Air-Rail Link - a LAirA Project Report - Interreg Central Europe
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Air-Rail Link
- a LAirA Project Report
1
LAirA is financially supported by the European Union’s Interreg Central Europe programme, which is a European cohesion policy programme that encourages cooperation beyond borders. LAirA is a 30-months project (2017-2019), with a total budget of €2.3 million. LAirA PROJECT 2018 COPYRIGHT
Contents
4 Project background and programme context
6 Thematic Focus: Air-Rail Links
11 Relevance of topic for airports
16 Limitations and Potentials
18 Key objectives from airport’s perspective for future
developments
19 Actions
29 Conclusions
30 Bibliography
Project background and programme context 4
Project objectives LAirA’s ambition is to reduce the energy
use and the negative environmental
impacts of transport activities in
central-European urban centres and
their hinterlands by provoking a change
of mobility behaviours of passengers and
LAirA addresses the specific and employees of airports. By building novel
significant challenge of the multimodal, strategies that are available for public
smart and low carbon mobility entities, low carbon mobility planning
integration of airports in the mobility should be improved. The 56 million
systems of Functional Urban Areas passengers and 39,000 employees of the
(FUAs) of Central Europe (CE). Airports airport systems in the FUAs of Vienna,
are key assets of CE FUAs and important Budapest, Warsaw, Bologna, Stuttgart,
transnational transport gateways for CE Dubrovnik and Poznan are addressed
citizens. The magnitude and growing by the LAirA developments. LAirA shall
trend of air traffic (on average 10% develop the capacities of public entities
per year in the EU) requires actions for – local and regional authorities and
the improved and sustainable landside airports - that jointly plan and implement
accessibility of FUAs to airports. low carbon mobility solutions.
A transnational and innovative comprehensive approach is used integrating seven key
thematic areas:
Electric mobility Walking & cycling Air-Rail links ITS
Shared mobility Wayfinding Road Public Transport
LAirA defines in a transnational policy Strategies for low carbon integration
learning dialogue the action plans for of airports in FUAs are defined in a
low carbon mobility of airport passengers governance process involving airports,
and employees, taking into consideration authorities, agencies, transport
multiple types of interventions (the seven providers, associations & nodes. WPT2
LAirA thematic areas) not only related focuses on action planning low carbon
to public transport (competence of mobility services & changing behaviour
authorities) but also to further integrate for low carbon airports accessibility
other low carbon mobility solutions (e.g. in FUAs. The expected output is a
e-mobility, car sharing). transnational Action Plan for Multimodal,
Smart and Low-carbon Accessibility in
Airport FUAs.
5
Thematic Focus: Air-Rail Links 6
Definition one of those ambitions is that 90% of
travellers within Europe are able to
complete their journey, door-to-door
Within the LAirA project, the topic of
within 4 hrs. Given that the flight time
Air-Rail Links covers the city, intercity
cannot be significantly reduced yet, to
and international rail connections to the
achieve this goal most of the attention
airport. Rail connections can be light
needs to be given to reduce travel time
rail/tram, metro/subway, commuter/
to/from airports and processing times at
regional rail, dedicated airport express
airports.
service or high-speed rail connection.
The topic does not cover the inter-
terminal rail shuttle projects. Building rail access to airport can have
significant economic and environmental
benefits to the airport, the city and
In the age of Mobility as a Service (MaaS)1
region. American Public Transportation
airports need to be connected to cities
Association (APTA) found that hotels
and regions by different transport modes
in cities with direct rail access from
(car sharing, taxi, bus, rail, cycle and
downtown to airport terminals receive
other mobility services) to successfully
nearly 11% more revenue per room than
compete and grow business. In 2017,
hotels in cities without a rail airport
global air traffic passenger demand
connection (A New Partnership: Rail
increased by 8.1 percent on the year
Transit and Convention Growth).
before, 2018 traffic is projected to
grow another seven percent. With more
people travelling to and from airports, Improving rail connections can also
road access becomes more congested help with the environmental challenges
and car parking space more scarce as a significant proportion of the CO2
and expensive. Worrying about road emissions at airports are generated by
congestion and finding car parking space passenger and staff journeys to and from
significantly increases passenger stress the airport. For example, in 2017 Avinor
level. Airports Council International reported that 23% of total CO2 emissions
(ACI) Best Practice Ground Transport at Oslo Airport came from surface access.
report found that passengers that use
public transportation tend to be more This thematic report focuses on action
satisfied than those that use private plans from project partners to introduce
transportation to access airports. This Air-Rail Links as part of the wider LAirA
is true for both business and leisure initiative.
travellers. Rail and subway get the
highest score, whereas car and taxi get Trends across Europe
the lowest scores on average.
