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Publication of
MVW Lechtenberg & Partner
Germany
01/2019
Editorial,
Magazine 1/2019 02
Agrofuels for the Cement Industry 04
Coconut Shells 11
Alternative Fuel Award
competition 2019 – call
for candidates
16
Alternative Fuel Award (AFA) 17
C o - P ro c e s s i n g M ag a z i ne o f A l t e rn at i ve F u e l s & R aw M at e ri a l s
Industry Info/
News 21
P u b lis h ed b y: MV W Lecht enberg Pro jekt ent wicklung s – und Be t e i l i gungs ge s e l l s c ha ft m b H | D a m m s t r a s s e 11a , 47119 D ui s b urg Ruhror t , G e rma n y
VISD P: D ir k Lecht e nb e rg | E d i t or i a l D i re c t or : D i r k Le c ht e nb e rg
C o - P ro c e s s i n g M ag a z i ne o f A l t e rn at i ve F u e l s & R aw M at e ri a l s
Dear Readers,
2018 was characterised by many turbulences. together from many countries and cultures in In edition two of Co-Processing Magazine its availability and common use in the cement
Climate change has become visible more than our 5th Alternative Fuels Syposium once again. we’ve provided some news regarding fuel industry.
ever: a century of heat and drought across We believe that new projects will emerge from prices subsidies and the recent CO2 reduction
Europe, with surging storms and catastrophic the discussions held at the Symposium. targets. Sequentially, you’ll be able to read in I hope, that we will meet again in the next
weather around the world. Britain wants to this edition about the carbon capture projects Alternative Fuel Symposium, which will be
leave the European Union. “America First” not We have also had the chance to present some and technologies in addition to news about taking place in September 24-25, 2019 (save
only in America. Countries isolating themselves projects with the Alternative Fuels Award dur- new alternative fuels projects in many different the date of the symposium’s field trip on the
from refugees and applying import tariffs that ing the Symposium. Projects that demonstrate countries. 23rd of September 2019 – further details will be
provoke trade wars. good examples of sustainable use and produc- announced soon).
tion of alternative fuels. We also report on the use of agrofuels in the
There are still wars and famines! cement industry and their impacts on the in- I also hope you enjoy reading this booklet and
As promised during our last Symposium, in dustry itself, the food security and the climate I wish you a very happy and prosperous New
But there were also nice developments, even if this edition of the Co-Processing Magazine change. In addition to the needed standards Year on behalf of MVW Lechtenberg & Partner’s
it was on a small scale. We were able to im- you’ll be reading a short description of the first which consider the social, environmental, bio- team and myself.
plement some great projects, in which waste is winning project “Reliance Group”. A company, diversity and of course the economic impacts.
used as an alternative fuel in cement plants and which achieved a lot in a remarkable period
thus relieves the climate. As a result, our work of time and through a lot of circumstantial Among the various types of alternative fuels, Yours sincerely,
has again created many new jobs, in Egypt for challenges. we write an overview about coconut shells as Dirk Lechtenberg
Editorial,
example. We were also able to bring people an alternative fuel along with a description of
Magazine 2/2018
2 Publishe d by: MVW Le c ht e nb e rg P roj e k t e nt w i c k l ungs - und Be t e i l i gungs ge s e l l s c ha ft m b H | D a m m s t ra s s e 1 1 a , 4 7 1 1 9 Du i s b u rg R u h ro rt , G e rma n y HOME
V I S D P : D i r k Le c ht e nb e rg | E d i t or i a l D i re c t or : D i r k Le c ht e nb e rg
www.lechtenberg-partner.de
YOUR EXPERT
IN ALTERNATIVE FUELS
Legal framework • Guidelines of the cement & limeindustry • Calculat
basis for alternative fuels • TypesAlternative of alternative Fuels and fuels (biomass, VOLUME 1 waste-bas
fuels, solids/liquids) • Influences on Raw the clinker
Materials productionContents
Handbook, process include among• Treatmothers:
technologies: crushing, screening, volumes classifying, 1 and 2 removal of pollutants • Recepti
■■ Background and key issues for
investments in RDF production
dosing, storage, sampling techniques • Flame control, burner technologies, fi
technologies and RDF usage
Get yours today management
■■ Production of RDF & quality control
protection • Impact on CO2 emissions • Purchase ■■ Logistics and storage•of RDF
Logistic
Quality control/quality management • Trials organization ■■•■■ Dosing Analysis procedu
and feeding of technologies
Influences on clinker & lime production
• Information about origin, composition becauseand 25 yearsavailability
of • Chemical
■■ Emission limits and physi
parameters, such as bulk density, firsthand flow behavior experienceand is burning behavior • Spec
influences on the clinker production process • Economic and VOLUMEtechnical 2 conditio
always worth of browse! Compilation of alternative fuels
for treatment, storage and dosage possibilities • Specific and raw legal
materialsrequireme
fact sheets
including among others:
• Safety at work • Environmental aspects • Country-specific information Le
■■ Information about origin, composition
framework • Guidelines of the cement & limeindustry • and Calculation
availability basis
■■ Chemical and physical parameters
alternative fuels • Types of alternative fuels (biomass, waste-based fuels, soli
■■ Specific influences on the clinker
liquids) • Influences on the clinker production process • Treatment production process
technologi
■■ Environmental aspects
crushing, screening, classifying, removal of pollutants • Reception, dosi
storage, sampling techniques •Dammstraße Flame control,
11a, 47119 burner technologies, fire protect
Duisburg, Germany
Tel: +49 (0) 203 34 65 16 – 25 Fax: +49 (0) 203 34 65 16 – 50 sales@lechtenberg-partner.de www.lechtenberg-partner.de
• Impact on CO2 emissions • Purchase management • Logistics • Quality cont
Meat and bone meal – a 100 % biogenic waste
material from the rendering industry - banned
from further use as animal food - is one ex-
ample for the influence of the EU ETS on fuel
prices. The European cement industry received
gate fees of up to 150€ per tonnes of meat and
bone meal for the environmental thermal utiliza-
C o - P ro c e s s i n g M ag a z i ne
tion as service offered to the rendering compa-
o f A l t e rn at i ve F u e l s & R aw M at e ri a l s nies around 18 years ago. Nowadays, meat and
bone meal is mainly used as substitute fuel in
Agrofuels coal and lignite fired power plants paying up to
50€ per tonnes for such alternative fuels- con-
for the Cement Industry
sidering the 100% CO2 neutral benefits.
Wood chips - originally only used in the cement
industry and small scaled power plants is now
Agrofuels for the Cement Industry But what will be the impact on the cement
By Dirk Lechtenberg, MVW Lechtenberg & industry?
