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The Energy Challenge:
Access and Security
for Africa and
for Europe
Africa-EU
Energy Partnership
CO-CHAIRS AND PARTNERS PREFACE: MEETING THE ENERGY CHALLENGE
The energy challenge will be at the centre of the 21st century. How can we meet the needs of those whose future
seems bleak, because they have no electricity? Where will the energy come from to power economic development
and a rising standard of living? Can we avoid wars over energy? Will our use of energy degrade our planet?
Africa and Europe, because of our historical ties and geographical proximity, have embarked on a common
voyage, to meet the energy challenge hand in hand. Thus, African and European Heads of State and
Government agreed in Lisbon in December 2007 to launch the Africa-EU Energy Partnership (AEEP), as one of
African Union Commission the eight strategic partnerships comprising the Africa-EU Joint Strategy. The AEEP is a long-term framework
for structured political dialogue and cooperation between Africa and the EU on energy issues of strategic
importance, reflecting African and European needs. Through the Partnership, Africa and Europe will work
together to develop a shared vision and common policy answers, and to stimulate specific actions to expand
access to energy, to achieve greater energy security and to maximise the contribution of renewable energy and
energy efficiency.
European Commission
The Partnership will strengthen the existing Africa-EU dialogue on access to energy and energy security, at the
local, national, regional, continental and global levels. The AEEP aims at mobilising increased financial, technical
and human resources in support of Africa's energy development, and at scaling up European and African
investments in energy infrastructure and in energy interconnections within Africa and between Africa and the EU.
Let us bring all our efforts together to make this partnership an efficient framework to address these questions and
challenges of common concern, and to achieve save and secure energy for citizens in both, Africa and Europe.
Ministry of Renewable Energy and Dr. Elham M.A. Ibrahim Andris Piebalgs
Public Utilities, Republic of Mauritius Commissioner for Infrastructure and Energy, Commissioner for Development,
African Union Commission European Commission
3 | AEEP
THE AFRICA-EU ENERGY PARTNERSHIP OUR ENERGY NEEDS: ENERGY SECURITY, ENERGY ACCESS
The Africa-EU Energy Partnership (AEEP) is one of the Energy Security
eight partnerships comprising the Africa-EU Joint Strategy N O R WAY
SWEDEN
FINLAND
adopted by African and European Heads of State and All countries face the challenge of EST
ON
IA
Government in Lisbon in December 2007. To carry out the assuring secure, reliable energy L AT
VIA
DENMARK LIT
RU HUAN
Lisbon Plan of Action for the AEEP, African and European services in the coming decades. UNITED
KINGDOM
SSIA IA
NETHERLANDS BELARUS
implementation teams have been hard at work. An African- Almost all countries in Africa and IRELAND
BELGIUM GERMANY
POLAND
CZECH
LUXEMBOURG REP.
European “Joint Experts Group” has met three times, in Europe have experienced interruption AUSTRIA
SLOVAKIA UKRAINE
HUNGARY MOLDOVA
Addis Ababa, in Brussels and in Cairo. of some form of energy supply in FRANCE SL OVENIA
ROMANIA
recent years. Many African and S PA I N ITALY
BULGARIA GEORGIA
PORTUGAL ARMENIAAZERBAIJAN
In order to better identify our needs and to identify gaps in European countries are heavily GREECE
T U R K E Y
our approach to energy, the AEEP has “mapped” ongoing dependent on energy imports, notably
Based on data from U.S. Energy Information Administration, International Energy Statistics 2006, 2008
CYPRUS SYRIA
TUNISIA LEBANON
and planned energy projects and programmes. for transport fuels.
© AEEP
MOROCCO ISRAEL I R A Q I R A N
JORDAN
This document summarises conclusions on our energy ALGERIA SAUDI
L I B YA EGYPT
needs, and on the priorities for future action. Joint Experts Group, Cairo 2010 Tension in oil and gas markets, WESTERN
SAHARA A R A B I A QATAR
UNITED
ARAB
changing rainfall patterns, expanding EMIRATES
MAURITANIA OMAN
demand, as well as internal technical, CAP VERDE M A L I
NIGER CHAD
SENEGAL ERITREA Y E M E N
managerial and financial problems, GAMBIA BURKINA
SUDAN
GUINEA-BISSAU FASO DJIBOUTI
have caused crisis in the availability GUINEA
GHANA
NIGERIA
CENTRAL
of fuels or electricity. The necessity SIERRA LEONE IVORY
COAST AFRICAN
ETHIOPIA
BE GO
NIN
LIBERIA REPUBLIC
TO
to reduce green house gas emissions CAMEROON
EQUATORIAL D R C O N G O
SOMALIA
GUINEA KENYA
in order to fight climate change is a S A O TO M E
AND
GABON
CONGO UGANDA
PRINCIPE RWANDA
growing constraint on energy sector BURUNDI SEYCHELLES
TA N Z A N I A
development.