The European Union counts over 400
The Advisory Council for Aviation airports with scheduled flights. Out of
Research and Innovation in Europe about 250 airports serving over 1 million
(ACARE) has formulated ambitious goals passengers annually in Europe, 68 of
for aviation research in their Flightpath them are directly connected by rail.
2050 (European Commission 2011),
1. Mobility as a Service, or MaaS is a subscription-based transportation service integrating different forms of mobility
services (public transport, car rental, car sharing, taxi, biking, autonomous, flights and other) into a single mobility
service accessible on demand and paid for monthly/annually.
7
According to the Airport Service Quality Satisfaction with ground transportation
– Best Practice Report by ACI, European is influenced by several factors such as
airports have the highest percentage (16% cost, duration and comfort. According
on average) of passengers choosing rail to the Best Practice Report, the mode of
to travel to get to the airport, followed transport used plays a significant role in
by Asia Pacific region (8% on average). passenger satisfaction. Passengers that
That might be influenced by the fact use public transportation tend to be
that getting to the airport by taxi is the more satisfied than those that use private
most expensive in Europe (EUR 45 on transportation. Rail and subway get the
average) and cheapest in Africa/Middle highest score whereas car and taxi get
East where it costs EUR 20 on average. the lowest scores on average. It should
be noted that passenger satisfaction
with a specific
mode of
transport will
also depend on
the degree of
development
of this mode of
transport in a
region.
Considering
the mode share
of rail for
airport travel,
Copenhagen
ASQ Best Practice Report Ground Transportation Modal
airport is among the leaders in the
Split by Region
world as 26% of passengers use the
The report also found that there appears local metro and 34% use the regional
to be no correlation between the distance
between the airport and the city centre
and passenger satisfaction with ground
transportation. This is fortunate for
airports that are far from downtown
as it seems they can still satisfy their
passengers by providing an appropriate
ground transportation offering. On the
other hand, there is a relation between
the size of an airport and the score it
achieves for ground transportation.
Bigger airports tend to offer a wider
mix of transportation, which has a
positive impact on satisfaction levels.
ASQ Best Practice Report Ground Transportation
public transport usage at airports
8
train service to travel to and from the for domestic passengers, location and
airport. That is a total of 60% of airport surface access appear to be the most
passengers using a rail service. common reason for their airport choice.
This probably reflects the importance
Modal Split at Copenhagen Airport of surface access travel as a proportion
of their overall travel time, which
could mean
that domestic
passengers
would choose
the nearest
or most easily
accessible
airport to
reduce their
surface travel
time as much
as possible.
Location and
NOTE: The dip in train journeys in 2015 was due to the
surface access reasons (46%) are also
migrant crisis, many of the Sweden-to-Denmark trains
important to international short-haul
were not stopping at the airport. Passengers lost trust
passengers, again possibly due to the
in the commuter rail service and chose to travel by
impact of surface travel time on their
metro instead.
overall travel time.
Travel behaviour is
different between
different demographic
groups. Young people
chose public transport
for their daily travel.
Passengers aged between
15 and 29 years made up
32.7% of all travellers
at Copenhagen Airport
in 2017 and 71.8% of
these young passengers
accessed the airport by
train or metro.
UK CAA Passenger Survey
2011 data shows that
ease of surface access
is most often why
passengers chose their
departure airports. The
survey also found that Reason for airport choice according to flight duration at the four major
London Airports. CAA Passenger Survey data
9
Consultation on Issues Affecting Passengers’ Access to UK Airports: A Review of
Surface Access report also found that most passengers made the decision on
transport either at the time of booking (48%), or sometime after the booking
but before departure (45%). Very few waited until the day of the flight (5%). The
proportions varied by transport mode.
10Relevance of topic for airports
Policy background United Kingdom
On 28 March 2011, the European UK Government’s Aviation Policy
Commission adopted the White Paper Framework (2013) states that all airports
entitled “Roadmap to a Single European in England with scheduled services should
Transport Area — Towards a competitive establish Airport Transport Forums and
and resource efficient transport system” prepare Airport Surface Access Strategies
(the “White Paper”). The White Paper to feed into Local Transport Plans.