Partner
In 2013, the European cement industry has
As the world’s reserves of fossil fuels fall and started to suffer from the new CO2 reduc-
new concerns about the safety of nuclear tion goals of the European Union (EU ETS).
power have arisen, the ability of the world to Currently, only minor quantities of such agrofu-
maintain the culture of a throw-away society is els are used in the European cement industry
called into question. Over the past few years, as sufficient other, local available biomass
agro fuels have increasingly been used in the derived fuels or refuse derived fuels with a high
transport sector as an alternative to fossil fuels, biogenic content are available. It is foreseen,
hoping that this will help achieve climate pro- that with stricter CO2 emission reduction goals
tection goals. In many industrialized countries more competition from the power generating
and more advanced developing countries, industry will come up. Currently, the European
governments introduced policies to promote energy producing industry already purchases
agro fuels. In the US, for example, Renewable agrofuels such as crops, rice husks, olive &
Fuel Standard (RFS) is promoted with the aim palm kernel and wheat grain in order to reduce
of 36 billion gallons of renewable fuels by 2022 their fossil CO2 emissions in large scale lignite
[ref.1] and within the EU the aim of 10% bio or coal fired power plants.
fuels in overall EU transport petrol and Diesel
consumption [2] shall be achieved by 2020. Figure 1. Rice husk feeding
4 Publishe d by: MVW Le c ht e nb e rg P roj e k t e nt w i c k l ungs - und Be t e i l i gungs ge s e l l s c ha ft m b H | D a m m s t ra s s e 1 1 a , 4 7 1 1 9 Du i s b u rg R u h ro rt , G e rma n y HOME
V I S D P : D i r k Le c ht e nb e rg | E d i t or i a l D i re c t or : D i r k Le c ht e nb e rg
Timmer, Chief Economist for the Europe and
Agro fue ls fo r th e C em ent In du stry Central Asia of the World Bank. “The problems
occur when you set targets for biofuels despite
the prices of other commodities.” Rosenthal
notes that about forty percent of the U.S. corn
to cassava after a disastrous experience with crop goes to ethanol refineries, helping to spark
corn ethanol in the last decade, which trig- a 73 percent increase in corn prices over the
gered a rapid and disastrous inflation of food second half of 2010. “We have to move away
prices, leading the country to ban the use of from the thinking that producing an energy crop
corn for fuel in 2007. And because cassava doesn’t compete with food,” said Mr. Dubois
grows best in tropical soils, Chinese corpo- of the Food and Agriculture Organization. “It
rations have been buying up land in Thailand, almost inevitably does.” [ref.3]
Cambodia, Laos and a few African countries
to plant their crops, inflicting what economists Even more than these political decisions, it has
like to call “externalities” on their neighbors to been the rise in oil prices that has boosted the
feed China’s growing hunger for cars. Olivier demand for alternative fuels from biomass. As
Dubois, a Senior Natural Resources Officer a result, the agricultural sector in developing
and Coordinator of the Energy Program of countries increasingly concentrates on fuel
FAO, said “it was hard to quantify the extent to production.
Resulting also in higher local fuel prices - as
which the diversions for biofuels had driven up many cement plants already use available local
food prices”. “The problem is complex, so it is biomass derived fuels purchased from small local
enterprises or even directly from small farms
hard to come up with sweeping statements like which build a second income from such fuel
biofuels are good or bad,” he
said. “But certainly, biofuels
play a role. Is it 20 or 30 or
40 percent? That depends
Figure 2. Wood chips
on your modeling”. “While no
one suggests that countries
abandon biofuels, Mr. Dubois
and other food experts sug-
also mainly used in bigger scaled dedicated on agrofuels produced under agro industrial gest that they should revise
power plants or as substitute fuel in coal fired schemes? their policies so that rigid fuel
power plants on a value of up to 40€ per mandates can be suspended
tonnes - too high and therefore not feasible any The questions surrounding agrofuels are when food stocks get low
more for the cement industry. coming to the fore, rating even a detailed New or prices become too high.”
York Times story by Elisabeth Rosenthal, who [ref.3]
Can agrofuels be a solution for the CO2 reduc- begins by looking at the consequences of
tion in the cement industry? What is the impact transforming one widely used food crop into “The policy really has to
fuel, the lowly cassava root [ref.3]. China turned be food first,” said Hans Figure 3. Olive kernel storage
5 Publishe d by: MVW Le c ht e nb e rg P roj e k t e nt w i c k l ungs - und Be t e i l i gungs ge s e l l s c ha ft m b H | D a m m s t ra s s e 1 1 a , 4 7 1 1 9 Du i s b u rg R u h ro rt , G e rma n y HOME
V I S D P : D i r k Le c ht e nb e rg | E d i t or i a l D i re c t or : D i r k Le c ht e nb e rg
and it already causes significant deforestation
Agro fue ls fo r th e C em ent In du stry and destruction of biodiversity. The clearance
of Indonesia’s peat forests to plant oil palm
plantations has caused massive outputs of
CO2. Once forest removal reaches a certain
for workers on plantations and the destruc- ‘tipping point’, a process of self destruction
tion of the environment and biodiversity. may begin, particularly in the Amazon. Because
so much remains unknown, a precautionary
■■ Local developed and sustainable markets approach to developing agrofuels is necessary.
for bio or agrofuels (such as rice husk, The Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical
jatropha and cassia plantations such as and Technological Advice (SBSTTA) of the
in Egypt and other countries - which are Convention on Biological Diversity, has dis-
sold and used in the local cement & lime cussed and summarized the effects on using
industry) will be destroyed by the political agrofuels as follows [ref.5]:
driven prices for such fuels in the northern
hemisphere “The GM industry, having encountered wide-
spread resistance to GM crops for food, has
■■ So far, there is no international regulatory plans to gain acceptance for them as agro
framework on agrofuels to mitigate these fuel crops. These crops would need to be
social and ecological risks. planted as large-scale monocultures in order
to be competitive. Yet, monocultures of GM
■■ The greenhouse gas balance of agrofuels crops (mainly soya and maize) as animal feed
varies widely depending on the feedstock had negative impacts, e.g. in Argentina and
used. This is particularly true when both Paraguay. Since animal feed and agrofuels can
the entire life cycle, from production to pro- often be produced from the same biomass this
cessing, and the changes in land use are could stimulate further expansion of GM crops.
taken into account. In addition, the GM industry looks for ways to
Figure 4. Cassuarina processing into cement fuel Egypt
engineer crops so they can be made to break
■■ For developing countries, it would appear down more easily into fuel.