very high
COMOROS
high ANGOLA
MALAWI
ZAMBIA
Diversification of energy supplies, with moderate
MOZAMBIQUE
low
more use of local (often renewable) NAMIBIA ZIMBABWE MADAGASCAR MAURITIUS
energy sources, is the principal tool For Africa, the level of reliance
BOTSWANA
on fossil fuel imports is
to increase energy security. Sharing calculated as the ratio of imports
SWAZILAND
of crude and refined petroleum
technology and resources between products to total consumption.
LESOTHO
SOUTH AFRICA
Africa and Europe could make a major For Europe, the level of reliance
also takes into account natural
contribution. gas imports.
Figure 1: Indicator of reliance on fossil fuel imports
4 | AEEP 5 | AEEP
Access to Energy Services
Many countries in Africa are working to extend access to modern energy services, including safe and Human ingenuity allows us
sustainable cooking fuels, to their entire population. to transform energy sources
(hydropower, fuels, solar
© GTZ/Ulrich Laumanns
Indeed, insufficient energy infrastructure and lack of access – to electricity, to motive power, to transport fuels, or energy, …) into energy
to improved cooking – constitute major barriers to sustainable development objectives, as expressed in national services, for example:
plans as well as in the Millennium
Development Goals. • Cooking is vital for human
© laif
life, since most of our food
In many African countries, less than cannot be eaten raw.
10% of rural populations have access
MOROCCO TUNISIA
to electricity. The majority of African 97,0 99,5
• Refrigeration helps store
households depend on traditional WESTERN
A L G E R I A
99,3 L I B Y A food and is necessary for
SAHARA 99,8
methods of wood or charcoal use for E G Y P T vaccinations.
99,4
cooking, and suffer indoor air pollution M A U R I TA N I A
M A L I
induced health problems. The majority SENEGAL
30,1
17,4 • Transportation is the life
42,0 N I G E R
of schools and clinics in rural Africa lack GAMBIA 9,3 CHAD
ERITREA
blood of trade.
© laif
© laif
8,3 BURKINO FASO 3,5
32,0
modern energy services. Productive GUINEA G U I N E A
BISSAU 20,2
10,0
DJIBOUTI
11,5 GHANA BENIN S U D A N 49,7
activities in rural areas are severely SIERRA IVORY
54,0 24,8 NIGERIA
46,8 CENTRAL
31,4
ETHIOPIA
SOMALIA • Mechanical power is used
LEONE COAST TOGO AFRICAN na
15,3
handicapped by lack of energy services. to saw wood, grind food,
IEA, World Energy Outlook (2009), UNDP/WHO (2009), GTZ (2010)
5,1 LIBERIA 47,3 20,0 CAMEROON REPUBLIC
3,3 29,4 5,1
SAO TOME
AND
EQUATORIAL GUINEA
27,0 UGANDA K E N Y A
pump water or form metal.
PRINCIPE GABON 9.0 15,0
African countries and Regional 48,5 36,7
RWANDA SEYCHELLES
CAPE VERDE 70,4 DR CONGO
© GTZ/ Michael Tsegaye
96,0
Economic Communities (RECs) have set 11,1
6,0
BURUNDI • Communication and
2,8
ambitious targets with respect to access information services,
TANZANIA
to modern energy. Meeting these targets A N G O L A
11,5
COMOROS
using telephones and
41,0
will require both infusion of private and 26,2
Z A M B I A
MALAWI
9,0
computers, are of growing
18,8
public resources, and use of innovative importance in modern life.
© laif
MOZAMBIQUE
NAMIBIA 11,7
models to make energy service provision 34,0 ZIMBABWE
41,5 MADAGASCAR
MAURITIUS
99,4
BOTSWANA 19,0
economically viable, in poor sparsely 45,4
populated areas.
