occupation". As stated in the document
special declaration by the NATO- these actions not only violate Georgia’s
Georgia Commission. In the document sovereignty and territorial integrity, but
the NATO praises sets of successful also "contradict the principles of
reforms carried out by Georgia in the international law, OSCE principles and
ANP framework over the past decade. Russia’s international commitments"
Alliance also appreciated Georgia's (ibid.: Paragraph 9). NATO calls upon
support for participating in various Russia to reverse its recognition of the
NATO missions "in particular its so-called "independence" of the
contribution to the NATO Response occupied regions of Georgia; to fulfil the
Force and its significant contribution to 12 August 2008 ceasefire EU-mediated
the Resolute Support Mission (RSM)" by the EU, "particularly the withdrawal
(NATO-Georgia Commission of Russian forces from the territory of
Declaration 2018: Paragraph 3), where Georgia; to end its militarisation of
Georgia is one of the largest troop these regions; and to stop the
contributors, and already reaches many construction of border-like obstacles"
NATO member-states standards, (Brussels Summit Declaration 2018:
including spending of 2% of its GDP in Paragraph 7).
defence.
POLICY PAPER | August 2018In the following segments of the also one of the countries aspiring for the
document the Alliance shows support NATO membership. It could also be
towards Georgia’s efforts towards explained by the fact that while the
initiating a new peace plan "A step to a country did conduct reforms towards
Better Future", which is meant to the membership, the steps taken by
improve the lives of the people living in Georgia and its contribution into the
the occupied regions of Georgia. It NATO operations carry far greater
should be added that Georgia will weight than any other NATO aspirant
undertake the next joint Black Sea country.
training exercises with the NATO in
March 2019. It should also be noted that only
recently did Ukraine restate its wish to
After looking at the NATO statements join the Alliance, as 8 years ago they
towards its partner and aspirant abruptly cut relations with the North
countries, several conclusions can be Atlantic Treaty Organization. At the
made. The recent Prespa agreement same time, all the NATO member states
between the Greek and Macedonia do agree that Georgia's contributions in
governments gave hope to Former Alliance's peacekeeping operations is
Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia's invaluable. It should be mentioned that
(FYROM) ascension towards the NATO this country has never faced a single
membership. Now it is up to the people regress in the ANP framework and
to decide during the upcoming remains a NATO aspirant country
referendum will or will not FYROM according to the Bucharest Summit.
become the 30th member of the
Alliance. The statement regarding NATO-EU Cooperation
Bosnia-Herzegovina proves how much The last subject to discuss is the NATO-
crucial for the NATO the Balkan region EU cooperation. Before the upcoming
is. Despite the fact that it is the least summit it was announced that both the
successful aspirant country when it EU and the NATO would expand their
comes to conducting reforms, the partnership. Their main goal would be
NATO officials are interested to to deal with following issues: hybrid
increase their control in the region, warfare; cyber security; counter-
given the history of conflicts in that terrorism; military mobility; women
region. and security (Joint Declaration on EU-
NATO Cooperation 2018: Paragraph 6).
It is quite interesting that there was a The cooperation has to follow the joint
separate declaration made by the declaration that was signed days before
NATO-Georgia commission, while the the actual summit (on July 10th, 2018)
case of Ukraine's aspiration towards the by the EU and the NATO
Alliance was only addressed by the representatives.
chairmen's statement alone. The reason
to that is, because there was no During the press conference, it was
consensus regarding Ukraine on the stated by Jens Stoltenberg, that NATO-
summit, despite the fact that Ukraine is EU partnership will cover dealing with
POLICY PAPER | August 2018challenges in the regions of Middle East Georgia to the Alliance. Putin replied by
and Northern Africa; situation on the saying that he was familiar with the
Korean Peninsula and constant ways the NATO was working on the
breaches of international law from consensus-based decision, though
Russia. Currently, there is a constant added that there are always bilateral
information exchange between the agreements taking place beforehand.
NATO and the EU. It should be He brought the examples of Poland and
mentioned that the NATO is supporting Romania, where according to him are
the EU-lead operation "Sophia" in the now stationed and deployed elements of
Mediterranean through the framework the strategic anti–missile defence of the
of its own operation "Sea Guardian". United States, which is targeted
towards the Russian Federation and
After looking into Brussels Declaration, poses an immediate threat for their
it is clear that EU-NATO cooperation national security. Because of that, if the
needs to become more intense. The Alliance were to move the NATO
Alliance acknowledges developments in infrastructure closer towards their
spheres such as joint intelligence, cyber borders, it would be received as a threat
security sphere, and common border and "the reaction would be extremely
security. The NATO states that only negative" (Interview to Fox News
through a tight partnership with the EU Channel, Kremlin.ru 2018).
