DEFINING AND VALIDATING URBAN-RURAL LINKAGES PRIORITIES IN ZANZIBAR - REFLECTION WORKSHOP
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Defining and Validating Urban-
Rural Linkages Priorities in
Zanzibar
Reflection Workshop
Zanzibar, 29 December 2020
Defining and Validating Urban-Rural Linkages Priorities in Zanzibar Reflection Workshop Zanzibar, 29 December 2020 First published in Nairobi in 2021 by UN-Habitat Copyright © United Nations Human Settlements Programme, 2021 All rights reserved United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) P. O. Box 30030, 00100 Nairobi GPO KENYA Tel: 254-020-7623120 (Central Office) www.unhabitat.org Acknowledgements Coordinators: Remy Sietchiping and Grace Githiri Author: Zubeda Mohammed Contributors: Mohammed Chande and Mohammed Habib Editor: Karim Hussein Design and layout: Jean Robert Gatsinzi and Diana Carrillo-Silva Cover Photo: Zanzibar, 2018 © Newcombd1121 Disclaimer The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers of boundaries. Views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme, the United Nations, or its Member States. Excerpts may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated.
Defining and Validating Urban-
Rural Linkages Priorities in
Zanzibar
Reflection Workshop
Zanzibar, 29 December 2020
table of contents
Table of Contents............................................................................................................. iv
List of Figures..................................................................................................................... v
List of TABLEs...................................................................................................................... v
List of acronyms................................................................................................................ V
FOREWORD........................................................................................................................... VII
1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................... 2
2. SUMMARY OF THE WORKSHOP............................................................................................ 2
3. SESSION 1........................................................................................................................... 3
4. SESSION 2........................................................................................................................... 6
5. SESSION 3........................................................................................................................... 7
6. END OF THE workshop...................................................................................................... 7
ANNEXES................................................................................................................................ 9
iv ZANZIBAR
List of Figures
Figure 1 Urban Rural Linkages: Guiding Principles (URL-GP) ������������������������������������������������� 2
Figure 2 Urban Rural Linkages: Guiding Principles (URL-GP) ������������������������������������������������� 3
Figure 3 The Framework for Action: URL-GP�������������������������������������������������������������������������� 4
Figure 4 A fuctional territory: Defining the territory������������������������������������������������������������������ 5
List of TABLEs
Table 1 Identify the reasons for the flow ����������������������������������������������������������������������������� 12
Table 2 Challenges hindering the spatial flow and recommendations���������������������������������� 13
Table 3 Opportunities supporting the spatial flow���������������������������������������������������������������� 14
Table 4 URL Priority challenges and the URL-GP FfA-Zanzibar������������������������������������������� 15
Table 5 Identify the reasons for the flow������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 16
List of acronyms
DA United Nations Development Account
FfA URL-GP Framework for Action
NUP National Urban Policy
URL Urban-Rural Linkages
URL-GP Urban-Rural Linkages Guiding Principles
Workshop Defining and Validating Urban-Rural Linkages Priorities v
Nungwi, 2018 © A. Guasp fotografía vi ZANZIBAR
Foreword
This workshop was divided into three sessions: Introducing Urban-
rural linkages; Understanding Urban-rural linkages: Guiding Principles and
framework for Action (URL-GP); and defining functional territories and
identifying capacity gaps. This report presents the structure of the workshop
and the key issues discussed.
Discussions on functional territories focused on Zanzibar city (an urban
area) and Wete in Pemba (a rural area) due to various flows of goods and
services between the two. The reasons for the movement between the two
territories were classified into four categories, namely: people; goods; waste;
and information (see Annex 2). The challenges and recommendations were
addressed for every category as indicated in Annex 3. Furthermore, the
participants addressed opportunities for supporting the spatial flow for
every category, as indicated in Annex 4. Three key challenges were identified
for the functional territories: limited agro-processing activities, insufficient
transportation systems and lack of infrastructure and services provision.