51-100% Table 1: Energy services for productive use
26-50% LESOTHO
SWAZILAND
29,7
16,0
11-25%
SOUTH AFRICA
0-10% 75,0
Expanding access to energy will require: centralised and decentralised solutions; replication of existing “success
stories” as well as development of new and innovative technical and institutional models for energy service
delivery; efficient use of fossil fuels as well as rapid expansion of renewable energy sources.
Figure 2: Access to electricity in Africa (in percent)
t)
6 | AEEP 7 | AEEP
Sustainable energy OUR ENERGY BUILDING BLOCKS: WHAT WE WILL DO
Assuring energy security and access to energy is a great challenge. It is also a great opportunity: a clean and While unmet energy needs are great, the available energy resources are more than sufficient, and our combined
efficient energy sector is an essential requirement for sustainable development in both Africa and Europe. will to overcome difficulties is even greater.
✘
❑ Economic progress. Affordable and reliable energy will help power continued economic development, in African and European leaders have identified areas where joint efforts would be particularly valuable. The
Europe and Africa. Building and running new energy systems – using local and renewable energy sources - will Partnership‘s “Joint Experts Group”, at its February 2010 meeting in Cairo, developed recommendations for
create jobs. Providing energy services to all will create new business opportunities for African entrepreneurs. targets in the following areas in the timeframe up to 2020:
✘
❑ Social progress. Expanding access to modern energy services will be key to improving essential social
services: lighting and refrigeration equipment in health centres; computers in schools; pumps for water supply;
Energy access
phone service for businesses. Improved communication will contribute to political integration. Furthermore,
safe cooking will avoid thousands of unnecessary deaths. As a contribution to the African objective of achieving a continent wide rate of access to modern and
sustainable energy of around 50%, which means additional 250 million people, Africa and the EU will take
✘
❑ Protection of the environment. Sustainable energy systems, particularly renewables, will help combat joint action to:
environmental problems caused by use of energy: deforestation; water, air and indoor pollution; climate • bring access to modern and sustainable energy services to at least an additional 100 million
change. Africans, focusing on sustainable models: to provide energy for basic services (health, education,
water, communication); to power productive activities; and to provide safe and sustainable energy
services to households.
Energy security
Africa and the EU will take joint action to improve energy security by:
• doubling the capacity of cross border electricity interconnections, both within Africa and between
Africa and Europe, thus increasing trade in electricity while ensuring adequate levels of generation capacity;
• doubling the use of natural gas in Africa, as well as doubling African gas exports to Europe, by
building natural gas infrastructure, notably to bring currently flared gas to market.
Renewable energy and energy efficiency
Africa and the EU will take joint action to increase both energy efficiency and the use of renewable energy
in Africa by:
• building 10,000 MW of new hydropower facilities taking into consideration social and environmental
standards;
8 | AEEP 9 | AEEP
Major infrastructure investments: Integrating regions, linking continents
• building at least 5,000 MW of wind power;
• building 500 MW of all forms of solar energy; and Sharing and trading energy resources
• tripling the capacity of other renewables, such as geothermal, and modern biomass; – through infrastructure such as gas
• improving energy efficiency in Africa in all sectors, starting with the electricity sector, in support of and oil pipelines, power lines, storage
Africa's continental, regional and sectoral targets. and shipping facilities – is the most
cost effective way to expand energy
services and assure their reliability.
In order to reach these targets, Europe intends to put its weight and experience behind development of Africa's For Africa and Europe regional and
energy sector. European actions within the framework of the AEEP will complement Africa's own efforts, as well intercontinental integration of energy
as the support from Africa's other development partners. Appropriate joint action will be taken in the following systems is a high priority. Integration is
domains: often a necessary step in harnessing
variable energy sources such as wind
© ABB
or water power. Flows of electricity,
Policy and planning Coastal Trans Backbone Sub-program gas and oil between Africa and Europe
Infrastructure that produces and uses energy – Inter-Zonal Trans Sub-program are already playing a major role in Zambezi substation in the Caprivi region, Namibia
for instance dams, power stations, power lines, North-core Trans Sub-program energy security, as well as in economic
OMVG/OMVS Development Sub-program
refineries, buildings, trains, trucks – is costly and development.