aims at reducing the greenhouse gas The surface access proposals should
emissions (GHG) of the transport sector demonstrate how the airport will ensure
by at least 60% by 2050 compared easy and reliable access for passengers,
to 1990. As far as infrastructure is increase the use of public transport by
concerned, the White Paper aims at passengers to access the airport, and
establishing a fully functional and minimise congestion and other local
Union-wide multimodal TEN-T core impacts. The general position for existing
network by 2030. Interoperability could airports is that developers should pay
be enhanced by innovative solutions the costs of upgrading or enhancing
that improve compatibility between road, rail or other transport networks or
the systems involved. The White Paper services where there is a need to cope
also aims at optimising the performance with additional passengers travelling to
of multimodal logistic chains, including and from expanded or growing airports.
by making greater use of more energy- Where the scheme has a wider range
efficient modes. Therefore, it sets the of beneficiaries, the Government will
following relevant target for TEN-T consider, along with other relevant
policy: by 2050, all core network airports stakeholders, the need for additional
should be connected to the rail network. public funding on a case-by-case basis.
That means that 37 key airports in
Europe will have rail connections into France
major cities.
France’s transport policy aims to reduce
National policies on improving access greenhouse gas emissions by 20% by
to and from airports and, specifically, 2020 along with the sector’s dependence
pushing for greater take-up of public on hydrocarbons. The Directorate
transport use, differ from country to General of Infrastructures, Transport
country. Below are some of the examples and the Sea (DGITM) promotes modal
of national aviation policy excerpts transfer policy, placing the sustainable
relating to improving public transport development priority at the heart of
access to national and regional airports. each decision-making stage. The DGITM
was created in 2008 to prepare and
11implement the terrestrial and maritime Strategy in 2017, focusing on the various
multimodal policy respecting sustainable elements and presents several initiatives
development principles. It plays a and each of them can help to create
cross-sector role, taking responsibility the basis for continued improvement in
for all issues relating to terrestrial connectivity to, from and within Denmark.
and maritime transport, but also the One of the focus areas in the strategy
planning of airports. The Grenelle 1 is the expansion of the infrastructure
Law prioritises public transport and to airports – “an airport’s passenger
limits the development of road and catchment area is an expression of how
airport projects (article 11, Grenelle many potential passengers live within a
1). “The development of the use of reasonable distance from the airport.
public passenger transport is a priority. The passenger catchment area for
To this end, for inter-urban and peri- Danish airports can thus be increased
urban travel, in terms of infrastructure, by improving the surrounding road and
priority will be given to rail investments railway connections.”
over the development of road or airport
projects.” Ireland
Sweden The National Aviation Policy Action
Plan, adopted in 2015, states that “air
In 2017 the Swedish Government has transport requires a specific level of
adopted a National Aviation Strategy airport infrastructure, both in terms of
– for Aviation’s Role in the Transport quantity and quality, to facilitate the
System of Tomorrow. The plan focuses optimum level of air services for Ireland.
on seven areas: accessibility in Sweden This includes terminal and runway
and internationally; strengthening capacity as well as surface access to
Arlanda Airport as a hub and major airports and is particularly relevant to
airport; reducing the environmental the development of Dublin Airport as
climate impact of aviation; a high a secondary hub.” One of the action
level of aviation safety with goal-based items in the plan is that “access to
regulations; fair conditions and healthy the airports will be taken into account
competition; a nation with strong during the development of surface
research and an innovative aviation transport programmes, in line with the
industry; and increased exports of Department’s Strategic Framework for
Swedish goods and services. Part of the Investment in Land Transport which
strategy was the development of the proposed the prioritisation of improved
Arlanda Airport Council, whose role is connections to key seaports and
to contribute to the Government’s long- airports.”
term efforts to develop Arlanda Airport
from a multimodal perspective. Switzerland
Denmark The Report on the Aviation Policy of
Switzerland 2016 states that within the
Denmark released the new Aviation scope of its planning expertise, the Federal
12Council ensures the implementation cases the easiest option for them is to
of the coordinated traffic and spatial take out their phone and call a friend,
development of airports. “Different ride sharing service or hail a taxi from
modes of transport should be linked in outside the arrivals door.
such a way that reliable, comfortable
and efficient transfer connections are Southampton Airport’s railway station
ensured. National airports should be is located just few steps away from
connected to high performance roads the terminal. Passengers do not need
and integrated into the regional public to guess how to find the railway station
transport network, national railway as the wayfinding clearly directs
networks and, if possible, European high- them reassuring along the way. 16% of
speed rail network. Regional airports Southampton Airport passengers used
should also, as far as it is economically rail service to access the airport in 2014.
possible, be accessible by good public Southampton Airport
transport links.”