the security of the continent can be
ensured. Apart from that, it was stated Two days later, during his meeting with
that the non-EU members would ambassadors and permanent
continue their contribution towards the representatives of Russia Vladimir
mutual cause. From the document it Putin voiced threats towards the NATO
seems that the only way the European again. During the conference, he stated
countries can counter security threats is that the only correct way of cooperating
through mutual cooperation and with the EU is through business
intelligence-sharing, rather than each projects and not by deploying new
of them acting independently and NATO bases so close to Russia's
creating needless bureaucratic barrier. national borders. He highlighted that
This is further confirmed by the fact all the economic projects with the
that there was no mention of the European states, including Nord
rumoured "European Army" in the Stream 1 and 2 gas pipeline projects
official document. (which were mentioned previously) are
"solely commercial and economically
Response from Russia viable; they are not politically charged
After the events of summit, it is and have no hidden agenda" (Meeting
interesting to look into the response of Ambassadors and Permanent
which came from Russia. On July 17th, Representatives of Russia, Kremlin.ru
in his interview with Fox News, 2018). Because of that Russia,
Vladimir Putin was asked about a according to Putin, would respond
possible Russian response in case the appropriately to the aggressive threat
NATO was to add either Ukraine or towards its security. He warned the
POLICY PAPER | August 2018NATO member states about integrating However, the fact remains that the
Georgia and Ukraine into the Alliance, Alliance is not ready to make bolder
saying that such irresponsible actions steps towards frontier countries. It is
could have grave consequences. good to see that the Eastern Flank was
given considerably more attention
By looking into both statements two during this summit, the recent NATO-
things become clear. Firstly, that Russia Georgia declaration also showed that
has basically repeated their statement this time the Alliance is ready for more
voiced during the 2007 Munich practical partnership opportunities, but
Conference about the NATO at the same time, the same Alliance is
enlargement, where the threatened to lacking strong political will to make a
respond "asymmetrically" in case the decisive step. If according to the
NATO were to even think about Chairman's Statement, Ukraine has yet
expanding close to the Russian to deliver tangible results of its reforms,
territories. This "asymmetric response" then Georgia's reform progress is
was later on manifested into a Russian remarkable. It is a burden-sharing
aggression on Georgia's land in 2008, country with most progress and most
and the annexation of Crimea in 2014. advanced aspirant country, which has
Putin proves once again, that no matter all "practical tools to prepare for the
how many times the relations with the NATO membership"(NATO-Georgia
West are to reset, he will never let go of Declaration, 2018: Paragraph 6).
"spheres of privileged interests". Despite such a bright example, the
NATO is unable to reach consensus on
Secondly, it can be said from Putin's granting the MAP to Georgia. What they
interview, that Russians are more often overlook, is the fact that this very
convinced about the enlargement and indecisiveness might benefit Russia
strengthening of the NATO, then the and, moreover, encourage it to take
NATO members themselves. This can more active steps in seizing control over
be viewed by the fact that the overall frontier countries.
tone of the Brussels declaration is softer
than the one of the Warsaw summit. Conclusion
Another argument could be the fact that After looking into all the events that
despite such positive tone of an "open took place during the summit, it
door policy" seen throughout the becomes clear why this particular event
documents, there is a noticeable was essential. Many important issues
indecisiveness. In the Brussels were addressed. Unlike the previous
Declaration it was shown that Former summit, where the main issue was the
Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia's case of Russian aggression, here the
efforts to resolve the name dispute was number one priority seemed to be
highly welcomed by the NATO member attempts to settle the discord regarding
states. The perspective of Bosnia- the budget spending. This goal was
Herzegovina towards the membership achieved. At the same time, the NATO
has also been emphasized in the has changed its method regarding with
documents. Afghanistan. It was settled that the
POLICY PAPER | August 2018NATO would focus more on training the
local forces in dealing with the security
threats.
Additionally, the NATO has decided to
focus on improvement of the already
existing capabilities and thinking more
about quick transportation and
mobilization of those resources. While
the Alliance did condemn various cases
where Russia violated international
law, the note of the Brussels Declaration
was softer, despite the fact that Russia
had recently interfered in the elections
of several European countries and had
allegedly used a nerve agent in the UK.
On the other hand, the separate
declaration regarding the NATO's
partnership with Georgia allowed for
the issue of Russian aggression to
resurface again in the official
documents, given the fact that the
ongoing "borderization" process was
previously not given enough alarm from
the West. Even though this time it was
not an enlargement summit, the NATO
might see its new member in the
context of FYROM, once the
referendum allows for it.
Although the EU-NATO cooperation
has not shown any new innovative, both
of the parties seemed to have decided to
join forces in several security areas. The
2018 NATO Brussels Summit did send
several messages, and show willingness
of the Alliance to the commitment given
the tense political background during
which the event took place. For a
summit which was primarily arranged
in order to resolve the issue of defence
spending, it had delivered much more.
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