LSG System Redevelopment Sub-program
long-lived. Market forces do not adequately take
account of important public priorities for energy: NIGER
Thus, in both Africa and Europe, physical and economic integration of energy markets is progressing, both through
energy security, access to energy, environment, etc. SENEGAL the building of energy infrastructure and through increased convergence in legislative and regulatory frameworks
MALI
Energy infrastructure requires careful planning, as in the energy sector. The groundwork – both infrastructure and regulatory mechanisms – is being laid for regional
Adapted from WAPP Secretariat (2007)
GAMBIA
well as facilitating private investments, based on BURKINO FASO power pools in Africa.
GUINEA
sound policies. BISSAU
GUINEA BENIN The building of energy infrastructure to tie Africa together and to link Africa and Europe must be accelerated. For
NIGERIA
African and European leaders have drafted major SIERRA TOGO instance, the EU-Africa Infrastructure Trust Fund is supporting the construction of the Caprivi interconnector, a key
LEONE IVORY
policy documents on energy. For instance, ECOWAS 400 MW 1250 km power line in Namibia strengthening the South African Power Pool. To attract more investment
COAST
LIBERIA
leaders and West African utilities analysed their and to make energy affordable, conducive framework conditions should be established, technical standards must
GHANA
current and future needs, and determined that linking be harmonised, and appropriate tariffs should be adopted.
West African electricity grids together was the best
road to meeting growing needs. This regional policy Figure 3: Implementation Road Map of the West African
on electricity has laid the foundation for the West Power Pool (WAPP)
African Power Pool. African and European policies
need to evolve and adjust to changing realities, in
particular to attract more private investment.
10 | AEEP 11 | AEEP
Power Pools:
Africa’s energy
Bizerte
ALGIERS Skikda TUNIS
Maghreb Electricity
Arzew
Committee (Comelec) Tangier Oran Constantine
T UNISIA
West African Power
Pool (WAPP)
Casablanca
RABAT Fès
Oujda
Saïda Biskra La Skhira
Gabès
GULF OF GABÈS
OFFSHORE infrastructure
Central African
Power Pool (CAPP)
MOROCCO
A
Marrakech
HASSI
R’MEL
HASSI
MESSAOUD
Az-Zawiya
TRIPOLI
Misratah
Benghazi
Tobruk
Idku Damietta
NILE DELTA
National boundary
Mobilising for access to energy services
East African Béchar Marsa Alexandria Port Said
B BERKINE Ras Lanuf
Power Pool (EAPP) Agadir BASIN
Ghadames Al-Brega Suez Major oil/gas fields
WESTERN Sinai
Southern African
Power Pool
ALGERIA
GHADAMES
BASIN
DESERT CAIRO Taba
GULF OF SUEZ Oil pipeline Since modern energy services are essential for development, many African countries and regions have adopted
ILIZZI Minya
(SAPP) Gas pipeline
El Ayoun
Adrar
SAHARA
FIELDS
In Salah
BASIN
Sabha
SIRTE
BASIN Asyut
Safaga ambitious objectives for increasing access to energy, particularly in rural and peri-urban zones.
L I B YA EGYPT Major hydroelectric
Western Luxor scheme (see table)
Sahara S a h a r a
(under UN Al-Kufra Power transmission line
C
mandate) Tamanrasset Abu L.
Bordj Simbel Nasser Halaib