Best practices in/around
airports
Success of the airport rail links depend
on many factors and local circumstances
but there are some key elements that
need to be considered when planning for
a new air-rail service. According to the
Global AirRail Alliance, an international
membership organisation promoting
rail access to airports, a best practice
airport rail connection, should consider Other airports integrate
the following: the railway station
within the terminal,
Location for example, Flytoget
Frequency and journey time railway station was
Price part of the original airport design and is
Ticket integration located directly under the arrivals hall.
In-town check-in
• Frequency and journey time
• Location
After finding the railway station the next
Positioning the railway station at the question always is “how long will I have to
airport is one of the first and key wait for the next train?”. Turn-up-and-go
elements to consider when planning a services will always be more attractive
successful airport rail link. Passengers to passengers than trains running every
arriving at an unfamiliar airport might half hour and communicating that
feel disoriented and stressed. In most message in a clear and simple way
13ensures passengers will chose rail over and six months in advance. The Express
taxi. Rhonexpress light rail service Saver single fare is £25 if travelling
to and from Lyon Airport advertises during the peak times (06:30 – 09:30 or
the frequency and travel time at the 16:00 – 19:00 Monday - Friday) or £22 if
baggage collection area and as soon as travelling during off-peak times. Returns
passengers enter the arrivals area after are £37. The advance tickets start from
the customs. 12% of passengers used rail £5.50 one way. Kids aged 15 years and
to travel to/from Lyon Airport in 2014. under travel free in Express Class when
accompanied by a paying adult.
Stansted Express offers advance one-
way tickets from just £7 when booking
online. A standard class single ticket
costs £32.40. Stansted Express and
Gatwick Express offer a Web-Duo type
ticket, where two people can travel on
a discounted single ticket.
• Airline-railway ticketing integration
Rhonexpress signage at Lyon Airport
• Price There are number of airline-ground
transport partnerships around the
Airport Express Rail services historically world, encouraging passengers to book
were competing with private cars and a combined airline and ground transport
taxis, focusing on high quality service, ticket for their travel to/from the
branding and a “premium” feel of the airport.
journey. These operators were targeting
the business travellers that value speed For example, partnership between
and reliability and therefore were setting Finnair and Finnish railway company
their fares to compete with car parking VR, enables air passengers to connect
fees and taxi tariffs and were usually more between Helsinki Airport and Saint
expensive than a traditional commuter Petersburg on a single intermodal ticket.
rail or metro services. The arrival of ride The intermodal ticket also includes the
sharing companies created a cheaper transfer between Helsinki Airport and
option for travelling to and from the Helsinki Central or Tikkurila high-speed
airport by car and forced the airport rail station, from where passengers can
express rail operators to re-evaluate catch the high-speed Allegro train. The
their fares and look at expanding their Allegro service, run by Finland’s state-
markets to different travel groups, such owned VR Group, started at the end
as families, backpackers and young of 2010 and saw its biggest passenger
entrepreneurs that are looking for good numbers in 2013, when VR sold about half
travel deals and are prepared to book in a million tickets. In 2014, Allegro served
advance of travel. a total of about 400,000 passengers.
Heathrow Express offers “buy early and Although the potential market size for
save up to 75%” discounted fares for surface-to-air integrated ticketing is
advanced bookings made between three large, the demand is still low, mainly due
14Available routes with Finnair and VR
to commercial, technological and policy interest in releasing passengers off
barriers. This is even the case for the most their luggage before the flight. In March
successful and widely known airline-railway 2017, PostNL introduced the PostNL
partnership, Rail&Fly between Deutsche Baggage Service for travellers traveling
Bahn (DB) and various airlines. DB sells from Schiphol and Eindhoven airport.
around 500,000 Rail&Fly tickets annually. This service has two variants - luggage
With over 200 million air passengers per year is picked up from home and checked-in
in Germany and at an assumed average rail for the traveller, or luggage is collected
mode share of 25% (passengers travelling at home and delivered at the airport,
to/from airports by rail), this represents where travellers can then check-in the
just 1% of actual air passengers accessing suitcases at the airport themselves.
airports by rail that are using integrated
tickets. easyJet has also launched a partnership
with home bag-drop service AirPortr,
• In-town check-in giving passengers travelling from London
Gatwick the option to check-in their
There are only a small number of airport luggage online and then have it collected
rail operators that offer an in-town from their doorstep by AirPortr drivers
check-in service for passengers to drop and taken directly to the airport.
off their luggage before the flight at the
city centre railway station. Those are:
Best Practice Example - Zurich Airport
A’REX, Seoul With around 350 rail connections and over 700 bus and
City Airport Train, Vienna 400 tram departures a day, Zurich Airport is considered
to be one of the best-connected airports in Europe. With
Delhi Airport Metro Express, Delhi some 70,000 public transport users daily, Zurich Airport has
become a key transport hub in the greater Zurich area in
Airport Express Line, Hong Kong
terms of passenger frequency.