business. that establishing appropriate decentralized
natural resources. Developing countries, supply and energy systems for the local Second generation agrofuels: Industry
Thorough analyses and studies of the situation from which considerable amounts of fuel population is more beneficial to develop- promises future technologies that will yield
have prompted a re-examination of the op- will need to be sourced if these blending ment than exporting agrofuels. cheap abundant agrofuels from all plant ma-
portunities and risks presented by agrofuels. targets are to be met, will also face con- terial and plant waste. GM technologies are
[ref.4]: siderable social and ecological risks, for A primary concern is the potential for agrofu- being promoted to streamline processes and
example as a result of local people and els to accelerate climate change, rather than to reduce costs. Research is carried out into
■■ The growing demand for agro energy is in smallholders’ families being forced from fight it. Production involves a considerable GM microbes that could improve breakdown
competition with world food security and good production locations, poor conditions emission of greenhouse gases from soils, and fermentation processes and methods to
is resulting in competition over limited carbon sink destruction and fossil fuel inputs streamline cellulose and reduce lignin or even
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V I S D P : D i r k Le c ht e nb e rg | E d i t or i a l D i re c t or : D i r k Le c ht e nb e rg
for agro diesel will threaten the remaining for- already causes serious problems in Latin
ests. Promoters of agrofuel expansion claim America, while oil palm plantations have proved
that yields must be increased by using more extremely destructive in both Latin America
fertilizer and irrigation. Irrigation depletes lakes, and Asia. Now these countries are gearing up
rivers and aquifers while fertilizers cause an to respond to the demand for agrofuels, further
increased burden of nitrates in soil and water, increasing the pressure on food production.
with impacts such as eutrophication – a major
threat to fish stocks. Herbicide tolerant GE Manufacturers of inputs such as agro toxic
crops facilitate the use of aerial spraying of chemicals (i.e. fertilizers and pesticides) expect
herbicides with serious effects on biodiversity an increased demand as a result of the attempt
and small-scale farming. Indirect impacts of to increase yields. Small farmers will find it hard
agrofuels are already becoming apparent as US to compete with big producers. Some will turn
farmers switch from soya cultivation to corn for from food to energy crop production and others
ethanol. This provides an incentive for extend- will leave their land. This will result in a loss of
ing soya cultivation in Latin America, where the local knowledge and local varieties, which in its
soya boom had been faltering. As with other turn will diminish agricultural biodiversity.
intensive crops, agrofuel production displaces
other activities to new areas, whether small- Agrofuels and jobs: A number of sources are
Figure 5. Agrofuel production from biomass scale agriculture or large-scale cattle ranching. asserting that agrofuels can regenerate rural
Agro fue ls fo r th e C em ent In du stry
change its nature. Synthetic biology is a new land was brought into agrofuel production, Agrofuels and food security: According to
approach that involves the use of genetic infor- the impacts on biodiversity would be severe, [ref.6], agriculture already faces huge challeng-
mation to build completely new organisms with as would impacts on water reserves through es. Food production could experience serious
unknown impacts.” increased irrigation. In the global south, critical competition from energy crops. World food
ecosystems are destroyed to plant crops used reserves are falling while the demand for grains
Agrofuels and biodiversity: According to [ref. for agrofuels. Examples include sugarcane and and oilseeds has outstripped supply since
Figure 6. Biomass fuel processing small scale
6], little biodiversity remains in Europe and soya in Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia, and Brazil. 2001. Prices have risen sharply. In the case of Philippines
many species are endangered. Extensive, low maize, this is due to increasing amounts of US
input farming is the most favorable system [6] reads further: At the same time countries corn being used for ethanol rather than food.
for wildlife. However, agrofuel production in- such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Cameroon, As ever, it is the poor and marginalized who
creases the pressure to convert such regions Colombia and Ecuador are experiencing suffer the worst impacts. The EU and the US economies and provide jobs. However, this
into intensive production of agrofuels, with accelerating biodiversity loss due to oil palm are setting targets for agrofuel use in transport, depends on who controls the development. To
crops such as oilseed rape and beet which are plantations, often preceded by logging. In but will not be able to produce the feedstock benefit local communities, agrofuel production
particularly unfavorable to wildlife. If set-aside India and Africa the planting of jatropha trees themselves. Producing soya for animal feed would need to be part of a diverse farming
7 Publishe d by: MVW Le c ht e nb e rg P roj e k t e nt w i c k l ungs - und Be t e i l i gungs ge s e l l s c ha ft m b H | D a m m s t ra s s e 1 1 a , 4 7 1 1 9 Du i s b u rg R u h ro rt , G e rma n y HOME
V I S D P : D i r k Le c ht e nb e rg | E d i t or i a l D i re c t or : D i r k Le c ht e nb e rg
system. But development is focused on large
centralized monocultures for economies of
scale and a consistent product. The impact
of monocultures such as sugar cane in Brazil,
is a clear example of the lack of benefit for
the poor and marginalized. This is reinforced
by experiences from other countries, includ-
ing Paraguay and Argentina, Ecuador and
Indonesia and South Africa, where commu-
nities have reacted to government agrofuel
strategies. In Europe, the EC has claimed that
agrofuels can provide opportunities for farmers
as well as creating jobs and rural regeneration.
However, EU sources are highly contradictory,
especially regarding the number of jobs that
will actually be created, not simply replaced or
displaced. [ref.6]
Resistance to monocultures, including
agrofuel production, is spreading. Groups in
Africa, Asia and Latin America are mobilizing
and demanding to be heard. Examples range
from land occupations, through court cases,
to national and regional campaigns. A number
Figure 7. Delivery of biomass by farmers
Agro fue ls fo r th e C em ent In du stry
when there is competition between the produc-
tion of food and the production of fuel, priority
be given to food. Policymakers should respond
of networks have produced statements of their There is a tension between the increased The following actions are to be recommended: constructively to this demand. Efforts to meet
positions directed at the EU and the UN. They demand for agro energy and efforts to ensure statutory blending quotas in Germany or the
insist that small farmers, local communities, the global food security and protect biodiversity, a) Giving priority to food EU should not result in pressure on production
poor and the marginalized will continue to be the environment and the climate. Forward- sites in developing countries. In view of both
the ones to suffer. [ref.6] looking policies must be adopted at an early Non-governmental organizations and experts, this findings on the various impacts and pre-
stage in order to resolve this tension as far as including the UN Special Rapporteur on the cise balance of agrofuels, any further increase
possible. Right to Food and the German Council of in current blending targets should be carefully
Environmental Advisers, have demanded that, considered [ref.4].