Mokhtar D
Nouadhibou
Atar
Re
egion
n (Regional
Nile
Port Sudan
M A U R I TA N I A
NOUAKCHOTT
MALI
Arlit
E Cooking Motive power Electricity
CHINGUETTI
Timbuktu
Gao
Agadez
Atbara
ERITREA
Eco
c no
omic Community)
Néma
St-Louis NIGER Kassala Massawa
PRAIA CHAD KHARTOUM
Nig
DAKAR Wad ASMARA
Kayes Medani
SUDAN
er
CAPE SENEGAL NIAMEY Abéché
BURKINA Zinder El Fasher
VERDE BANJUL GAMBIA N Ségou L. Chad Gedaref F Mekele Assab
DOME FLORE BAMAKO Bobo
FASO
Dioulasso OUAGADOUGOU
Sokoto
Kano
N’DJAMENA
FULA
Rabak
I
L.Tana DJIBOUTI 60% of rural population
BISSAU Maiduguri lu G H DJIBOUTI
NIGERIA
B
O GUINEA
GUINEA-BISSAU
CONAKRY
Kankan Ferkessédougou Tamale BENIN R Kaduna
Maroua
eN
ile Dire
Dawa
VILLE
Berbera
Boosaaso
100% improved cooking: with access to motive
Jebba DOBA Sarh ADAR ADDIS Hargeysa
ABUJA ue MUGLAD
TOGO
FREETOWN CÔTE GHANA Dam
Be
n BASIN YALE ABABA J Harer Garowe
We
est Africa (ECOWAS) including approxim
mat
atel
elyy powe
po werr, ffor
or pr
prod
o uctive 66% of the population
Wh
SIERRA LEONE D’IVOIRE Ibadan Ajaokuta Wau
L. Volta K ET HIOPIA
P Kumasi S Ngaoundéré CENTRAL
ite
Lagos Enugu
A
Malka
20% wi
with
th L
LPPG actiivities
i and basic
Te
MONROVIA Q CAMEROON AFRICAN REPUBLIC
N ile
LI
m
YAMOUSSOUKRO Wakena dam
a
PO OV É
A
LIBERIA Port Harcourt Yabelo
N M
BANGUI Juba
LO RA
RT O
M
Douala Dolo Odo
A
San-Pedro
services
O
SO
CC
Uele
-
Abidjan T YAOUNDÉ
TA
Moyale
NIGER Buta L.Turkana
N
EQUAT.MALABO
O
DELTA Isiro Gulu
GUINEA Kribi UGANDA Turkwel Dam MOGADISHU
O
L.ALBERT BASIN
ZZA NG KAMPALA K E N YA
SÃO TOMÉ & PRÍNCIPE OKUME
L E)
Kisangani Bunia
LIBREVILLE
( BR A F C O
SÃO TOMÉ VIL Mbandaka L Kisumu Tana
Selected major hydroelectric Port-Gentil
GABON
Mbarara M
River
dams Kismayo
80%
80 % of tthe
he
e pop
o ulation
go
OGOOUÉ DELTA
REP. O
schemes Existing and future U D E M O C R AT I C RWANDA Lake NAIROBI
on
Annobón
REPU BL IC OF L.Kivu Y KIGALIMwanza
Victoria
C
(Eq. Guinea)
NAME RIVER CAPACITY Bukavu
A Afourer Oued Day 463 MW ETAMÉ BRAZZAVILLE
Bandundu
K asa
C O N G O BUJUMBURA
BURUNDI ARUSHA Mombasa
SEYCHELLES have acc
ccesesss to
o improvedd
B
C
Abdelmoumen
Aswan High
Issen
Nile
400 MW
2,100 MW
Pointe-Noire
CABINDA V W KINSHASA
ï
Kigoma Lake Pemba I. VICTORIA Central Africa (CE
CEMA
MAC) 50% of the population
D
E
Kajbar
Merowe
Nile
Nile
300 MW
1,250 MW
LOWER CONGO BASIN
Matadi
Soyo
Kananga
Mbuji- Kalemie
Tanganyika
Dodoma
Tanga
Zanzibar I. household fuel e s (L
(LPG or
Mayi TA N Z A N I A Dar es Salaam
F
G
Tekeze
Tana-Beles
Tekeze
Beles
300 MW
460 MW
% of population
with access to
LUANDA
Iringa
Mbeya
Kihansi
Mafia I.
SONGO SONGO improv
ved c coook sttov
o es)
H Tis Abay Blue Nile II: 80 MW
dams
I Roseires Blue Nile 300 MW electricity 2008 ANGOLA Mtwara MNAZI BAY
J Koka, Awash II & III Awash 107 MW Sumbe X
Libya 99.8 Kolwezi Lubumbashi Songea COMOROS
K Gilgel Gibe Omo II: 420 MW 100%– Tunisia 99.5 MORONI
III: 1,870 MW Benguela MALAWI Lake Antsiranana
76% Egypt 99.4 Kuito Luena Copperbelt Malawi
Halale-Werabesa Omo 640 MW Mauritius 99.4 Ndola Pemba
Huambo LILONGWE Lichinga Mayotte
L Bujagali Victoria Nile 250 MW Algeria 99.3
Owen Falls Victoria Nile 300 MW Morocco 97.0 Menongue ZAMBIA Nacala
(Fr.)