KLIA Ekspres, Kuala Lumpur
• Density of modes: the airport is served by several modes -
Narita Express, Tokyo
national and regional trains, buses and trams.
SBB, Switzerland • Travel time: Zurich city centre is just ten minutes away by
public transport.
• Density of schedule: there is a public transport departure
every 37 seconds at peak hours. This allows for real
About half of the airport customers use flexibility and seamless travel.
the in-town check-in services in Hong • Ticketing: a single ticket system for all modes.
Kong (54.3% data recorded in 2011) and • Luggage check-in: SBB offers Flight Luggage service where
Vienna (50%, data recorded in 2012). passengers can either check-in their bags at one of the
selected SBB rail stations or order their bags to be collected
directly from home and back again.
However, there is some new-found • Intermodality: public transport facilities are no more than
5 minutes’ walk from public transport to the airport.Limitations and Potentials
Limitations Potential
Building an airport rail link is expensive Demand for air travel is growing and it
and involves many stakeholders that is important that airports ensure their
have different agendas. Furthermore, infrastructure is ready to efficiently
car parking revenue makes up a serve the passengers. Improving ground
significant proportion of airport’s transport access allows airports to
operational revenue and introducing a welcome more passengers from wider
new rail connection to the airport might catchment areas and more passengers
be perceived as a threat to that revenue means more flights. An efficient and fast
source. public transport network to and from
the airport opens commercial and real-
estate opportunities around the airport
There are no studies done to determine
region.
what critical conditions need to be met
at the airport (number of passengers
served annually, road congestion, car Introduction of the Ring Rail Line to
parking capacity, distance from the Helsinki Airport allowed the development
city, different modes available and of Aviapolis, offering housing to 20,000
other factors) to make introducing a residents and over 40,000 new jobs.
new railway service a valid option. It
has been discussed in the industry that When Canada Line started operating
an airport express rail service (a non- between Vancouver Airport and the city
stop, dedicated airport rail link between centre in 2009, it spurred an intense
the airport and the city centre) can be development along the route. Translink
considered for airports that serve more (the operator of the line) originally
than 10 million passengers annually. But projected the break-even ridership to
the viability of an airport rail link service occur by 2014 at 100,000 passengers per
still needs to be determined on a case by day. However, by late 2010 the line had
case basis. reached this projected ridership, three
years early. In addition to greater than
expected ridership, the Canada Line has
driven increased densification around
the route stations. In 2011 the Vancouver
City Council approved density changes
that add as many as 14,000 people along
the corridor in the next 30 years.
16Project Partner Insights mobility planners, NGOs, and other
business partners to form a common
Budapest Airport strategy and development roadmap for
enhancing mobility and transportation
developments. Airport rail connection
Seamless transportation and
would be one of the possible airport
transferability of passengers is key when
related transportation solutions and,
designing air-rail links. Train terminals
arguably, the most significant mobility
directly and closely connected to the
development in terms of passenger
Airport Terminals is a great benefit.
capacity, cost and needed territory for
For example, at Stuttgart Airport the
the investment (train lines, stations,
train terminal is located directly under
construction areas). The key role of an
the Airport Terminal and the trains are
airport could be to find and establish the
accessible by escalators and elevators
common interest group of the local and
placed between the underground train
national stakeholders to try to facilitate
station and the terminal.
a complex development inside and
outside the airport land.
The consideration for Budapest is to
decide if a new train line between
Air-rail link development in Budapest
the airport and the city centre or an
Airport FUA is a national importance
extension from the existing train lines
project. This brings both, challenges and
connecting the airport terminals and
opportunities, as such projects can have
the national rail networks needs to be
significant investment costs and the
built. In the first case the airport needs
public perception might be that it will
to have enough passenger traffic to
only benefit an isolated area. Therefore,
sustain a dedicated airport rail line or a
it is important to involve all stakeholders
regular financial support from the state
early in the project development stage
to sustain such line. An extension from
to agree the benefits to the wider
national rail network has the benefit of
reach of potential users by creating
integration with other rail lines which
connections to new areas and enhancing
would enhance the general accessibility
the accessibility of the airport. Various
of the airport FUA. This also seems more
environmental and aviation safety issues
financially feasible.
should also be evaluated before planning
and the appropriate solutions should be
In any case the road, pedestrian and incorporated into the basic design plans.
train crossings should be designed to be
on different ground levels, so the train
line is separated from the other traffic.
This reduces travel time for both the
train and road journeys.