8 Publishe d by: MVW Le c ht e nb e rg P roj e k t e nt w i c k l ungs - und Be t e i l i gungs ge s e l l s c ha ft m b H | D a m m s t ra s s e 1 1 a , 4 7 1 1 9 Du i s b u rg R u h ro rt , G e rma n y HOME
V I S D P : D i r k Le c ht e nb e rg | E d i t or i a l D i re c t or : D i r k Le c ht e nb e rg
the economy, employment and income
Agro fue ls fo r th e C em ent In du stry distribution,
■■ proven observation of economic and social
rights; this includes ILO standards, land
The following approach is recommended: supporting voluntary sustainability initiatives in ■■ no negative effect on food supply in region use rights and land title for small farmers.
the following ways: concerned as a result of the production
Focusing German and European legislation of biomass for energy generation; priority One particularly important aspect when devel-
on minimizing the risks Testing and development of certification must be given to measures to realize the oping certification systems is that the process
systems and sustainability criteria human right to food, be participatory and non-discriminatory and
Care must be taken in particular to ensure that those small farmers are included.
this legislation incorporates both ecological A large number of international initiatives have ■■ growth and prosperity: the production of
and social sustainability criteria. This would already been launched to develop standards agrofuels must have a positive impact on
mean, for example, that biomass is only eligible and certification systems. So far, however, no
for inclusion in the blending quota if proof can uniform international standards have emerged.
be provided that its production in the country The relevant international players should work
concerned will not have any of the negative im- together more closely on further elaborating
pacts outlined above (particularly the displace- these standards and achieving uniformity
ment of food production and small farmers or [ref.4]. The Cramer Commission’s assessment
non-observance of ILO core labor standards) [ref.8] framework is one important source that
[ref.4]. The current EU Fuel Directive 2009/30/ can be drawn on. It defines the following social
EC [ref.7] considers biofuel and offers good op- and ecological criteria [ref. 4]:
portunities for incorporating the demanded cri-
teria. Strategic alliances should be formed with ■■ significant reduction in greenhouse gases
other countries advocating social sustainability across the entire chain from production to
criteria (e.g. the Netherlands and the UK). application; proof must be provided that
there has been no direct or indirect interfer-
Another important challenge is to introduce into ence in existing carbon sinks (forests and
the international debate new arguments on the soils),
WTO (World Trade Organization) compatibility
of social standards. ■■ conservation and, if possible, improvement
of natural and agricultural biodiversity; no
b) Voluntary commitments and certifica- deterioration of nature reserves,
tion systems
■■ environmental protection: preventing
Since it has not so far been possible to incor- chemicals entering air, water, soil,
porate binding social standards into existing
regulations, the focus for now should be on Figure 8. Cassuarina plantation cement plant Egypt
9 Publishe d by: MVW Le c ht e nb e rg P roj e k t e nt w i c k l ungs - und Be t e i l i gungs ge s e l l s c ha ft m b H | D a m m s t ra s s e 1 1 a , 4 7 1 1 9 Du i s b u rg R u h ro rt , G e rma n y HOME
V I S D P : D i r k Le c ht e nb e rg | E d i t or i a l D i re c t or : D i r k Le c ht e nb e rg
Striving for international agreements
Agro fu els fo r the Cement Indu stry
In order to ensure that agro energy is produced
sustainably, agreements should be concluded
between producing countries and importing
countries. These should reflect their shared preservation of small farming) as a basis biomass use in many developing countries, [6] Corporate Europe Observatory:
responsibility for creating a framework for for the application of certification systems, which is already done e.g. in the Philippines, A Reality Check on Agrofuels. September
regulation and monitoring. The countries con- ordinances etc. Africa and other countries. 2nd, 2008, available at: https://
cerned should also commit to measures to corporateeurope.org/food-and-agriculture/
counteract any negative impacts that should The cement industry - apparently affected by References: 2008/09/reality-check-agrofuels.
emerge. In particular, the agreements should the CO2 reduction goals and by more com-
make reference to the relevant commitments petition on renewable biomass derived fuels [1] Energy Independence and Security Act of [7] Directive 2009/30/EC of the European
under international law (such as, for example, especially in developing countries should also 2007, Alternative Fuels Data Center, available Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009
the duty to observe, safeguard and provide the reconsider and strengthening their position in at: https://afdc.energy.gov/laws/eisa.html. amending Directive 98/70/EC as regards the
right to food, which also implies an internation- a sustainable development: specification of petrol, diesel and gas-oil and
al responsibility). Should it become necessary [2] Council of the European Union: Brussels introducing a mechanism to monitor and re-
to take these corrective steps, consideration Biomass – locally and sustainable produced by European Council, Presidency Conclusions, 8/9 duce greenhouse gas emissions and amending
should also be given to revising existing small and medium enterprises or entities and March 2007. Council Directive 1999/32/EC as regards the
blending targets. In this context, WTO rules used as biomass fuel in the local cement indus- specification of fuel used by inland waterway
(Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade) on try developing new local markets has a visible [3] Elisabeth Rosenthal: Rush to Use Crops as vessels and repealing Directive 93/12/EEC.
standard setting should provide the frame of advantage against multinational agro industries Fuel Raises Food Prices and Hunger Fears. The
reference [ref.4]. which export such biomass – converted into New York Times, April 6, 2011, available at: [8] Sustainable Production of Biomass (project
agrofuels - into the developed world. All the https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/07/science/ group): Testing Framework for Sustainable
Research and development above-mentioned negative impacts, environ- earth/07cassava.html Biomass. Commissioned by the Energy
mental, social and others can be avoided if Transition’s Interdepartmental Programme
Support of the developed countries should be sustainable local structures and networks are [4] Bundesministerium für wirtschaftliche Management (IPM), Netherlands, March 2007.
also provided for research and development built between the cement plants within their Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (Federal
into the following topics in particular [ref.4]: regions. Ministry for Economic Cooperation and
Development): Development Policy Stance on
■■ appropriate agro energy sources for rural Summary: Agrofuels. March 2008.
areas in developing countries, including
increased research into the use of biogas, Giving a chance for sustainable development [5] Biofuelwatch, Carbon Trade Watch/TNI,
with fuel crop production for the agro industry Corporate Europe Observatory, Econexus,
■■ improved land use systems that also in- as well as for developing countries- if clear Ecoropa, Grupo de Reflexión Rural, Munlochy
clude energy crops, standards such for the social, environmental, Vigil, NOAH (Friends of the Earth Denmark),
biodiversity and other impacts will be devel- Rettet den Regenwald, Watch Indonesia:
■■ development of indicators on all rele- oped, taking a life cycle approach for climate Agrofuels – Towards a Reality Check in Nine
vant sustainability criteria (in particular effects into consideration. The cement indus- Key Areas. June 2007.
food situation/right to food, biodiversity, try can take a significant role for sustainable
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V I S D P : D i r k Le c ht e nb e rg | E d i t or i a l D i re c t or : D i r k Le c ht e nb e rgC o - P ro c e s s i n g M ag a z i ne o f A l t e rn at i ve F u e l s & R aw M at e ri a l s
Coconut Shells
Coconut Shells
By Dirk Lechtenberg, MVW Lechtenberg &
Partner
Table 1: Global Indonesia is the world leader in coconut pro-
coconut production
In this article Dirk Lechtenberg gives an over- (grey) and potential duction, followed by the Philippines and India
alternative fuel
view of coconut shells as an alternative fuel sourced from
(in 2016). Table 1 shows regional variations.
source. This is an excerpt from the second coconut production Asia is the world’s main source of coconuts.