These three key challenges were linked to the URL-GP Framework for Action
(see Annex 5)
Session three identified the capacity gaps related to one of the key
challenges which are presented in Annex 6. The capacity gaps listed are
cross-cutting for other key challenges which were identified during the
second session.
In conclusion, the workshop successfully identified and validated key
URL priorities for Zanzibar.
Workshop Defining and Validating Urban-Rural Linkages Priorities vii
Zanzibar, 2010 © Vladimir Drjuchin 1 ZANZIBAR
Defining and Validating Urban-Rural
Linkages Priorities in Zanzibar
Reflection Workshop
Zanzibar, 29 December 2020
1. Introduction
This workshop is part of the process of Below are the objectives of the workshop:
implementing the project entitled “Leaving 1. Introduce the Urban-Rural Linkages Guiding
no place behind: Strengthening urban-rural Principles (URL-GP) to the participants;
linkages in Africa”, funded by the United Nations 2. Define the functional territory;
Development Account (DA). The workshop took 3. Identify URL challenges and opportunities
place on 29 December and brought together 17 as well as recommendations for policy;
participants drawn from diverse stakeholders in 4. Prioritise three key challenges for
Zanzibar: civil society; private sector; national intervention and link them to the Framework
government; regional government; local for Action;.
government; community-based organizations. 5. Identify capacity gaps from the
The workshop served to define and validate three key challenges, make realistic
urban-rural linkages priorities in Zanzibar. recommendations to address the capacity
gaps.
2. summary of the workshop
The workshop was welcomed by Ms. Munira
Humoud, one of the National Urban Policy (NUP)
board directors of Zanzibar, Tanzania, followed
by Dr Makame Muhajir, NUP consultant in
Zanzibar and Zubeda Issa Mohammed, Project
Officer – UN-Habitat. It was then followed by
brief introductions by participants stating their
names and their institutions). The workshop
was divided into three sessions: Introducing
urban-rural linkages; Understanding Urban-
rural linkages: Guiding Principles and framework
for Action (URL-GP); and Defining functional
territories and identifying capacity gaps.
Zanzibar, 2012 © Daguzan Benoit
Workshop Defining and Validating Urban-Rural Linkages Priorities 2
3. Session 1
The first session began with an overview An introduction on the ‘Urban-Rural Linkages:
of the NUP project in Zanzibar presented by Guiding Principles (URL-GP)’ and its Framework
Dr Makame Muhajir, outlining the current state for Action (FfA) to the participants was provided
of play in implementing this project. The NUP by Mr. Zubeda. The URL-GP and FfA are outlined
presentation was then linked to the URL context. in the Figure below.
Figure 1. Urban Rural Linkages: Guiding Principles (URL-GP)
Locally grounded integrated fuctional and financially Balanced
interventions governance spatial system- inclusive partnership
based approaches
Translate global Incorporate the Promote integrative, Secure and prioritize Foster partnerships,
normative agendas urban-rural nexus inclusive and sustainable public and alliances, and
in national and in multi-sectoral, systems-based private investment networks that link
subnational multi-level and approaches to urban to balance and urban and rural actors
commitments for multi-stakeholder and territorial policy strenghten urban- and different sectors.
territorial cohesion approaches and planning. rural linkages.
and actions. to governance
integration.
HUman rights- Do not harm & environmentally participatory data driven and
based provide social sensitive engagement evidence-based
protection
Embed human rights- Build urban-rural Protect, sustain Create spaces and Establish or improve
based approaches in linkages to recognize and expand areas mechanisms to knowledge systems
all policy instruments cultural differences, important to ensure meaningful and fill data gaps
and across the urban- overcome conflict, biodiversity and participation to address urban-
rural continuum. and inequalities in ecosystem services in of people, local rural continuum
provision of social transition to resilient, institutions and and territorial
health services. resource efficient communities. cohesion using age-
societies. gender- and spatiall
disaggregated data.