In the ideal case, Airports are already
cooperating with their neighbours,
including local municipalities, aviation
authorities, transportation authorities,
17Key objectives from airport’s perspective for
future developments
Short Term Planning for construction
Stakeholder engagement Ensuring that the construction of the
airport rail link does not affect airport
Gaining public and political support for operations or other transport modes at
the project is a key step for an airport the airport.
rail link project success. An airport
rail link project Gautrain to connect Long Term
Johannesburg O.R.Tambo Airport with
the city centre and the wider region
(started operations in 2010) credits its
success to a comprehensive stakeholder Service Quality
engagement and communication strategy.
Before the strategy implementation the
Sustaining and growing the quality of
coverage about the Gautrain’s project
service.
in the media was only 5% positive
and 57% negative (February 2006). In
August 2007 the balance shifted with Wider connectivity
43% positive news stories and only 16%
negative coverage. The Media relations Planning for extensions of the train
focused on a strong drive to educate the network and connections to the wider
public about Gautrain and continuously region.
communicate socio-economic success
stories.
Planning for multimodality
Design future airport rail link projects
that seamlessly integrate with other
transport modes (infrastructure and
digital).
18Actions
Budapest: Air-rail link between The first step is to carry out the
Budapest Airport and East/ authorization and legislative tasks
related to the development, then the
West Hungary Action
tender documentation and the public
procurement tender itself, as well as
A new railway link is planned to connect a possible grant application based on
the existing railway network and the transport development concepts.
Budapest Airport to provide railway
accessibility from East and West Hungary.
One of the considerations for the
The key objective of the project is to
Budapest Airport rail link development
design a seamless integration between
is the route positioning in the city and
the railway station and the airport
the airport. The train could approach
terminal, which involves redesigning
the airport terminal between the two
the airport road network to separate
runways, but this solution would have to
road-road and road-rail connections on
be either in a tunnel or levelled to the
different levels.
ground in a trench, as there are number
of aviation safety issues that need to be
In addition to the redevelopment of considered.
the railway track, the plans include the
development of a two-platform railway
The next step is to carry out an
station near the Terminal 2, and the
environmental impact study and
redevelopment of the train station at
incorporate the appropriate solutions
Kőbánya-Kispest.
into the basic design plans.
Feasibility studies and design plans have
Stakeholder engagement and public
already been created, evaluating several
awareness in also a significant issue to
rail route options and the train station
consider. The new railway line could
concepts at Budapest (starting point of
offer an alternative transport option
the connection), at the Airport Terminal
to access the airport, reducing road
and at the town of Monor (end station of
congestion and emissions from vehicles.
connection and connection point towards
the national train network).
19The proposed path of the new air-rail connection at Budapest
Airport, connecting the airport to the national railway network
One of the alternative design plans for the location of the Train terminal
20 near the Airport terminal. (Railway line is red).Overview on measures
Sustainability Potential and Impact Budapest Airport is a Carbon Neutral
Airport (ACI Europe 04 2018) and it
Dynamic annual increase of passengers welcomes the train connection as one
should be the basis of air-rail link of the least polluting and safe passenger
developments – Budapest Airport transportation method. Most of BUD
passenger numbers are growing above Airport passengers arrive to the airport
the 10% rate during the last 5 years. by car. The train connection could shift
Passenger growth was 11.1% in 2016, the mode share, reducing emissions from
14,1% in 2017, and 17% in Q1 2018. road traffic.
Besides the existing mobility options,
the new train connection would create In some specific cases air cargo can be
the possibilities of serving the increasing transported by train but this opportunity
passenger and cargo volumes and would is usually limited.
attract more passengers from outside
the Airport FUA increasing the airport’s A train connection could also serve as a
catchment area. separate and an additional transportation
method in case of disruption on roads.
The new train connection would increase
accessibility from East and West Hungary Risk Mitigation Measures
and it closest catchment area from Line
100, Budapest Nyugati and Kelenföld If the final decision will support a
train stations. This would great enhance dedicated direct train connection
work related commuting by train. between the airport and city centre the
21catchment area for the airport will not from congestion in both directions,
increase, the ticket prices might be too specifically at most junctions leading to
high, it might also mean high operation and from the airport and there are no
and maintenance costs compared to escape roads from the two inner lanes
possible passenger volume. To mitigate in case the traffic gets blocked. This
this risk, a strong local and regional could result in the entire traffic coming
cooperation is needed to ensure an to a halt for several hours, in some cases
optimal solution for the region. making the airport inaccessible. The
train connection could offer a separate
The public opinion might not be in favour service and reduce the load on the road
of the development and the political traffic.