(blue) - million
volume of MVW Lechtenberg & Partner’s tonnes
Alternative Fuels & Raw Materials Handbook, Taking into consideration, that approx. 15% of
which was published in 2012, the handbook a coconut consist of the shell, the total quantity
gives an insight into over 80 different types of of coconut shells is app. 8.7 Mt/yr. with a cal-
alternative fuels and raw materials with detailed orific value of app. 4.500 kcal/kg (as received)
descriptions of the availability, common use this quantity can replace approx. 6.4 Mt/yr. of
and practice in the cement industry. This in- coal. It is therefore worth looking at as potential
cludes processing considerations, the influence alternative fuel for the global cement and lime
on the environment, clinker production and the Central South Africa Asia Oceania industries.
America America
economics of the various alternative fuels.
1995 1.36 1.01 1.92 42.34 1.97
Additionally, coconuts are a permanent crop
2000 1.29 2.29 1.91 42.90 2.20
The global coconut production has been and available throughout the whole year. There
growing steadily for the last decades. The next 2005 1.35 3.49 2.02 48.19 2.09 is therefore a constant, year-round supply.
figure shows the worldwide coconut production 2010 1.12 3.10 2.06 53.10 2.65 Once coconuts are harvested, the main prod-
between 1995 and 2016. Table 5 shows that 2016 1.29 3.16 2.10 49.02 2.67 ucts are separated and processed; these are
11 Publishe d by: MVW Le c ht e nb e rg P roj e k t e nt w i c k l ungs - und Be t e i l i gungs ge s e l l s c ha ft m b H | D a m m s t ra s s e 1 1 a , 4 7 1 1 9 Du i s b u rg R u h ro rt , G e rma n y HOME
V I S D P : D i r k Le c ht e nb e rg | E d i t or i a l D i re c t or : D i r k Le c ht e nb e rgGlobal coconut production between 1990 and 2016
Co c onu t Sh e l l s
(in million tonnes)
70
62
59 59
58
60
51
49
50
43
Coconut harvest
40
30
30
Husking Coconut coir
28 28 28
20 24 25
20
10
Shelling Coconut shell/chips
0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016
Global coconut production between 1990 and 2016 Remedial drying
48% of husks and shell, usable as alternative fuel
Figure 1: Global coconut production (grey) and potential alternative fuel source from coconut production (blue) Raw material storage
(Source: [1,2])
Cleaning/inspection
the coconut fibres (coir), the milk and the meat. for complete destruction. Activated carbon is
Usually everything except the shell is used. also manufactured from coconut shells. It is ad-
These are often just thrown away. vised, to use only the coconut shells as fuel, as Scorching
the other components can be recycled and re-
Coconut shells used. Large quantities of coconut shells are es-
pecially easy to collect in places where coconut Pressing Copra meal/cake
15% of a de-husked coconut by weight is the meat is used traditionally in food processing.
shell. Coconut shells are used, for example, in They can be collected in big bags or containers
southern India and Sri Lanka without pretreat- or directly in covered and wind-protected areas
Oil
ment as fuel in villages and by local industries at the production site.
like laundries, bakeries and iron foundries.
Coconut shells are one of the raw materials Transportation is commonly performed by Figure 2: Coconut production process, with alternative fuel sources highlighted in blue.
for charcoal production. Shell charcoal is truck. In cases where coconut fibers are not (Source: [4])
manufactured with burning shells of wholly ripe recycled or used for other products, they can
nuts in a limited-oxygen atmosphere, which is be used as alternative fuels as well. If this is
suitable only for carbonisation and not suitable the intention, they must be protected from
12 Publishe d by: MVW Le c ht e nb e rg P roj e k t e nt w i c k l ungs - und Be t e i l i gungs ge s e l l s c ha ft m b H | D a m m s t ra s s e 1 1 a , 4 7 1 1 9 Du i s b u rg R u h ro rt , G e rma n y HOME
V I S D P : D i r k Le c ht e nb e rg | E d i t or i a l D i re c t or : D i r k Le c ht e nb e rgCompound %
Cellulose
33,61
Lignin
36,51
Pentosans
29,27
Ash
0,61
Table 3: Coconut shell composition (dry matter) by percentage (Source: [3])
Compound %
K2O 45,01
Co conu t She l l s Na2O
15,42
CaO
6,26
Component kg kcal/kg kcal % of total energy
MgO
Coconut oil 1,32
0.12 9,000 1,080 27.7
Fe2O3 + Al2O3
Carbohydrates and proteins 1,39
0.06 4,000 225 5.7
P2O5
Shell 4,64
0.18 5,500 990 25.4
SO3
Husk 5,75
0.4 4,000 1,600 41.1
SiO2
Total 4,64
0.76 3,895 99.9
Table 4: Composition of coconut shell ash by percentage (Source: [3])
Table 2: Typical energy characteristics of coconuts (Source: [2])
13 Publishe d by: MVW Le c ht e nb e rg P roj e k t e nt w i c k l ungs - und Be t e i l i gungs ge s e l l s c ha ft m b H | D a m m s t ra s s e 1 1 a , 4 7 1 1 9 Du i s b u rg R u h ro rt , G e rma n y HOME
V I S D P : D i r k Le c ht e nb e rg | E d i t or i a l D i re c t or : D i r k Le c ht e nb e rgCountry Coconut (Mt) Shells (Mt) a literally 100% renewable energy source. Once References
combusted, the CO2 released is considered as
Indonesia
17.7 2.66 neutral with regard to greenhouse gas emis- 1. Food and Agriculture Organization of the
Philippines sions. However, for the implementation of CDM United Nations (FAOSTAT) website, www.fa-
13.8 2.07 projects, the complete supply chain, i.e. CO2 ostat.fao.org.
India emissions during coconut collection, baling,
11.1 1.67 transportation, processing etc. has to be taken 2. Banzon, J.A. ‘The coconut as a renewable
Brazil into consideration. energy source.’ Philippine Journal of Coconut
2.65 0.40 Studies, June 1980.
Sri Lanka Summary:
2.52 0.38 3. Amu, O.O.; Owokade, O. S.; Shitan, O.I.,
Thailand With the use of coconut shells as alternative ‘Potentials of coconut shell and husk ash
0.82 0.12 (and locally-available) “agrofuel” in the global on the geotechnical properties of lateritic
Vietnam cement and lime industries, these industries soil for road works.’ International Journal of
1.50 0.23 can develop a local and environmentally-friend- Engineering and Technology, Vol.3/No. 2, 2011,
Mexico ly fuel source. By developing a supply chain pp. 87 – 94.
1.16 0.17 from the small plantations to the cement plant,
Papua New Guinea new jobs and additional income can be gen- 4. ‘ILO: Small-scale oil extraction from ground-
1.19 0.18 erated by local farmers. The use of fossil fuels nuts and copra.’ Technology and Employment
Tanzania with its negative impact on CO2 emissions can Branch; UNIDO, Geneva (Switzerland), Vienna
0.56 0.08 be reduced and significant fuel costs savings (Austria), 1983.
can be made.