Source: Urban-Rural Linkages: Guiding Principles - Framework for Action to Advance Integrated Territorial Development
3 ZANZIBARFigure 2. Urban Rural Linkages: Guiding Principles (URL-GP)
10 1
DATA DRIVEN AND LOCALLY
EVIDENCE-BASED GROUNDED
INTERVENTIONS
9 2
PARTICIPATORY INTEGRATED
ENGAGEMENT GOVERNANCE
8
URBAN- 3
ENVIRONMENTALLY RURAL FUNCTIONAL AND
SENSITIVE SPATIAL SYSTEMS-
LINKAGES: BASED APPROACHES
GUIDING
PRINCIPLES
7 4
DO NO HARM &
PROVIDE SOCIAL FINANCIALLY
PROTECTION INCLUSIVE
6 5
HUMAN BALANCED
RIGHTS-BASED PARTNERSHIP
Source: Urban-Rural Linkages: Guiding Principles - Framework for Action to Advance Integrated Territorial Development
This session involved group discussions. outlined projects that have been implemented in
Participants were divided into two groups and Zanzibar that addressed some of the elements
were asked to state the relevance of URL-GP of the FfA. The groups then presented their
as well as the actions from the FfA that would priorities (see Annex 1a, 1b, 1c, 1d).
be relevant to Zanzibar. The groups also briefly
Participants during the event. Participants during the event.
Photo © UN-Habitat / Zubeda Mohammed Photo © UN-Habitat / Zubeda Mohammed
Workshop Defining and Validating Urban-Rural Linkages Priorities 4Figure 3. The Framework for Action: URL-GP
Creating an enabling environment for strengthened urban- Sectorial and thematic entry points to promote integrated
rural linkages territorial development
2 5 9 2 4 5
INTEGRATED GOVERNANCE BALANCED PARTNERSHIP participatory INTEGRATED GOVERNANCE FINANCIALLY Inclusive BALANCED PARTNERSHIP
engagement
A - Governance, legislation and capacity development F - Territorial economic development and employment
1 2 3 5 6 7
LOCALLY GROUNDED INTEGRATED GOVERNANCE FUNCTIONAL AND BALANCED PARTNERSHIP human rights-based do not harm and
INTERVENTIONS SPATIAL SYSTEMS-BASED provide social
APPROACHES protection
B - Integrated planning across the urban-rural continuum G - Coherent approaches to social service provision
3 4 5 3 10 9
FUNCTIONAL AND FINANCIALLY Inclusive BALANCED PARTNERSHIP FUNCTIONAL AND data driven and participatory
SPATIAL SYSTEMS-BASED SPATIAL SYSTEMS-BASED evidence-based engagement
APPROACHES APPROACHES
C - Investment and finance for inclusive urban-rural H - Infrastructure, technology and communication systems
development
6 7 8
human rights-based do not harm and environmentally
9 5 2
provide social sensitive
participatory BALANCED PARTNERSHIP INTEGRATED GOVERNANCE
protection
engagement
D -Empower people and communities I - Integrated approaches for food security, nutrition, and public
health
10 3
data driven FUNCTIONAL AND 2 4 8
and evidence- SPATIAL SYSTEMS-BASED INTEGRATED GOVERNANCE FINANCIALLY Inclusive environmentally
based APPROACHES sensitive
E - Knowledge and data management for dynamic spatial J - Environmental impact and natural resource and land
flows of people, products, services, resources and information management
2 6 8
INTEGRATED GOVERNANCE human rights-based environmentally
Source: Urban-Rural Linkages: Guiding Principles sensitive
Framework for Action to Advance Integrated
Territorial Development K - Conflict and disaster
5 ZANZIBAR4. Session 2
The second session included discussions Wete in Pemba, as shown in Figure 1. Some
on defining functional territories. During the of the reasons outlined for the discussion
discussions, one participant noted that Pemba of the flow of people between the territories
Island could not be left out and isolated; rather were employment, business, education and
it was essential to include it in the URL project. government services. While the reasons for the
Therefore, the functional territories selected movement of goods included obtaining food and
were Zanzibar city, Mkokotoni in Unguja and farm inputs.