support might change. Budapest Airport
is constantly looking for cooperation
opportunities with the local communities
and municipalities through noise
reduction, various environmental and
mobility related projects, and provides
its support for counter measures. As Vienna: Rail connection to the
the train connection would benefit the East from Vienna International
entire region, development partnerships Airport
are formed and sustained. An advanced
communication strategy with local An expansion of the rail connection to
communities and municipalities is the East (direction Slovenia, Hungary)
needed to ensure a continues support. from the Vienna International Airport
is planned for 2033-35. One of the key
Choosing the right location of the station goals is to increase rail mode share
at the airport: A direct connection for arriving and departing passengers.
between the train and and terminals Currently about 43.4% of air passengers
needs to be secured so the advantage of travel to and from Vienna International
the fast train connection will not be lost Airport by rail (City Airport Train 8.8%,
by difficult and long transfer to/from the rapid transit train 25.4%, Railjet 9.2%).
terminal.
Vienna Airport Region works with the
Impact on other modes airport, local municipalities and other
stakeholder partners to develop the
The upgrade and redevelopment of the airport region focusing on improving
major road linking Budapest and the transport facilities, commercial and
airport is crucial as nearly all airport logistics infrastructure.
journeys today are made by road,
through public buses, private cars, buses
and taxis. The existing road consists of
a four to six lane highway with the two
inside lanes separated from the outside
ones by metal barriers. The road suffers
22Overview on measures
Modal split at Vienna Airport3
Milan: Linate and Malpensa
Airports: rail strategic initiatives
The picture shows the mode share of
Linate Airport landside access in 2016 and the forecasts
by 2030. The mode share forecasts, and
The core project concerning rail in particular the public transport (PT)
accessibility to Linate Airport is the share increase, reflect both the M4
extension of the M4 metro line and its metro line extension to Linate Airport
connection to the Airport. The line will and other the surface access planned
be active by 2022 and its opening will actions. Nevertheless, M4 extension will
impact on the surface access modal play a fundamental role in the public
share. transport share increase.
2. Source SEA Milan Airports
3. Flughafen Wien AG Sustainability Report 2017 23Linate Airport landside access mode share4
Malpensa Airport · Malpensa Express service enhancement,
specifically:
The current rail mode share at Malpensa o a direct service to Milano Centrale;
Airport is 14% and it refers to the Malpensa o increased service frequency;
Express air-rail link5. Different actions o reduced travel time;
aim at improving Malpensa Airport’s
o a platform dedicated to Malpensa
rail accessibility and includes both rail Express at Milano Centrale;
infrastructure and services:
o improved wayfinding; and
· Regional and suburban rail services o airport passengers dedicated rail cars
extension to Malpensa Airport to with adequate luggage facilities, wi-fi,
increase the Airport’s accessibility beverages and snacks selling.
from its closest catchment area (lines
S5/S15 and S9). · Development of railway connections to
other Milan railway nodes, as Rogoredo
· Long-distance rail service and Lambrate train stations.
enhancement, specifically the service
extensions to Malpensa Airport as the
next stop after Milano Centrale, and · MXP North rail access project,
substitution of some Malpensa Express concerning the rail infrastructure link
rides (while considering the Malpensa between Malpensa Terminal 1 and
Express schedule, the economic impact the Simplon rail infrastructure, which
of the substitutions for the Malpensa connects Lombardy to the Swiss alpine
Express operator and the related
routes. This is a 2-phase greenfield
tariffs).
EU-funded project connecting the
two Airport terminals (Phase I) and
· Cross-border railway service extension,
extending north from Terminal 2
specifically S50 and RE50 rail services
to directly connect Malpensa Airport (Phase II). Phase 1 was completed in
to the most part of the Swiss Canton December 2016 and Phase 2 is in the
Ticino and increase the number of rail design phase6. Concerning the Airport’s
services to Switzerland to attract Swiss accessibility from its catchment area,
passengers using Zurich Airport. the project covers the entire north of
Italy and part of Switzerland.
4. Source: PwC for SEA, Piano Strategico dell’Accessibilità Terrestre degli Aeroporti di Milano Linate e Milano Malpensa (February
2018)
5. Source SEA Milan Airports
6. European Commission, TEN-T Days 2018, Ljubljana (www.tentdays.eu/2018/WEB_TENTdays2018_exhibitionguide_FINAL2.pdf
page 62)Overview on measures
Modlin: Improving public
transport connections at
Modlin Airport
Expansion of a railway link from the active on a global scale. Creating an
Modlin railway station to the Airport and area of economic activity around the
the construction of a train/bus station Modlin airport should also contribute to
at the airport. In the second phase of the region’s internationalization.
the project it is expected to extend the
railway connection to Plock. Currently Currently the Polish Government is
Koleje Mazowieckie provides railway considering building Poland’s new central
connections between Warsaw (including airport. The investment could have
Warsaw Chopin Airport) and Modlin, important impact on the development of
where shuttle buses connect the station Modlin Airport.
with the airport terminal.