Table 5: Worldwide production of coconuts and estimates of coconut shell arisings (based on 15% coconut mass) in
2016 (Source: [1])
Co conut S h el l s
moisture as they are strongly hygroscopic during storage and transportation due to their
and readily absorb moisture. Therefore, before combustible nature. Smoking and/or open
transport, the loading area should be covered flames should be prohibited throughout the
to avoid loss of material by wind or airstream loading and discharge processes and when
and to avoid becoming wet during rainfall. The accessing stores. Once delivered to the cement
dry bulk density of coconut shells is around plant, coconut shells can be used either by
404kg/m3 to 435kg/m3. It should be noted that direct feeding to the calciner or processed into
copra expeller and coconut husk are classified finer grain sizes (of less than 10mm) for pneu-
under the HAZMAT flammable solids class 4.2 matic feeding to the kiln burner. Coconut shells
and therefore special attention should be paid are 100% biomass, meaning that they afford
14 Publishe d by: MVW Le c ht e nb e rg P roj e k t e nt w i c k l ungs - und Be t e i l i gungs ge s e l l s c ha ft m b H | D a m m s t ra s s e 1 1 a , 4 7 1 1 9 Du i s b u rg R u h ro rt , G e rma n y HOME
V I S D P : D i r k Le c ht e nb e rg | E d i t or i a l D i re c t or : D i r k Le c ht e nb e rgwww.lechtenberg-partner.de
YOUR EXPERT
IN ALTERNATIVE FUELS
Learn more about our fields of expertise:
Feasibility studies & audits RDF
Energy efficiency audits supply & services
Waste assessment
Sourcing and contract
Technical due diligence management
Impact of RDF utilisation on clinker production
RDF quality and substitution rates In-house alternative
Environmental impact assessment
Cement plant’s and RDF plant’s audits
fuels workshops
Tailored to local plant’s requirements
and needs of internal audience
RDF project development
& implementation Alternative Fuels
Technical concepts for the co-incineration
of alternative fuels and biomass
and Raw Materials Handbook
The most comprehensive compendium
Waste processing technologies of the alternative fuels and raw materials
Dosing and feeding technologies on the market
Development of quality management systems
Assistance in operation & quality monitoring
Dammstraße 11a, 47119 Duisburg, Germany
Tel: +49 (0) 203 34 65 16 – 25 Fax: +49 (0) 203 34 65 16 – 50 sales@lechtenberg-partner.de www.lechtenberg-partner.deThe awards ceremony will take place in the
next Alternative Fuel Symposium of MVW
Lechtenberg & Partner between 23-25
September, 2019 in Duisburg, Germany. The
winners will be invited to the awards ceremo-
ny. The first winning project will get a 5000
€ reward incl. travel costs and participation
fee for one delegate to the symposium. The
second and third winning projects will get the
“Alternative Fuels and Raw Material Handbook
for the cement & Lime Industry”, a comprehen-
sive standard compendium for the industry, in
addition to free participation in the symposium
for one delegate. The representatives of the
three winning projects will present their pro-
jects at the Alternative Fuel Symposium.
MVW Lechtenberg & Partner calls compa-
nies, cities, institutions and individuals, which
promote alternative fuels to participate in the
Alternative Fuel Award competition by sending
us a description of their projects and the ex-
C o - P ro c e s s i n g M ag a z i ne o f A l t e rn at i ve F u e l s & R aw M at e ri a l s periences gained from promoting, producing or
using alternative fuels.
Alternative Fuel Award competition Deadline for receiving the project descriptions
is May 15, 2019
2019 – call for candidates The prizewinning study will be selected by a
board of expert reviewers and the judges’ deci-
sion is final. Please send your project descrip-
tion to: office@lechtenberg-partner.de
In 2018, MVW Lechtenberg & Partner has fuels, a field which, aside from its contribu- idea of sustainable alternative fuel’s production
presented the (AFA Award) for the first time. tion to the economic development, has the and use.
The Alternative Fuel Award is established by greatest contribution to the protection of our
MVW Lechtenberg & Partner to encourage the environment. After the successful inauguration of the Best of luck to all the participants!
acceptance of the ecological responsibility (Alternative Fuel Award 2018), we kindly invite
on both social and individual levels, and to The award is to be presented to companies, you to participate in the Alternative Fuel Award
identify role models in the field of alternative cities, institutions and individuals promoting the competition 2019.
16 Publishe d by: MVW Le c ht e nb e rg P roj e k t e nt w i c k l ungs - und Be t e i l i gungs ge s e l l s c ha ft m b H | D a m m s t ra s s e 1 1 a , 4 7 1 1 9 Du i s b u rg R u h ro rt , G e rma n y HOME
V I S D P : D i r k Le c ht e nb e rg | E d i t or i a l D i re c t or : D i r k Le c ht e nb e rgReliance team, notably Karim Elsabee and
Sherif Shenouda, has held countless talks with
communities in Egypt to identify the potentials
and opportunities of waste management. MVW
Lechtenberg & Partner was commissioned to
carry out waste analyses as part of a feasibility
study and to examine the possibilities of the
extent to which alternative fuels can be pro-
duced from the available waste. Subsequent
to the study, it was clear that Reliance would
manufacture alternative fuels to provide an
additional service to cement plants in Egypt,
supplying just-in-time, specification-compliant
and high-calorific alternative fuels. It took two
years afterwards until they were able to draw
corresponding contracts with municipalities to
get the go ahead with the technical implemen-
tation. Reliance Investments is now operating
2 waste processing plants at Ismailia and Port
Said handling solid waste that is generated by
1.6 million people.
C o - P ro c e s s i n g M ag a z i ne o f A l t e rn at i ve F u e l s & R aw M at e ri a l s As a result of Reliance’s waste management
activities, landfilling and waste dumping has
Alternative Fuel Award (AFA)
decreased by 80%. Household waste in Egypt
is characterised by a high proportion of organic
waste. Around 50% of household waste con-
sists of organic waste, another 10-15% of inert
waste such as sand, etc.
In the next editions of the Co-Processing the construction sector in Egypt, specifically of ■■ Mining and refining of minerals
Magazine, we will present a number of projects the cement industry, and its activities include Since the informal recycling sector is storgly
that were awarded the Alternative Fuel Award the following: ■■ Quarrying of aggregates developed, most of the recoverable recycla-
in 2018. We start with the project of Reliance, bles, such as metal, plastics and paper/card-
Egypt. ■■ International trading in building agents and ■■ Waste management and production of al- board are picked up before the main collection
commodities ternative fuels from the street by the so-called “zabaleen”
Reliance was founded in 1998 and headquar- or waste pickers, such recyclables are hardly
tered in Cairo, it has extensive operations ■■ Logistics services In 2014, after the Egyptian government began present when the household waste arrive at
throughout Egypt with offices in Cairo, Dubai reducing fuel subsidies to the cement industry, Reliance treatment plants.
and Singapore. Reliance is a leading partner of ■■ Ready mix concrete Reliance began to focus on alternative fuels.