M Sondu Miriu
N Manantali
Sondu
Senegal
60 MW
200 MW 75%– South Africa 75.0 Namibe Mongu LUSAKA
Kafue dams 2
Blantyre Mahajanga A least 50% of the EA
At AC population
on has access to modern energy services
51% Ghana 54.0 1 Zambezi
O Garafiri Konkouré 75 MW Tete
P Kossou Bandama 180 MW Côte d’Ivoire 47.3
Z
Rundu
Livingstone HARARE UE
Q Akosombo Volta 1,200 MW Victoria Falls
Q Quelimane Toamasina
Nigeria 46.8
BI
R Kainji Niger 800 MW 50%– Botswana 45.4 ZIMBABWE ANTANANARIVO
AM
S Mambilla Donga 2,600 MW 26% Senegal 42.0 Tsumeb Maun Beira MAURITIUS
MADAGASCAR
M OZ
T Edea Sanaga 264 MW Zimbabwe 41.5 Bulawayo PORT LOUIS
Gabon 36.7 Orapa Francistown
Song Loulou
U Grand Poubara
Sanaga
Ogooué
384 MW
400 MW
Namibia 34.0
Eritrea 32.0
Walvis
NAMIBIA Ghanzi
Selebi-Phikwe
PANDE;
TEMANE
Réunion
(Fr.)
100% indiv ivid
iduual service
V Inga Congo I: 351 MW Sudan 31.4 Bay WINDHOEK B O T S WA N A TSHWANE
(Outputs: I & II are maximums;
III & Grand / IV are estimates)
II: 1,424 MW
III: 4,320 MW
Rep. of Congo 30.0
Cameroon 29.4
GABORONE (PRETORIA) Inhambane
Toliara
East Afr
fric
ca (EAC) in urbanan are
reas.
Angola 26.2 3
Grand / IV: 40-50 GW Tolanaro
¨
W Zongo Inkisi II: 160 MW Benin 24.8 Keetmanshoop
Johannesburg
Secunda
MAPUTO Acceess to mechanical 100%0% vvillage level
X Nzilo Lualaba II: 120 MW 25%– Togo 20.0
Madagascar 19.0
Lüderitz Sasolburg
MBABANE
SWAZILAND Improved co
ooking for
Y Ruzizi I-IV Ruzizi 474 MW 11%
Zambia 18.8 ng
al
pow
po wer for productive sser
ervvice - schools,
Va
Z Ruacana Cunene 240 MW a e
KUDU Or Kimberley 4
1 Kariba North & South Zambezi 1,320 MW Source: Lesotho 16.0
Ethiopia 15.3 Alexander
Richards Bay
Pietermaritzburg 5 %
50
2 Cahora Bassa Zambezi
Cahora Bassa extension Zambezi
2,075 MW
850 MW
World
Energy
Outlook
Kenya 15.0
Mozambique 11.7
Bay
IBHUBESI
Bloemfontein 5
MASE Durban
RU
uses for all communities clinics, hospitals, and
Mpanda Nkuwa Zambezi 1,300 MW 2009 Tanzania 11.5 S O U T H Gariep & LESOTHO
3 Project Lima PS
4 Ingula PS (Braamhoek) Wilge
Steelpoort 1,500 MW
1,333 MW
D.R. of Congo 11.1
AFRICA
Vanderkloof dams
community centers – in
10% & Burkina Faso 10.0 Koeberg nuclear East London
Kilburn Mnj. Tugela 1,000 MW Mossel
5 Lesotho Highlands Water Project 182 MW
under Malawi 9.0
Uganda 9.0
power plant
Cape Town
Bay
Port Elizabeth
© African Energy 2009
rural areas
BREDASDORP BASIN (www.africa-energy.com)
Table 2: Access targets for the year 2015 in three regional strategies
Figure 4: Infrastructure Map 2009, Africa Energy
12 | AEEP 13 | AEEP
Improvements in technology,
innovative financing mechanisms
Diversifying energy sources: Renewable energy and energy efficiency
EU ODA to Africa for Energy
and new institutional structures are Despite Africa's huge energy riches, for the majority of Africans, energy consumption is limited to traditional
all contributing to bringing universal use of wood for cooking. Meeting the combined energy security and energy access challenges will require
access closer to reality. harnessing these riches, notably renewable energy sources that are impervious to the volatile energy markets.
EU official development assistance 1000 Hydropower. Only 7% of Africa's huge hydropower potential
Million euros
(ODA) is already playing a major role. (1,750 TWh, roughly the total consumption of France,
Based on data from OECD.Stat 2010
For instance, the first ACP EU Energy ■ DAC Countries, total Germany and Italy) is currently used. This cheap and clean
500
Facility has contributed over € 180m ■ EU MS energy source could meet all of Africa's power needs
■ EC
of financing to energy access projects ■ Total EC + EU MS
for years to come, while respecting world environmental
in 36 African countries, leveraging 0 standards.
more than double of this amount. The 2008
2007
second Energy Facility was replenished 2006 The EU is supporting construction of the 250 MW Bujagali
with € 200m in new financing under hydropower facility in Uganda.
the 10th European Development Figure 5: EU official development assistance (ODA) for energy in Africa
Photo: KfW
Fund (EDF).