Figure 4. A fuctional territory: Defining the territory
people Goods
Zanzibar Zanzibar
Nunwgi Nunwgi
• Employment • Food
??? • Business ??? • Water
• Health • Farm inputs
• Government services
Source: Zanzibar-Niger State URL Workshop Presentation. This figure has been designed using resources from Flaticon.
com
Due to time constraints, discussions on Furthermore, participants addressed
functional territories focused on Zanzibar city opportunities for supporting the spatial flow
(an urban area) and Wete in Pemba (a rural for every category, as indicated in Annex 4.
area) due to various flows of goods and services Three key challenges were also identified: first,
between the two. The reasons for the movement limited agro-processing activities; second,
between the two territories were classified into insufficient transportation systems and lack
four categories, namely: people; goods; waste; of infrastructure; and third, poor provision of
and information (see Annex 2). The challenges services. The three key challenges were then
and recommendations were also addressed for linked to the URL-GP Framework for Action and
every category as indicated in Annex 3. are present in Annex 5.
Workshop Defining and Validating Urban-Rural Linkages Priorities 65. Session 3
This session identified capacity gaps of cutting to other key challenges which were
one of the key challenges which are presented identified during the second session.
in Annex 6. The capacity gaps listed are cross-
Zanzibar, 2008 © Pascal Moriau
6. end of the workshop
The workshop was a success and URL are entering Zanzibar, fewer are leaving the
priorities were identified and validated. island leading to concerns over imbalanced
Participants that were unaware of the ongoing population growth. Further, most projects that
DA funded project “Leaving no place behind: are implemented in Zanzibar do not consider the
Strengthening urban-rural linkages in Africa” – range of appropriate stakeholders sufficiently,
gained knowledge on issues related to urban- hence during the implementation of this project,
rural linkages. Other outcomes of the workshop the implementers should consider choosing the
included: functional territories and their key stakeholders that will most benefit from this
relationships were identified; URL challenges, DA-funded project. In addition, one participant
opportunities and recommendations were mentioned that politics has influenced the
identified and evaluated; key challenges were way decision-making has been undertaken,
prioritised, and capacity gaps were identified. particularly in urban planning. The participant
During the wrap-up session of the workshop, further revealed that most settlements in
the following issues were briefly highlighted: Zanzibar have been constructed in an arbitrary
Zanzibar has failed to integrate population way resulting in the existence of several informal
dynamics in its planning policies. Increased settlements around the island. It was suggested
immigration is challenging the limits of the that there should be guiding principles on how
island’s “carrying capacity”. While many people to address this.
7 ZANZIBARZanzibar, 2010 © Vladimir Drjuchin Workshop Defining and Validating Urban-Rural Linkages Priorities 8
AnnexES
annex 1a
URL-GP © UN-Habitat / Zubeda Mohammed
9 ZANZIBARAnnex 1B
URL-GP © UN-Habitat / Zubeda Mohammed
Workshop Defining and Validating Urban-Rural Linkages Priorities 10Annex 1C
Framework of action © UN-Habitat / Zubeda Mohammed
11 ZANZIBARAnnex 1D
Framework of action © UN-Habitat / Zubeda Mohammed
Workshop Defining and Validating Urban-Rural Linkages Priorities 12Annex 2
TABLE 1. Identify the reasons for the flow
Category of
the spatial Zanzibar City to Wete, Pemba Wete, Pemba to Zanzibar City
flow
• Social reasons (eg. Marriage) • Education
People (reasons
• Clove harvesting • Employment
for the flow)
• Sports
• Re-exportation of different products • Agricultural products
Goods including foodstuff • Poultry products
• Construction materials
• Packaging materials • E-waste
• E-waste • Organic waste
Waste
• Inorganic waste • Liquid / plastic waste
• Liquid / plastic waste
• Newspapers • Institutional flow of information
• Institutional flow of information • Media flow
• Media flow • Virtual meetings