17 Publishe d by: MVW Le c ht e nb e rg P roj e k t e nt w i c k l ungs - und Be t e i l i gungs ge s e l l s c ha ft m b H | D a m m s t ra s s e 1 1 a , 4 7 1 1 9 Du i s b u rg R u h ro rt , G e rma n y HOME
V I S D P : D i r k Le c ht e nb e rg | E d i t or i a l D i re c t or : D i r k Le c ht e nb e rgAlternative F ue l Award (AF A)
Pic. 2: Manual sorting
Pic. 5: Baling of recyclables
Pic. 3: RDF processing
Pic. 1: Locations of Reliance waste processing facilities in Ismailia and Port Said.
Pic. 6: Final RDF
The second plant was erected in Ismailia on
The first waste treatment plant was installed in consisting of drum screen, air classifier, manual an area of 37,000 m², an annual quantity of
Port Said: sorting, ferrous and non-ferrous separation, 200,000 tonnes MSW (app. 550 tonnes/day)
takes place. Additionally, there is a secondary is processed into currently 55,000 tonnes RDF
From 128,000 tonnes of household waste per fuel processing plant consisting of pre-shred- and app. 50,000 tonnes compost. The plant
year (about 350 tonnes/day), about 35,000 der, air classifier and final shredder as well as Pic. 4: Composting and screening area consists of 2 sorting lines, an RDF processing
tonnes of RDF and 34,000 tonnes of compost/ an open row composting and compost refining line and an open windrow composting and
year are produced. On a surface of approxi- with screens. refining section.
mately 23,000 square meters a sorting system
18 Publishe d by: MVW Le c ht e nb e rg P roj e k t e nt w i c k l ungs - und Be t e i l i gungs ge s e l l s c ha ft m b H | D a m m s t ra s s e 1 1 a , 4 7 1 1 9 Du i s b u rg R u h ro rt , G e rma n y HOME
V I S D P : D i r k Le c ht e nb e rg | E d i t or i a l D i re c t or : D i r k Le c ht e nb e rgWind
Port
■■ Organic waste decomposition resulting in future-oriented jobs in total, especially in Egypt,
emission of methane and other greenhouse where youth unemployment is high.
gases that contribute to climate changes.
This project demonstrates a good example of
The commitment and investment of Reliance how companies can engage in emerging new
has significantly improved this situation. 80% markets to create jobs and reduce environmen-
of the waste is now recycled and the stabi- tal impacts.
lised remainder is properly dumped, so that
no groundwater contamination or air pollution
caused by burning waste and landfill gases
would take place. New values have been cre-
ated; alternative fuels for industries, compost
for agricultural use and recyclable important
resources, are recovered. An even more im-
portant goal was achieved by Reliance, which
Pic. 7: Dumpsite in Port Said is the creation of more than 200 new and
A lte rnati ve F u el Awa rd ( A F A )
Especially in Port Said and also in Ismalia the ■■ Exposure to biohazards
commissioning of the waste treatment plant
has ensured a considerable environmental ■■ Scavenging activity to collect recyclables
relief. Until the plant’s installation, the waste on the streets and at dump sites
was burnt in the landfill (or open dumpsite).
As a result, heavily noxious clouds of smoke ■■ MSW incineration - plastics specifically-:
were distributed over the entire urban area, as ■■ Air Pollution
location of the landfill causes the contamina- ■■ Emission of toxins causing health
tion of the lake water and the smoke is blown problems such as heart diseases, res-
by the wind towards residential areas. piratory diseases, cancer, asthma and
emphysema
Situation of waste dump in Port Said before
opening the waste processing facility: ■■ Leachate produced due to organic material
mistreatment, which in its turn pollutes the
■■ Waste self-ignition as a result of open soil, underground water and proximate riv-
dumping ers, seas and lakes
Pic.8: Situation of waste dump in Port Said before opening the waste processing facility
19 Publishe d by: MVW Le c ht e nb e rg P roj e k t e nt w i c k l ungs - und Be t e i l i gungs ge s e l l s c ha ft m b H | D a m m s t ra s s e 1 1 a , 4 7 1 1 9 Du i s b u rg R u h ro rt , G e rma n y HOME
V I S D P : D i r k Le c ht e nb e rg | E d i t or i a l D i re c t or : D i r k Le c ht e nb e rgGe t your bus i nes s n o tic e d!
1 / 4 page ( 1 38x 9 7 mm)
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Co-Processing Magazine!
For further details please contact us:
Tel. +49 (0) 203-34 65 16-0
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e-mail: sales@lechtenberg-partner.de
Pu b l i s h e d by : M VW L e c h t e n b e rg Pro j e k t e n t w i c k l u n g s - u n d B e t e i l i g u n g s g e s e l l s c h a f t mb H
D a m m s t r a s s e 11a , 4 7 1 1 9 Du i s b u rg R u h ro rt , G e rma n y | VI SDP/Ed i t o ri a l Di re c t o r: Di rk L e c h t e n b e rg
20C o - P ro c e s s i n g M ag a z i ne o f A l t e rn at i ve F u e l s & R aw M at e ri a l s
NEWS
Ireland Turkey
• Limerick mayor calls for oral hearing on Irish • Saving energy across the board
Cement incineration plan
India
Germany
• How the cement industry is helping India meet its
• What to consider when taking a sample climate goals
Norway Japan
• Could oil nation Norway help save the climate? • Taiheiyo Cement starts carbon capture and storage
test at Fujiwara plant
USA
Namibia
• Global spending on clean energy solutions could be
outpacing fossil fuels • Cement maker burns tonnes of non-recyclable
waste as alternative fuel to fire kiln
Brazil
UAE
• SNIC forecasts 3% growth in 2019
• UAE Climate Change Ministry awards alternative
USA fuel facility contract
• Guiding the way to a more sustainable energy
future
21 Publishe d by: MVW Le c ht e nb e rg P roj e k t e nt w i c k l ungs - und Be t e i l i gungs ge s e l l s c ha ft m b H | D a m m s t ra s s e 1 1 a , 4 7 1 1 9 Du i s b u rg R u h ro rt , G e rma n y HOME
V I S D P : D i r k Le c ht e nb e rg | E d i t or i a l D i re c t or : D i r k Le c ht e nb e rgIrel an d Germ a ny
Lime ri ck mayor c a l l s for ora l h earing What to c onsi der when tak in g a samp l e
on I ris h Ce ment in c ineration pl a n
Paper mills must document their greenhouse gas standards, the method of calculation must be based on
Mayor James Collins has About 21 complaints from emissions in an annual emissions report. In addition, best practice guidelines or other scientifically proven
called on the Environmental neighboring housing estates representative samples of the alternative fuels must practices.