Progress in energy access must be greatly accelerated, to power economic growth and a rising standard of living
for Africa's growing population. To increase the resources brought to energy access investments, public action Bujagali hydropower facility, Uganda
must aim at attracting private operators.
Geothermal. Only 1% of Africa's geothermal potential is
exploited, in Kenya and Ethiopia. This clean reliable energy
source could make a big difference, notably in East Africa.
For instance, the Olkaria Geothermal Plant in Kenya is
currently being expanded, with support from the EU.
Photo: GTZ Kenya
Olkaria Geothermal Plant, Kenya
14 | AEEP 15 | AEEP
Biomass. The many forms of biomass can meet a variety of
Photo: Mauritius Sugar Producers’ Association (MSPA)
energy needs: cooking, power, transport fuel. Considerable Solar power. The sun‘s energy can be harnessed through
amounts of unused biomass waste could be converted to photoelectric cells, concentrating solar power plants and
energy. Use of Africa's vast agricultural potential for energy solar water heaters. These technologies are rapidly becoming
requires careful consideration of impact on food production cost effective, and could be widely applied in sun-rich Africa.
and water resources.
The Mauritius dual fired bagasse coal power plant has shown
Photo: GTZ Ethiopia
how use of biomass can support energy, agriculture and
environment objectives.
Belle Vue bagasse coal power plant, Mauritius Solar photovoltaic cells in Ethiopia
Energy efficiency. Across the
Energy intensity
planet, people are learning how to
Ratio of energy use to economic production
Wind. Wind energy is fast becoming a major source get more and better services out of
of energy across the world. Africa-Europe electricity less energy. The potential savings in
30%
interconnections would allow making better use of variable Africa, estimated at up to 40%, could
wind resources, thus supporting the development of the wind make a rapid contribution to easing 25%
energy industry in Africa and in Europe. power crises. In fact, Africa uses more
energy per unit of economic output 20%
Photo: GEC/Wind Power Works
For instance, Egypt has an installed capacity of 425 MW of than all other regions (see figure 6).
Based on data from IEA Energy Statistics 2007
wind power and plans to increase to 850 MW by 2010 and Rapid savings can be obtained at low 15%
3,000 MW by 2020. cost, for instance by using modern
high performance light bulbs and 10%
refrigerators.
5%
0%
Zafarana Wind Farm, Egypt Africa US China Brasil EU-27
High energy intensity values indicate an inefficient use of energy
Figure 6: Energy intensity compared across regions
16 | AEEP 17 | AEEP
To harness the potential of renewable energy and energy
Reduction of gas flaring and venting
Photo: Centre for Energy Efficiency and Conservation,
efficiency, energy policies and policy tools must aim at
diversifying energy supplies by using local energy sources Natural gas, the cleanest burning fossil fuel, is a precious
and at making the most efficient use of available energy. resource. Nevertheless, approximately 50 billion m3 per year
of
o African natural gas is literally going up in smoke, because
Kenya Association of Manufacturers
Within the framework of the AEEP, an “Africa-EU Renewable infrastructure is lacking to capture the gas.
Energy Cooperation Programme” will be launched. Based on
Africa's and Europe‘s shared interest in accelerated use of
renewable energy resources and in reducing dependency on
© Medgaz, S.A.