The Rail Transport Development in
Mazovia and the Mazovian Civil Aviation
Infrastructure Development Program
states that the Warsaw Metropolitan
Area should be promoted as an attractive
location for offices of international
organizations and foreign companies
25Overview on measures
Sustainability Potential and Impacts Impact on other modes
The implementation of this project Implementation of the second part of
would help reduce CO2 emissions as the project will result in urbanisation of
more passengers and airport employees areas located along the railway.
would use rail to travel to/from the
airport, reducing the congestion on
roads. Furthermore, after building
railway to the airport, change from train
Poznan: Identifying potential
to bus won’t be necessary, so the airport
will be more available for persons with
future public transport
reduced mobility. After implementation
connections to Ławica Airport
of the second phase of the project
(building railway link form Modlin Airport Currently there is no tram or railway
to Płock) accessibility of public transport connection between the city centre and
in the region will increase. Poznań Ławica Airport. However, the
City of Poznań has reserved an area for
the implementation of an airport rail
Risk Mitigation Measures
connection in its spatial development
conditions and direction study and
The impact of reducing revenues from planning documents.
car parking on the Modlin Airport and
local companies should be monitored.
Poznań is part of the TEN-T network and
Moreover, the development of Poland’s
one of the objectives of the programme
new central airport could have significant
is to provide fast connections between
effect on number of passengers using
the city centre and the airports by 2050.
new railway link to Modlin Airport.
Among the options considered for the
26potential airport rail route in Poznań Sustainability Potential and Impacts
are the extension of the tram line or
construction of a new railway line. The Every year Poznań Ławica Airport
cost effectiveness of those options will handles an increasing number of
be examined by experts and the results passengers. It is estimated that in
will be the subject of further meetings 2018 passenger numbers will reach
during which final decisions will be 2 million. Introducing rail access
made. Currently there is no research to the airport will provide a very
being conducted on this subject. competitive transport alternative
for people living in Poznań and its
regions. A fast, direct rail connection
between the city centre and the
airport could be the fastest transport
option for passengers and employees,
which could result in the reduction of
car journeys to and from the airport.
27Stuttgart: High speed rail link line and three new stations – Stuttgart
to Stuttgart Airport Main Station, Flughafen/Messe for the
airport and trade fair grounds, and
Mittnachtstraße rapid transit station in
the new Rosenstein district – are planned.
A high-speed rail connection is planned
There are also plans to integrate the
to link Stuttgart Airport to Ulm and
regional rail connections from the
Munich. Recently Deutsche Bahn has
South, improving public transport access
awarded a contract to build a new rail
to cities like Tübingen, Reutlingen and
section between Stuttgart Airport and
Friedrichshafen.
the city of Wendlingen in the South-East.
The contract comes under Stuttgart
21, a railway and urban development
project. A total of 60 km of new railway
Overview on measures
28Conclusions
Airport rail link projects, whether it is
a new connection or a modernisation
project, involve many stakeholders and One of the key barriers for airport rail link
are capital heavy. Building strong and development is the lack of global best
sustainable relations with the many practice studies available for airports
stakeholders is key in ensuring the and airport regions to support their own
success of the project. LAirA project projects. Beyond that, the data available
partners highlight the political and local might not be comparable as there is no
support as one of the main challenges in global standard for airports to analyse
delivering airport rail link projects. The public/private transport mode share
political support can be strengthened changes and how different infrastructure
if the local community is behind the projects affect passenger behaviour.
project and is actively advocating for it.
Naturally, some of the projects will be
more favoured by residents than others.
A dedicated airport-city centre rail link
However, the overall trend is to consider
might not appeal to local communities
rail connection as an environmentally
as it will bypass their settlements, but
friendly, reliable, frequent, fast and
it could help ease the road congestion in
affordable public transport option for a
the area and reduce emissions from cars.
growing airport. All LAirA project partners
A clear, open and reliable communication
agree that an airport rail link connection
strategy is recommended to engage the
will help reduce road congestion,
stakeholders from the very start of the
increase airport’s catchment area,
project development to secure their
provide an alternative transportation
support.
mode for local communities and support
airport’s growth.
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