Protection Agency (EPA) to were filed after 2.5 tonnes be taken. A new guideline shows what has to be
hold a public oral hearing of waste splurged from considered. Most mistakes happen during sampling. In the first aid
on the health implications of the chimney stacks at Irish “Notes on Sampling of Solid Recovered Fuels in the
Irish Cement’s € 10 M plans Cement, when a blockage How much CO2 emissions does the alternative fuel Paper Industry”, the authors list further requirements
to phase out fossil fuels in in the kiln was cleared.” cause in a paper mill? And how should the samples that the plant operator must observe in the analysis,
favor of burning used tyres and analyses be carried out so that they can then be they also recommend a number of measures to avoid
and waste material at its The €10 million devel- documented in an annual emission report? Answers to sampling errors and listed the measures of correct
Mungret plant. opment plan sees Irish these questions are provided by two new aids for the sampling.
Cement bidding to replace sampling and analysis of alternative fuels published by
The Fianna Fáil general fossil fuel, used on site for the Federal Environmental Agency. The second UBA guideline describes, among other
election candidate made his cement clinker production, things with the help of a spreadsheet template, how the
call this week following the with alternative fuels to In principle, all installations subject to emissions trading, data for CO2 reporting can be calculated in a mathe-
latest fine imposed on Irish improve the sustainability including paper mills, must submit an emission report matical correct manner and recorded in the sense of the
Cement for a dust spillage of the Limerick operations, every year. Since alternative fuels are often used in the MRR requirements.
at the Limerick facility. where 80 people are factories, operators also have to analyze the alternative
employed. The Limerick site fuels several times a year. The Monitoring and Reporting Furthermore, on the basis of DIN 19698-2, the user
“We are talking about is currently the only cement Regulation (MRR) sets how exactly often should the is provided with a calculation template in the form of
houses and cars being plant in Ireland not licensed alternative fuels be analyzed annually: for untreated solid an Excel file, which makes it possible to check the
covered in a ‘glue-like’ to use alternative fuels. waste (pure fossil or mixed biomass fossil) every 5,000 representativeness of the sampling of alternative fuels.
limestone dust which came tonnes and at least four times a year; for pretreated waste,
from Irish Cement’s plant. Source: Limerick Post every 10,000 tonnes and also at least four times a year. The guidelines can be downloaded from the webiste of
It doesn’t take a genius to (2018, December 14). the Umweltbundesamt ( Federal German Environmental
figure out that if cars and Limerick mayor calls for oral For these analyses, the batch must then be “represent- Agency) only in the German language https://www.dehst.
houses can be covered hearing on Irish Cement ative and free of systematic errors,” write the experts of de/SharedDocs/downloads/DE/stationaere_anlagen/
in this sticky glue, then incineration plan the consulting company MVW Lechtenberg & Partner, Probenahme-Sekundaerbrennstoffe-Papierindustrie.
thousands of people in one who have developed the guidelines on behalf of the pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=3
of Limerick’s largest suburbs UBA. Operators should insure that the analyses and
are breathing in the same sampling are carried out by applying methods based on Source: 320° (2018, December 14). Was bei einer
toxic substance,” he said. corresponding EU standards. If there are no appropriate Probenahme zu beachten ist
22 Publishe d by: MVW Le c ht e nb e rg P roj e k t e nt w i c k l ungs - und Be t e i l i gungs ge s e l l s c ha ft m b H | D a m m s t ra s s e 1 1 a , 4 7 1 1 9 Du i s b u rg R u h ro rt , G e rma n y HOME
V I S D P : D i r k Le c ht e nb e rg | E d i t or i a l D i re c t or : D i r k Le c ht e nb e rgNorway
Co u ld o il n ation N or way h el p save the climate?
The world may not be able to make nec- With Norwegian government support, Sea since 1996, proving the technology Captured CO2 will be liquefied and transport-
essary changes in time to limit rapid global Gassnova is now entering the final stages works. ed on ships to a facility on Norway’s western
temperature rise, the UN climate panel has of a pilot project that could see the first coast. From there, it can be piped out to the
warned. Existing emissions must also be full-scale carbon capture plants installed at That particular project makes economic North Sea and pumped some 3,000 meters
captured and stored. Norway thinks it has a cement factory and a waste incinerating sense, thanks to Norway’s CO2 emissions (about 10,000 feet) down into porous rock
the answer. facility. Each would capture 400,000 tonnes tax of € 52 ($ 60) per tonne on offshore oil formations.
of CO2 annually, that’s equivalent to the and gas installations. Equinor would have
The world is facing a climate catastrophe, emissions from 171,000 cars. had to fork out € 105,000 a day to release Industry insiders have said there is already
and urgent and unprecedented changes are the CO2 into the atmosphere, making CCS interest in the Norwegian CCS model from
needed. That includes carbon capture and “The process of making cement in itself a cheaper alternative. companies elsewhere in Europe.
storage (CCS), a technology that in the past emits a lot of CO2, and the total cement
has been fraught with problems. production in the world represents 5 “The problem is, there is no business “The next phase of Norway’s program, which
to 7 percent of the total CO2 emissions model for this [onshore],” said Sverre Overa, is developing the infrastructure to enable
“The climate challenge is so big that you every year,” said Per Brevik, Director of a Project Director at Equinor. The current capture from multiple industrial sources,
have to use all the tools that you have in Sustainability and Alternative Fuels at European CO2 tax is less than € 20 per is really exciting. And I think if this project
your toolbox,” said Trude Sundset, CEO of Heidelberg Cement Northern Europe, part of tonne, although that price is set to increase is realized, there will be opportunities for
Gassnova, the Norwegian state company Gassnova’s pilot project. in 2019. other sources within Europe to access the
responsible for finding CCS solutions for the infrastructure there,” said Luke Warren of the
future. “We will take out the CO2 from the flue gas, “The quota prices that exist are not sufficient Zero Emission Platform.
condition it and store it on the bottom of the today to cover the cost both of capturing
While renewable energy production is grow- North Sea,” Brevik explained. and storing the CO2,” said Overa. “Over Source: DW (2018, October 18). Could oil
ing quickly, many industries, like cement time we believe that gap will be closing. nation Norway help save the climate?
and steel, emit vast amounts of CO2 in their The idea of removing CO2 from the air to Deploying more and more of these facilities
production processes. This is where carbon store it in porous rock under the seafloor will bring the cost curve down, like it has for
capture technology is the only solution, apart is not a new one. Norway’s state energy renewables.”
from shutting down production altogether, company, Equinor, has run a CCS plant on
Sundset argued. one of its natural gas platforms in the North
23 Publishe d by: MVW Le c ht e nb e rg P roj e k t e nt w i c k l ungs - und Be t e i l i gungs ge s e l l s c ha ft m b H | D a m m s t ra s s e 1 1 a , 4 7 1 1 9 Du i s b u rg R u h ro rt , G e rma n y HOME
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