fossil fuels, the programme will mobilise human, technology
and financial resources to spur innovation in Africa. The
programme will help build a significant new area for industrial
trade and business cooperation between Africa and Europe. Medgaz Algeria-Spain Gas Pipeline
Based on data from the “Global Gas Flaring Reduction Partnership”, The World Bank Group (2006)
Energy engineers conducting an energy audit
MOROCCO TUNISIA
A L G E R I A
Africa and Europe will work to dramatically WESTERN
SAHARA
L I B Y A
reduce flaring, by building natural gas E G Y P T
infrastructure to bring currently flared gas to M A U R I TA N I A
M A L I
market. The captured gas will both help meet SENEGAL
GAMBIA
N I G E R
CHAD
ERITREA
energy needs in Africa and be exported to GUINEA
BURKINO FASO
DJIBOUTI
BISSAU G U I N E A BENIN
Europe. SIERRA IVORY
GHANA
TOGO
NIGERIA
S U D A N
SOMALIA
LEONE COAST CENTRAL
AFRICAN ETHIOPIA
LIBERIA
REPUBLIC
CAMEROON
The Medgaz gas pipeline now under EQUATORIAL GUINEA UGANDA K E N Y A
construction, a 210 km link between Algeria GABON
CONGO RWANDA
DR CONGO
and Spain that will allow the transport BURUNDI
of 8 billion m3 per year, is an example of TANZANIA
infrastructure that will facilitate trade in natural A N G O L A
MALAWI
Z A M B I A
gas. MOZAMBIQUE
NAMIBIA
ZIMBABWE
MADAGASCAR
BOTSWANA
SWAZILAND
LESOTHO
SOUTH AFRICA
Figure 7: African countries flaring gas
18 | AEEP 19 | AEEPAn enabling environment for private investment Developing institutional and technical capacity
The key to meeting energy needs is to attract private capital Without adequate capacity, no amount of investment will be sufficient to meet the energy challenge. Institutional
for the massive private energy sector investments needed and human capacity must grow, in step with growing energy systems.
to assure our energy future. AEEP efforts will focus on lifting
barriers to private investment in the energy sector, and on Capacity building for national, regional and continental institutions in Africa could focus on information systems,
building capacity for Private Public Partnerships. The EU will databases, planning, standardisation, etc. As an example, the Regional Centre for Renewable Energy and
intensify efforts to facilitate cooperation among African and Energy Efficiency, established in Cairo, will aid in formulating and disseminating policies in support of renewable
European private sector investors, with particular focus on energy and energy efficiency and will provide a platform for the regional exchange on policy issues and
attracting European and international investment to Africa. technological questions.
Photo: Helmut Viertel
Africa will make efforts to improve the profitability and viability
of its power utilities, for instance through more efficient
management, optimal tariffs or more precisely targeted
subsidies.
Developing cooperation between private and public Strengthen the role of small and medium size
sectors is a priority of the AEEP. To increase investment, enterprises
it is necessary to reduce institutional bottlenecks, develop
and complete feasibility studies as appropriate, improve
procurement processes and introduce medium term, multi-
year budgeting, rather than piecemeal short-term project
budgeting. The African Development Bank, with support from
the Commission on Effective Development Cooperation with
Africa, is establishing a facility to strengthen the role of small
and medium-sized enterprises, and to stimulate the market for
decentralised, renewable energy.
© GTZ, EoPSD
Develop and complete feasibility studies
20 | AEEP 21 | AEEPDialogue and exchange
African and European countries have recognized the need
for more effective dialogue and cooperation, notably on
energy access and energy security. The Africa-EU Energy
Partnership will further strengthen these goals. Dialogue
© European Commission
will be broadened to include civil society, the private sector,
research organisations, as well as the UN System and
Africa's other development partners.
The key to making best use of Africa's and Europe's
complementary resources is deepened and broadened EC-AUC College-to-College Meeting,
dialogue at multiple levels, both political and technical. October 2008
To this end, the AUC and the EC will organise high level
meetings on the main issues confronting us: energy security,
access to energy and financing for infrastructure.
Imprint
Publisher
European Union Energy Initiative - Partnership Dialogue Facility (EUEI PDF)
on behalf of the African and European Implementing Teams of the Africa-EU Energy Partnership (AEEP)
Editing
European Union Energy Initiative - Partnership Dialogue Facility (EUEI PDF), www.euei-pdf.org
GTZ AgenZ, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, Germany
Implementation
GTZ AgenZ, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, Germany
Design & Layout
druckfertig, Klepp & Partners GmbH, Austria
www.druckfertig.at
Print
© European Commission
© European Commission
Offsetdruck Ing. Kurz GmbH
Pictures on cover – copyrights left to right:
Photo: Peter Scott, Photo: GTZ , © laif, © laif
Pictures page 3 – copyrights:
EU-Africa Summit, Lisbon 2007 Konaré, AUC, and Barroso, EC, Photo Dr. Elham M.A. Ibrahim – © African Union Commission
at Lisbon Summit 2007 Photo Andris Piebalgs – © European Commission
22 | AEEP 23 | AEEPYou can also read