Information
• Virtual meetings • Telephone communication
• Telephone communication • Private cable
• Private cable
Source: Zanzibar-Niger State URL Workshop Presentation
13 ZANZIBARAnnex 3
Table 2. Challenges hindering the spatial flow and recommendations
Category Challenges hindering the spatial Recommendations to address the
of the flow challenges
spatial From Zanzibar City From Wete, Pemba From Zanzibar City From Wete, Pemba
flow to Wete, Pemba to Zanzibar City to Wete, Pemba to Zanzibar City
• Marine • Unreliable marine • Reliable • Reliable
transportation transportation transportation transportation
People
• Spatial flow due
to topography
• Market demand • Lack of market • Special incentives • Create market
• Lack of incentives demand demand
• Lack of incentives • Special incentives
• Lack of • Develop
agricultural agricultural
Goods
industry centres industry centres
• Lack of small (Agro-processing)
scale industries • Develop small
• Lack of scale industries
infrastructure
• Second handed • Second handed • Ban / Control • Ban / Control
products products importation importation
Waste / supply of / supply of
second-handed second-handed
products products
• Weak • Weak • Strengthen • Strengthen
infrastructure infrastructure infrastructure infrastructure
Information
(ICT) (ICT) development and development and
services provision services provision
Source: Zanzibar-Niger State URL Workshop Presentation
Workshop Defining and Validating Urban-Rural Linkages Priorities 14Annex 4
Table 3. Opportunities supporting the spatial flow
Category Opportunities supporting the spatila flow
of the
spatial
flow From Zanzibar City to Wete, Pemba From Wete, Pemba to Zanzibar City
• Available expertise • Community participation
• Community participation • Institutions ready to cooperate
People
• Institutions ready to cooperate • Recreational centres such as diving
spots
• Existing markets • Market available
Goods • Energy • Energy
• Water • Water
Waste • Existing a recycling company
Information • Media • Media
Source: Zanzibar-Niger State URL Workshop Presentation
15 ZANZIBARAnnex 5
Table 4. URL Priority challenges and the URL-GP FfA-Zanzibar
URL-GP framework for action
Priority URL challenges
A B C D E F G H I J K
1. Limited agro-processing activities x x x x x
2. Insufficient transportation system x x x
3. Lack of infrastructure and services provision x x x x x
Source: Zanzibar-Niger State URL Workshop Presentation
Workshop Defining and Validating Urban-Rural Linkages Priorities 16Annex 6
Table 5. Identify the reasons for the flow
Country
Financial Technical
Priority URL Human capacity Institutional
capacity capacity
challenge gaps capacity gaps
gaps gaps
• Lack of • Inadequate skills • Limited • Insufficient • Limited
infrastructure / knowledge / intersectoral budget expertise
and services awareness collaboration allocations • Limited ICT
provision • Inadequate data among plans / • Limited infrastructure
management policies budget
capacity • Limited allocations
• Insufficient ICT collaboration • Limited
expertise with external mechanisms
• Insufficient stakeholders to incorporate
personnel • Weak external
Zanzibar
• Low incentives institutional funding
(accommodation, capacity for • Limited
special implementation market
allowances, etc.) • Imbalanced • Poor money
• Lack of human institutional circulation
capacity and setup • Limited
technical economic
knowhow At the local and opportunities
regional levels
At the local and
regional levels
Source: Zanzibar-Niger State URL Workshop Presentation
17 ZANZIBARZanzibar, 2010 © Vladimir Drjuchin Workshop Defining and Validating Urban-Rural Linkages Priorities 18
Zanzibar, 2014 © Tofsninja
The workshop is a continuation of the societies, private sector and professionals,
implementation of the UN Development Account national government, regional government, local
(UNDA) funded project “Leaving no place behind: government, a community-based organization
Strengthening urban-rural linkages in Africa”. in Zanzibar. The workshop served to define
The workshop took place on 29 December and and validate urban-rural linkages priorities in
brought together 17 participants coming from Zanzibar.
various categories of stakeholders in the civil
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